Germanium

32

Ge72.61
Nickel
28

Ni
58.693

Uranium
92

U
238.029
Sulfur
16

S
32.066

Chemical Reactions
Worksheets
 Chemistry worksheets Chemical Reactions

Reactions and Equations

Chemical Reactions
Chemical reactions take place when the bonds between atoms are broken and new bonds are
formed, creating a new arrangement of atoms and at least one new substance.

Evidence of chemical reaction

1) Heat change
Heat change is an evidence of chemical reaction. Temperatures may rise
during chemical reactions as a wood burning reaction and the
temperature may be decrease in other chemical reactions.

2) Color Change
The color changing of iron nails is an example for the chemical
reactions between iron and oxygen, and the transformation of
banana from green to yellow color is another example.

3) Odor and gas bubbles

Gas bubbles are an example of chemical reaction. when baking powder
is placed on vinegar hydrogen gas bubbles is formed.

4) Formation of a solid
A solid precipitate may be formed during the reaction of liquid substances,
which is also a evidence of chemical reaction.

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 Chemistry worksheets Chemical Reactions

Representing Chemical reactions

We use chemical equations to express chemical reactions

A + B → C + D
Reactants Products

Symbols used in Chemical Equations

Symbol Purpose
+ Separate two or more reactants or products
 Separates reactants from products
 Separates reactants from products and indicates a reversible reaction
(s) Identifies a solid state
(l) Identifies a liquid state
(g) Identifies a gaseous state
(aq) Identifies a water solution
The substances undergoing reaction are called reactants, and their formulas are placed on the
left side of the equation.
The substances generated by the reaction are called products, and their formulas are placed on
the right side of the equation.

Word equation
We can describe the reaction between Aluminum and Bromine by a word equation
Aluminum(s) + Bromine(l)  Aluminum bromide(s)
Word equation: Aluminum and Bromine react to produce aluminum Bromide.

Skelton equation
It uses chemical formulas rather than words to identify the reactants and the products.
The Skelton equation for the pervious reaction,
Al(s) + Br2(l)  AlBr3(s)

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 Chemistry worksheets Chemical Reactions
Covert the following word equations to skeleton equations. Be sure to include to state of
matter that each compound as a subscript.
Example: Silver nitrate + copper  silver + copper nitrate
Solution: AgNO3 (aq) + Cu(s)  Ag(s) + Cu(NO3)2 (aq)

1) Iron + Sulphur  Iron(II) sulphide (All solids)

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

2) Hydrogen + chlorine  hydrogen chloride (all gases)

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

3) Magnesium + oxygen  magnesium oxide (last one is a solid)

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

4) Aluminum oxide  aluminum + oxygen (Starts with a solid)

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

5) Water  Hydrogen + oxygen (obvious states)

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

6) Hydrochloric acid + sodium hydroxide  sodium chloride + water (mixing two solutions to
make a solid and liquid)
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

7) Methane + oxygen  carbon dioxide + water (obvious states)

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

8) Potassium hydroxide + hydrogen bromide  potassium bromide + water (solid and gas
make solid and liquid)
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

9) Carbon + oxygen  carbon dioxide (obvious states)

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

10) Tin (II) oxide + hydrogen  tin + water (starts with a solid)

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

11) Propane (tricarbon octahydride) + oxygen  carbon dioxide + water (obvious states)

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

12) Sodium hydroxide + phosphoric acid (Hydrogen phosphate)  Sodium phosphate + water.
(starts with solutions and makes a solution and a liquid)

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

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 Chemistry worksheets Chemical Reactions
13) Calcium bicarbonate  calcium carbonate + carbon dioxide + water (solid makes a solid
and two gases)
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

14) potassium + water  potassium hydroxide + hydrogen (obvious reactants forming a

solution and a gas)
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

15) Lead(II) nitrate + potassium sulfide  potassium nitrate + lead(II) sulfide (two solutions
forming a precipitate and a solution)
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Law of conservation of mass

Unfortunately, it is also an incomplete chemical equation. The law of conservation of matter

says that matter cannot be created or destroyed. In chemical equations, the number of atoms
of each element in the reactants must be the same as the number of atoms of each element in
the products.

Chemical equation: statement that uses chemical formulas to show the identities and relative
amounts of the substances involved in a chemical reaction.

