Sapiens PDF

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BDfvj †bvqv nvivwi
†mwc‡qÝ
gvby‡li BwZnvm
fvlvšÍi
mywdqvb jwZd
ïå miKvi
ivwMe Avnmvb
m¤úv`bv
†gv¯ÍvK Avn‡g`
1
†mwc‡qÝ: gvby‡li BwZnvm
BDfvj †bvqv nvivwi
MÖš ¯^Z¡: Abyev`K
cÖ_g cÖKvk : †deªæqvwi 2019
cÖ”Q`: dvwng AvbRzg
cÖæd ms‡kvab: Kgj Kg©Kvi
2
f‚ wg Kv
BDfvj †bvqv nvivwii †jLv †mwc‡qÝ GB mg‡qi Lye ¸iæZ¡c~Y©
GKUv eB| eBwU wbD BqK© UvBgm-Gi †e÷ †mjvi n‡q‡Q, GLb
ch©šÍ 45wU fvlvq Abyev` Kiv n‡q‡Q Ges me‡P‡q eo K_v, me
ai‡bi gvby‡li Kv‡Q cÖejfv‡e Av‡jvwPZ n‡q‡Q| eûj Av‡jvwPZ
eB gv‡bB wKš‧ eûj cwVZ eB bq wKš‧ †mwc‡qÝ-Gi †ejvq
wbwØ©avq ejv hvq, GwU GKBm‡½ eûj Av‡jvwPZ Ges eûj cwVZ
GKUv eB| mwZ¨ K_v ej‡Z wK, eBwU Gi g‡a¨B GKUv
cÖevèv‡Kï iƒc wb‡q‡Q| KviYUv Lye mnR, GUv Lye mnRcvV¨
GKUv eB| Gi g‡a¨ BwZnvm, weÁvb, `k©b wKsev A_©bxwZ meB
Av‡Q wKš‧ eBwU covi mgq †KD Áv‡bi Pv‡c fvivµvšÍ nq bv|
nvivwi eBwU‡Z wb‡Ri hyw³‡K cÖgvY Kivi Rb¨ AmsL¨ Z_¨
Dc¯ vcb K‡i‡Qb, †mB †mB Z_¨¸‡jv cÖvq mgqB GZ PgKcÖ` †h
cvVK we¯§‡q nZevK n‡q hvb|
eBwUi me‡P‡q e‡ov AvKl©Y n‡”Q cÖPwjZ bvbv a¨vbaviYv
wb‡q †jL‡Ki e¨vL¨v| wKQz wKQz e¨vL¨v cÖPwjZ e¨vL¨v †_‡K
cy‡ivcywi wfbœ, mevB mewKQz †g‡b wb‡q‡Qb ZvI bq wKš‧ Gme
e¨vL¨v mevB‡K †h welq¸‡jv wb‡q fve‡Z eva¨ K‡i‡Q, †mUv †KD
A¯^xKvi Ki‡Z cvi‡e bv| Avwg wb‡R weÁv‡bi QvÎ, ZvB weÁv‡bi
me we‡kølYB Avgvi Kv‡Q MÖnY‡hvM¨ g‡b n‡q‡QÑ Zv bq wKš‧ Zuvi
hyw³ZK© Ges we‡kølY Avgv‡K fvweZ K‡i‡QÑ †mwU A¯^xKvi Kivi
†Kv‡bv Dcvq †bB|
Z‡e Avwg GB f‚wgKvq †mwc‡qÝ eBwU wb‡q wjL‡Z ewmwb, Avwg
Gi Abyev` wb‡q wjL‡Z e‡mwQ| huviv Rxe‡b KL‡bv †Kv‡bv wKQy Abyev`
3
Kivi †Póv K‡i‡Qb Zuviv mevB GKev‡K¨ ¯^xKvi Ki‡eb, KvRwU
†gv‡UI mnR GKwU KvR bq| mvwn‡Zï GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© kvLv
Abyev`mvwnZ¨, c„w_exi bvbv fvlvq bvbv mvwn‡Zï m‡½ Avgiv cwiwPZ
n‡Z cvwi ïay Abyev‡ì Kvi‡Y| Kv‡RB mviv c„w_ex‡ZB fv‡jv
Abyev‡ì ¸iæZ¡ A‡bK †ewk| Avwg wek^vm Kwi, evsjv mvwn‡Zï hw`
h_vh_ Abyev` n‡Zv, Zvn‡j GZw`‡b Avgv‡ì GKUvgvÎ †bv‡ej
cyi¯‥v‡i mš‧ó _vK‡Z n‡Zv bv| Avwg wbwðZ, ïay fv‡jv Abyev` †bB
e‡j bvbv fvlvi A‡bK gnr mvwnZ¨ c„w_ex‡Z ARvbv †_‡K †M‡Q|
Kv‡RB hLb †`‡LwQ mywdqvb jwZd, ïå miKvi I ivwMe Avnmvb
bv‡g ey‡q‡Ui wZbRb cÖv³b QvÎ wg‡j †mwc‡qÝ eBwU Abyev` K‡i‡Q,
Avwg A‡bK Avb›` †c‡qwQ| hLb eB‡qi cvÐywjwcwU †`Lvi my‡hvM
†c‡qwQ, Avgvi Avb›` kZ¸Y †e‡o wM‡q‡Q; KviY ZLb Avwe®‥vi
K‡iwQ GUv †gv‡UI `vqmviv GKwU Abyev` bq| g~j eB‡qi g‡ZvB GB
Abyev`wU mnR, mij I ¯^”Q›`| ïay Abyev` ¯^”Q›` bq e‡j A‡bK
¸iæZ¡c~Y© †jLv †kl ch©šÍ AcwVZ †_‡K hvq|
†mwc‡qÝ eBwUi PgrKvi GB Abyev`wU †`‡L Avwg †hUzKz
Avb›` †c‡qwQ Zvi †_‡KI †ewk Avb›` †c‡qwQ GB Abyev`K‡g©i
†cQ‡bi BwZnvmwU †R‡b| Abyev`K wZbRb nvivwii KvRKg© †`‡L
Ges †kl ch©šÍ eBwU c‡o gy» n‡q wm×všÍ wb‡qwQj GwU Abyev`
K‡i †`‡ki gvbyl, we‡kl K‡i bZzb cÖR‡b¥i nv‡Z Zz‡j †`‡e| Gi
†cQ‡b we›`ygvÎ evwYwR¨K D‡Ïk¨ wQj bv| D‡Ïk¨ GKwUB, bZzb
cÖRb¥ †hb cÖPwjZ a¨vbaviYv‡K wb‡Ri wePvieyw× w`‡q wePvi Ki‡Z
†k‡L| Abyev‡ì KvRwU †kl Ki‡Z Zv‡ì `yB eQi mgq †j‡M‡Q,
Gi g‡a¨ Av‡iv GKwU Abyev` †ei n‡q †M‡Q, Zey Zviv wb‡R‡ì
Kv‡R wbiærmvwnZ nqwb| fv‡jv KvR G‡Ki AwaK n‡jI ÿwZ
†bB| Abyev` †kl nIqvi ci Zviv †gv¯ÍvK Avn‡g`‡K w`‡q wZb-
wZbevi m¤úv`bv Kwi‡q‡Q, Avgv‡ì †`‡ki cÖKvkbvwk‡íi Rb¨
†hwU GKwU gvBjdjK| GB †`‡k mivmwi eB †jLv nq, KL‡bv
†mwU hZœ K‡i m¤úv`bv Kiv nq bv! 2018 mv‡ji 21 †deªæqvwi
Zviv eBwU‡K cvVK‡ì Rb¨ I‡qemvB‡U Db¥y³ K‡i †`q| LyeB
msMZ Kvi‡Y m‡½ m‡½ evsjv‡`k, cwðg evsjv Ges c„w_exi bvbv
RvqMvi evOvwjiv †mUv co‡Z ïiæ K‡i †`q| eBwUi GB Af‚Zc~e©
RbwcÖqZv †`‡L Zv‡ì g‡b n‡q‡Q, GUv‡K GLb KvM‡R gyw`ªZ eB
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wn‡m‡eI †ei Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| Avgvi aviYv, cÖ‡Z¨KwU eB-B
Gfv‡e †jLv DwPZ, hw` †`Lv hvq †b‡U GKwU eB‡K cvV‡Kiv MÖnY
K‡i‡Q, ïay Zvn‡jB †mUv KvM‡Ri eB wn‡m‡e Qvcv‡bv hvq|
(nvRvi n‡jI GK UzK‡iv KvM‡Ri A_© c„w_exi †Kv_vI bv †Kv_vI
GKUv Mv‡Qi g„Zz¨!)
Avwg Aek¨B GB eBwUi mvdj¨ Kvgbv Kwi| Avwg PvBÑ bZzb
cÖRb¥ eBwU co–K, eB‡qi welqe¯‧ wb‡q wPšÍv KiæK, G‡K A‡bï
m‡½ Av‡jvPbv KiæK| mviv c„w_ex‡Z ZiæY cÖRb¥‡K †mvkvj
†bUIqvK© bvgK gv`K w`‡q †h ¯^íeyw× Zij c`v‡_© cwiYZ Kivi
lohš¿ Kiv n‡”Q, Zviv †mB lohš¿ †_‡K †ei n‡q AvmyK| Avwg
PvB Ab¨ Ziæ‡Yiv GB PgrKvi KvRwU †`‡L AbycÖvwYZ †nvK,
ZvivI GB wZbRb Drmvnx Ziæ‡Yi g‡Zv PgrKvi Ab¨ GKwU eB
Abyev` KiæK|
Avwg mywdqvb jwZd, ïå miKvi I ivwMe Avnmvb‡K Zv‡ì
GB PgrKvi Kv‡Ri Rb¨ Awfb›`b RvbvB| Avwg GLb AvMÖn wb‡q
A‡cÿv K‡i _vKe †`Lvi Rb¨, Zviv Gici Avgv‡ì bZzb Kx
Dcnvi †`q!
gyn¤§` Rvdi BKevj

26.5.2018
5
g~j eB cÖm‡½
BwZnv‡mi eB ej‡j †Pv‡Li mvg‡b †h ARmÖ mvj-gvm-ZvwiL,
ivRv-DwR‡ii hz× †f‡m I‡V GB eB †gv‡UB †mB Nivbvi bq| GB
c…w_ex‡Z gvbzl bvgK cÖvYxwUi mvgwMÖK DÌvb, Zvi wU‡K _vKvi
jovB Avi mzL kvwšÍi AbšÍ †Lvu‡Ri GK PgKcÖ` Mí GUv| MíUv
whwb e‡j‡Qb Zv‡K G hz‡Mi Ab¨Zg †kÖô `vk©wbK wn‡m‡e MY¨ Kiv
n‡”Q B‡Zvg‡a¨| cÖ‡dmi nvivwi 2002 mv‡j Zvui wcGBPwW †kl
K‡ib A·‡dvW© wek¦we`¨vjq †_‡K| GLb wZwb †RiæRv‡j‡gi wneªæ
wek¦we`¨vj‡q BwZnvm wefv‡Mi Aa¨vcK wn‡m‡e Kg©iZ Av‡Qb|
Zvui M‡elYvi welqe¯Íz wek¦ BwZnvm, ga¨hz‡Mi BwZnvm Avi
mvgwiK BwZnvm n‡jI Zvui cQ‡›ì wel‡qi we¯Í…wZ A‡bK eo|
eZ©gv‡b wZwb gvbz‡li mvgwMÖK BwZnv‡mi e…nËi cÖk¸ œ ‡jvi DËi
†LvuRvi †Póv Ki‡Qb| †miKg wKQz cÖkœ nj: BwZnvm Avi
RxeweÁv‡bi g‡a¨ m¤úK© Kx? †nv‡gv †mwc‡q‡Ýi mv‡_ Ab¨vb¨
cÖvYxi g‚j cv_©KÜv Kx? BwZnv‡m wK b¨vqwePvi wbwðZ nq?
