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The 5836, a typical reflex klystron used as a low-power microwave source. Note the terminal on the top of
the tube, used to power the keep-alive.
A Sutton tube, or reflex klystron, is a type of vacuum tube used to generate microwaves. It is a
low-power device used primarily for two purposes; one is to provide a tuneable low-power
frequency source for the local oscillators in receiver circuits, and the other, with minor
modifications, as a switch that could turn on and off another microwave source. The second use,
sometimes known as a soft Sutton tube or rhumbatron switch, was a key component in the
development of microwave radar during World War II. Microwave switches of all designs,
including these, are more generally known as T/R tubes or T/R cells.
The Sutton tube is named for one of its inventors, Robert Sutton, an expert in vacuum tube
design. The original klystron designs had been developed in the late 1930s in the US, and Sutton
was asked to develop a tuneable version. He developed the first models in late 1940 while
working at the Admiralty Signals Establishment. Sutton tubes were widely used in a variety of
forms during World War II and through the 1960s. Their role has since been taken over by solid
state devices like the Gunn diode, which started to become available in the 1970s. "Rhumbatron"
refers to the resonant cavity design that was part of many klystrons, referring to
the rhumba because of the dance-like motion of the electrons.
Contents
In a two-cavity klystron, the electrons "bunch up" as they move between the cavities, re-creating the original
signal.
Klystrons share the basic concept that the microwave output is generated by progressively
accelerating then slowing electrons in an open space surrounded by a resonant cavity. The
easiest klystron designs to understand have two cavities.
The first cavity is connected to a source signal, and is designed to resonate at the desired
frequency, filling its interior with an oscillating electric field. The cavity's dimensions are a function
of the wavelength, most are flat cylinders the shape of a hockey puck of varying sizes. A hole is
drilled through the middle, at the center of the "puck".[1]
A stream of electrons fired from an electron gun passes through the hole, and the varying field
causes them to either accelerate or decelerate as they pass. Beyond the cavity the accelerated
electrons catch up to the decelerated ones, causing the electrons to bunch up in the stream. This
causes the stream to re-create the original signal's pattern in the density of the electrons. This
area of the tube has to be fairly long to allow time for this process to complete.[2]
The electrons then pass through a second cavity, similar to the first. As they pass, the bunches
cause a varying electric field to be induced in the cavity, re-creating the original signal but at
much higher current. A tap point on this cavity provides the amplified microwave output.[2]
Local oscillators[edit]
The reflex klystron essentially folds the two-cavity design in half, using two opposing accelerating fields.
The introduction of the cavity magnetron caused a revolution in radar design, generating large
amounts of power from a compact and easy-to-build device. However, it also required several
additional developments before it could be used.
Among these was a suitable local oscillator about 45 MHz different than the transmitter signal,
which fed the intermediate frequency section of the receiver circuits.[3] The problem was that the
magnetron's frequency drifted as it warmed and cooled, enough that some sort of tuneable
microwave source was needed who's frequency could be adjusted to match. A second
magnetron wouldn't work, they would not drift in sync.[4]
As the receiver circuit requires only very little output power, the klystron, first introduced only two
years earlier, was a natural choice. Sutton, a well-known expert in tube design, was asked if he
could provide a version that could be tuned across the same range as the magnetron's drift.[5] An
initial model available in 1940 allowed tuning with some effort. While it worked, it was not suitable
for an operational system. Sutton and Thompson continued working on the problem, and
delivered a solution in October 1940.[3] Thompson named it for Sutton, while Sutton referred to it
as the Thompson Tube.[6] The former stuck.
Their advance was to use a single resonator and clever physical arrangement to provide the
same effect as two cavities. He did this by placing a second electrode at the far end of the tube,
the "reflector" or "repeller", which caused the electrons to turn around and start flowing back
toward the gun, similar to the Barkhausen–Kurz tube. By changing the voltage of the reflector
relative to the gun, the speed of the electrons when they reached the cavity the second time
could be adjusted, within limits. The frequency was a function of the velocity of the electrons,
providing the tuning function.[5]
This modification effectively folded the klystron in half, with most of the "action" at the center of
the tube where the input and output from the single cavity were located. Furthermore, only the
interior of the cavity was inside the tube, the outer surface was in the form of a metal shell
wrapped around the tube. Larger changes to the frequency could be made by replacing the outer
shell, and this also provided a convenient location for mounting.[5]
Unfortunately, the system needed two high-voltage power supplies, one for the initial acceleration
in the gun, and a second between the gun and the reflector. And, due to the way it worked, the
system was generally limited to milliwatts of power.[citation needed]
References[edit]
Citations[edit]
1. ^ Caryotakis 1998, p. 3.
2. ^ Jump up to:a b Caryotakis 1998, pp. 1-2.
3. ^ Jump up to:a b c d Watson 2009, p. 146.
4. ^ "Magnetron Theory of Operation", p. 3.
5. ^ Jump up to:a b c Lovell 1991, p. 61.
6. ^ Reg Batt, "The Radar Army: Winning the War of the Airwaves",
Hale, 1991, p. 61.
7. ^ Jean-Denis G.G. Lepage, "Aircraft of the Luftwaffe, 1935-1945",
McFarland, 2009, p. 61.
8. ^ Lovell 1991, p. 62.
9. ^ Jump up to:a b c Hodgkin 1994, p. 192.
10. ^ Jump up to:a b c d Lovell 1991, p. 63.
11. ^ Watson 2009, p. 165.
12. ^ Robert Buderi, "The Invention That Changed the World",
Touchstone, 1998, p.118.
13. ^ Christian Wolff, "Branch- Duplexer"
14. ^ C.G. Montgomery, "Microwave Duplexers", MIT
15. ^ A.L. Samuel, J.W. Clark and W.W. Mumford, "The Gas-
Discharge Transmit-Receieve Switch", Bell System Technical
Journal, 1946, p. 54.
Bibliography[edit]
External links[edit]
NR89 Sutton Tube, a local oscillator
CV43, a Sutton switch
Categories:
Microwave technology
Vacuum tubes
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Radar is a detection system that uses radio waves to determine the range, angle, or velocity
of objects. It can be used to detect aircraft, ships, spacecraft, guided missiles, motor
vehicles, weather formations, and terrain. A radar system consists of a transmitter producing
electromagnetic waves in the radio or microwaves domain, a transmitting antenna, a
receiving antenna and a receiver and processor to determine properties of the object(s).
Radio waves from the transmitter reflect off the object and return to the receiver, giving
information about the object's location and speed.