ACCEPTANCE CRITERIA (ASME Sec VIII Div.

1):
UW-51: RADIOGRAPHIC AND RADIOSCOPIC EXAMINATION OF
WELDED
JOINTS
(a) All welded joints to be radiographed shall be examined in accordance
with Article 2 of
Section V except as specified below.
(1) A complete set of radiographs and records, as described in T-291 and
T-292 of Article 2 of
Section V, for each vessel or vessel part shall be retained by the
Manufacturer until the
Manufacturer’s Data Report has been signed by the Inspector.
(2) The Manufacturer shall certify that personnel performing and evaluating
radiographic
examinations required by this Division have been qualified and certified in
accordance with their
employer’s written practice. SNT-TC-1A11 shall be used as a guideline for
employers to
establish their written practice for qualification and certification of their
personnel. Alternatively,
the ASNT Central Certification Program (ACCP),11 or CP-18911 may be
used to fulfill the
examination and demonstration requirements of SNT-TC-1A and the
employer’s written practice.
Provisions for training, experience, qualification, and certification of NDE
personnel shall be
described in the Manufacturer’s Quality Control System [see Appendix 10].
(3) A written radiographic examination procedure is not required.
Demonstration of density and
penetrameter image requirements on production or technique radiographs
shall be considered
satisfactory evidence of compliance with Article 2 of Section V.
(4) The requirements of T-285 of Article 2 of Section V are to be used only
as a guide. Final
acceptance of radiographs shall be based on the ability to see the
prescribed penetrameter image
and the specified hole or the designated wire of a wire penetrameter.
(b) Indications shown on the radiographs of welds and characterized as
imperfections are
unacceptable under the following conditions and shall be repaired as
provided in UW-38, and the
repair radiographed to UW-51 or, at the option of the Manufacturer,
ultrasonically examined in
accordance with the method described in Appendix 12 and the standards
specified in this
paragraph, provided the defect has been confirmed by the ultrasonic
examination to the
satisfaction of the Authorized Inspector prior to making the repair. For
material thicknesses in
excess of 1 in. (25 mm), the concurrence of the user shall be obtained. This
ultrasonic
examination shall be noted under remarks on the Manufacturer’s Data
Report Form:
(1) Any indication characterized as a crack or zone of incomplete fusion or
penetration;
(2) Any other elongated indication on the radiograph which has length
greater than:
(a) 1⁄4 in. (6 mm) for t up to 3⁄4 in. (19 mm)
(b) 1⁄3t for t from 3⁄4 in. (19 mm) to 21⁄4 in. (57 mm)
(c) 3⁄4 in. (19 mm) for t over 21⁄4 in. (57 mm)
Where, t = the thickness of the weld excluding any allowable reinforcement.
For a butt weld
joining two members having different thicknesses at the weld, t is the
thinner of these two
thicknesses. If a full penetration weld includes a fillet weld, the thickness of
the throat of the fillet
shall be included in t.
(3) any group of aligned indications that have an aggregate length greater
than t in a length of 12t,
except when the distance between the successive imperfections exceeds
6L where L is the length
of the longest imperfection in the group;
(4) Rounded indications in excess of that specified by the acceptance
standards given in
Appendix 4.
(c) All welded joints to be examined by Real Time Radioscopic Examination
shall be examined
in accordance with Appendix II of Article 2 of Section V as specified below.
rejection. (b) Relevant Indications: (See Table 4-1 for examples.): Only
those rounded indications
which exceed the following dimensions shall be considered relevant.
(1) 1⁄10t for t less than 1⁄8 in. (3 mm)
(2) 1⁄64 in. (0.4mm) for t from 1⁄8 in. to 1⁄4 in. (3 mm to6 mm), incl.
(3) 1⁄32 in. (0.8mm) for t greater than 1⁄4 in. to 2 in. (6 mm to 50 mm), incl.
(4) 1⁄16 in. (1.6mm) for t greater than 2 in. (50 mm).
(c) Maximum Size of Rounded Indication. (See Table4-1 for examples.):
The maximum
permissible size of any indication shall be 1⁄4t, or 5⁄32 in. (4 mm), whichever
is smaller; except
that an isolated indication separated from an adjacent indication by 1in. (25
mm) or more may be
1⁄3t, or 1⁄4 in. (6 mm), whichever is less. For t greater than 2 in. (50 mm) the
maximum
permissible size of an isolated indication shall be increased to 3⁄8 in. (10
mm).