BwZnv‡mi wK †Kvb wbw`©ó w`Kwb‡`©kbv Av‡Q? hZ mgq Mwo‡q‡Q
gvbzl wK ZZ mzLx n‡q‡Q? GKzk kZ‡K G‡m weÁvb I cÖhzw³ Kx
ai‡bi •bwZK cÖ‡kœi m¤§zLxb n‡”Q?
GBme cÖkœ †h G‡Kev‡i bZzb Zv bq| gvbz‡li mvgwMÖK
BwZnvm wb‡q eBI †jLv n‡q‡Q we¯Íi| †mme eB‡qi gZ
†mwc‡q‡ÝI †gvUv `v‡M K‡qKUv ¯Í‡i BwZnvm‡K eY©bv Kiv nq|
wKš‧ cÖ‡dmi nvivwii mvgwMÖK eY©bvq wKQz we‡klZ¡ j¶Yxq| wZwb
BwZnv‡mi A‡bK cÖPwjZ aviYvi MÖnY‡hvM¨Zv wb‡q cÖkœ Zz‡j‡Qb
wKQz AKvU¨ hzw³i gva¨‡g hv cvVK‡K fve‡Z eva¨ Ki‡e| wZwb
wewfbœ Z‡Ë¡i ci¯úiwe‡ivax g‡bvfve¸‡jv‡K GKB mgvšÍiv‡j G‡b
g‚jZ cvVK‡K wkwL‡q‡Qb †Kb HwZnvwmK welq¸‡jv‡Z PU K‡i
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GKUv wm×v‡šÍ †c․u‡Q hvIqv mgxPxb bq| wZwb Zvui AmvaviY
we‡kølYx ¶gZv w`‡q mgv‡Ri MVb I cwieZ©‡bi †cQ‡bi
KviY¸‡jv Lzu‡R‡Qb AZ¨šÍ ¯^”Q gvcKvwV‡Z|
Zvui eY©bvq BwZnv‡mi wKQz wbw`©ó gzn‚Z©‡K Avjv`v K‡i †Pv‡L
AvOzj w`‡q †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q| we‡kl K‡i wbZvšÍ mvaviY wKQz NUbv
wKfv‡e BwZnv‡mi †gvo Nzwi‡q w`‡Z cv‡i Zvi GK †ivgvÂKi
eY©bv Av‡Q GB eB‡Z| Kxfv‡e fvlvi gZ AmvaviY GK nvwZqvi
Avgv‡ì wb‡R‡ì g‡a¨ fvebvi Av`vb cÖ`v‡bi mz‡hvM K‡i w`j|
†mB nvwZqvi w`‡q Avgiv †Kgb K‡i ïiæ Kijvg ciPP©v|
AvcvZ`…wó‡Z ¸iæZ¡nxb g‡b n‡jI GB ciPP©vB Kxfv‡e Avgv‡ì‡K
ci¯ú‡ii AviI KvQvKvwQ Avm‡Z mvnvh¨ Kij| Gi d‡j Kxfv‡e
•Zwi nj AviI eo mgvR| GB eo mgvR cwiPvjbvi ZvwM` †_‡K
Kxfv‡e Rb¥ nj ag© I ms¯‥…wZi| Kxfv‡e bvbv ai‡bi wbZvšÍ
mvaviY cwieZ©‡bi ga¨ w`‡q Zz”Q GB gvbzl Av‡¯Í Av‡¯Í AvR‡Ki
Ck¦‡i cwiYZ nj Zvi GK g‡bvgz»Ki eY©bv cvIqv hvq GB
eB‡q|
cÖ‡dmi nvivwii hLb e‡jb, "Avgiv Mg‡K †cvl gvbvBwb,
eis MgB Avgv‡ì †cvl gvwb‡q‡Q" - ZLb Avgv‡ì wPšÍvi RM‡Z
av°v jvM‡Z eva¨| GB av°vUvB wZwb w`‡q †M‡Qb cz‡iv eB Rz‡o|
wZwb ej‡jb- K…wlwfwËK wecøe wQj "BwZnv‡mi me‡P‡q eo
†avuKv"| ev‡R Lv`¨vf¨vm, †ewk mg‡qi LvUzwb, †ivM evjvB‡qi
†ewk SzuwK Ggb AviI A‡bK KviY †`Lv‡bv hv‡e †hme Rvb‡j
GgbUv g‡b n‡ZB cv‡i †h, GB K…wl bv G‡jB nq‡Zv fvj wQj!
cz‡iv eBRz‡o GKUv cÖ‡kœi cÖwZ cÖ‡dmi nvivwii Avjv`v
iK‡gi AvMÖnUv †ek †Pv‡L covi gZ| †mUv n‡”Q, BwZnv‡mi GB
mgq cwiµgvq gvbzl wK Av‡Mi †P‡q †ewk mzLx n‡q‡Q? A‡bK
iKg hzw³ZK©B wZwb Dc¯ vcb K‡i‡Qb hv fve‡Z eva¨ Ki‡e
cvVK‡K| Avm‡jB wK Avgiv GLb †ewk fvj AvwQ? bvwK 15,000
eQi Av‡Mi ¸nv-RxebB Gi †P‡q †ewk mz‡Li wQj?
AZxZ Avi eZ©gv‡bi †gjeÜb K‡i fwel¨‡Zi w`‡KI
ZvwK‡q‡Qb cÖ‡dmi nvivwi| eB‡qi †kl As‡k gvbeRvwZ‡K
Avkvi Av‡jv †`Lv‡bvi cvkvcvwk Ck¦i n‡q IVv gvbz‡li evowZ
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`vwq‡Z¡i K_v g‡b Kwi‡q w`‡Z †fv‡jbwb wZwb| wZwb †kl K‡i‡Qb
fqsKi GK mveavb evYx w`‡q- "c…w_ex‡Rvov A‡bK¸‡jv cÖPÐ
¶gZvevb, AZ…ß Ges `vwqZ¡Ávbnxb Ck¦i hviv wb‡RivB Rv‡b bv
Zviv Kx Pvq, Zv‡ì PvIqvi †kl †Kv_vq- Gi †_‡K gvivZ¥K
cwiw¯ wZ Avi Kx n‡Z cv‡i?"
MZ cvuP-`k eQ‡i cov eB¸‡jvi g‡a¨ †mwc‡qÝ †kÖô wK bv
†mUv wb‡q cÖkœ _vK‡jI, GB eBUv †h Avgv‡ì Dci mxgvnxb
GKUv cÖfve †d‡j‡Q †mUv wb‡q m‡›`‡ni †Kv‡bv AeKvk †bB|
Avgv‡ì g‡b nq, cÖwZUv gvbz‡li GB eBUv AšÍZ GKevi cov
DwPZ| eB‡qi cÖwZUv jvB‡bi mv‡_ Avcbvi GKgZ n‡Z n‡e Zv
bq, wKš‧ ZezI cozb|
8
Abyev` cÖm‡½
Avgv‡ì GB `xN© mgq a‡i Pjv cÖ_g Abzev` cÖ‡Póvi †ivgvÂKi
MíUv cvVK‡ì mv‡_ fvMvfvwM K‡i †bevi ZvwM` †_‡KB GB
†jLvwUi m‚ÎcvZ| †gvUvgzwU eo K‡je‡ii Ges gnvKvwe¨K
Avw½‡Ki GB eBwU Abzev‡ì e¨vcv‡i Avgv‡ì †h AvMÖn Zvi
kZfvM K…wZZ¡ w`b‡k‡l eBwU‡KB w`‡Z nq| eBwU m¤ú‡K© Kg‡ewk
GLb A‡bK cvVKB Rv‡bb| wKš‧ eBwU Abzev‡ì e¨vcv‡i Avgv‡ì
cÖ‡Póvi ïiæUv Avm‡j g‚j Bs‡iwR eBwU cÖKv‡kiI †ek Av‡M
†_‡K!