In normal chemical processes, we cannot create or destroy matter (law of conservation of

mass). If we start out with ten carbon atoms, we need to end up with ten carbon atoms.

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 Chemistry worksheets Chemical Reactions
Balancing chemical equations
To balance the chemical equations, we have to find the appropriate coefficients.
Coefficient: The number that is written before the reactant or products in the chemical
equation.
• Coefficients are always integers.
• Do not write coefficients if their value is equal to 1
• The coefficients describe the simplest numerical ratios of the quantities of the reactants and
products.

Steps for balancing equations

Write and balance the chemical equation for each given chemical reaction Hydrogen and
chlorine react to make HCl

Steps for balancing equations

step process Example

Let us start by simply writing a chemical equation in
1 terms of the formulas of the substances, remembering H2 + Cl2  HCl
that both elemental hydrogen and chlorine are diatomic
Count the atoms
H2 + Cl2
2 There are two hydrogen atoms and two chlorine atoms
HCl
in the reactants and one of each atom in the product.
Change the coefficient
3 We can fix this by including the coefficient 2 on the
product side
Now there are two hydrogen atoms and two chlorine H2 + Cl2  2HCl
4 atoms on both sides of the chemical equation, so it is
balanced

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 Chemistry worksheets Chemical Reactions

Fill in the blanks with the most appropriate term:

16) A ____________________ tells the story of a chemical reaction. ________________ are
the starting substances in the reaction while ________________ are the new substances that
are formed. The large numbers in front of some of the formulas are called ______________.
These numbers are used to ___________________ the equation because chemical reactions
must obey the Law of ________________ of Matter. The number of atoms of each element on
both sides of the equation must be ________________ because matter cannot be
________________ or ________________. When balancing equations, the only numbers that
can be changed are ________________; remember that ________________ must never be
changed in order to balance an equation.

Balance the following equations:

17) ___ Al +___ O2  ___ Al2O3

18) ___ C3H8 +___ O2  ___ CO2 + ___ H2O

19) ___ Al(NO3)3 +___ NaOH  ___ Al(OH)3 +___ NaNO3

20) ___ KNO3  ___ KNO2 +___ O2

21) ___ O2 + ___ CS2  ___ CO2 +___ SO2

22) ___ KClO3 ___ KCl + ___ O2

23) ___ BaF2 + ___ K3PO4 ___ Ba3(PO4)2 +___ KF

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 Chemistry worksheets Chemical Reactions
24) ___ H2SO4 +___ Mg(NO3)2 ___ MgSO4 + ___ HNO3

25) ___ Al +___ H2SO4 ___ Al2(SO4)3 +___ H2

26) ___ WO3 +___ H2 ___ W + ___ H2O

27) ___ NaNO3 + ___ PbO  ___ Pb(NO3)2 + ___ Na2O

28) ___ AgI + ___ Fe2(CO3)3  ___ FeI3 + ___ Ag2CO3

29) ___ C2H4O2 + ___ O2  ___ CO2 + ___ H2O

30) ___ ZnSO4 + ___ Li2CO3  ___ ZnCO3 + ___ Li2SO4

31) ___ V2O5 + ___ CaS  ___ CaO + ___ V2S5

32) ___ Mn(NO2)2 + ___ BeCl2  ___ Be(NO2)2 + ___ MnCl2

33) ___ AgBr + ___ GaPO4  ___ Ag3PO4 + ___ GaBr3

34) ___ H2SO4 + ___ B(OH)3  __ B2(SO4)3 + ___ H2O

35) ___ S8 + ___ O2  ___ SO2

36) ___ Fe + ___ AgNO3  ___ Fe(NO3)2 + ___ Ag

37) ___ H3PO4 + ___ KOH  ___ K3PO4 + ___ H2O

38) ___ K + ___ B2O3  ___ K2O + ___ B

39) ___ HCl + ___ NaOH  ___ NaCl + ___ H2O

40) ___ Na + ___ NaNO3  ___ Na2O + ___ N2

41) ___ C + ___ S8  ___ CS2

42) ___ Na + ___ O2  ___ Na2O

43) ___ N2 + ___ O2  ___ N2O5

44) ___ H3PO4 + ___ Mg(OH)2  ___ Mg3(PO4)2 + ___ H2O

45) ___ NaOH + ___ H2CO3  ___ Na2CO3 + ___ H2O

46) ___ KOH + ___ HBr  ___ KBr + ___ H2O

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 Chemistry worksheets Chemical Reactions
47) ___ Na + ___ O2  ___ Na2O