(d) Aligned Rounded Indications: Aligned rounded indications are
acceptable when the
summation of the diameters of the indications is less than t in a length of
12t. See Fig. 4-1. The
length of groups of aligned rounded indications and the spacing between
the groups shall meet
the requirements of Fig. 4-2.
(e) Spacing: The distance between adjacent rounded indications is not a
factor in determining
acceptance or rejection, except as required for isolated indications or
groups of aligned
indications.
(f) Rounded Indication Charts: The rounded indications characterized as
imperfections shall not
exceed that shown in the charts. The charts in Figs. 4-3 through 4-8
illustrate various types of
assorted, randomly dispersed and clustered rounded indications for
different weld thicknesses
greater than 1⁄8 in. (3 mm). These charts represent the maximum
acceptable concentration limits
for rounded indications. The charts for each thickness range represent full-
scale 6 in. (150 mm)
radiographs, and shall not be enlarged or reduced. The distributions shown
are not necessarily the
patterns that may appear on the radiograph, but are typical of the
concentration and size of
indications permitted.
(g) Weld Thickness t less than 1/8 in. (3 mm): For t less than 1⁄8 in. (3 mm)
the maximum
number of rounded indications shall not exceed 12 in a 6 in. (150 mm)
length of weld. A
proportionally fewer number of indications shall be permitted in welds less
than 6 in. (150 mm)
in length.
(h) Clustered Indications: The illustrations for clustered indications show up
to four times as
many indications in a local area, as that shown in the illustrations for
random indications. The
length of an acceptable cluster shall not exceed the lesser of 1 in. (25 mm)
or 2t. Where more than
one cluster is present, the sum of the lengths of the clusters shall not
exceed 1 in. (25 mm) in a 6
in. (150 mm) length weld.
***Table for maximum size of acceptable rounded indication (Table 4.1):
(ASME Sec VIII Div.1)
Thickness
t, (in.)
Maximum Size of
Acceptable Rounded Indication (in.)
Maximum Size of Non
relevant Indication, in. Random Isolated Less than Thickness t, (mm.)
Maximum Size of
Acceptable Rounded Indication (mm.) Maximum Size of Non relevant
Indication, mm.
Random Isolated Less than
NOTE: This Table contains examples only (P.138 UW-51, 368 editions:
2004).
*For more information see Table 4.2-4.8 Page: 370~375(ASME Sec VIII
Div.1editions: 2004)
ACCEPTANCE CRITERIA (API-1104): 9.3 RADIOGRAPHIC TESTING:
Note: All densities referred to in 9.3.1 through 9.3.13 are based on negative
images.
9.3.1 Inadequate Penetration without High-low
Inadequate penetration without high-low (IP) is defined as the incomplete
filling of the weld root.
This condition is shown schematically in Figure 13. IP shall be considered a
defect should any of
the following conditions exist:
a. The length of an individual indication of IP exceeds 1 in. (25 mm).
b. The aggregate length of indications of IP in any continuous 12 in. (300
mm) length of weld
exceeds 1 in. (25 mm).
c. The aggregate length of indications of IP exceeds 8% of the weld length
in any weld less than
12 in. (300 mm) in length.
9.3.2 Inadequate Penetration Due to High-low
Inadequate penetration due to high-low (IPD) is defined as the condition
that exists when one
edge of the root is exposed (or unbonded) because adjacent pipe or fitting
joints are misaligned.
This condition is shown schematically in Figure 14. IPD shall be considered
a defect should any
of the following conditions exist:
a. The length of an individual indication of IPD exceeds 2 in. (50 mm).
b. The aggregate length of indications of IPD in any continuous 12 in. (300
mm) length of weld
exceeds 3 in. (75 mm).
9.3.3 Inadequate Cross Penetration
Inadequate cross penetration (ICP) is defined as a subsurface imperfection
between the first
inside pass and the first outside pass that is caused by inadequately
penetrating the vertical land
faces. This condition is shown schematically in Figure 15. ICP shall be
considered a defect
should any of the following conditions exist:
a. The length of an individual indication of ICP exceeds 2 in. (50 mm).
b. The aggregate length of indications of ICP in any continuous 12 in. (300
mm) length of weld
exceeds 2 in. (50 mm).