cÖ‡dmi BDfvj †bvqv nvivwii GB AmvaviY KvRwUi mv‡_
Avgv‡ì cwiPq 2013 mv‡j Coursera bvgK wk¶vg‚jK
I‡qemvB‡Ui gva¨‡g| ZLb GKB wk‡ivbv‡g mvBUwU‡Z GKwU
AbjvBb †Kvm© Pvjz wQj †hLv‡b cÖ‡dmi nvivwi wfwWI †jKPv‡ii
gva¨‡g Zvi AmvaviY fvebv¸‡jv‡K gvbz‡li Kv‡Q †c․u‡Q
w`‡qwQ‡jb| AvgivI †mB †_‡KB cÖ‡dmi nvivwii ¸Ygz» QvÎ|
Avgiv wZbRbB GKB Kg©¯ ‡j KvR Kivi mzev‡` fvebvi
Av`vbcÖ`vb Avi Av‡jvPbv nZ ninv‡gkvB| †mBme Av‡jvPbv
†_‡KB cÖ_‡g wPšÍv G‡mwQj wfwWI †jKPvi¸‡jv Abzev` Kievi|
†mLvb †_‡KB ïiæ|
GKUv K_v e‡j ivLv cÖ‡qvRb| †h‡nZz Avgiv KvRwUi mv‡_
g‚jZ cwiwPZ n‡qwQ cÖ‡dmi nvivwii wfwWI †jKPv‡ii gva¨‡g,ZvB
Avgv‡ì †Pv‡L Ges Kv‡b cÖ‡dmi nvivwii wbwj©ß, wb‡g©vn AmvaviY
eY©bv hZUv cÖfve †d‡j‡Q, Qvcvi nid m¤¢eZ ZZUv bq| †mUv
gvbzlUv‡K †Pv‡Li mvg‡b K_v ej‡Z †`L‡Z cvivi Kvi‡YB †nvK
wKsev Am¤¢e †K․Z‚n‡jvÏxcK hyw³Z‡K©i mv‡_ Avgv‡ì cÖPwjZ
wek¦vm I aviYvi cÖ_g msNv‡Zi Kvi‡YB †nvK| †mB cÖfve †_‡K
9
gz³ nIqvUv mnR K_v bq| gš¿gz‡»i gZ G‡Ki ci GK Zvui eY©bv
ï‡b wM‡qwQ Avgiv †mB mg‡q| Gi d‡j †hUv n‡q‡Q, eB‡qi
Abzev` Kivi mgqI Avgiv Zvui †mB wb‡g©vn, wbwj©ß Mí ejvi
XsUv‡K Abzmib Kivi †Póv K‡iwQ wb‡R‡ì ARv‡šÍB| Avgiv
hZUzKz bv Abzev` Kivi †Póv K‡iwQ, Zvi †P‡q †ewk Avm‡j Mí
ej‡Z †P‡qwQ|
KvRUv ïiæ Kivi ci Avgiv †ek fv‡jvfv‡eB ezS‡Z cvijvg
wbZvšÍ mnR fvlvq, me gvbzl‡K †evSv‡bvi gZ K‡i Mí ejvUv
†bnv‡qZ mnR KvR bq| hwÌ cÖ‡dmi nvivwii GB eB‡qi Ab¨Zg
•ewkó¨B †mUv, wKš‧ evsjvq GB KvRUv †gv‡UB mnR wQ‡jv bv| Zvi
bvbvwea Kvi‡Yi gv‡S Ab¨Zg cÖavb GKUv KviY wQ‡jv weÁvb I
BwZnvm wb‡q evsjv fvlvq M‡íi X‡O †jLv iPbvi AcÖZzjZv| GUv
GKBmv‡_ Avgv‡ì‡K GKUv cix¶vq †hgb †djj, †Zgwb GKUv
weivU mz‡hvMI G‡b w`j mvg‡b| †mB mz‡hvMUv KZUzKz Kv‡R jvMv‡Z
†c‡iwQ †m ivq cvV‡Ki, Avgiv ïaz mva¨ Abzhvqx m‡e©v”P †PóvUzKz
K‡iwQ|
evsjv fvlvq GiKg †jLvi Afv‡ei K_v D‡jøL Ki‡jI, hv wKQz
Avgv‡ì cov n‡q‡Q †m¸‡jv h‡_óB gz» K‡i‡Q Avgv‡ì|
weÁvbwfwËK †jLvi GKUv eo evav _v‡K cwifvlv| ïiæi w`‡K
Avgiv †ek wPwšÍZ wQjvg cwifvlv wb‡q| †mB wPšÍv †_‡K †h cz‡ivczwi
wb®‥…wZ †c‡qwQ Ggb `vwe Kiv `z®‥i| wKš‧ b‚iæb bvnvi †eMg I
Ave`zj nvwj‡gi wZb L‡Ð cÖKvwkZ "gvbz‡li BwZnvm" Avgv‡ì
A‡bKLvwb AbzcÖvwYZ K‡i‡Q, we‡klZ cwifvlvi cÖ‡qv‡Mi †¶‡Î|
A_P AmvaviY GB eBUvi K_v Avgiv Av‡M RvbZvgB bv| †h¸‡jv
RvbZvg, †mUvI bZzb K‡i cov nj- †èxcÖmv` P‡Ævcva¨vq Gi
"c…w_exi BwZnvm", Gg. Bwjb I B‡q. †mMv‡ji "gvbzl Kx K‡i eo
nj", B‡qKv‡Zwibv AvwMevjfv I wMÖ‡Mvwi `b¯‥B Gi †jLv "c…w_exi
BwZnvm", ejvBPvu` gz‡Lvcva¨v‡qi M‡íi X‡O †jLv "¯ vei" mn AviI
†ek wKQz eB| GB eB¸‡jvi cÖvÄjZvI Avgv‡ì‡K A‡bKUv mvnm
w`‡q‡Q| Gi evB‡iI wewfbœ wel‡qi we¯ÍvwiZ Rvbvi R‡bÏ cov
n‡q‡Q AviI eB| Jared Diamond Gi Guns, Germs, and
Steel, Desmond Morris Gi The Naked Ape, H. G. Wells
10
Gi A Short History of the World Zv‡ì g‡a¨ Ab¨Zg| GB
Abzev‡ì `xN© hvÎvi g‡a¨ GB¸‡jv Avgv‡ì A‡bK eo cvIqv|
Avgiv †ek KRb wg‡j Abzev`wU K‡iwQ| A‡bKRb gvbz‡li
†jLvi aib‡K GK mz‡Zvq evuavUv †gv‡UB mnR KvR bq| wKš‧
Avgiv wb‡R‡ì g‡a¨ GZUv mgq cÖ‡qvR‡b AcÖ‡qvR‡b Mí K‡i
KvwU‡qwQ †h G‡KKR‡bi wPšÍvi mv‡_ Ab¨ mevi wPšÍvi mgš^q
mva‡b e¨vcviUv A‡bKUvB mnR n‡q wM‡q‡Q| cz‡iv †jLvUvq
GKUvB Q›` a‡i ivLvi Rb¨ Avgiv evi evi K_v e‡jwQ wb‡R‡ì
g‡a¨| †h Aa¨vq †h cÖ_g wjL‡Q, †m ev‡` evwKiv †mUv ms‡kvab
wKsev cwigvR©b K‡i‡Q GKvwaKevi| Zvici cÖ_gR‡bi mv‡_ e‡m
†kl gzn‚‡Z©i NlvgvRv n‡q‡Q| mzZivs cÖwZUv Aa¨v‡qB Avm‡j
mK‡ji nv‡Zi †Qvuqv Av‡Q, Av‡Q meKUv gvbz‡li mzi‡K GK mz‡Zvq
evuavi cÖvYvšÍKi †Póv| †mB †Póvq Ges m‡e©vcwi GKvwaKev‡ii
m¤úv`bvq †gv¯ÍvK Avn‡g` fvB‡qi cwikÖg Ges Ae`vb
Ab¯^xKvh©|
Abzev`K‡ì mK‡jB Kw¤úDUvi weÁv‡bi QvÎ nIqvq Ges
hzMUv B›Uvi‡b‡Ui nIqvq wKQz Avðh© NUbv N‡U‡Q| GB Abzev‡ì
cz‡ivUvB †jLv n‡q‡Q ¸Mj WK‡m| evsjvq †jLvi KvRUv mnR
Kivi Rb¨ UzKUvK BwÄwbqvwisI Kiv n‡q‡Q †mLv‡b| cz‡iv`¯Ízi
†ckvMZ mdUIq¨vi eënvi Kiv n‡q‡Q KvR fvMvfvwM‡Z| wKš‧
GB RvqMvUvq †h Avgv‡ì A‡bK wKQz Kiv ìKvi Av‡Q †mB
DcjwäUvI n‡q‡Q evievi| †h‡nZz cÖhzw³ GLb Rxe‡bi mv‡_
A½vw½fv‡e hz³, ZvB cÖhzw³‡Z evsjv‡K AviI mnRfv‡e hz³
Ki‡Z cvi‡j AviI A‡b‡KB nq‡Zv GwM‡q Avm‡e evsjv‡K mg…×
Ki‡Z|
Abzev‡ì cz‡ivUv mgq a‡iB GKUv m¤ú‚Y© KvR Kivi e¨vcv‡i
Avgv‡ì g‡bv‡hvM wQj| wKš‧ Qvcvi ni‡d hvevi Av‡M g‡b n‡q‡Q
A‡bK Ac‚Y©Zv i‡q †M‡Q| AviI A‡bK wKQz Kivi wQj| Mí
ej‡Z wM‡q cÖ‡dmi nvivwi A‡bK AvÂwjK D`vniY †U‡b G‡b‡Qb
†hUv Lze ìKvi wQj cvV‡Ki Kv‡Q mnR‡eva¨ fv‡e Dc¯ vcb Kiv|
Avgv‡ì Lze B‡”Q wQj cvðv‡Zï AvÂwjK D`vniY¸‡jv‡K
Avgv‡ì †`kxq ms¯‥…wZi Av`‡j †jLvi| †kl ch©šÍ Avi Zv Kiv
11
nqwb| cieZ©x ms¯‥i‡Y GB Ac‚Y©ZvUv †NvPv‡bvi †Póv Kie
Avgiv|
GKUv `xN© mgq a‡i GKUv wKQzi wcQ‡b kÖg w`‡q †h‡Z Kv‡Qi
