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CHAPTER 2 ELECTRICITY 5 Ohm’s law states that for an ohmic conductor, the current is directly

1 Charge, Q, is the number of electrons flow. proportional to the potential difference across the conductor such that the
Q = ne n = number of electron, e = 1.6×10-19C temperature and other physical quantities are kept constants.
Q = It I = current, t = time in second
In experiment: MV: current, RV: potential difference, CV: length of wire
Unit of charge is Coulomb or C.
2 Current, I, is defined as the rate flow of charge. Ohm’s law graph is as below:
𝑄 𝑉
I= and I=
𝑡 𝑅
Unit of current is ampere or A.
3 Potential difference, V, is defined as the work done to drive one coulomb
of charge from one point to another point.
𝑊
V= 𝑄 W = work done, Q = charge The physical quantity represented by the gradient of graph is the resistance.
V = IR [From Ohm’s law formula] Non-ohmic conductors like bulb: the graph is quadratic shape
Unit of potential difference is volt or V. 6 Electric energy, E, is defined as the work done to move one coulomb of
4 𝑉
Resistance, R, is defined as the opposition of current flow. R= charges in circuit.
𝐼
1 1 1 1 E=W
Series: Re = R1 + R2 + R3+…. And Parallel: = + + + ⋯
𝑅𝑒 𝑅1 𝑅2 𝑅3 E = VQ [From V = W/Q]
Unit of resistance is ohm or . E = VIt [From Q = It]
𝜌𝐿 7 Electric power, P, is defined as rate of work done in electric circuit.
Resistance, R = where ρ = resistivity of wire (type of wire) 𝑊
𝐴 P= 𝑡
L = length of wire, A = area of wire 𝑉𝐼𝑡
=
High resistance → longer length with small area 𝑡
𝑉2 𝑉
→ produce lot of heat and used to make heating elements P = IV = I 2R = 𝑅 [From V = IR, From I = 𝑅]
Low resistance → shorter length with big area 8 Electric consumption//electric bill
→ less heat produced and so as conductor RM = Power (kW) × Time (hour) × unit price

Comparison of resistance for type of wires: 1 kWh is called 1 unit of electric usage.
← Low resistance High resistance→ 9 High resistance → will cause low current flow
Copper Aluminium Constantan Tungsten Nichrome → will produce a lot of heat
→ will cause high potential difference
Copper → low resistance with good conductivity [electric circuit]
High current → will cause the high power to device
→ but easily get rust/expensive → will cause device to function efficiently
Aluminium → conduct but poorer than copper 10 Electromotive force, e.m.f is defined as work done by a source in driving a
→ not easy to get rust and very cheap [as transmission cable] unit charge around a complete circuit.
e.m.f = V + Ir, r = internal resistance and V = potential difference = IR
Tungsten → high resistance
11 Power rating
→ easily ionize to give out ray [to make filament bulb] Define the device with power rating labeled ‘40W, 200V’.
Nichrome → very high resistance which converts electric current to heat A device which uses input voltage of 200V to give out electrical energy of
→ to make heating element like electric kettle or cooking utensils 40J in one seconds.
EXERCISE
1 Electrical power is transmitted at 20MW, 800kV through a transmission
cable of resistance 16.
What is the power lost as heat in this transmission?
A 4 kW B 10 kW C 50 kW D 100 kW
2 Diagram shows an electric circuit. When switch S is turned off, the
voltmeter gives a reading of 10V. When the switch S is turned on, the
voltmeter gives a reading of 8.4V and the ammeter reads 4A.
Which component is most likely a bulb?
6 Three identical resistors are connected as in circuits A, B, C and D.
Which of the following circuits has the maximum effective resistance?
A C

What is the internal resistance of the battery? B D


A 0.1  B 0.2  C 0.3  D 0.4 
3 Diagram shows three resistors are connected to a battery of 12V with an
internal resistance of 1. 7 Table shows the usage of electrical energy in Daniel’s house in five days.
Day Energy (kWh)
Monday 35
Tuesday 50
Wednesday 45
Thursday 60
Friday 55
Calculate the cost of electrical energy usage in Daniel’s house in five days
What is the reading of the voltmeter when the switch is closed? [HOTS] if the tariffs charge by Tenaga Nasional Berhad are as follows:
A 6.7 V B 7.8 V C 9.1 V D 10.5 V First 100 units: 22 sen
4 Diagram shows three similar resistors are connected in an electric circuit. Every additional unit: 26 sen
A RM55.80 C RM58.40
B RM57.10 D RM59.70
8 Diagram shows an electric circuit. The reading of the ammeter s 0.5 A
while the reading of the voltmeter is 5.6 V.

