Session 2P1

Computer Aided Modeling, Design and Optimization

Comparative Performance of Genetically Initialized Pattern Search Optimization Versus Particle Swarm
Optimization Algorithm of Adaptive Beam Forming with the Linear Antenna Array Geometry
Fikret Tokan, Ufuk Özkaya, Filiz Günes, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
Analysis and Synthesis of the Microstrip Lines by Support Vector Regressors
Nurhan Türker Tokan, Filiz Güneş, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
Support Vector Analysis of the Rectangular Patch Antenna
Nurhan Türker Tokan, Filiz Güneş, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
A Novel Approach for Computing Shielding Effectiveness of Conductive Metal Sheets, against AC Mag-
netic Fields in IF Range in Industrial Environment
Fabrizio Dughiero, C. Greggio, Michele Forzan, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
Magnetic Anomaly Eigen-detection
Arie Sheinker, Nizan Salomonski, Boris Ginzburg, Lev Frumkis, Ben-Zion Kaplan, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
A Comparison of Distortion Analyses Based on Volterra Series and Steady State Algorithm
Josef Dobeš, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
Modeling a Transmission Interconnect by Optimal Number of Lumped Sections
Sudarshan R. Nelatury, M. N. O. Sadiku, Vijay K. Devabhaktuni, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105

93
 94 Progress In Electromagnetics Research Symposium Abstracts, Cambridge, USA, July 2–6, 2008

Comparative Performance of Genetically Initialized Pattern Search

Optimization Versus Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm of
Adaptive Beam Forming with the Linear Antenna Array
Geometry
Fikret Tokan, Ufuk Özkaya, and Filiz Güneş
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering
Yıldız Technical University, İstanbul, Turkey

Abstract— Smart antenna systems have been widely considered to provide interference reduc-
tion and improve the capacity, data rates, and performance of wireless mobile communication.
Smart antenna arrays with adaptive beamforming capability are very effective in the suppression
of interference and multipath signals. Many synthesis methods are concerned with suppressing
the sidelobe level (SLL) while preserving the gain of the main beam. Other methods deal with the
null control to reduce the effects of interference and jamming. The evolutionary algorithms such
as genetic algorithms (GA) [1], particle swarm optimization [2], a clonal selection algorithm [3]
are still of great interest in synthesizing the antenna arrays. On the other hand, the recent works
deals with the most accurate approach to the far field calculations taking into account the indi-
vudual patterns in the real environment where mutual coupling between the antennas exist [4].
In this work, we considered only the linear antenna array factor with all the facilities due to the
elements taking place on a line together with the feeding conditions. We followed “the general
system approach” and treat each free variable by emphasizing with respect to its technological
significance and cost in the antenna engineering. Thus, the free variables to control the far field
features are the number of the element N , the inter-element spacing di , the excitation amplitude
ai and phase φi , i = 1, . . . , N . Furthermore all the possible linear configurations are consid-
ered under the two groups: (1) The Sum Pattern configurations with the even and odd element
numbers; (2) The Difference Pattern configuration. The goal is to maximize the beam of the
radiation pattern towards the intended user or Signal of Interest (SOI) and ideally obtain nulls in
the directions of interfering signals or Signal not of Interest (SNOI). Thus, the required outputs
are the directivities, the (broad) nulls, the sidelobe area(s) to be required for suppression. The
new algorithm “Pattern Search (P Search)” is introduced for the optimization of the antenna
system, which is initialized with the genetic algorithm(GA). This algorithm is experienced as a
fast algorithm for optimization.
The geometry and a typical example for the sum patterns are given in Figs. 1(a), (b) and (c) where
the whole sidelobe region is taken for suppression, with the values of the inter-element spacing di

(a)

(b) (c)

Figure 1: (a) The linear antenna array geometry for the sum pattern, (b) polar plot for the sum pattern
of N = 4, (c) polar plot for the sum pattern of N = 12, compared with the conventional pattern ⇔ di =
λ/2, i = 1, . . . , N .
Progress In Electromagnetics Research Symposium Abstracts, Cambridge, USA, July 2–6, 2008 95

and excitation amplitudes ai . The excitation coefficients and the interelement spacings between
the antennas used to obtain Fig. 1(b) and Fig. 1(c) are given in Table 1. This synthesis may
be observed to have much greater sidelobe suppression compared to the counterparts in the
literature. In conference, many typical examples for the linear array synthesis will be expected
to present.