48) ___ Al + ___ S8  ___ Al2S3

49) ___ Cs + ___ N2  ___ Cs3N

50) ___ Mg + ___ Cl2  ___ MgCl2

51) ___ Rb + ___ RbNO3  ___ Rb2O + ___ N2

52) ___ C6H6 + ___ O2  ___ CO2 + ___ H2O

53) ___ N2 + ___ H2  ___ NH3

54) ___ C10H22 + ___ O2  ___ CO2 + ___ H2O

55) ___ C3H8 + ___ O2  ___ CO2 + ___ H2O

56) ___ Li + ___ AlCl3  ___ LiCl + ___ Al

57) ___ C2H6 + ___ O2  ___ CO2 + ___ H2O

58) ___ Rb + ___ P  ___ Rb3P

59) ___ CH4 + ___ O2  ___ CO2 + ___ H2O

60) ___ Na + ___ Cl2  ___ NaCl

61) ___ Rb + ___ S8  ___ Rb2S

62) ___ NH3 + ___ HCl  ___ NH4Cl

63) ___ Li + ___ H2O  ___ LiOH + ___ H2

64) ___ NH3 + ___ O2  ___ N2 + ___ H2O

65) ___ FeS2 + ___ O2  ___ Fe2O3 + ___ SO2

66) ___ C + ___ SO2  ___ CS2 + ___ CO

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 Chemistry worksheets Chemical Reactions
Classifying chemical reactions

Synthesis reaction
A Synthesis reaction is a reaction in which two or more substances combine to form a single
new substance. The general form of a Synthesis reaction is:
A+B→AB
➢ One Synthesis reaction is two elements combining to form a compound. Solid sodium
metal reacts with chlorine gas to produce solid sodium chloride.
2Na(s)+Cl2(g)→2NaCl(s)
➢ Synthesis reactions can also take place when an element reacts with a compound to form
a new compound composed of a larger number of atoms. Carbon monoxide reacts with
oxygen to form carbon dioxide according to the equation:
2CO(g)+O2(g)→2CO2(g)

➢ Two compounds may also react to from a more complex compound. A very common
example is the reactions of oxides with water. Calcium oxide reacts readily with water to
produce an aqueous solution of calcium hydroxide.
CaO(s)+H2O(l)→Ca(OH)2(aq)

Complete the following word equations and write and balance the formula equation.
67) calcium + oxygen →
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

68) copper + sulfur → copper(II) sulfide

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

69) calcium oxide + water → calcium hydroxide

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

70) hydrogen + nitrogen →

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

71) hydrogen + chlorine →

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

72) silver + sulfur →

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

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 Chemistry worksheets Chemical Reactions
73) chromium + oxygen →
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

74) aluminum + bromine →

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

75) sodium + iodine →

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

76) hydrogen + oxygen →

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

77) aluminum + oxygen →

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

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 Chemistry worksheets Chemical Reactions
Combustion Reactions
A combustion reaction is a reaction in which a substance reacts with oxygen gas, releasing
energy in the form of light and heat. Combustion reactions must involve O2 as one reactant. The
combustion of hydrogen gas produces water vapor.
2H2(g)+O2(g) →2H2O(g)
Notice that this reaction also qualifies as a Synthesis reaction.
CH4(g) + 2O2(g) → CO2(g) + 2H2O(l)
In each of these cases hydrocarbons (compounds containing only the elements carbon and
hydrogen) combine with oxygen in the air to form carbon dioxide gas and water vapor. This is
shown in the following equation for the burning of methane (natural gas) in a gas jet.
Complete the following word equations and write and balance the formula equation.