9.3.4 Incomplete Fusion
Incomplete fusion (IF) is defined as a surface imperfection between the
weld metal and the base
material that is open to the surface. This condition is shown schematically in
Figure 16. IF shall
be considered a defect should any of the following conditions exist:
a. The length of an individual indication of IF exceeds 1 in. (25 mm).
b. The aggregate length of indications of IF in any continuous 12 in. (300
mm) length of weld
exceeds 1 in. (25 mm). c. The aggregate length of indications of IF exceeds
8% of the weld length
in any weld less than 12 in. (300 mm) in length. 9.3.5 Incomplete Fusion
Due to Cold Lap
Incomplete fusion due to cold lap (IFD) is defined as an imperfection
between two adjacent weld
beads or between the weld metal and the base metal that is not open to the
surface. This condition
is shown schematically in Figure 17. IFD shall be considered a defect
should any of the following
conditions exist: a. The length of an individual indication of IFD exceeds 2
in. (50 mm).
b. The aggregate length of indications of IFD in any continuous 12 in. (300
mm) length of weld
exceeds 2 in. (50 mm). c. The aggregate length of indications of IFD
exceeds 8% of the weld
length. 9.3.6 Internal Concavity Internal concavity (IC) is defined in 3.2.8
and is shown
schematically in Figure 18. Any length of internal concavity is acceptable,
provided the density of
the radiographic image of the internal concavity does not exceed that of the
thinnest adjacent
parent material. For areas that exceed the density of the thinnest adjacent
parent material, the
criteria for burn through (see 9.3.7) are applicable. 9.3.7 Burn-through
9.3.7.1 A burn-through (BT) is defined as a portion of the root bead where
excessive penetration
has caused the weld puddle to be blown into the pipe. 9.3.7.2 For pipe with
an outside diameter
greater than or equal to 2.375 in. (60.3 mm), a BT shall be considered a
defect should any of the
following conditions exist: a. The maximum dimension exceeds 1/4 in. (6
mm) and the density in
any portion of the BTs image exceeds that of the thinnest adjacent parent
material.
b. The maximum dimension exceeds the thinner of the nominal wall
thicknesses joined, and the
density in any portion of the BTs image exceeds that of the thinnest
adjacent parent material.
c. The sum of the maximum dimensions of separate BTs whose image
density for any portion of
the BTs exceeds that of the thinnest adjacent parent material and exceeds
1/2 in. (13 mm) in any
continuous 12 in. (300 mm) length of weld or the total weld length,
whichever is less.
9.3.7.3 For pipe with an outside diameter less than 2.375 in. (60.3 mm), a
BT shall be considered
a defect when any of the following conditions exists: a. The maximum
dimension exceeds 1/4 in.
(6 mm) and the density in any portion of the BTs image exceeds that of the
thinnest adjacent
parent material. b. The maximum dimension exceeds the thinner of the
nominal wall thicknesses
joined, and the density in any portion of the BT’s image exceeds that of the
thinnest adjacent
parent material. c. More than one BT of any size is present and the density
in any portion of the
BTs image *exceeds that of the thinnest adjacent parent material.
9.3.8 Slag Inclusions 9.3.8.1 A slag inclusion is defined as a nonmetallic
solid entrapped in the
weld metal or between the weld metal and the parent material. Elongated
slag inclusions (ESIs)—
e.g., continuous or broken slag lines or wagon tracks-are usually found at
the fusion zone. Isolated
slag inclusions (ISIs) are irregularly shaped and may be located anywhere
in the weld. For
evaluation purposes, when the size of a radiographic indication of slag is
measured, the
indication’s maximum dimension shall be considered its length. 9.3.8.2 For
pipe with an outside
diameter greater than or equal to 2.375 in. (60.3 mm), slag inclusions shall
be considered a defect
should any of the following conditions exist: a. The length of an ESI
indication exceeds 2 in. (50
mm). Note: Parallel ESI indications separated by approximately the width of
the root bead (wagon
tracks) shall be considered a single indication unless the width of either of
them exceeds 1/32 in.
(0.8 mm). In that event, they shall be considered separate indications. b.
The aggregate length of
ESI indications in any continuous 12 in. (300 mm) length of weld exceeds 2
in. (50 mm).
c. The width of an ESI indication exceeds 1/16 in. (1.6 mm). d. The
aggregate length of ISI
indications in any continuous12 in. (300 mm) length of weld exceeds 1/2 in.
(13 mm).
e. The width of an ISI indication exceeds 1/8 in. (3 mm). f. More than four
ISI indications with the
maximum width of 1/8 in. (3 mm) are present in any continuous 12 in. (300
mm)
length of weld. g. The aggregate length of ESI and ISI indications exceeds
8% of the weld length.