Table 1: The excitation coefficients and the inter-element spacings between the antennas used to obtain
Fig. 1(b) and Fig. 1(c).

A [1.8758 4 0.597 3.230]

N=4
d [1.6134 0.320 2.254 0.963]
A [5.459 2.061 4.289 1.398 2.346 6.216 1.721 1.175 6.153 0.372 3.664 4.313]
N = 12
d [3.137 5.836 0.387 0.216 4.716 1.453 5.153 6.636 2.282 7.436 0.825 3.978]

(a) (b) (c)

Figure 2: Comparative polar plot of Psearch versus PSO for the sum pattern of N = 4, (b) polar plot of
Psearch versus PSO for the sum pattern of N = 6, (c) polar plot of Psearch versus PSO for the sum pattern
of N = 12, compared with the conventional pattern di ⇔ λ/2, i = 1, . . . , N .

Table 2: The excitation coefficients and the inter-element spacings between the antennas used to obtain
Figs. 2(a), (b) and (c).

A [1.875 4 0.597 3.23]

Psearch
d [1.613 0.32 2.254 0.96]
N=4
A [1.852 4.07 0.582 3.23]
PSO
d [1.627 0.32 2.272 0.97]
A [3.999 2.41 1.385 0.50 1.44 2.14]
Psearch
d [0.389 1.96 2.724 3.44 1.27 1.11]
N=6
A [4.073 2.41 1.368 0.48 1.41 2.14]
PSO
d [0.391 1.97 2.743 3.47 1.27 1.12]
A [5.45 2.06 4.28 1.39 2.34 6.21 1.72 1.17 6.15 0.37 3.66 4.31]
Psearch
d [3.13 5.83 0.38 0.21 4.71 1.45 5.15 6.63 2.28 7.43 0.82 3.97]
N = 12
A [5.45 2.05 4.28 1.38 2.34 6.21 1.71 1.17 6.15 0.36 3.66 4.31]
PSO
d [3.13 5.83 0.38 0.21 4.71 1.45 5.15 6.63 2.28 7.43 0.82 3.97]

The comparative examples for suppression of whole sidelobe region while obtaining a fairly high
gain using the Psearch Algorithm and the PSO Algorithm for N = 4, N = 6 and N = 12 are
given in Figs. 2(a), (b) and (c) respectively. The excitation coefficients and the inter-element
spacings between the antennas used to obtain Figs. 2(a), (b) and (c) are given in Table 2.
REFERENCES
1. Tonn, D. A. and R. Bansal, “Reduction of sidelobe levels in interrupted phased array antennas
by means of a genetic algorithm,” International Journal of RF and Comp. Aided Engineering,
Vol. 17, No. 2, 134–141, March 2007.
96 Progress In Electromagnetics Research Symposium Abstracts, Cambridge, USA, July 2–6, 2008

2. Khodier, M. M. and C. G. Christodoulou, “Linear array geometry synthesis with minimum

sidelobe level and null control using particle swarm optimization,” IEEE Trans. on Antennas
and Propagation, Vol. 53, No. 8, 2674–2679, August 2005.
3. Karaboǧa, D., K. Güney, and A. Akdaǧlı, “Antenna array patern nulling by controlling both
amplitude and phase by using modified touring ant colony optimization algorithm,” Interna-
tional Journal of Electronics, Vol. 91, No. 4, 241–251, April 2004.
4. Mahmoud, K. R., M. I. Eladawy, R. Bansal, S. H. Zainud-Deen, and S. M. M. Ibrahem, “Anal-
ysis of uniform circular arrays for adaptive beamforming applications using particle swarm
optimization algorithm,” International Journal of RF and Comp. Aided Engineering, Vol. 18,
No. 1, 42–52, Sept. 2007.
 Progress In Electromagnetics Research Symposium Abstracts, Cambridge, USA, July 2–6, 2008 97

Analysis and Synthesis of the Microstrip Lines by Support Vector

Regressors
Nurhan Türker Tokan and Filiz Güneş
Electrical and Electronics Engineering Faculty
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering
Yıldız Technical University, Yıldız, Istanbul, 34349, Turkey