78) methane (CH4) + oxygen →

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

79) ethane (C2H6) + oxygen →

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

80) propane (C3H8) + oxygen →

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

81) butane (C4H10) + oxygen →

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

82) pentane (C5H12) + oxygen →

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

83) hexane (C6H14) + oxygen →

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

84) ethene (C2H4) + oxygen →

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

85) ethyne (C2H2) + oxygen →

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

86) benzene (C6H6) + oxygen →

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

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 Chemistry worksheets Chemical Reactions
Decomposition Reactions
A decomposition reaction is a reaction in which a compound breaks down into two or more
simpler substances. The general form of a decomposition reaction is:
AB → A+B
Most decomposition reactions require an input of energy in the form of heat, light, or electricity.
Ammonium nitrate on heating decomposes to give nitrous oxide (laughing gas) and water.
NH4NO3  N2O + 2H2O.
A famous reaction is the dissociation reaction of sodium azide according to the following
equation
2NaN3(S)  2Na(S) + 3N2(g)
This reaction is used to blow up safety bags in cars where an electric spark provides the
beginning of the reaction that produces sodium and nitrogen gas.
In decomposition reactions, one compound will break down into two or more parts. Complete
the following word equations and write and balance the formula equation.

87) barium carbonate 

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

88) magnesium carbonate 

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

89) potassium carbonate 

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

90) zinc hydroxide 

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

91) sodium chlorate 

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

92) potassium chlorate 

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

93) carbonic acid 

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

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 Chemistry worksheets Chemical Reactions
Replacement reactions
Single-Replacement Reactions
A single-replacement reaction is a reaction in which one element replaces a similar element in
a compound. The general form of a single-replacement (also called single-displacement)
reaction is:
A + BC  AC + B

➢ Hydrogen Replacement
Many metals react easily with acids and when they do so, one of the products of the reaction is
hydrogen gas. Zinc reacts with hydrochloric acid to produce aqueous zinc chloride and hydrogen
(Figure below).
Zn(s)+2HCl(aq)→ZnCl2(aq)+H2(g)
In a hydrogen replacement reaction, the hydrogen in the acid is replaced by an active metal.
Some metals are so reactive that they are capable of replacing the hydrogen in water. The
products of such a reaction are the metal hydroxide and hydrogen gas. All group 1 metals
undergo this type of reaction. Sodium reacts vigorously with water to produce aqueous sodium
hydroxide and hydrogen
2Na(s)+2H2O(l)→2NaOH(aq)+H2(g)
Sodium metal reacts vigorously with water, giving off hydrogen gas. A large piece of sodium
will often generate so much heat that the hydrogen will ignite.

➢ Metal Replacement
Magnesium is a more reactive metal than copper. When a strip of magnesium metal is placed
in an aqueous solution of copper(II) nitrate, it replaces the copper. The products of the reaction
are aqueous magnesium nitrate and solid copper metal.
Mg(s)+Cu(NO3)2(aq)→Mg(NO3)2(aq)+Cu(s)
This subcategory of single-replacement reactions is called a metal replacement reaction
because it is a metal that is being replaced (zinc).

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 Chemistry worksheets Chemical Reactions
The Activity Series
Single-replacement reactions only occur when
the element that is doing the replacing is more reactive
than the element that is being replaced. Therefore, it is
useful to have a list of elements in order of their relative
reactivities. The activity series is a list of elements in
decreasing order of their reactivity. Since metals replace
other metals, while nonmetals replace other nonmetals,
they each have a separate activity series. Table beside is
an activity series of most common metals and of
the halogens.
For a single-replacement reaction, a given element is
capable of replacing an element that is below it in the
activity series. This can be used to predict if a reaction will
occur. Suppose that small pieces of the metal nickel were
placed into two separate aqueous solutions: one of
iron(III) nitrate and one of lead(II) nitrate. Looking at the
activity series, we see that nickel is below iron, but above
lead. Therefore, the nickel metal will be capable of
replacing the lead in a reaction but will not be capable of
replacing iron.
Ni(s)+Pb(NO3)2(aq)→Ni(NO3)2(aq)+Pb(s)
Ni(s)+Fe(NO3)3(aq)→NR (no reaction)

In the descriptions that accompany the activity series of metals, a given metal is also capable of
undergoing the reactions described below that section. For example, lithium will react with cold
water, replacing hydrogen. It will also react with steam and with acids, since that requires a
lower degree of reactivity.