gvbzl‡ì Abz‡cÖiYvUv Lze †ewk cÖ‡qvRb nq| †m w`K †_‡K Avgiv
†m․fvMëvb| eÜzevÜe, eo fvB‡evb, mnKg©x, cwievi- Drmv‡ni
KgwZ wQj bv †Kv‡bv| mg‡q Amg‡q, Pv‡qi Kv‡ci AvÇvq wKsev
¯‥vBc K‡j, ARmÖ mgq a‡i Av‡jvPbv mgv‡jvPbvi m½x hviv, evievi
KvUvKzwU K‡i fzjÎæwU awi‡q w`‡q evuPv‡jb hviv, nZvkvi Zjvwb‡Z
†V‡K hvIqvi mgq¸‡jv‡Z Drmvn w`‡q GwM‡q Avm‡jb hviv- Zv‡ì
cÖwZ mxgvnxb K…ZÁZv| fzjÎæwU ïa‡i w`‡q Abzev`wU‡K Qvcvi ni‡d
Avbvi †hvM¨ K‡i †Zvjvi Rb¨ Kgj Kg©Kvi‡K AmsL¨ abëv`| Avi
me‡k‡l we‡kl abëv` w`‡Z nq Aa¨vcK W±i gzn¤§` Rvdi
BKevj‡K GB eBwUi GKwU hzZmB f‚wgKv wj‡L †èvi Rb¨|
†h eB wPšÍvi †LvivK †hvMvq †mUv ïaz GKv GKv covq GKUv
Ac‚Y©Zv †_‡K hvq| Av‡kcv‡ki gvbz‡li mv‡_ †mB wPšÍvi
Av`vbcÖ`vbUv GK iKg `vwqZ¡ n‡q c‡o| †mB Zvobv †_‡KB
Avgv‡ì GB †Póv| eBwU‡K AviI cÖvÄj, mzLcvV¨ Ges mg…×
Kivi e¨vcv‡i Avcbv‡ì civgk© Avgv‡ì‡K AbzcÖvwYZ Ki‡e|
evsjv‡`‡ki mvaviY gvbz‡li KvQ ch©šÍ hw` Avgv‡ì kÖg Ges
AvšÍwiKZvi dmjUzKz †c․uQv‡Z cv‡i, hw` `z‡Uv gvbzlI eBUv c‡o
fve‡Z e‡m, ZK© K‡i, Rxe‡bi KwVb cÖk¸ œ ‡jvi DËi †LvuRvi †Póv
K‡i- †mUvB n‡e Avgv‡ì Rb¨ A‡bK eo cvIqv|
12
m~wPcÎ
BwZnv‡mi w`bwjwc 15
cÖ_g ce©: eyw×wfwËK wecøe 17

Aa¨vq 1: wbZvšÍ mvaviY GKwU cÖvYxi Mí 18
Aa¨vq 2: Ávbe„‡ÿi †e‡o IVv 46
Aa¨vq 3: Av`g-nvIqvi w`bwjwc 79
Aa¨vq 4: AMYb gvby‡li †mªvZ 113
wØZxq ce©: K…wlwecøe 128

Aa¨vq 5: BwZnv‡mi e„nËg duvwK 129
Aa¨vq 6: Kíbvi KvivMvi 165
Aa¨vq 7: ¯§„wZ DcPv‡bv Z_¨ 192
Aa¨vq 8: BwZnvm b¨vqwePv‡ii cÖwZ”Qwe bq 215
Z…Zxq ce©: gvbeRvwZi HKZvb 258

Aa¨vq 9: BwZnv‡mi Bkviv 259
Aa¨vq 10: UvKvi MÜ cvB 273
Aa¨vq 11: mvgªvRëv`x evmbv 292
Aa¨vq 12: a‡g©i ixwZbxwZ 321
Aa¨vq 13: mvd‡jï inm¨ 357
13
PZz_© ce©: •eÁvwbK wecøe 368
Aa¨vq 14: Rvwb bv ej‡Z †kLv 369
Aa¨vq 15: weÁvb Avi mvgªvRëv‡ì MuvUQov 411
Aa¨vq 16: cyuwRev‡ì `k©b 448
Aa¨vq 17: wk‡íi i_ 484
Aa¨vq 18: wPi¯ vqx wecøe 506
Aa¨vq 19: AZtci Zviv my‡L-kvwšÍ‡Z emevm Ki‡Z
jvMj 540
Aa¨vq 20: †mwc‡q‡Ýi †k‡li ïiæ 568
†klK_v 596
Z_¨m~Î 598
14
BwZnv‡mi w`bwjwc
mgqKvj Kx N‡UwQj
1350 †KvwU c`v_© I kw³i D™¢e| c`v_©we`¨vi m~Pbv| cigvYy I
eQi AYyi DrcwË| ïiæ n‡jv imvqbwe`¨vi|
450 †KvwU eQi •Zwi n‡jv Ôc„w_exÕ|
380 †KvwU eQi cÖv‡Yi Avwef©ve| Rxewe`¨vi m~ÎcvZ|
60 jvL eQi gvbyl I wk¤úvwÄ `yR‡bi me©‡kl c~e©cyiæl‡K †`Lv
hvq|
25 jvL eQi Avwd«Kvq Avw` gvby‡li weKvk jvf| cv_‡ii
nvwZqv‡ii D™¢veb|
20 jvL eQi gvbyl Avwd«Kv †_‡K BD‡iwkqvq Qwo‡q c‡o| gvby‡li
wewfbœ cÖRvwZi Avwef©ve|
5 jvL eQi BD‡ivc I ga¨cÖv‡P¨ wbqvÛv_©vj gvbyl weKvk jvf
K‡i|
3 jvL eQi cÖvZ¨wnK Kv‡R Av¸‡bi eënvi|
2 jvL eQi c~e© Avwd«Kvq AvaywbK gvby‡li weKvk|
70 nvRvi eQi eyw×wfwËK wecøe
BwZnv‡mi ïiæ : AvaywbK gvbyl Avwd«Kv †_‡K †ei n‡q
Pviw`‡K Qwo‡q c‡o|
45 nvRvi eQi gvbyl A‡÷ªwjqvq ¯ vqx Avevm M‡o| †mLvbKvi Av‡Mi
cÖvwYKzj‡K aŸsm K‡i †d‡j|
30 nvRvi eQi wbqvÛv_©v‡ji wejywß|
16 nvRvi eQi gvbyl Av‡gwiKvq ¯ vqx Avevm M‡o †Zv‡j| Av‡gwiKvi
c~e©eZ©x cÖvY‣ewPÎ¨ wejywßi Ke‡j c‡o|
15
13 nvRvi eQi †d¬v‡iwm‡qwÝm gvby‡li wejywß| AvaywbK gvbylB
gvbecÖRvwZ¸‡jvi g‡a¨ GKgvÎ wU‡K _vKv cÖRvwZ|
12 nvRvi eQi K…wlwecøe| Dw™¢` I cÖvYxi M„ncvwjZKiY| gvby‡li
GK RvqMvq ¯ vqxfv‡e emev‡mi m~Pbv|
5 nvRvi eQi cÖ_g ivR¨, ivRZ¡, n¯Íwjwc I gy`ªvi cÖPjb| eû-
Ckîev`x ev eû‡èev`x (Polytheistic) a‡g©i cÖPjb|
4250 eQi cÖ_g mvgªvR¨Ñ mviMb-Gi Av°v`xq mvgªv‡Rï ïiæ|
2500 eQi cqmvi D™¢vebÑ me©Rbxb gy`ªveë¯ vi cÖPjb|
cvim¨ (eZ©gvb Bivb) mvgªvR¨Ñ Ôme gvby‡li ¯^v‡_©Õ
me©Rbxb ivR‣bwZK eë¯ v|
fvi‡Z †e․×a‡g©i cÖmviÑ ÔRM‡Zi mg¯Í cÖvYx `ytLKó
†_‡K gyw³ cvKÕÑ GB me©Rbxb m‡Z¨ Av¯ v|
2 nvRvi eQi Px‡b nvb mvgªv‡Rï m~Pbv| f‚ga¨mvMixq AÂ‡j †ivgvb
mvgªv‡Rï we¯Ívi| wLªóa‡g©i AvMgb|
1400 eQi Bmjv‡gi m~Pbv|
500 eQi •eÁvwbK wecøe| gvbyl Zvi AÁZv ev AbwfÁZv‡K
eyS‡Z Ges bwRiwenxb kw³ AR©b Ki‡Z ïiæ K‡i|
BD‡ivcxqiv Av‡gwiKv Avi mvMi Rq Ki‡Z ïiæ
K‡i| mviv c„w_ex GKwUgvÎ HwZnvwmK ¯ v‡b cwiYZ
nq| cyuwRev‡ì (Capitalism) D™¢e|
200 eQi wkí wecøe| cwievi I m¤cÖ`vq cwiYZ nq ivóª I
evRv‡i| wecyj cwigvY Dw™¢` I cÖvYxi wejywß N‡U G
mgq|
eZ©gvb mgq gvbyl c„w_exi mxgv AwZµg K‡i‡Q| ivmvqwbK A¯¿
gvbeRvwZi Rb¨ ûgwK n‡q ùvwo‡q‡Q| cÖvYxi •ewkó¨
GLb Avi cÖvK…wZK weeZ©‡bi gva¨‡g wba©vwiZ n‡”Q bv,
n‡”Q gvby‡li eyw×`xß bKkvi (Intelligent Design)
gva¨‡g|
fwel¨r mgq AvMvgxi eyw×`xß bKkvB wK gvby‡li fwel¨r g~jgš¿
n‡Z hv‡”Q? AvaywbK gvby‡li RvqMv wK `Lj K‡i
†b‡e AwZgvbe (Superhumans)?
16
cÖ _ g c e©
ey w× wf wË K we cø e
1| cÖvq 30 nvRvi eQi Av‡M d«v‡Ýi `wÿ‡Y k‡f cuy`¨vK©

(Chauvet-Pont-dÕArc) ¸nvi †Ìqv‡j AuvKv GKwU gvby‡li
nv‡Zi Qvc| †KD nq‡Zv ej‡Z †P‡qwQj ÔAvwgI wQjvgÕ!