9.3.8.3 For pipe with an outside diameter less than 2.375 in. (60.3 mm),
slag inclusions shall be
considered a defect should any of the following conditions exist: a. The
length of an ESI indication
exceeds three times the thinner of the nominal wall thicknesses joined.
Note: Parallel ESI indications separated by approximately the width of the
root bead (wagon
tracks) shall be considered a single indication unless the width of either of
them exceeds 1/32 in.
(0.8 mm). In that event, they shall be considered separate indications.
b. The width of an ESI indication exceeds 1/16 in. (1.6 mm).
c. The aggregate length of ISI indications exceeds two times the thinner of
the nominal wall
thicknesses joined and the width exceeds one-half the thinner of the
nominal wall thicknesses
joined. d. The aggregate length of ESI and ISI indications exceeds 8% of
the weld length.
9.3.9 Porosity *9.3.9.1 Porosity is defined as gas trapped by solidifying weld
metal before the gas
has a chance to rise to the surface of the molten puddle and escape.
Porosity is generally spherical
but may be elongated or irregular in shape, such as piping (wormhole)
porosity. When the size of
the radiographic indication produced by a pore is measured, the maximum
dimension of the
indication shall apply to the criteria given in 9.3.9.2 through 9.3.9.4.
9.3.9.2 Individual or scattered porosity (P) shall be considered a defect
should any of the
following conditions exist: a. The size of an individual pore exceeds 1/8 in.
(3 mm).
b. The size of an individual pore exceeds 25% of the thinner of the nominal
wall thicknesses
joined. c. The distribution of scattered porosity exceeds the concentration
permitted by Figures 19
or 20. 9.3.9.3 Cluster porosity (CP) that occurs in any pass except the finish
pass shall comply with
the criteria of 9.3.9.2. CP that occurs in the finish pass shall be considered
a defect should any of
the following conditions exist. a. The diameter of the cluster exceeds 1/2 in.
(13 mm).
b. The aggregate length of CP in any continuous 12 in. (300 mm) length of
weld exceeds 1/2 in.
(13 mm). 9.3.9.4 Hollow-bead porosity (HB) is defined as elongated linear
porosity that occurs in
the root pass. HB shall be considered a defect should any of the following
conditions exist:
a. The length of an individual indication of HB exceeds 1/2 in. (13 mm).
b. The aggregate length of indications of HB in any continuous 12 in. (300
mm) length of weld
exceeds 2 in. (50 mm). c. Individual indications of HB, each greater than 1/4
in. (6 mm) in length,
are separated by less than 2 in. (50 mm). d. The aggregate length of all
indications of HB exceeds
8% of the weld length. 9.3.10 Cracks Cracks (C) shall be considered a
defect should any of the
following conditions exists: a. The crack, of any size or location in the weld,
is not a shallow crater
crack or star crack. b. The crack is a shallow crater crack or star crack with
a length that exceeds
5/32 in. (4 mm). Note: Shallow crater cracks or star cracks are located at
the stopping point of
weld beads and are the result of weld metal contractions during
solidification. 9.3.11 Undercutting
Undercutting is defined as a groove melted into the parent material adjacent
to the toe or roots of
the weld and left unfilled by weld metal. Undercutting adjacent to the cover
pass (EU) or root
pass (IU) shall be considered a defect should any of the following
conditions exists:
a. The aggregate length of indications of EU and IU, in any combination, in
any continuous 12 in.
(300 mm) length of weld exceeds 2 in. (50 mm). b. The aggregate length of
indications of EU and
IU, in any combination, exceeds one-sixth of the weld length. Note: See 9.7
for acceptance
standards for undercutting when visual and mechanical measurements are
employed.
9.3.12 Accumulation of Imperfections Excluding incomplete penetration due
to high-low and
undercutting, any accumulation of imperfections (AI) shall be considered a
defect should any of
the following conditions exist: a. The aggregate length of indications in any
continuous 12 in. (300
mm) length of weld exceeds 2 in. (50 mm). b. The aggregate length of
indications exceeds 8% of
the weld length. ***( For more information see page: 22, 24~26; API-1104,
20TH Edition
Nov’2005). *ACCEPTANCE CRITERIA (ASME B31.1):
136.4 Examination Methods of Welds *136.4.1 Nondestructive Examination.
Nondestructive
examinations shall be performed in accordance with the requirements of
this Chapter. The types
and extent of mandatory examinations for pressure welds and welds to
pressure
retainingcomponents are specified in Table 136.4. For welds other than
those covered by Table
136.4, only visual examination is required. Welds requiring nondestructive
examination shall
comply with the applicable acceptance standards for indications as
specified in paras. 136.4.2
through 136.4.6. As a guide, the detection capabilities for the examination
method are shown in
Table 136.4.1. Welds not requiring examination (i.e. RT; UT, MT, or PT) by
this Code or the
Engineering design shall be judged acceptable if they meet the examination
requirements of para.