➢ Halogen Replacement
The element chlorine reacts with an aqueous solution of sodium bromide to produce aqueous
sodium chloride and elemental bromine.
Cl2(g)+2NaBr(aq) → 2NaCl(aq)+Br2(l)
The reactivity of the halogen group (group 17) decreases from top to bottom within the group.
Fluorine is the most reactive halogen, while iodine is the least. Since chlorine is above bromine,
it is more reactive than bromine and can replace it in a halogen replacement reaction.

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 Chemistry worksheets Chemical Reactions
Write the skeleton equation, determine whether reaction will take place. If reaction takes place,
balance it and write mole relations between reactants and products.
94) Silver metal immersed in potassium nitrate aqueous solution.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

95) Zinc metal immersed in silver nitrate aqueous solution.

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

96) Aluminum metal in sulfuric acid.

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

97) Chlorine gas is pumped through potassium iodide aqueous solution.

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

98) Lithium metal is put into water.

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

99) Copper metal is immersed in iron(II) sulfate aqueous solution.

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

100) Sodium metal is put into water.

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

101) Iron metal is immersed in lead(II) nitrate aqueous solution.

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

102) Copper metal is put into water.

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

103) Copper metal is immersed in aluminum sulfate aqueous solution.

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

104) Aluminum metal is immersed in lead(II) nitrate aqueous solution.

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

105) Chlorine gas is pumped through sodium iodide aqueous solution.

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

106) Iron metal is immersed in silver acetate aqueous solution.

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

107) Aluminum metal is immersed in copper(II) chloride aqueous solution.

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

108) Liquid bromine is added to aqueous calcium iodide solution.

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

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 Chemistry worksheets Chemical Reactions
109) Aluminum metal is added to hydrochloric acid solution (HCI).
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

110) Magnesium metal is added to hydrochloric acid solution (HCI).

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

111) Zinc metal is added to sulfuric acid solution (H2SO4).

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

112) Iron metal is immersed in copper(II) sulfate aqueous solution.

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

113) Chlorine gas is pumped through magnesium iodide aqueous solution.

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

114) A piece of aluminum metal is added to a solution of silver nitrate.

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

115) Aluminum metal is added to a solution of copper(II) chloride.

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

116) Chlorine gas is bubbled into a solution of sodium bromide

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

117) Hydrogen gas is passed over hot copper(II) oxide.

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

118) Magnesium turnings are added to a solution of iron(III) chloride.

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

119) Chlorine gas is pumped into a solution of sodium iodide.

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

120) Fluorine gas is bubbled through a solution of potassium chloride.

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

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 Chemistry worksheets Chemical Reactions
Double-Replacement Reactions
A double-replacement reaction is a reaction in which the positive and negative ions of two ionic
compounds exchange places to form two new compounds. The general form of a double-
replacement (also called double-displacement) reaction is:
AB + CD → AD + CB
In this reaction, A and C are positively-charged cations, while B and D are negatively-charged
anions. Double-replacement reactions generally occur between substances in aqueous solution.
Calcium hydroxide and hydrochloric acid react like in the next equation
Ca(OH)2(aq) + HCl(aq) → CaCl2(aq) + 2H2O(l)
In order for a reaction to occur, one of the products is usually a solid precipitate, a gas, or a
molecular compound such as water.
➢ Formation of a Precipitate
A precipitate forms in a double-replacement reaction when the cations from one of the
reactants combine with the anions from the other reactant to form an insoluble ionic
compound. When aqueous solutions of potassium iodide and lead(II) nitrate are mixed, the
following reaction occurs.
2KI(aq)+Pb(NO3)2(aq)→2KNO3(aq)+PbI2(s)
➢ Formation of a Gas
Some double-replacement reactions produce a gaseous product which then bubbles out of the
solution and escapes into the air. When solutions of sodium sulfide and hydrochloric acid are
mixed, the products of the reaction are aqueous sodium chloride and hydrogen sulfide gas.
Na2S(aq)+2HCl(aq) →2NaCl(aq)+H2S(g)

➢ Formation of a Molecular Compound

Another kind of double-replacement reaction is one that produces a molecular compound as
one of its products. Many examples in this category are reactions that produce water. When
aqueous hydrochloric acid is reacted with aqueous sodium hydroxide, the products are aqueous
sodium chloride and water.
HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq) → NaCl(aq) + H2O(l)