17
Aa¨vq 1
wbZvšÍ mvaviY GKwU cÖvYxi Mí
AvR †_‡K cÖvq mv‡o 1300 †KvwU eQi Av‡M weM e¨vs (Big
Bang) bv‡g cwiwPZ GK gnvwe‡ùvi‡Yi ga¨ w`‡q m„wó nq
c`v‡_©i, DrcwË jvf K‡i kw³, m~Pbv N‡U mg‡qi Avi iwPZ
nq gnvk~b¨| Áv‡bi †h kvLv gnvwek^-m¤úwK©Z Gme †g․wjK
welq wb‡q Av‡jvPbv K‡i Zv‡K Avgiv ewj c`v_©weÁvb|
c`v_© I kw³ •Zwi nIqvi cÖvq 3 jvL eQi ci Zviv
GKwÎZ n‡q cigvYy (Atom) bv‡g GKwU RwUj KvVv‡gv MVb
K‡i| cigvYy n‡jv †g․‡ji ÿz`ªZg GKK, hv mivmwi ivmvqwbK
cwieZ©‡b Ask wb‡Z cv‡i| GB cigvYy¸‡jv cieZ©x‡Z
wewfbœfv‡e web¨¯Í n‡q Av‡iv RwUj cÖK…wZi KvVv‡gvi m~Pbv K‡i,
hv AYy bv‡g cwiwPZ| cigvYy, AYy I Zv‡ì wµqv-cÖwZwµqvi
MíB n‡jv imvqb|
GiI A‡bK c‡i, AvR †_‡K cÖvq 380 †KvwU eQi Av‡M,
GB gnvwe‡k¦i c„w_ex bvgK GKwU MÖ‡n wbw`©ó wKQz AYy wgwjZ
n‡q e‡ov AvKv‡ii I Av‡iv RwUj ai‡bi we‡kl wKQz KvVv‡gv
MVb K‡i| G‡ì‡K Avgiv GK K_vq ewj ÔRxeÕ| mg¯Í
RxeRMr I Zv‡ì Kvh©cÖYvwj wb‡q Av‡jvPbv K‡i †h kv¯¿ Zvi
bvg RxeweÁvb|
cÖvq 70 nvRvi eQi Av‡M, mg¯Í RxeRM‡Zi g‡a¨ †nv‡gv
†mwc‡qÝ (Homo Sapiens) bv‡gi GKwU we‡kl cÖRvwZ
mw¤§wjZfv‡e ms¯‥…wZ (Culture) bv‡g GKwU aviYvi m~ÎcvZ
NUvq| ms‡ÿ‡c ej‡Z †M‡j, †Kv‡bv GKwU cÖRvwZi eëüZ me
18
ev¯Íe DcKiYÑ Lv`¨, evm¯ vb, †cvkvK-cwi”Q`, Drcv`b c×wZ
Ges AvPvi-AvPiY‡K GKm‡½ ejv nq Zvi ms¯‥…wZ| Avi †nv‡gv
†mwc‡qÝ ev AvaywbK gvby‡li ms¯‥…wZi µgvMZ cwieZ©‡bi
Mí‡KB ejv nq BwZnvm|
wZbwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© wecøe BwZnvm‡K AvR‡Ki Ae¯ v‡b G‡b
w`‡q‡Q| cÖ_gwU n‡jv eyw×wfwËK wecøe (Cognitive
Revolution), hv cÖvq 70 nvRvi eQi Av‡M gvby‡li BwZnv‡mi
wfwË ¯ vcb K‡i| Gici weKvk N‡U K…wlwfwËK wecø‡ei
(Agricultural Revolution), hv cÖvq 12 nvRvi eQi Av‡M
gvby‡li BwZnvm‡K †`q bZzb MwZ| me‡k‡l, gvÎ 500 eQi
Av‡M m~Pbv nq •eÁvwbK wecø‡ei (Scientific Revolution)| GB
wecøe ivZvivwZ cvj‡U w`‡q‡Q BwZnv‡mi MwZc_| nq‡Zv
GKw`b weÁv‡bi GB wecøe gvby‡li BwZnv‡mi BwZ †U‡b m~Pbv
Ki‡e m¤ú~Y© bZzb †Kv‡bv hy‡Mi| GB eB‡q Avgiv GB wZb
wecø‡ei cÖfv‡e gvbyl I RxeRM‡Zi Ab¨vb¨ m`m¨‡ì cvj‡U
hvIqvi MíUvB Rvbvi †Póv Kie|
eyw×wfwËK wecø‡ei A‡bK Av‡M †_‡KB A_©vr BwZnv‡mi
m~Pbvi eû Av‡M †_‡KB c„w_ex‡Z gvby‡li wePiY wQj| AvaywbK
gvby‡li g‡Zv eyw×gvb cÖvYxi cÖ_g Avwef©ve N‡U cÖvq 25 jvL
eQi Av‡M| Gi Av‡M nvRvi nvRvi cÖRb¥ a‡i gvby‡li
c~e©cyiæ‡liv Ab¨ `kUv mvaviY cÖvYxi g‡ZvB Rxeb hvcb K‡i
G‡m‡Q| Zv‡ì wQj bv nvwZi g‡Zv wekvj AvKvi-AvK…wZ,
Avjv`v K‡i †Pbvi g‡Zv cÖLi eyw×gËv wKsev Lv`¨k„•L‡j GKK
†Kv‡bv AvwacZ¨|
20 jvL eQi Av‡Mi c~e© Avwd«Kvi †Kv‡bv MÖv‡g nuvU‡Z
†e‡iv‡j gvby‡li Pwi‡Îi wPi‡Pbv iƒcUvB nq‡Zv Avcbvi †Pv‡L
coZ| Avcwb †`L‡Zb †Qv‡Uv ev”Pv‡ì ey‡K AvM‡j ivLv DwØMœ
gv‡K Avi Kv‡Qwc‡VB †Ljvayjvq †g‡Z _vKv †Qv‡Uv
†Q‡j‡g‡q‡ì| †`L‡Z †c‡Zb mgv‡Ri wbqgfvOv mvnmx
ZiæY‡ì wKsev Ggb me ey‡ov‡ì, hviv evwK RxebUv
†Kv‡bviK‡g kvwšÍ‡Z KvUv‡Z cvi‡jB Lywk| nq‡Zv †`L‡Zb
19
kvixwiK kw³ ev exiZ¡ cÖ`k©‡bi gva¨‡g my›ìx bvixi gb
†fvjv‡Z e¨¯Í wKQz hyeK‡K Avi Rxebfi GB mewKQz †`‡L Avmv
†Kv‡bv meRvšÍv, AkxwZci e„×v‡KI| GB cÖvPxb gvby‡liv
fv‡jv‡e‡m‡Q, †Ljvayjv K‡i‡Q, Mfxi eÜz‡Z¡i eÜ‡b Ave×
n‡q‡Q Ges mgv‡R ¸iæZ¡c~Y© I kw³kvjx nIqvi Rb¨
cÖwZ‡hvwMZvq †b‡g‡Q| GKB KvR K‡i‡Q wk¤úvwÄ, †eeyb I
nvwZI| gvbyl ZLb †Kv‡bvfv‡eB cÖvwYKz‡ji Ab¨‡ì †_‡K
¸iæZ¡c~Y© wKQz wQj bv| G iKg †Kv‡bv jÿYB ZLb Zv‡ì g‡a¨
†`Lv hvqwb, †hUv †`‡L †KD Abygvb Ki‡Z cvi‡e †h Zv‡ìB
my`~i eska‡iiv GKw`b Puv‡ì ey‡K nuvU‡e, cigvYy‡K wØLwÐZ
Ki‡e, wWGbGi inm¨ D‡b¥vPb Ki‡e A_ev BwZnv‡mi eB
wjL‡e| myZivs, cÖv‣MwZnvwmK gvbyl m¤ú‡K© Rvbvi mgq
me‡P‡q ¸iæZ¡c~Y© †h welqwU †Lqvj ivL‡Z n‡e Zv n‡jv, ZLb
gvbyl LyeB ¸iæZ¡nxb GKUv cÖvYx wQj| ebgvbyl, gvwQ ev
†c½yB‡bi †_‡K c„w_exi Ici †ewk cÖfve gvby‡li wQj bv|
cÖv‣MwZnvwmK gvby‡li BwZnvm ZvB cÖvwYwe`¨v eB‡qi mvaviY
GKwU Aa¨vq Qvov Avi wKQzB bq|
RxeweÁvbxiv RxeRMr‡K wewfbœ cÖRvwZ‡Z wef³ K‡i‡Qb|
`ywU cÖvYx wgj‡bi gva¨‡g hw` mdjfv‡e eskai •Zwi Ki‡Z
mÿg nq, Z‡e Zv‡ì‡K GKB cÖRvwZi AšÍf³ z© e‡j aiv nq|
`y‡Uv D`vniY †_‡K Avgiv welqwU Av‡iKUz mnRfv‡e †evSvi
†Póv Ki‡Z cvwi| Avgiv Rvwb, weeZ©‡bi ci¤úivq GKB
c~e©cyiæl †_‡K Mvav I †Nvovi DrcwË n‡q‡Q Ges †m Kvi‡YB
Zv‡ì kvixie„Ëxq •ewk‡óï g‡a¨ h‡_ó wgj jÿ Kiv hvq|
wKš‧, Zviv G‡K Ac‡ii cÖwZ Lye KgB †h․b AvKl©Y †eva K‡i|
gvbyl †Póv Ki‡j Zv‡ì g‡a¨ †h․b m¤úK© ¯ vcb Kiv‡Z cv‡i,
wKš‧ †m‡ÿ‡Î Zv‡ì wgj‡bi d‡j Drcvw`Z mšÍvb nq eÜ¨v,
mšÍvb Drcv`‡b Aÿg| G‡ì‡K Avgiv ÔL”PiÕ bv‡g wPwb|
Drcvw`Z mšÍvb eÜ¨v nIqvi KviY n‡jv, Mvavi iƒcvšÍwiZ
wWGbG KL‡bvB †Nvovi wWGbGi m‡½ fv‡jvfv‡e Lvc Lvq bv,
†Nvovi wWGbGi †ÿ‡ÎI GKB K_v cÖ‡hvR¨| G Kvi‡Y Mvav I
20
†Nvov GKB c~e©cyiæl †_‡K weewZ©Z n‡jI Zviv `ywU m¤ú~Y© wfbœ
cÖRvwZ, weeZ©‡bi m¤ú~Y© wfbœ c‡_ Zv‡ì `yR‡bi hvÎv|
Ab¨w`‡K eyjWM I ¯ú¨vwb‡qj †`L‡Z m¤ú~Y© Avjv`v e‡j
Zv‡ì‡K wfbœ cÖRvwZi g‡b n‡jI Avm‡j Zviv wKš‧ GKB
cÖRvwZi m`m¨| KviY, Zviv `yR‡bB GKB iKg wWGbG enb
Ki‡Q| Zviv Lye ¯^vfvweKfv‡eB †h․bwµqvq Ave× n‡Z cvi‡e,