Abstract— Support vector machines and kernel methods, which enable to generalize ‘discrete’
data into the ‘continuous’ domain have become one of the most popular learning machines in
the last few years. In particular, support vector machines are based on a judicious and rigorous
mathematics combining the generalization and optimization theories together and verified to be
computationally very efficient (the so-called Vapnik- Chervonenkis theory [1, 2]). This learning
machine has found many fruitful applications in science and engineering, especially the typical
applications in the signal processing are given in literature.
In this work, the Support Vector Regression is adopted to the analysis and synthesis of microstrip
lines on all isotropic/anisotropic dielectric materials, which is a novel technique based on the rig-
orous mathematical fundamentals and the most competitive technique to the popular artificial
neural networks. This adopting process can be described step by step as follows: Firstly, the
problem is defined and mathematically formulated; then the support vector regression is adapted
and accuracy, computation efficiency and number of support vectors of the support vector regres-
sion performance are investigated in details with the ε-parameter of the Vapnik’s ε-insensitive
loss function. The support vector regressor performance is compared with its artificial neural
network competent performance and so it may be concluded that the artificial neural networks
can be replaced by the support vector regressors in the regression applications due to its higher
approximation capability and much faster convergence rate with the sparse solution technique.
Results of the comparison for the accuracy and computation efficiency are given in Tables 1 and
2, respectively.

Table 1: Accuracies of ANN and SVR models for microstrip lines.

% Accuracy ANN 1∗ ANN 2∗∗ SVR

Zo 97.64 99.13 99.26
εeff 98.12 99.55 99.46
∗ ∗∗
with one hidden layer with two hidden layers

Table 2: Time analysis of ANN and SVR models for microstrip lines.

ANN 1 ANN 2 SVR

∗ ∗
Training time(sec) 27.953 44.156 1.015
Test time (sec) 0.015 0.017 0.013
Total time (sec) 27.968 44.173 1.028
∗
trained for 300 epochs

Also, in this work, the black-box defining the problem is utilized bidirectionally by reverse train-
ing: Thus mathematically, using this approach it will be possible to obtain reversal of a function
with multiple variables provided that one-to-one mapping in both directions. This immediately
calls that analysis and synthesis can be achieved by using only analysis black-box. In this work,
this is applied to the analysis and synthesis of microstrip lines on all isotropic/anisotropic di-
electric materials and can be extended to other types of microwave systems. Furthermore, by
using the adaptive step size, a much faster convergence rate is obtained. The performances of
the constant and adaptive step sizes are compared for the support vector regressor and artificial
neural network in the Table 3 where it can be seen that 20–70 time faster performances can be
obtained by the adaptive step sizes.
98 Progress In Electromagnetics Research Symposium Abstracts, Cambridge, USA, July 2–6, 2008

Table 3: Comparison of the performances with constant and adaptive step sizes.

constant step size adaptive step size

W Zo elapsed W Zo elapsed
(mm) (Ω) time(sec) (mm) (Ω) time(sec)
SVR 3.658 42.93 11.234 3.646 43 0.45
ANN 3.625 43.13 36.188 3.612 43.19 0.64

ACKNOWLEDGMENT
This work was supported by the The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey.

REFERENCES
1. Vapnik, V. N., Statistical Learning Theory, Wiley, New York, 1998.
2. Cristianini, N. and J. Shawe-Taylor, An Introduction to Support Vector Machines (and Other
Kernel-based Learning Methods), Cambridge University Press, 2000.
Progress In Electromagnetics Research Symposium Abstracts, Cambridge, USA, July 2–6, 2008 99

Support Vector Analysis of the Rectangular Patch Antenna

Nurhan Türker Tokan and Filiz Güneş
Yıldız Technical University, Electrical and Electronics Engineering Faculty
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Yıldız, Istanbul, 34349, Turkey