136.4.2 and the pressure test requirements specified in Para. 137. 136.4.5
Radiography: When
required by this Chapter (see Table 136.4), radiographic examination shall
be performed in
accordance with Article 2 of Section V of the ASME Boiler and Pressure
Vessel Code, except that
the requirements of T-285 are to be used as a guide but not for the rejection
of radiographs unless
the geometrical unsharpness exceeds 0.07 in. (A) Acceptance Standards.
Welds that are shown by
radiography to have any of the following types of discontinuities are
unacceptable:
(A.1) any type of crack or zone of incomplete fusion or penetration;
(A.2) any other elongated indication which has a length greater than:
(A.2.1) 1/4 in. (6.0 mm) for t up to 3/4 in. (19.0 mm), inclusive;
(A.2.2) 1/3t for t from 3/4 in. (19.0 mm) to 2 1/4 in.(57.0 mm), incl.;
(A.2.3) 3/4 in. (19.0 mm) for t over 2 1/4 in. (57.0 mm) where t is the
thickness of the thinner
portion of the weld. (2.0 mm). (NOTE: z referred to in (A.2.1). (A.2.2). and
(A.2.3) above pertains
to the thickness of the weid being examined; if a weld joins two members
having different
thickness at the weld, t is the thinner of these two thickness.)
(A.3) any group of indications in line that have an aggregate length greater
than t in a length of
12, except where the distance between the successive indications exceeds
6L where L is the
longest indication in the group; (A.4) porosity in excess of that shown as
acceptable in Appendix
A-250 of Section I of the *ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code; (A.5)
root concavity when
there is an abrupt change in density, as indicated on the radiograph.
136.4.2 Visual Examination:
Visual examination as defined in para. 100.2. shall be performed, as
necessary, during the
fabrication and erection of piping components to provide verification that
the design and WPS requirements are being met. In addition, visual
examination shall be
performed to verify that all completed welds inpipe and piping components
comply with the
acceptance standards specified in (A) below or with the limitations on
imperfections specified in
the material specification under which the pipe or component was
furnished.
(A) Acceptance Standards. The following indications are unacceptable:
(A. I) cracks-external surface;
(A.2) undercut on surface which is greater than 1/32 in. (1.0 mm) deep;
Table 127.4.2;
(A.3) weld reinforcement greater than specified in
(A.4) lack of fusion on surface;
(A.5) incomplete penetration (applies only when inside surface is readily
accessible);
(A.6) any other linear indications greater than 3/16 in. (5.0 mm) long;
(A.7) surface porosity with rounded indications having dimensions greater
than in.3/16 in.(5.0
mm) or four or more rounded indications separated by 1/16 in. (2.0 mm) or
less edge to edge in
any direction. Rounded indications are indications which are circular or
elliptical with their
length less than three times their width.
136.4.3 Magnetic Particle Examination: Whenever required by this Chapter
(see Table 136.4),
magnetic particle examination shall be performed in accordance with the
methods of Article 7,
Section V, of the ASh4E Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code.
(A) Evaluation of Indications
(A. 1) Mechanical discontinuities at the surface will be indicated by the
retention of the
examination medium. All indications are not necessarily defects; however,
certain metallurgical
discontinuities and magnetic permeability variations may produce similar
indications which are
not relevant to the detection of unacceptable discontinuities.
(A.2) Any indication which is believed to be nonrelevant shall be
reexamined to verify whether
or not actual defects are present. Surface conditioning may precede the
reexamination.
Nonrelevant indications which would mask indications of defects are
unacceptable.
(A.3) Relevant indications are those which result from unacceptable
mechanical discontinuities.
Linear indications are those indications in which the length is more than
three times the width.
Rounded indications are indications which are circular or elliptical with the
length less than three
times the width. (A.4) An indication of a discontinuity may be larger than the
discontinuity that
causes it; however, the size of the indication and not the size of the
discontinuity is the basis of
acceptance or rejection. (B) Acceptance Standards. The following relevant
indications are
unacceptable: (B.1) any cracks or linear indications; (B.2) rounded
indications with dimensions
greater than 3/16 in. (5.0 mm); (B.3) four or more rounded indications in a
line separated by t / , j
in. (2.0 mm) or less edge to edge; (B.4) Ten or more rounded indications in
any 6 sq in. (3870
mm’) of surface with the major dimension of this area not to exceed 6 in.