Zv‡ì Lye my›ì ev”Pv n‡e Ges †mB ev”PvivI cwiYZ eq‡m
A‡bK ev”Pvi Rb¥ w`‡Z cvi‡e|
‡hme cÖRvwZ GKB c~e©cyiæl †_‡K G‡m‡Q Zv‡ì‡K GKB
ÔMYÕ ev ÔRvwZÕi (Genus, eûePb Genera) AšÍf³ z© e‡j aiv
nq| wmsn, evN, wPZv I Rv¸qviÑ Giv cÖ‡Z¨‡KB c¨vb‡_iv
(Panthera) bvgK Rv‡Zi Avjv`v Avjv`v cÖRvwZ| RxeweÁvbxiv
cÖvYx‡ì bvgKiY K‡ib `ywU c„_K j¨vwUb k‡ãi gva¨‡g| Av‡M
MY ev RvwZi bvg, c‡i cÖRvwZi bvg| †hgb, wms‡ni bvg
c¨vb‡_iv wjI (Panthera Leo) hvi A_© c¨vb‡_iv †kÖwYi wmsn
cÖRvwZ| a‡i †bIqv hvq, G eB hviv co‡e Zv‡ì cÖ‡Z¨‡KB
†nv‡gv †mwc‡qÝ (Homo sapiens) A_©vr gvbyl (Homo A_©
gvbyl) †kÖwYi Ávbx (Sapiens A_© Ávbx) cÖRvwZi|
K‡qKwU ÔMYÕ Avevi GKwU ÔcwieviÕ (Family) •Zwi K‡i|
†hgbÑ wmsn, wPZv evN, †cvlv weovjÑ Giv weovj cwievifz³;
†bK‡o, LüvKwkqvj Ges †kqvjÑ Giv KzKzi cwiev‡ii m`m¨
Ges nvwZ, g¨vg_, gvm‡Uv‡WvbÑ Giv nvwZ cwiev‡ii AšÍfz©³|
GKB cwiev‡ii mg¯Í m`m¨ AZx‡Zi †Kv‡bv wcZ…Zvwš¿K ev
gvZ…Zvwš¿K †Mvôx †_‡K weKvk jvf K‡i‡Q ev weewZ©Z n‡q‡Q|
M„n‡¯ i Av`‡ii †cvlv weovj Ges e‡bi wns¯ª evN Avm‡j GKB
c~e©cyiæl †_‡K D™¢‚Z, cÖvq AvovB †KvwU eQi Av‡M c„w_ex‡Z wQj
hv‡ì emevm|
RxeRM‡Zi Ab¨ cÖvYx‡ì g‡Zv gvbylI A‡bK¸‡jv MY ev
RvwZ wb‡q MwVZ GKwU cwiev‡ii Ask| Avðh©RbKfv‡e, GB
wbZvšÍ mvaviY e¨vcviwU‡K A™¢zZ Kvi‡Y gvbyl evievi †Mvcb
Ki‡Z †P‡q‡Q| Ô†nv‡gv †mwc‡qÝÕ bv‡gi GB cÖvYxwU eiveiB
21
wb‡R‡ì‡K evwK cÖvwYRMr †_‡K m¤ú~Y© Avjv`v K‡i †`L‡Z
Pvq, †`‡L G‡m‡Q| fveLvbv Ggb, †hb Zviv Abv_ GKUv
cÖRvwZ, Zviv †Kv‡bv cwiev‡ii Ask bq, Zv‡ì †Kv‡bv fvB‡evb
†bB, GgbwK wcZv-gvZv ev Ab¨ †Kv‡bv c~e©cyiælI †bB| Zv
wKš‧ G‡Kev‡iB mZ¨ bq| cQ›` Kiæb Avi bv-B Kiæb, Avgiv
†MÖU Gc (Great Ape) bv‡gi wekvj Rbeûj GK cwiev‡ii
Ask| Avgv‡ì cwiev‡ii RxweZ wbKUvZ¥xq‡ì g‡a¨ wk¤úvwÄ,
Mwijv I Iivs-IUvs D‡jøL‡hvM¨| Gi g‡a¨ wk¤úvwÄiv Avgv‡ì
me‡P‡q Kv‡Qi AvZ¥xq| cÖvq 60 jvL eQi Av‡M GK bievbi
(Ape) gv‡qi `ywU Kb¨vmšÍvb wQj| G‡ì GKRb mg¯Í
wk¤úvwÄi Avw`gvZv Ges Ab¨Rb n‡jv AvaywbK gvby‡li
cÖvPxbZg bvwb|
Mí ejv K¼vj
†nv‡gv †mwc‡qÝ Av‡iv weeªZKi GKUv mZ¨ GZw`b †Mvcb K‡i
G‡m‡Q| †mwc‡q‡Ýi †h †Kej A‡bK¸‡jv Amf¨, eb¨ ÁvwZfvB
Av‡Q Zv-B bq, BwZnv‡mi GKUv ch©v‡q Avgv‡ì †ek wKQz
Avcb fvB‡evbI wQj| Avgiv GZw`b wb‡R‡ìB GKgvÎ gvbyl
wn‡m‡e †R‡b G‡mwQ, KviY MZ 10 nvRvi eQi a‡i ïay GB
†mwc‡qÝivB c„w_ex‡Z gvbyl †Mv‡Îi cÖvYx wn‡m‡e wU‡K Av‡Q|
Avgiv BwZg‡a¨ †h Rxe‣eÁvwbK †kÖwYweb¨vm c×wZ †`‡LwQ †mB
c×wZ Abyhvqx ÔgvbylÕ kãUvi mwZ¨Kvi gv‡b n‡jv Ô†nv‡gv
(Homo) M‡Yi AšÍf³ z© cÖvYxÕ| AZx‡Z GB Ô†nv‡gvÕ bvgK
MYwUi Av‡iv A‡bK cÖRvwZi cÖvYxi Aw¯ÍZ¡ wQj| GB eB‡qi
†k‡li Aa¨v‡q Avgiv †`Le, A`~i fwel¨‡ZI nq‡Zv Avgv‡ì
GB †nv‡gv M‡Yi Ab¨ cÖRvwZi gvbyl‡ì m‡½ cÖwZ‡hvwMZv K‡i
wU‡K _vK‡Z n‡e| GB bvgKi‡Yi e¨vcviUv cwi®‥vi Kivi Rb¨,
Avgiv AwaKvsk mgqB Ô†mwc‡qÝÕ ej‡Z ïay †nv‡gv †mwc‡qÝ
cÖRvwZwU‡K †evSve, Avi ÔgvbylÕ kãUv †nv‡gv M‡Yi me
cÖRvwZi gvby‡li Rb¨ msiwÿZ ivLe|
22
gvby‡li cÖ_g mÜvb †g‡j c~e© Avwd«Kvq, cÖvq 25 jvL eQi
Av‡M| Zviv wKš‧ k~b¨ †_‡K Av‡mwb, cÖ_g w`KKvi bievb‡ii
GKwU †kÖwY A÷ªv‡jvwc‡_Kvm (Australopithecus) †_‡K
weeZ©‡bi gva¨‡gB Zv‡ì D™¢e| G RwUj AvKv‡ii bv‡gi m‡½
wKš‧ f‚‡Mv‡ji A‡÷ªwjqvi †Kv‡bv m¤úK© †bB|
A÷ªv‡jvwc‡_Kvm-Gi kvwãK A_© n‡jv `wÿ‡Yi bievbi
(Southern Ape)| cÖvq 20 jvL eQi Av‡M wKQz gvbyl c~e©
Avwd«Kv Z¨vM K‡i DËi Avwd«Kv, ga¨cÖvP¨ Ges Gwkqvi wewfbœ
¯ v‡b Qwo‡q c‡o| cÖ‡Z¨KwU bZzb RvqMvq Giv weiƒc Ae¯ v,
bZzb ai‡bi AvenvIqv I Rjevqy, wfbœ †f․‡MvwjK Ae¯ v, bZzb
bZzb cÖvYx, A‡Pbv MvQcvjv BZ¨vwì m¤§yLxb nq| GZme A‡Pbv
Ae¯ vi m‡½ wb‡R‡ì Lvc LvIqv‡bvi Rb¨ gvbyl wewfbœ RvqMvq
wfbœ-wfbœfv‡e weewZ©Z n‡Z _v‡K| A‡bK A‡bK eQi a‡i
GiKg Pjvi ci gvby‡li A‡bK¸‡jv Avjv`v Avjv`v cÖRvwZ
c„w_exi wewfbœ As‡k ¯^vaxbfv‡e weKvk jvf K‡i Ges cieZ©x
mg‡q •eÁvwb‡Kiv wb‡R‡ì g‡Zv K‡i me¸‡jv cÖRvwZi Avjv`v
Avjv`v j¨vwUb bvgKiY K‡ib|
2. KvíwbK cybM©Vb Abymv‡i Avgv‡ì nvwi‡q hvIqv m‡nv`‡iiv (euv †_‡K Wv‡b):
†nv‡gv iæWj‡dbwmm (c~e© Avwd«Kv), †nv‡gv B‡i±vm (c~e© Gwkqv) I †nv‡gv
wbqvÛv_©v‡jbwmm (BD‡ivc I cwðg Gwkqv)| Giv mevB gvbyl|
23
cwðg BD‡iwkqvq (BD‡ivc I Gwkqv) gvby‡li †h cÖRvwZ weKvk
jvf K‡i weÁvbxiv Zvi bvg w`‡q‡Qb †nv‡gv wbqvÛv_©v‡jbwmm
(Homo Neanderthalensis) ev ms‡ÿ‡c wbqvÛv_©vj
(Neanderthals)| Gi mnR gv‡b n‡jvÑ wbqvÛvi DcZ¨Kvi
gvbyl| wbqvÛv_©vjiv Avgv‡ì †_‡K AvKv‡i A‡bK e‡ovm‡ov
Ges †cwkeûj wQj| Giv eidhy‡M cwðg BD‡iwkqvi VvÛv
AvenvIqvi m‡½ wb‡R‡ì Lye fv‡jvfv‡e gvwb‡q wb‡Z
†c‡iwQj| Gwkqvi GK`g c~‡e©i w`‡K gvby‡li †h cÖRvwZ weKvk
jvf K‡i Zv‡ì bvg †nv‡gv B‡iKUvm (Homo Erectus) ev
ÔLvov gvbylÕ| Giv cÖvq 20 jvL eQi c„w_exi ey‡K wePiY Ki‡Z
†c‡i‡Q| gvby‡li Avi †Kv‡bv cÖRvwZ c„w_ex‡Z GZ †ewk w`b
wU‡K _vK‡Z cv‡iwb| AvR‡Ki AvaywbK gvbyl ev †nv‡gv
†mwc‡qÝI GB 20 jvL eQ‡ii †iKW© fvO‡Z cvi‡e wK bv †m
e¨vcv‡i h‡_ó m‡›`n Av‡Q| mwZ¨ K_v ej‡Z wK, Avgv‡ì c‡ÿ
Av‡iv 1 nvRvi eQi c„w_ex‡Z wU‡K _vKv m¤¢e n‡e wK bv †mUvB
cÖkœmv‡cÿ welq, jvL jvL eQi †Zv A‡bK `~‡ii e¨vcvi!