Abstract— Two kinds of analysis can be used in calculating the resonant frequency, bandwidth,
input impedance of the patch antennas. The first group starts from initial physical assumptions,
which generally offers simple and analytical formulas, well suited for a physical understanding of
phenomena and for future antenna computeraided design (CAD). These methods are known as
transmission-line models and cavity models. However, these methods do not consider rigorously
the effects of surface waves. The second group is based on an electromagnetic boundary problem,
which leads to an expression as an integral equation, using proper Green functions, either in the
spectral domain, or directly in the space domain, using moment methods. Without any initial
assumption, the choice of test functions and the path integration appear to be more critical during
the final, numerical solution. Exact mathematical formulations in the second group rigorous
methods involve extensive numerical procedures, resulting in round-off errors, and may also need
final experimental adjustments to the theoretical results. They are also time consuming and not
easily included in a CAD system. However, the theoretical values obtained by using both these
two theoretical methods are also not in very good agreement with the experimental results of both
electrically thin and thick rectangular microstrip antennas. For these reasons, in this work an
advanced nonlinear learning machine, “Support Vector Machine (SVM)” is employed in analysing
the rectangular patch antenna, which enable to generalize ‘discrete’ data into the ‘continuous’
domain. In particular, SVMs are based on a judicious and rigorous mathematics combining the
generalization and optimization theories together and verified to be computationally very efficient
(the so-called Vapnik- Chervonenkis theory [1, 2]). This learning machine has found many fruitful
applications in science and engineering, especially the typical applications in the signal processing
are given in literature.
In this work, SVMs are employed for regression in the analysis of the rectangular patch antennas,
which in these types of applications, may be named as “Support Vector Regressors (SVR)”.
Given a set of observed discrete data {(xi , yi ), xi ∈ Rn , yi ∈ R, i = 1, 2, . . . , N }, the support
vector
P machine learning method in its basic form creates an approximation function f (x) =
b + yj αj K(xj , x) with y ∼= f (x) for regression and y = sgnf (x) for dichotomous classification
for instance. In this work, data ensemble is provided as the two groups: (1) The data resulted
from the experiments made in the literature; (2) The data obtained by the EM Simulator. Thus,
the three functions characterizing the antenna are approximated in terms of the geometrical
parameters which include the electrical thickness, the dimensions of the rectangular patch, the
parameter of the feeding position, the electrical properties of the used dielectric material. The
outputs of the SVR functions for the patch antennas designed on the widely used dielectrics are
compared with the targets and the theoretical counterparts in the literature [3–5]. It is observed
that SVR analysis gives faster and more accurate results. We expect to present the results of the
SVR analysis of the rectangular patch antenna in the wide input domain in the PIERS 2008.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT
This work was supported by the The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey.
REFERENCES
1. Vapnik, V. N., Statistical Learning Theory, Wiley, New York, 1998.
2. Cristianini, N. and J. Shawe-Taylor, An Introduction to Support Vector Machines (and Other
Kernel-based Learning Methods), Cambridge University Press, 2000.
3. Sagiroglu, S., K. Guney, and M. Erler, “Calculation of bandwidth for electrically thin and
thick rectangular microstrip antennas with the use of multilayered perceptrons,” Int. J. RF
Microwave CAE, (Special Issue: Applications of Artificial Neural Networks to RF and Mi-
crowave Design), Vol. 9, 277–286, 1999.
4. Guney, K., M. Erler, and S. Sagiroglu, “Artificial neural networks for the resonant resistance
calculation of electrically thin and thick rectangular microstrip antennas,” Electromagnetics,
Vol. 20, 387–400, 2000.
100 Progress In Electromagnetics Research Symposium Abstracts, Cambridge, USA, July 2–6, 2008

5. Karaboğa, D., K. Guney, S. Sagiroglu, and M. Erler, “Neural computation of resonant fre-
quency of electrically thin and thick rectangular microstrip antennas,” IEE Proc. Microwaves,
Antennas Propagation, Vol. 146, 155–159, April 1999.
Progress In Electromagnetics Research Symposium Abstracts, Cambridge, USA, July 2–6, 2008 101

A Novel Approach for Computing Shielding Effectiveness of

Conductive Metal Sheets, against AC Magnetic Fields in IF
Range in Industrial Environment
F. Dughiero, C. Greggio, and M. Forzan
Department of Electrical Engineering, Universita degli studi di padova
Via Gradenigo, 6/a, Padova 35131, Italy