The power dissipated at resistor S is k Watts. What is the power dissipated


at resistor R in terms of k? [HOTS]
1 1
A 4k B 2k C 4k D 8k
5 Diagram is a graph showing the relationship between the potential
difference and the current of four different electrical components, A, B, C What is the electrical energy released by the bulb in 6 minutes?
and D. A 756 J B 840 J C 1008 J D 1176 J
9 Diagram shows an electrical circuit that contains five similar resistors. 13 Diagram shows the graph of potential difference V against I for two wires
labeled X and Y.

Which statement explains the characteristics of X and Y if both of them are


made of the same material?
Which of the following readings is correct?
A X is longer than Y
A V1 = V2 B V1 < V2 C A1 < A2 D V2 < V1
B X is thicker than Y
10 A copper wire is stretched so that it becomes thinner. What is the new C X is harder than Y
resistance between its ends after the wire is stretched? D X has lower resistance than Y
A Increases B Decreases C Remains unchanged
14 An air conditioner with power rating of 2 kW has been switched on for two
11 Diagram shows two resistors, 5  and 8 , that are connected to a battery hours. How much energy has been consumed?
of e.m.f 6 V and exert negligible internal resistance. A 4J C 1.44 × 104 J
3
B 4 × 10 J D 1.44 × 107 J
15 Diagram shows two resistors R1 and R2 of different resistances are
connected in series.

How much heat energy is dissipated in each resistor in 2 s?


In 5 resistor (J) In 8 resistor (J)
A 14.4 9
B 9 14.4 Which of the following quantities is the same for R1 and R2?
C 5 8 A Power C Electric current
D 8 5 B Energy D Potential difference
16 Diagram shows an electric circuit.
12 Diagram shows an electric circuit. Here voltmeters are used to measure the
potential difference across the components.

What is the potential difference on voltmeter V3? What is the internal resistance of the battery?
A 5V B 7V C 12 V D 17 V A 0.35 B 0.40 C 0.70 D 0.75
17 Diagram 1.1 shows a connection of a simple circuit. The ammeter reading is 20 A dry cell has e.m.f of 1.5 V. When it is connected to an external resistor,
0.60 A and the voltmeter reading is 6.0 V. A second identical resistor is the potential difference is 1.3 V and the current is 0.2 A.
now connected in parallel with the first resistor as shown in Diagram 1.2. What is value of the internal resistance of the dry cell?
A 0.2 Ω B 6.5 Ω C 1.0 Ω D 7.5 Ω
21 Which diagram below shows the correct electric field?
A C

Diagram 1.1 Diagram 1.2


What are the ammeter and voltmeter readings in Diagram 1.2?
Ammeter reading Voltmeter reading
A 1.20 12.0 B D
B 1.20 6.0
C 0.30 12.0
D 0.30 12.0
18 Diagram is a graph which shows the relationship between the potential
difference with current of four different conductors, A, B, C and D.
22 A current of 0.3 A flows through a light bulb connected to a 2.5 V supply
for 60 s.
What is the electrical energy used up by the light bulb?
A 13.5 J B 45.0 J C 112.5 J D 500 J
23 Diagram shows a circuit containing a dry cell and resistor R. The dry cell
has internal resistance, r, and the electromotive force (e.m.f) 1.5 V.

Which conductor has the highest resistance?


19 In the following circuits, all the resistors and lamps are similar. In which
circuit is the lamp the brightest?
A C

What is the voltmeter reading before and after the switch is on?
B D Before switch is on After switch is on
A 1.5 V 1.5 V
B 1.5 V Less than 1.5 V
C 0 1.5 V
D 0 Less than 1.5 V
24 The potential difference across a motor is 6.0 V and the current in it is 0.20 28 Diagram below shows a candle flame is placed between two metal plates
A. The energy used by the motor in 120 seconds is connecting to high voltage.
A 24 J B 60 J C 144 J D 3600 J
25 Four resistors of 4 Ω each are connected in circuit as shown in diagram
below.