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 Chemistry worksheets Chemical Reactions
guidelines for writing double replacement reactions
Steps for balancing equations

step process Example

Write chemical formulas for
1 Al(NO3)3(aq) + H2SO4(aq)
reactants
Al(NO3)3 has Al3+ and (NO3)-
Type positive and negative ions
2
in each compound H2SO4 has H+ and SO42-
Connect the positive ion in the Al3+ pairs with SO42-
3 composite and the negative ion
H+ pairs with (NO3)-
in the other compound
Write chemical formulas for Al2(SO4)3
4
products HNO3
Al(NO3)3(aq) + H2SO4(aq) →
Type the chemical equation of
5
the reaction Al2(SO4)3(aq) + HNO3(aq)
2Al(NO3)3(aq) + 3H2SO4(aq) →
6 Balance the reaction
Al2(SO4)3(aq) + 6HNO3(aq)

Complete the following word equations and write and balance the formula equation.

121) aluminum iodide + mercury(II) chloride →

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

122) silver nitrate + potassium phosphate →

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

123) calcium acetate + sodium carbonate →

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

124) ammonium chloride + mercury(I) acetate →

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

125) iron(II) sulfide + hydrochloric acid →

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

126) copper(II) hydroxide + acetic acid →

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

127) calcium hydroxide + phosphoric acid →

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

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 Chemistry worksheets Chemical Reactions

Reactions in aqueous solutions

Solution: A homogeneous mixture of two or more pure substances.
Solvent: substance present in the greatest quantity.
Solute: substance dissolved in the solvent.

How do compounds dissolve in water?

➢ Molecular compounds, divided into two types,

1) Molecules dissolve in water into their
original components, without forming ions
such as sugar and ethanol.
2) Molecular substances separate in water into
ions such as hydrochloric acid.
HCl(aq) → H+(aq) + CL-(aq)

➢ Ionic compounds
Ionic compounds consist of positive ions and negative ions that are separated from each other
when dissolved in water. This process is called Ionization. This occurs when sodium chloride is
dissolved in water.
NaCl(aq) → Na+(aq) + CL-(aq)

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 Chemistry worksheets Chemical Reactions
Types of reactions in aqueous solutions
Solvent molecules (water) do not usually enter the reactions that occur in solutions, and the
separated ions in the solution react and often double-replacement reactions occur. These
reactions produce one of these products, (Precipitate formation, Gas production, or Water
composition.

1) Reactions that produce a precipitate

Two soluble substances in water may react and produce a non-dissolving substance,
✓ Reactants are present in ions form,
✓ The dissolves products are also present in the form of ions,
✓ But the product that does not dissolve form a precipitate and does not exist in the form
of ions

Ionic Equations
In ionic equations we not only write formulas and symbols of compounds and elements involved
in the reaction, but we write the equation in the form of ions,
Complete ionic equation: an ionic equation that shows all the particles in the solution.
spectator ions: The ions that appear on both sides of the equation, they appear with reactants
and products.
Net ionic equation: the equation that includes only the particles involved in the reaction

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 Chemistry worksheets Chemical Reactions
Write the complete ionic equation, Regardless of the type of products.

128) H2SO4(aq) + BaCl2(aq) 

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

129) CaCl2(aq) + Pb(NO3)2(aq) 

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

130) Ca(NO3)2(aq) + Na2CO3(aq) 

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

131) NaOH(aq) + Fe(NO3)3 (aq) 

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

132) Ba(NO3)2(aq) + H3PO4(aq) 

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

133) HCl(aq) + Ca(OH)2(aq) 

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

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 Chemistry worksheets Chemical Reactions
Write the net ionic equation for each of the following reactions. List all spectator ions. If all
species are spectator ions, please indicate that no reaction takes place.
134) A solution of aluminum bromide, AlBr3 reacts with a solution of sodium hydroxide, NaOH
to form the precipitate aluminum hydroxide, Al(OH)3.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

135) Aqueous copper (II) nitrate, Cu(NO3)2 reacts with aqueous potassium carbonate, K2CO3
forming solid copper (II) carbonate, Cu(CO3).
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

136) A solution of barium chloride, BaCl2 reacts with a solution of magnesium sulfate, MgSO4
to form the precipitate barium sulfate, BaSO4.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

137) Aqueous potassium sulfide, K2S reacts with a solution of cadmium chloride, CdCl2 to form
solid cadmium sulfide, CdS
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