Abstract— In recent times, a great interest has been devoted by researchers to developing
computation procedures that enable to simulate the physical behaviour of metallic bodies in
variable electromagnetic fields. One of the aims is to evaluate the shielding effectiveness of
shielding structures, against time-varying magnetic fields, particularly in the range of the IF
range (from 50 Hz to a few tens of KHz) where, for example, can be found processes employing
high current levels (Induction heating applications for example).
The European directive 40/2004/CE imposed to all the E.C. countries to put up national regula-
tions for limiting electromagnetic fields exposure to workers and the public, within the year 2008
(now postpone to 2012); the directive defines the admissible field levels along the electromagnetic
spectrum. Among other things, it requires that both at design phase and at installation phase
of industrial equipment, those field intensity limits must be respected.
While electric field shielding is a relatively easy task, it is not for shielding time varying magnetic
fields. Usual computation practice is used to separate conductive effects from magnetic flux
confinement effects of shielding materials, very often leading to separate modelling of the two
phenomena.
In present work our aim is to show a novel computational approach for computing shielding effects
of conductive metals, shaped in rectangular foils. In fact, industrial applications that require high
currents at frequencies up to tens of kHz are becoming more and more common. Generally in
such applications the magnetic field sources are solenoids of various sizes, high current bus-bars,
high current chokes and transformers. So the easiest way to accomplish a shielding task is to
build rectangular boxes containing those sources, by using metallic sheets of various thicknesses.
The model has been developed in such a way to consider that the shielding task is performed by
metallic foils, often very close to the high current field source, so the prevalent shielding effect is
produced by the induced currents circulating in the shields.
After a description of the mathematical model used for shielding calculation some example of
applications will be presented with reference to practical cases of induction crucible furnaces.
Some comparison between calculation and measuremnts will be presented in order to evaulte the
correcteness and effectiveness of the numerical model proposed.

REFERENCES
1. Bertocco, M., F. Dughiero, C. Greggio, E. Sieni, and A. Sona, “Efficient characterization
of magnetic field sources,” IEEE Instrumentation and Measurements Technology Conference,
Sorrento, Aprile 2006.
2. Dughiero, F. and C. Greggio, “Numerical models for the evaluation of shielding effects in in-
duction heating furnaces,” EHE06 International Conference on Electromagnetic Fields, Health
and Enviroment, Isola di Madeira, Portogallo, Aprile 27–29, 2006.
3. Bertocco, M., F. Dughiero, C. Greggio, and E. Sieni, “An efficient model to evaluate the
magnetic field in the surrounding of induction heating installations,” EHE06 International
Conference on Electromagnetic Fields, Health and Enviroment, Isola di Madeira, Portogallo,
Aprile 27–29, 2006.
102 Progress In Electromagnetics Research Symposium Abstracts, Cambridge, USA, July 2–6, 2008

Magnetic Anomaly Eigen-detection

A. Sheinker1 , N. Salomonski2 , B. Ginzburg2
L. Frumkis3 , and B. Z. Kaplan3
1
R & D Integrated Systems Section
Propulsion Division, Soreq NRC, Yavne 81800, Israel
2
Nuclear Research Center SOREQ, Yavne 81800, Israel
3
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel

Abstract— A distant ferromagnetic target produces an anomaly in the ambient Earth magnetic
field. The anomaly is described as a dipole field. The moving target signal is measured by a
static magnetic sensor attempting to detect the presence of the target. We have used a computer
simulation to obtain the Eigenvectors of possible target signals. In case of a target moving along a
straight line with a constant velocity, the obtained Eigenvectors resemble the orthonormal basis
functions produced by analytical decomposition. The computer simulation enables to obtain
Eigenvector sets for different target movement patterns and various magnetic sensor types, e.g.,
a total field sensor, three-axis sensor etc.
The Eigenvectors are used to construct a detector based on matched filtering. Each Eigenvector
is used as a matched filter for a component of the input signal. Then the matched filters outputs
are squared and summed. Detection occurs whenever the sum arises above a threshold which
is determined by considering the magnetic noise level. A priori knowledge about possible target
movement patterns can be exploited to obtain the appropriate Eigenvectors, and thereby improve
detection. Detection probability may be further increased by using proper weighting of the
matched filters outputs.
The proposed method can be similarly adopted to the case of a static target and a moving
magnetic sensor. In this case, the movement pattern is known a priori or can be measured
instead of being guessed according to certain assumptions.
The method was tested in several scenarios of target movement patterns, showing improvement
in detection probability.
 Progress In Electromagnetics Research Symposium Abstracts, Cambridge, USA, July 2–6, 2008 103

A Comparison of Distortion Analyses Based on Volterra Series and

Steady State Algorithm
J. Dobeš
Department of Radio Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague
Technická 2, 16627 Praha 6, Czech Republic

Abstract—
Precise Method Based on Steady State Analysis & FFT: The most accurate method for
determining the intermodulation products consists in finding a steady state (SS) [1] followed
by FFT. However, this method is time-consuming for many microwave circuits and thus a fast
estimation by the Volterra series could be very useful.
Description of the Method Based on Volterra Series: As the resulting formulae which
arise by the usage of the Volterra series are very complicated, consider for a simplicity of the
explanation that a circuit system is composed of two equations only, i.e.,

f1 (x1 , x2 , ẋ1 , ẋ2 , t) = 0, f2 (x1 , x2 , ẋ1 , ẋ2 , t) = 0.