Gev‡i `wÿY-c~e© Gwkqvi B‡›`v‡bwkqvi w`‡K GKUz bRi
†Ìqv hvK| B‡›`v‡bwkqvi Rvfv Øx‡c gvby‡li Av‡iKwU cÖRvwZ
weKvk jvf K‡i, hv‡ì‡K ejv nq †nv‡gv m‡jv‡qbwmm (Homo
Soloensis) ev m‡jv DcZ¨Kvi gvbyl| Gw`‡K B‡›`v‡bwkqvi
†d¬v‡im bv‡gi †QvÆ GKwU Øx‡c ZLb †jLv n‡”Q BwZnv‡mi
Av‡iKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Aa¨vq| weKvk n‡”Q †Qv‡Uv AvKv‡ii GK
cÖRvwZi gvby‡li, †mwc‡qÝ cÖRvwZi weÁvbxiv A‡bK c‡i hvi
bvg †`‡eb †nv‡gv †d¬v‡iwm‡qbwmm (Homo Floresiensis) ev
†d¬v‡im Øx‡ci gvbyl| gvbyl hLb cÖ_g †d¬v‡im Øx‡c †cu․Qvq ZLb
mgy‡`ªi cvwbi D”PZv wQj G‡Kev‡iB Kg| d‡j gvbyl mn‡RB
†d¬v‡im †_‡K g~j f‚L‡Ð hvZvqvZ Ki‡Z cviZ| mgq hZB
AwZevwnZ n‡jv mgy‡`ªi cvwbi D”PZv evo‡Z _vKj| GKmgq
†d¬v‡im Øxc g~j f‚LÐ †_‡K cy‡ivcywi wew”Qbœ n‡q †Mj| Gi d‡j
wKQz †jvK †d¬v‡im Øx‡cB AvUKv c‡o †Mj| †d¬v‡im wQj LyeB
†Qv‡Uv GKwU Øxc| GiKg †Qv‡Uv GKwU Øx‡c A‡bK †jv‡Ki Rb¨
24
h‡_ó cwigvY Lvev‡ii mieivn _v‡K bv| d‡j j¤^v I †gvUv-ZvRv
†jvKRb, †ewk †ewk Lvevi Qvov hv‡ì P‡j bv, cÖ_‡gB Zviv
Lvev‡ii Afv‡e gviv coj| wKš‧ †Qv‡UvLv‡Uv †jvKRb I cÖvYx,
hv‡ì †eu‡P _vKvi Rb¨ Kg Lvev‡ii cÖ‡qvRb nq Zviv
†Kv‡bviK‡g †eu‡P _vKj|
A‡bK A‡bK eQi a‡i GB NUbv N‡U Pjj| †Qv‡Uv
AvKv‡ii gvbyl‡ì Kg Lvevi †L‡qI †eu‡P _vKvi m¤¢vebv †ewk
wQj| G Kvi‡Y cÖRb¥ †_‡K cÖR‡b¥ †Qv‡Uv AvKv‡ii gvbylivB
†ewk msL¨vq wU‡K _vKj| Gfv‡e †d¬v‡im Øx‡ci gvbyl GKmgq
evg‡b (†Qv‡Uv AvKv‡ii gvbyl) cwiYZ n‡jv| †nv‡gv
†d¬v‡iwm‡qbwmm m‡e©v”P GK wgUvi (3 dzU) D”PZvi Ges 25
wK‡jvMÖvg IR‡bi n‡Zv| wKš‧, AvKv‡i †Qv‡Uv n‡jI Zviv
gvby‡li Ab¨vb¨ cÖRvwZi g‡ZvB ek©vmn cv_‡ii bvbv iKg
nvwZqvi •Zwi Ki‡Z cviZ Ges Gme nvwZqvi w`‡q Zviv gv‡S
gv‡S nvwZI wkKvi KiZ! hwÌ, mwZ¨ K_v ej‡Z wK, †mB nvwZ
Ab¨vb¨ GjvKvi nvwZi g‡Zv `kvmB AvKv‡ii nvwZ wQj bv, wQj
evgb nvwZ! GB n‡jv evgbivR¨ †d¬v‡im-Gi Mí|
2010 mv‡j weÁvbxiv mvB‡ewiqvi †Wwb‡mvfv ¸nvq
LbbKvR Pvjv‡Z wM‡q gvby‡li GKwU AvOz‡ji dwm‡ji mÜvb
cvb, hv wKQzw`b ci Avgv‡ì mvg‡b wb‡q Av‡m gvby‡li nvwi‡q
hvIqv Av‡iKwU cÖRvwZ‡K| wRbMZ M‡elYv †_‡K †evSv hvq,
GB dwmjwU †_‡K cÖvß wRb G ch©šÍ Avwe®‥…Z gvby‡li me¸‡jv
cÖRvwZi †_‡K Avjv`v| weÁvbxiv gvby‡li bZzb GB cÖRvwZi
bvg w`‡q‡Qb †nv‡gv †Wwb‡mvfv (Homo Denisova) ev
†Wwb‡mvfv ¸nvi gvbyl| †K Rv‡b †Kvb †`‡k, †Kvb A‡Pbv
¸nvq, †Kvb wbR©b Øx‡c gvby‡li bvg-bv-Rvbv KZ cÖRvwZi
wb`k©b Avgv‡ì Rb¨ A‡cÿv Ki‡Q Avwe®‥…Z nIqvi cÖZ¨vkvq|
hLb BD‡ivc I Gwkqvq weeZ©‡bi gva¨‡g gvby‡li Gme
bZzb bZzb cÖRvwZi D™¢e n‡q‡Q, ZLb c~e© Avwd«Kv‡ZI wKš‧
weeZ©b †_‡g _v‡Kwb| †mLv‡bI gvbeRvwZi AuvZzoN‡i Rb¥
wb‡q‡Q bZzb bZzb cÖRvwZ| •Zwi n‡q‡Q †nv‡gv iæWj‡dbwmm
25
(Homo Rudolfensis) ev iæWjd n«‡ì gvbyl, †nv‡gv Bi‡M÷vi
(Homo Ergaster) ev Kg©V gvbyl Ges me‡k‡l •Zwi n‡q‡Q
Avgv‡ì cÖRvwZ, wb‡R‡ì hviv †nv‡gv †mwc‡qÝ ev Ávbx gvbyl
wn‡m‡e wPwýZ K‡i‡Q|
wewfbœ AÂ‡j M‡o IVv gvby‡li wewfbœ cÖRvwZ¸‡jvi g‡a¨ wKQz
wQj wekvj AvKv‡ii, †KD wQj evgb| †KD †KD wQj Zz‡Lvo
wkKvwi Avevi †KD ïay djg~j †L‡qB †eu‡P _vKZ| †Kv‡bv cÖRvwZ
GKwU Øx‡ci g‡a¨B mvivUv Rxeb KvwU‡q‡Q, †KD Avevi ågY
K‡i‡Q GK gnv‡`k †_‡K Ab¨ gnv‡`k| wKš‧ Zviv mK‡jB wQj
GK gvbeRvwZi Ask| Zviv mevB wQj gvbyl|
gvby‡li GB wewfbœ cÖRvwZi DrcwË I weKvk wb‡q GKwU
eûj cÖPwjZ fzj aviYv n‡jv, gvby‡li GKvwaK cÖRvwZ GKwU
wbw`©ó mg‡q c„w_ex‡Z KL‡bvB GKm‡½ emevm K‡iwb, eis
cÖRvwZ¸‡jvi GKwU †_‡K Ab¨wUi Rb¥ n‡q‡Q| †hgb,
B‡iKUvm-Gi Rb¥ n‡q‡Q Bi‡M÷vi †_‡K, wbqvÛv_©v‡ji Rb¥
n‡q‡Q B‡iKUvm †_‡K Ges wbqvÛv_©vj †_‡K Avgiv G‡mwQ|
gvby‡li GKwU cÖRvwZ †_‡K Ab¨ cÖRvwZi •Zwi nIqvi GB
aviYv Avgv‡ì GUv fve‡Z DØy× K‡i †h, gvby‡li G‡Ki AwaK
cÖRvwZ KL‡bv GKm‡½ c„w_exi ey‡K emevm K‡iwb, GKwU bZzb
cÖRvwZ gvby‡li c~e©eZ©x Av‡iKwU cÖRvwZi DbœZ ms¯‥iY gvÎ|
wKš‧ ev¯ÍeZv n‡jv, 20 jvL eQi Av‡M †_‡K ïiæ K‡i 10
nvRvi eQi Av‡MI c„w_ex wQj gvby‡li A‡bK¸‡jv cÖRvwZi
evmf‚wg| †Kb bq? AvR‡Ki c„w_ex‡Z GKB mg‡q A‡bK
cÖRvwZi †kqvj, fvjyK Avi k~Ki emevm Ki‡Q| GKBfv‡e 1
jvL eQi Av‡Mi c„w_ex‡Z GKB m‡½ gvbyl‡i AšÍZ QqwU
cÖRvwZ †nu‡U †ewo‡q‡Q, emevm K‡i‡Q c„w_exi ey‡K| cÖvwYRM‡Z
Ab¨‡ì w`‡K jÿ Ki‡j †evSv hvq, GKm‡½ GKvwaK cÖRvwZi
mnve¯ v‡bi e¨vcviUvB ¯^vfvweK, eis AvR‡Ki AvaywbK we‡k¦ †h
gvby‡li †Kej GKwU cÖRvwZ emevm Ki‡Q †mB e¨vcviwU
A¯^vfvweK, LvcQvov| GKUz c‡iB Avgiv †`Le, AvaywbK gvbyl
26
Zv‡ì wb‡R‡ì ¯^v‡_©B gvby‡li Ab¨vb¨ cÖRvwZi BwZnvm
avgvPvgv †Ìqvi †Póv K‡i‡Q|
gM‡Ri gvïj
GZÿY Avgiv gvby‡li wewfbœ cÖRvwZ Ges Zv‡ì bvbv iKg
•ewkó¨ m¤ú‡K© Rvbjvg| gvby‡li GB cÖRvwZ¸‡jvi g‡a¨
AvKvi-AvK…wZ, AvPiY, Lv`¨vf¨vm BZ¨vw` A‡bK wel‡q bvbv
iKg cv_©K¨ _vK‡jI Zv‡ì mevi g‡a¨B wKQz mvaviY •ewkó¨
we`¨gvb| G¸‡jvi g‡a¨ †hUv mevi Av‡M †Pv‡L c‡o, †mUv n‡jv
e‡ov AvKv‡ii gw¯Í®‥| •`wnK MVb Abycv‡Z gvby‡li gw¯Í‡®‥i
AvKvi Ab¨ †h-†Kv‡bv cÖvYxi †_‡K †ek e‡ov| mvaviYZ 60
wK‡jvMÖvg IR‡bi GKwU ¯Íb¨cvqx cÖvYxi gw¯Í®‥ MocoZvq 200
Nb‡mw›UwgUvi nq| Ab¨w`‡K cÖvq AvovB jvL eQi Av‡Mi Avav-
gvbyl‡ì gw¯Í‡®‥i AvKvi wQj cÖvq 600 Nb‡mw›UwgUvi|
eZ©gv‡bi AvaywbK gvby‡li gw¯Í‡®‥i AvKvi cÖvq 1 nvRvi 200
†_‡K 1 nvRvi 400 Nb‡mw›UwgUvi| gvby‡li Av‡iKwU cÖRvwZ
wbqvÛv_©v‡ji gw¯Í®‥ Gi †P‡qI e‡ov AvKv‡ii wQj|
Avgiv Rvwb, †hme •ewkó¨ †Kv‡bv cÖvYx‡K wU‡K _vKvi Rb¨
†ewk myweav †`q, †mB •ewkó¨¸‡jvB mvaviYZ cÖRb¥ †_‡K
cÖR‡b¥ Qwo‡q c‡o Ges weKwkZ nq| †mw`K †_‡K we‡ePbv
Ki‡j G K_v g‡b n‡ZB cv‡i †h, gv_v e‡ov gv‡b †ewk eyw×,
†ewk wPšÍvfvebv Kivi my‡hvM Ges †ewk wPšÍvfvebv Ki‡Z cvi‡j
wU‡K _vKvi m¤¢vebv †ewk| myZivs, cÖvK…wZK weeZ©‡b cÖRb¥
†_‡K cÖR‡b¥ e‡ov gv_vi gvbyl¸‡jvB wU‡K _vK‡e| wKš‧, G
Abygvb hw` mwZ¨ n‡Zv, Zvn‡j gvby‡li cvkvcvwk weovj, evN,
wmsn G‡ì g‡aÏ weeZ©‡bi gva¨‡g e‡ov e‡ov MwYZwe` ev
weÁvbx •Zwi n‡Zv| ev¯Í‡e Zv nqwb, †Kej gvbylB wekvj
AvKv‡ii wPšÍvkxj gM‡Ri AwaKvix n‡q‡Q Ges Zv‡ì g‡a¨B
•Zwi n‡q‡Q MwYZwe`, weÁvbx, Kwe I `vk©wbK| cÖkœ n‡jv,
†Kb?