(150 mm) with the area
taken in the most unfavorable location relative to the indications being
evaluated.
136.4.4 Liquid Penetrant Examination: Whenever required by this Chapter
(see Table 136.4),
liquid penetrant examination shall be performed in accordance with the
methods of Article 6,
Section V, of the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code. (A) Evaluation of
Indications
(A.]) Mechanical discontinuities at the surface will be indicated by bleeding
out of the penetrant;
however, localized surface imperfections, such as may occur from
machining marks or surface
conditions, may produce similar indications which are nonrelevant to the
detection of
unacceptable discontinuities. (A.2) Any indication which is believed to be
nonrelevant shall be
regarded as a defect and shall be reexamined to verify whether or not
actual defects are present.
Surface conditioning may precede the reexamination. Nonrelevant
indications and broad areas of
pigmentation which would mask indications of defects are unacceptable.
(A.3) Relevant indications are those which result from mechanical
discontinuities. Linear
indications are those indications in which the length is more than three
times the width. Rounded
indications are indications which are circular or elliptical with the length less
than three times the
width. (A.4) An indication of a discontinuity may be larger than the
discontinuity that causes it;
however, the size of the indication and not the size of the discontinuity is
the basis of acceptance
or rejection. (B) Acceptance Standards. Indications whose major
dimensions are greater than 1/16
in. (2.0 mm) shall be considered relevant. The following relevant indications
are unacceptable:
(B.1) any cracks or linear indications; (B.2) rounded indications with
dimensions greater than 3/16
in. (5.0 mm); (B.3) four or more rounded indications in a line separated by
1/16 in. (2.0 mm) or
less edge to edge; (B.4) ten or more rounded indications in any 6 sq in.
(3870 mm2) of surface
with the major dimension of this area not to exceed 6 in. (150 mm) with the
area taken in the most
unfavorable location relative to the indications being evaluated. 136.4.6
Ultrasonic Examination:
When required by this Chapter (see Table 136.4), ultrasonic examination
(UT) shall be performed
in accordance with the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Section V,
Article 5 and the
following additional requirements. (A) The following criteria shall also be
met when performing
ultrasonic examinations. (A.1) The nominal thickness of the material being
examined shall be
greater that 5; in (12.5 mm). (A.2) The equipment used to perform the
examination shall be
capable of recording the UT data including the scanning positions. (A.3)
NDE personnel collecting
and analyzing UT data shall have demonstrated their ability to perform an
acceptable examination
using written procedures. The procedure shall have been demonstrated to
perform. Acceptably on a
qualification block with imbedded flaws. (B) Acceptance Standards: Welds
that are shown by
ultrasonic examination to have discontinuities which produce an indication
greater than 20% of the
reference level shall be investigated to the extent that ultrasonic
examination personnel can
determine their shape, identity, and location so that they may evaluate each
discontinuity for
acceptance in accordance with (B.l) and (B.2) below. (B.1) Discontinuities
evaluated as being
cracks, lack of fusion, or incomplete penetration are unacceptable
regardless of length.
(B.2) Other discontinuities are unacceptable if the indication exceeds the
reference level and their
length exceeds the following:
(B.2.1). 1/4 in. (6.0 mm) for t up to 3/4 in. (19.0 mm);
(B.2.2). 1/3 t for t from 3/4 in. (19.0 mm) to 2 1/4 in. (57.0 mm)
(B.2.3). 3/4 in (19.0 mm) for t over 2 1/4 in. (57.0 mm) where t is the
thickness of the weld being
examined. If the weld joins two members having different thicknesses at the
weld, t is the thinner
of these two thicknesses. (Page: 95~99).= 0 =
ACCEPTANCE CRITERIA (ASME B31.3): Process Piping
See Page: 68, 71-76, 98, 127-129. Details on page129.