The 1st step of analysis is finding the operating point, i.e., solving

f1 (x10 , x20 , 0, 0, 0) = 0, f2 (x10 , x20 , 0, 0, 0) = 0.

The 2nd step is the standard frequency analysis, i.e., solving system

∂f1, 2 (0) ∂f1, 2 (0) ∂f1, 2 (0) ∂f1, 2 (0)

F1, 2 (ω) + ∆X1 + ∆X2 + jω ∆X1 + jω ∆X2 = 0, (1)
∂x1 ∂x2 ∂ ẋ1 ∂ ẋ2

which must be performed for the frequencies ω1 and ω2 . In this way, we obtain the first-order
products ∆X1 (ω1 ), ∆X1 (ω2 ), ∆X2 (ω1 ), and ∆X2 (ω2 ). The terms F1 (ω) and F2 (ω) represent
independent (signal) sources of the circuit.
1 .5 V

m9 /M N2 m12/ MN2 m1 /MP m2 /MP m3 /MP m4 /MP m13/ MN2

0 . 75 V S i ne ( 0 . 4 V , 75 MHz )

m16/ MN2
0 . 75 V S i ne ( 0 . 4V , 75 MHz )

VO ut pu t
Si ne ( 0 . 2 V , 1 GHz )

m5 /MN1 m6 /MN1 m7 /MN1 m8 /MN1 m14/ MN2 m15/ MN2

m10/ MN2
Si ne (0 . 2 V , 1 GHz)

VC on tr o l
m11/ MN2
0 .7 5 V

0. 75 V
104 Progress In Electromagnetics Research Symposium Abstracts, Cambridge, USA, July 2–6, 2008

The 3rd step: the second-order intermodulation products can be estimated using the second-
order terms in Taylor series as signal sources of circuit (instead of the independent ones), i.e.,
the system
(0)
∂f1, 2 (0) ∂f1, 2 (0) ∂f1, 2 (0) ∂f1, 2 (0) ∂ 2 f1, 2
∆X10 + ∆X20 + jω ∆X10 + jω ∆X20 + ∆X1 ∆X2
∂x1 ∂x2 ∂ ẋ1 ∂ ẋ2 ∂x1 ∂x2
(0) (0) (0) (0)
∂ 2 f1, 2 ∂ 2 f1, 2 ∂ 2 f1, 2 ∂ 2 f1, 2
+ jω ∆X12 + jω ∆X1 ∆X2 + jω ∆X2 ∆X1 + jω ∆X22
∂x1 ∂ ẋ1 ∂x1 ∂ ẋ2 ∂x2 ∂ ẋ1 ∂x2 ∂ ẋ2
(0) (0) (0) (0)
∂ 2 f1, 2 1 ∂ 2 f1, 2 1 ∂ 2 f1, 2 1 ∂ 2 f1, 2
− ω2 ∆X1 ∆X2 + ∆X12 + ∆X22 −ω 2 ∆X12
∂ ẋ1 ∂ ẋ2 2 ∂x21 2 ∂x22 2 ∂ ẋ21
(0)
∂ 2 f1, 2
21
−ω ∆X22 = 0
2 ∂ ẋ22

must be solved for the frequencies ω1 + ω1 , ω2 + ω2 , ω1 + ω2 , and ω1 − ω2 , which gives the second-
order harmonic and intermodulation products ∆X10 (ω1 + ω1 ), ∆X10 (ω2 + ω2 ), ∆X20 (ω1 + ω1 ),
∆X20 (ω2 + ω2 ), ∆X10 (ω1 + ω2 ), ∆X10 (ω1 − ω2 ), ∆X20 (ω1 + ω2 ), and ∆X20 (ω1 − ω2 ). The higher-
order products can be determined in an analogical way by the higher-order terms.

|VOutput |max VControl VOutput, 1.075 GHz VOutput, 0.925 GHz

19.3 mV 1V 7.02 mV 7.57 mV
22.6 mV 1.1 V 7.59 mV 8.29 mV
26.4 mV 1.2 V 8.38 mV 9.27 mV
33.1 mV 1.3 V 9.47 mV 10.6 mV
41.9 mV 1.4 V 11 mV 12.5 mV
49 mV 1.5 V 13 mV 15 mV