What will be observed when the voltage is switched on?


A The flame is seen flatten and spreads out more to the positive plate.
What is the reading of the ammeter when the switch is turned on? B The flame is seen flatten and spreads out more to the negative plate.
A 1.5 A B 2.0 A C 3.0 A D 4.5 A C The flame is seen flatten and spreads out evenly to the positive and
26 Diagram below shows the Ohm’s law circuit. negative plate.
D The flame is seen flatten but does not spreads out to any plate.
29 Diagram 30 shows an electric kettle labelled ‘240 V, 2200 W’.

What will happen to the reading of ammeter and voltmeter if a thinner


constantan wire is used between XY?
Ammeter reading Voltmeter reading
A Decrease Decrease
B Decrease Increase What is the heat energy produced in the kettle in 2 minutes?
C Increase Decrease A 4.4 kJ B 264 kJ C 528 kJ D 1056 kJ
D Increase Increase 30 Diagram below shows a parallel circuit.
R1, R2, and R3 are not equal to each other.
27 Diagram 29 shows an electric circuit consisting of a battery with e.m.f 1.5 V
and internal resistance 0.5Ω is connected to a resistor 2 Ω.

The physical quantity that must be same for all three resistors is
What is the reading of the ammeter in the circuit? A Electric current
A 0.3 A B 0.5 A C 0.6 A D 0.8 A B Potential difference
C Electric energy
D Resistance
31 Diagram below shows an electric circuit. 34 An electric appliance labelled 95 W. What does the label means?
A The rate of change of energy is 95 J/s
B The rate of change of power is 95 W
C The rate of change of current is 95 A
D The rate of change of voltage is 95 V
35 Diagram below shows four resistors connected with 6 V battery.

Which of the following is correct?


A I1 > I2 = I3 C I1 = I2 > I3
B I1 < I2 < I3 D I1 = I2 = I3
What is the reading of the ammeter in the circuit above when the switch is
32 Diagram 13 shows an electric circuit with four bulbs, A, B, C, and D.
closed?
Which bulb when burned will prevent all other bulbs from lighting up?
A 0.60 A B 0.75 A C 1.20 A D 1.33 A
36 Diagram below shows a voltage-current graph.

33 Diagram 14 shows a series circuit and a parallel circuit.


Which circuit is used to obtain this graph?
A C

B D
Which of the following statement is correct?
A The bulbs in the series circuit are brighter than the bulbs in parallel
circuit
B The bulbs in the series circuit are darker than the bulbs in parallel
circuit
C The total voltage in the series circuit is greater than the total voltage
in parallel circuit
D The total current flow in the series circuit is larger than the total
current flow in parallel circuit
1 Diagram 1.1 shows a hair dryer labelled ‘240 V, 500 W’ connected to a Explain the suitability of each characteristic of the four metals and
three pin plug. Diagram 1.2 shows the fuse in the three pin plug. determine the most suitable metal to be used to make the fuse wire.
Rajah 1.1 menunjukkan suatu pengering rambut berlabel ‘240 V, 500W’ yang Give reasons for your choice. [10 marks / markah]
disambungkan kepada suatu plug tiga pin. Rajah 1.2 menunjukkan fius di dalam Terangkan kesesuaian setiap ciri bagi empat logam itu dan tentukan logam
plug tiga pin itu. yang paling sesuai digunakan untuk membuat wayar fius. Berikan sebab
Three pins plug untuk pilihan anda.
Plug tiga pin Hair dryer
Pengering rambut Answer space / Ruangan jawapan:
Fuse
Fius Heater
Pemanas