138) AgNO3(aq) + KCl(aq)  AgCl(s) + KNO3(aq)

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

139) Mg(NO3)2(aq) + Na2CO3(aq)  MgCO3(s) + NaNO3(aq)

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140) strontium bromide(aq) + potassium sulfate(aq)  strontium sulfate(s) + potassium

bromide(aq)
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141) manganese(II)chloride(aq) + ammonium carbonate(aq)  manganese(II)carbonate(s) +

ammonium chloride(aq)
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142) chromium(III)nitrate(aq) + iron(II)sulfate(aq)  chromium(III)sulfate(aq) + iron(II)nitrate(aq)

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 Chemistry worksheets Chemical Reactions
2) Reactions that form water
In some double-substitution reactions water is a product but we cannot distinguish the
formation of water because it is essentially the solvent that is the reactants dissolved in
Sodium hydroxide with hydrobromic acid
Chemical equation HBr(aq) + NaOH(aq)  H2O(l) + NaBr(aq)
Complete ionic equation H+(aq) + Br-(aq) + Na+(aq) + OH-(aq)  H2O(l) + Na+(aq) + Br-(aq)
Spectator ions removing H+(aq) + Br-(aq) + Na+(aq) + OH-(aq)  H2O(l) + Na+(aq) + Br-(aq)
Net ionic equation H+(aq) + OH-(aq)  H2O(l)

3) Reactions that form gases

Some double-replacement reactions result in gases
such as carbon dioxide, hydrogen cyanide or hydrogen
sulfide

Lithium sulfide with hydroiodic acid

Chemical equation 2HI(aq) + Li2S(aq)  H2S(g) + 2LiI(aq)
Complete ionic equation 2H+(aq) + 2I-(aq) + 2Li+(aq) + S2-(aq)  H2S(g) + 2Li+(aq) + 2I-(aq)
Spectator ions removing 2H+(aq) + 2I-(aq) + 2Li+(aq) + S2-(aq)  H2S(g) + 2Li+(aq) + 2I-(aq)
Net ionic equation 2H+(aq) + S2-(aq)  H2S(g)

Write the net ionic equation for each of the following reactions
143) CaCO3 (s) + 2HCl (aq)  CaCl2 (aq) + CO2 (g) + H2O (l)
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144) NaHCO3 (aq) + HBr (aq)  NaBr (aq) + CO2 (g) + H2O (l)
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145) SrSO3 (s) + 2 HI (aq)  SrI2 (aq) + SO2 (g) + H2O (l)
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146) Na2S (aq) + H2SO4 (aq)  Na2SO4 (aq) + H2S (g)

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 Chemistry worksheets Chemical Reactions

Overall equations
Some chemical reactions occur in more than one step. For example, the reaction of hydrochloric
acid with sodium bicarbonate is as follows

Hydrochloric acid with Sodium bicarbonate

Equation 1 HCl(aq) + NaHCO3(aq)  H2CO3(aq) + NaCl(aq)
Equation 2 H2CO3(l)  H2O(l) + CO2(g)

HCl(aq) + NaHCO3(aq) + H2CO3(aq) 

Combined equation
H2CO3(aq) + NaCl(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(g)

Overall equation HCl(aq) + NaHCO3(aq)  NaCl(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(g)

H+(aq) + Cl-(aq) + Na+(aq) + HCO3-(aq) 

Complete ionic equation
Spectator ions removing
Net ionic equation
H2O(l) + CO2(g) + Na+(aq) + Cl-(aq)
H+(aq) + Cl-(aq) + Na+(aq) + HCO3-(aq) 
H2O(l) + CO2(g) + Na+(aq) + Cl-(aq)
H+(aq) + HCO3-(aq)  H2O(l) + CO2(g)

Overall equation: An equation that combines two reactions.

the reaction between hydrogen ions and bicarbonates occurs within the lung cells, where
carbon dioxide travels with the blood in the form of carbonate ions that soon combine with the
hydrogen ions producing carbon dioxide which is released during exhalation. The same reaction
takes place in the products that depend on baking soda which is the responsible for the baked
goods rises, it is also used in the manufacture of toothpaste, detergents as well as in the
manufacture of fire extinguishers

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