VControl VOutput, 1.075 GHz VOutput, 0.925 GHz VControl VOutput, 3.075 GHz VOutput, 2.925 GHz
1V 8.97 mV 10.1 mV 1V 0.217 mV 0.228 mV
1.1 V 10.2 mV 11.5 mV 1.1 V 0.218 mV 0.229 mV
1.2 V 11.9 mV 13.6 mV 1.2 V 0.22 mV 0.232 mV
1.3 V 14.5 mV 16.8 mV 1.3 V 0.227 mV 0.239 mV
1.4 V 18.3 mV 21.2 mV 1.4 V 0.238 mV 0.252 mV
1.5 V 22 mV 25.7 mV 1.5 V 0.273 mV 0.29 mV
VControl VOutput, 1.225 GHz VOutput, 0.775 GHz VControl VOutput, 1.375 GHz VOutput, 0.625 GHz
1V 0.333 mV 0.377 mV 1V 49.7 µV 29.9 µV
1.1 V 0.371 mV 0.485 mV 1.1 V 59.6 µV 43.8 µV
1.2 V 0.501 mV 0.712 mV 1.2 V 79 µV 72.3 µV
1.3 V 0.817 mV 1.18 mV 1.3 V 125 µV 145 µV
1.4 V 1.28 mV 1.85 mV 1.4 V 75.9 µV 120 µV
1.5 V 1.22 mV 1.67 mV 1.5 V 387 µV 773 µV

An example: For a microwave four-quadrant multiplier, the intermodulation products have been
computed by both Volterra series (left table) and SS & FFT analyses (tables below). As shown,
the fast estimations are possible especially for lower values of VOutput, f1 ±f2 .

REFERENCES
1. Dobeš, J., D. Biolek, and P. Posolda, “An efficient steady-state analysis of microwave circuits,”
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Progress In Electromagnetics Research Symposium Abstracts, Cambridge, USA, July 2–6, 2008 105

Modeling a Transmission Interconnect by Optimal Number of

Lumped Sections
S. R. Nelatury1 , M. N. O. Sadiku2 , and V. K. Devabhaktuni3
1
School of Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, Erie, PA 16563, USA
2
College of Engineering, Prairie View A&M University, Prairie View, TX 77446, USA
3
Department of ECE, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, H3G 1M8, Canada

Abstract— The growing demand for high speed interconnects in VLSI circuits has turned a
high impetus for their accurate modeling. The classical uniform transmission line theory based
on distributed RLC circuit model has several limitations as far as CAD practices are concerned.
Distributed models are being replaced with reduced order lumped models for efficient simulation
and design applications. The present literature is replete with numerous reduced order models
and macro-models. These models are developed based on an approximating criterion either in
time or frequency domain with the aim of reducing computational complexity.
We introduce a technique to find the optimum number of lumped sections for approximating a
transmission interconnect of a given length and rise time. This is done by first considering the
simple well-known connection between the primary constants of the line and the image parameters
of each individual section viewed as a linear two-port network. Next the sensitivity of this relation
as a function of frequency is used to develop a formula for the least number of sections needed.
This method is further compared with the existing frequency domain based macro-models. Since
the final formulas turn out to be simpler, they have excellent use in CAD applications.

REFERENCES
1. Achar, R. and M. Nakhla, “Simulation of high-speed interconnects,” Proc. IEEE, Vol. 89,
No. 5, 693–728, May 2001.
2. Palenius, T. and J. Roos, “Comparison of reduced-order interconnect macromodels for time-
domain simulation,” IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory & Tech., Vol. 52, No. 9, 2240–2250, Sept.
2004.
3. Gunupudi, P. K., R. Khazaka, M. S. Nakhla, T. Smy, and D. Celo, “Passive parameterized
time-domain macromodels for high-speed transmission-line networks,” IEEE Trans. Microwave
Theory & Tech., Vol. 51, No. 12, 2347–2354, Dec. 2003.
4. Grivet-Talocia, S., S. Acquadro, M. Bandinu, F. G. Canavero, I. Kelander, and M. Rouvala,
“A parameterization scheme for lossy transmission line macromodels with application to high
speed interconnects in mobile devices,” IEEE Trans. Electromagn. Compat., Vol. 49, No. 1,
18–24, Feb. 2007.
106 Progress In Electromagnetics Research Symposium Abstracts, Cambridge, USA, July 2–6, 2008