Diagram 1.1 / Rajah 1.1 Diagram 1.2 / Rajah 1.2


(a) State three properties of the material of the heating element in the
hair dryer. [3 marks / markah]
Nyatakan tiga ciri bagi bahan bagi unsur pemanas di dalam pengering
rambut.
(c) The hair dryer in Diagram 1.1 is switched on.
………………………………….………………………………… Pengering rambut di dalam Rajah 1.1 dihidupkan.
(i) What is meant by a device labeled ‘240 V, 500 W’? [1 mark]
………………………………….………………………………… Apakah yang dimaksudkan dengan alat berlabel ‘240 V, 500 W’?
(b) (i) What is the meaning of the label 0.5 A on the fuse? [1 mark]
Apakah yang dimaksudkan dengan label 0.5 A pada fius? ………………………………………………………………..
(ii) Calculate the current flowing through the hair dryer. [2 marks]
……………………………………………………………… Hitungkan arus yang mengalir menerusi pengering rambut itu.
(ii) Table 1.1 shows the specification of a few metals to be used to
make a fuse wire.
Jadual 1.1 menunjukkan spesifikasi bagi beberapa logam yang akan
digunakan untuk membuat wayar fius. (iii) State whether the 0.5 A fuse is suitable to be used in the plug.
Metal Melting Specific heat Diameter Resistivity Nyatakan sama ada 0.5 A fius sesuai digunakan dalam plug ini.[2m]
Logam point /°C capacity/ Diameter Kerintangan
Takat lebur J kg-1°C-1
Muatan haba tentu …………………………………………………………
W 1100 900 Big / Low / (iv) Calculate the energy used by the hair dryer when it is switched
Besar Rendah on for 10 minutes. [2 marks / markah]
X 600 900 Small / High / Hitungkan tenaga yang digunakan dalam pengering rambut apabila
Kecil Tinggi ia dihidupkan untuk 10 minit.
Y 1100 240 Big / Low /
Besar Rendah
Z 700 240 Small / High /
Kecil Tinggi
2 Fuse takes some time to melt or blow. A fast blowing fuse is required to 3 Diagram 3 shows a two-door refrigerator for household use.
protect semiconductor equipments which cannot stand high current surge Rajah 3 menunjukkan suatu peti sejuk dua pintu untuk kegunaan di rumah.
for too long. Freezer
Fius mengambil sedikit masa untuk melebur atau terbakar. Suatu fius yang cepat Pembeku

terbakar diperlukan untuk melindungi peralatan semikonduktor yang tidak tahan Lamp
pada arus tinggi untuk tempoh masa lama. Decks Lampu
Desk Cover
Penutup

To power supply
Ke bekalan kuasa
Diagram 2.1 / Rajah 2.1
Table 2.1 shows the specifications of five fuses that can be used to protect a Diagram 3 / Rajah 3
semiconductor device. Using the knowledge about heat flows, explain the modification needed to
Jadual 2.1 menunjukkan spesifikasi bagi lima fius yang boleh digunakan untuk produce a refrigerator which is constantly cold, energy saving and lasting
melindungi alat semikonduktor. for the purpose of keeping the freshness of the food stored in it. Your
Fuse Thickness of fuse wire Cartridge tye Rating Melting point modification should be based on the following characteristics:
Fius Ketebalan wayar fius Bekas tye Kadar Takat lebur Menggunakan pengetahuan tentang aliran haba, terangkan pengubahsuaian yang
P Medium /Sederhana Rubber / Getah 10 A Medium diperlukan untuk menghasilkan suatu peti sejuk yang tahan sejuk, menjimatkan
tenaga dan tahan untuk tujuan mengekalkan kesegaran kepada makanan yang
Sederhana
disimpan. Pengubahsuaian anda perlu berdasarkan kepada ciri-ciri berikut:
Q Thin / Nipis Glass / Kaca 10 A Low / Rendah
Material used to make the desk / Bahan digunakan untuk membuat rak
R Thin / Nipis Ceramic 13 A Low / Rendah Type of lamp used in refrigerator / Jenis lampu digunakan dalam peti sejuk
Seramik
Power of the refrigerator / Kuasa peti sejuk
S Thick / Tebal Plastic / Plastik 10 A High / Tinggi
Air circulation in the refrigerator / Pengudaraan di dalam peti sejuk
Table 2.1 / Jadual 2.1
Specific heat capacity of the cover of refrigerator / Muatan haba tentu bagi
Determine the most suitable fuse to protect a ‘240V, 2000 W’ penutup peti sejuk
semiconductor material device. Study the specifications of all five fuses Answer space / Ruangan jawapan: [10 marks / markah]
given and justify your choice. [10 marks / markah]
Tentukan fius yang paling sesuai untuk melindungi suatu ‘240 V, 2000 W’ bahan
semikonduktor. Kaji spesifikasi semua lima fius diberi dan berikan justifikasi untuk
pilihan anda.
Answer space / Ruangan jawapan:

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