ACCEPTANCE CRITERIA (ASME Sec.1):
FOR INSPECTION: REQUIRED RADIOGRAPHIC AND ULTRASONIC
EXAMINATION OF
WELDED BUTT JOINTS: SEE TABLE PW-11
PW-50. QUALIFICATION OF NONDESTRUCTIVE EXAMINATION
PERSONNEL
PW-50.1 The Manufacturer shall be responsible for assuring that
nondestructive examination
(NDE) personnel have been qualified and certified in accordance with their
employer’s written
practice prior to performing or evaluating radiographic or ultrasonic
examinations required by
this Section. SNT-TC-1A3 or CP-189 shall be used as a guideline for
employers to establish their
written practice. National or international Central Certification Programs,
such as the ASNT
Central Certification Program (ACCP), may be used to fulfill the
examination and demonstration
requirements of the employer’s written practice. Provisions for training,
experience, qualification,
and certification of NDE personnel shall be described in the Manufacturer’s
quality control
system (see PG-105.4). PW-50.2 NDE personnel shall be qualified by
examination. Qualification
of NDE Level III personnel certified prior to the 2004 Edition of Section I
may be based on
demonstrated ability, achievement, education, and experience. Such
qualification shall be
specifically addressed in the written practice. When NDE personnel have
been certified in
accordance with a written practice based on an edition of SNT-TC-1A or
CP-189 earlier than that
referenced in A-360, their certification shall be valid until their next
scheduled recertification.
PW-50.3 Recertification shall be in accordance with the employer’s written
practice based on the
edition of SNT-TC-1A or CP-189 referenced in A-360. Recertification may
be based on evidence
of continued satisfactory performance or by reexamination(s) deemed
necessary by the employer.
PW-51. ACCEPTANCE STANDARDS FOR RADIOGRAPHY , Edition:
2004
(page.105,106) PW-51.1 All welds for which a complete radiographic
examination is required by
PW-11 shall be radiographically examined throughout their entire length by
the X-ray or gamma-
ray method in accordance with Article 2 of Section V, except that the
requirements of T-274 are to
be used as a guide but not for the rejection of radiographs unless the
geometrical unsharpness
exceeds 0.07 in. (1.8 mm). PW-51.2 A single-welded circumferential butt
joint with backing strip
may be radio-graphed without removing the backing strip, provided it is not
to be removed
subsequently and provided the image of the backing strip does not interfere
with the interpretation
of the resultant radiographs. PW-51.3 Indications shown on the radiographs
of welds and
characterized as imperfections are unacceptable under the following
conditions, and shall be
repaired as provided in PW-40 and the repair radio-graphed to PW-51:
PW-51.3.1 Any indication characterized as a crack, or zone of incomplete
fusion or penetration.
PW-51.3.2 Any other elongated indication on the radiograph that has a
length greater than
(a) 1⁄4 in. (6 mm) for t up to 3⁄4 in. (19 mm) (b)1 ⁄ 3 tf o r t from 3⁄4 in. (19
mm) to 21⁄4 in. (57
mm) (c) 3⁄4 in. (19 mm) for t over 21⁄4 in. (57 mm), where t is the thickness
of the weld
PW-51.3.3 Any group of aligned indications that have an aggregate length
greater thant in a
length of 12t, except when the distance between the successive
imperfections exceeds 6L whereL
is the length of the longest imperfection in the group. PW-51.3.4 Rounded
indications in excess of
those shown in A-250. PW-51.4 A complete set of radiographs for each job
shall be retained by the
Manufacturer and kept on file for a period of at least 5 years. PW-52
ACCEPTANCE
STANDARDS FOR ULTRASONIC EXAMINATION PW-52.1 Technique and
standards for
ultrasonic examination shall follow Section V, Article 4. PW-52.2 The
Manufacturer’s report, as
required by T-490 of Section V, shall be retained by the Manufacturer for a
minimum of 5 years.
PW-52.3. Acceptance-Rejection Standards. Imperfections that cause an
indication greater than
20% of the reference level shall be investigated to the extent that the
ultrasonic examination
personnel can determine their shape, identity, and location, and evaluate
them in terms of PW-
52.3.1 and PW-52.3.2. PW-52.3.1 Cracks, lack of fusion, or incomplete
penetration are
unacceptable regardless of length. the indication exceeds the reference
level and their length
exceeds the following: (a) 1⁄4 in. (6 mm) for t up to 3⁄4 in. (19 mm)
(b)1 ⁄ 3tf o r t from 3⁄4 in. (19 mm) to 21⁄4 in. (57 mm) (c) 3⁄4 in. (19 mm) for
t over 21⁄4 in. (57
mm). Wheret is the thickness of the weld being examined. If the weld joins
two members having
different thicknesses at the weld,t is the thinner of these two thicknesses.
