Theodolite

 The vertical axis

 The horizontal axis or TRUNNION axis
 The line of sight of line of collimation,
 The axis of level tube (bubble line),
 Centring
 Transiting (plunging or reversing),
 Swinging the telescope (right swing, left swing),
 Face left, face right observation,
 Telescope normal (bubble up), telescope
inverted (bubble down)
 Used for very accurate work, P Q
 Same angle is added several times
and mean value is taken as the final
angle,
 Same angle is measured thrice with
face left and thrice with face right,
 Angle measured to finer degree of
accuracy than that obtainable with
least count of vernier. O
Theodolite position
 Elimination of errors:
1. In-adjustments of line of collimation
and trunnion axis are eliminated by
taking both face readings,
2. Inaccurate bisection of object: taking
both observations.
 Another precise method of
angle measurement, but less
tedious than method of
repetition,
 Preferred when several angles
are to be measured at a
particular station,
 In this method, several angles Theodolite position
are measured in succession
and finally the measurement
is closed at starting point,
 Accuracy comes from taking
several readings (usually
three) with face left and face
right and taking mean as the
final angle.