(For more
informationSee page no. 79, 80). A-250. ACCEPTANCE STANDARD FOR
RADIOGRAPHICALLY DETERMINED ROUNDED INDICATIONS IN
WELDS:
A-250.1 Applicability of These Standards: These standards are applicable
to ferritic, austenitic,
and nonferrous materials. A-250.2 Terminology A-250.2.1 Rounded
Indications: Indications with
a maximum length of three times the width or less on the radiograph are
defined as rounded
indications. These indications may be circular, elliptical, conical, or irregular
in shape and may
have tails. When evaluating the size of an indication, the tail shall be
included. The indication may
be from any imperfection in the weld, such as porosity, slag, or tungsten. A-
250.2.2 Aligned
Indications: A sequence of four or more rounded indications shall be
considered to be aligned
when they touch a line parallel to the length of the weld drawn through the
center of the two outer
rounded indications. A-250.2.3 Thickness t. t is the thickness of the weld, of
the pressure–retaining
material, or of the thinner of the sections being joined, whichever is least. If
a full penetration weld
includes a fillet weld, the thickness of the fillet weld throat shall be included
in t.
A-250.3 Acceptance Criteria A-250.3.1 Image Density: Density within the
image of the indication
may vary and is not a criterion for acceptance or rejection. A-250.3.2
Relevant Indications (See
Table A- 250.3.2 for Examples): Only those rounded indications which
exceed the following
dimensions shall be considered relevant: (a) 1⁄10 t for t less than 1⁄8 in. (3
mm)
(b) 1⁄64 in. (0.4 mm) for t 1⁄8 in. to 1⁄4 in. (6 mm), inclusive
(c) 1⁄32 in. (0.8 mm) for t 1⁄4 in. (6 mm) to 2 in. (50 mm), inclusive
(d) 1⁄16 in. (1.6 mm) for t greater than 2 in. (50 mm) *A-250.3.3 Maximum
Size of Rounded
Indication (See Table A-250.3.2 for Examples): The maximum permissible
size of any indication
shall be 1⁄4t, or 5⁄32 in. (4 mm), whichever is smaller; except that an
isolated indication separated
from an adjacent indication by 1 in. (25 mm) or more may be 1⁄3t, or 1⁄4 in.
(6 mm), whichever is
less. For t greater than 2 in. (50 mm) the maximum permissible size of an
isolated indication shall
be increased to 3⁄8 in. (10 mm). TABLE A-250.3.2 MAXIMUM
PERMISSIBLE SIZE OF
ROUNDED INDICATION (Examples Only) (ASME Sec. I, Edition 2004,
page: 178)
Thickness t, (in.) Maximum Size of Acceptable Rounded Indication (in.)
Maximum Size of Non
relevant Indication, in. Random Isolated Less than *For more information
see Page: 179~185
(ASME Sec. I Editions: 2004) A-250.3.4 Aligned Rounded Indications:
Aligned rounded
indications are acceptable when the summation of the diameters of the
indications is less than t in a
length of 12t. (See Fig. A- 250.3.4-1.) The length of groups of aligned
rounded indications and the
spacing between the groups shall meet the requirements of Fig. A-250-3.4-
2.
A-250.3.5 Spacing: The distance between adjacent rounded indications is
not a factor in
determining acceptance or rejection, except as required for isolated
indications or groups of
aligned indications. A-250.3.6 Rounded Indication Charts: The rounded
indications characterized
as imperfections shall not exceed that shown in the charts. The charts in
Figs. A-250.3.6-1 through
A-250.3.6-6 illustrates various types of assorted, randomly dispersed, and
clustered rounded
indications for different weld thicknesses greater than 1⁄8 in. (3 mm). These
charts represent the
maximum acceptable concentration limits for rounded indications. The chart
for each thickness
range represents full-scale 6 in. (150 mm) radiographs, and shall not be
enlarged or reduced. The
distributions shown are not necessarily the patterns that may appear on the
radiograph, but are
typical of the concentration and size of indications permitted. A-250.3.7.
Weld Thickness t Less
Than 1⁄8 in. (3 mm): For t less than 1⁄8 in. (3 mm), the maximum number of
rounded indications
shall not exceed 12 in a 6 in. (150 mm) length of weld. A proportionally
fewer number of
indications shall be permitted in welds less than 6 in. (150 mm) in length. A-
250.3.8 Clustered
Indications: The illustrations for clustered indications show up to four times
as many indications in
a local area, as that shown in the illustrations for random indications. The
length of an acceptable
cluster shall not exceed the lesser of 1 in. (25 mm) or 2t. Where more than
one cluster is present,
the sum of the lengths of the clusters shall not exceed 1 in. (25 mm) in a 6
in. (150 mm) length of
weld