27
GK K_vq ej‡Z †M‡j, ÔhZ gv_v, ZZ e¨_vÕ| A_©vr, e‡ov
AvKv‡ii gMR ïay wbiew”Qbœ myweavB †`q bv, m‡½ m‡½ bvbv
iKg mgm¨v I msK‡UiI m„wó K‡i| e‡ov gM‡Ri KvR Kivi
Rb¨ †ewk kw³ ìKvi, †hUv Av‡m Lv`¨ †_‡K| AvaywbK gvby‡li
gw¯Í®‥ †`‡ni †gvU IR‡bi 2-3 kZvsk, wKš‧ gvbyl hLb wekÖv‡g
_v‡K, ZLb †`‡ni †gvU kw³i kZKiv 25 fvM ïay gw¯Í®‥‡K
mPj ivLvi Rb¨B e¨q nq| Ab¨w`‡K, wekÖvgKvjxb Ab¨vb¨
bievb‡ii gw¯Í®‥ cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ †`‡ni †gvU kw³i gvÎ 8
kZvsk e¨q Ki‡Z nq| GB e‡ov AvKv‡ii gM‡Ri gvïj
cÖvPxbKv‡ji gvbyl‡ì `yBfv‡e w`‡Z n‡q‡Q| cÖ_gZ, e‡ov
gw¯Í‡®‥i Rb¨ Lv‡`ï Pvwn`v †e‡o hvIqvq Zv‡ì Lv`¨ †LuvRvi
Rb¨ A‡bK †ewk mgq e¨q Ki‡Z n‡q‡Q| wØZxqZ, gw¯Í‡®‥i
e‡ov nIqv‡K cÖvavb¨ w`‡Z wM‡q Zv‡ì †cwki ÿq n‡q‡Q,
kvixwiK mvg_©¨ K‡g G‡m‡Q| miKvi †hgb mvgwiK LvZ †_‡K
ev‡RU Kwg‡q wkÿv Lv‡Z †`q, †Zgwb gvbylI †cwk‡K kw³kvjx
bv K‡i wbDib‡K cyó K‡i‡Q| gvby‡li wkKvwi-msMÖvnK Rxe‡b
wU‡K _vKvi †ÿ‡Î GUv †gv‡UB †Kv‡bv fv‡jv †K․kj wQj bv|
KviY, †mKv‡ji GKwU wk¤úvwÄ KL‡bv gvby‡li m‡½ Z‡K©
wRZ‡Z cviZ bv wVKB, wKš‧ IB wk¤úvwÄwUB kvixwiK kw³i
Kvi‡Y GKwU gvbyl‡K wb‡g‡l wQu‡o UzK‡iv UzK‡iv K‡i †dj‡Z
cviZ|
Z‡e Avb‡›ì K_v GB, e‡ov gw¯Í‡®‥i Rb¨ A‡bK Kvj
Av‡M †bIqv SzuwKUv AvR‡Ki GB AvaywbK mgv‡R Avgv‡ì †ek
Kv‡R Avm‡Q| Gi Kvi‡Y Avgiv GLb Mvwo evbv‡Z cvwi, e›`yK
evbv‡Z cvwi| Mvwo Avgv‡ì‡K wk¤úvwÄ‡ì †_‡K A‡bK `ªæZ
PjvPj Ki‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i Avi e›`y‡Ki Kvi‡Y Avgiv GLb
wk¤úvwÄ‡ì m‡½ nvZvnvwZ jovB‡q bv wM‡qB `~i †_‡K ¸wj
K‡i Zv‡ì †g‡i †dj‡Z cvwi| wKš‧ gvby‡li BwZnv‡mi
†cÖÿvc‡U wPšÍv Ki‡j, Mvwo wKsev e›`yK Avwe®‥vi †Zv GB
†mw`‡bi Kvwnwb| Gi Av‡M cÖvq 20 jvL eQi a‡i gvby‡li
gw¯Í‡®‥i AvKvi I ÿgZv µgvMZ †e‡o‡Q| wKš‧ †mB e‡ovm‡ov
28
gMR w`‡q Zviv ïay wKQz evnvwi PvKz Avi wKQz ek©v Qvov Avi
†Zgb wKQzB •Zwi Ki‡Z cv‡iwb| Dciš‧, e‡ov gw¯Í®‥ A‡bK
†ÿ‡Î Zv‡ì Rb¨ Aw¯Í‡Z¡i msKU •Zwi K‡i‡Q| myZivs,
weeZ©‡bi wbqgvbyhvqx †h‡nZz gvby‡li e‡ov gw¯Í®‥ wU‡K _vKvi
†ÿ‡Î Zv‡ì‡K †Zgb †Kv‡bv myweav †`qwb, †m‡nZz gMR e‡ov
nIqvi •ewkóÜv cÖRb¥ †_‡K cÖR‡b¥ Qov‡bvi I weKvk jvf
Kivi K_v bq| wKš‧, Avðh©RbKfv‡e kZvãxi ci kZvãx a‡i
†mUvB n‡q G‡m‡Q| †Kb? G cÖ‡kœi DËi Avgiv GL‡bv Rvwb
bv|
e‡ov gw¯Í‡®‥i ci gvby‡li me cÖRvwZi g‡a¨ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© †h
•ewkó¨wU Avgiv †`L‡Z cvB Zv n‡jv, Zviv mevB `yB cv‡q fi
w`‡q †mvRv n‡q nuv‡U| gvby‡li †mvRv n‡q ùvov‡bvi d‡j
Avkcv‡ki kÎæ ev wkKv‡ii mÜvb Kiv A‡bKUv mnR n‡q †Mj|
G QvovI Gi d‡j Avgv‡ì `y‡Uv nvZ nuvUvi Sv‡gjv †_‡K gy³
n‡q cv_i Qzu‡o gviv ev Ab¨‡K Bkviv †Ìqvi Kv‡R eëüZ
n‡Z jvMj| hvi nvZ hZ †ewk `ÿ, mgv‡R Zvi wU‡K _vKvi
m¤¢vebv ZZ †ewk| †m Kvi‡Y, eû eQ‡ii weeZ©‡bi d‡j
µgvMZ m~² †cwk, AwaKZi mœvqyms‡hvM, m~² Kv‡Ri Rb¨
Dchy³ nv‡Zi Zvjy I AvOzjmg„× gvby‡li weKvk n‡Z _vKj|
d‡j gvbyl Zvi nvZ w`‡q A‡bK m~² KvR `ÿZvi m‡½ m¤úbœ
Ki‡Z wkLj| we‡kl K‡i, DbœZ GB nvZ Zv‡ì A‡bK m~² A¯¿
•Zwi Ges eënv‡ii my‡hvM K‡i w`j| me‡P‡q cy‡iv‡bv GiKg
†h nvwZqviwU cyivZË¡we‡ìv †c‡q‡Qb †mUv cÖvq 25 jvL eQi
Av‡Mi| G †_‡K GUv ¯úó nq †h, IB mgq †_‡KB nv‡Z
evbv‡bv nvwZqv‡ii cÖPjb wQj|
wKš‧ †mvRv n‡q nuvUvi wKQz ÿwZKi w`KI Av‡Q| Avgv‡ì
kix‡ii K¼vjUv jvL jvL eQi a‡i weewZ©Z n‡q‡Q GKUv
Pvi‡c‡q, A‡cÿvK…Z †Qv‡Uv gv_vi cÖvYxi kixi‡K enb Kivi
Rb¨| myZivs nVvr K‡iB †mB K¼v‡ji c‡ÿ GKwU `yB cv‡q
ùvov‡bv, e‡ov gw¯Í‡®‥i cÖvYx‡K †mvRv n‡q ùvov‡bvi my‡hvM K‡i
†Ìqv †ek Kómva¨B wQj| Avi GB Kómva¨ Kv‡Ri g~jÏ
29
gvbyl‡K w`‡Z n‡q‡Q Ges n‡”Q| gvbyl Zvi Zxÿè `„wó Avi `ÿ
nv‡Zi wewbg‡q wKQz Kó ¯^xKvi K‡i wb‡q‡QÑ †m¸‡jv n‡jv wcV
Avi Nv‡oi e¨_v|
†g‡q‡ì Av‡iv A‡bK †ewk g~j¨ w`‡Z n‡q‡Q| †mvRv n‡q
ùvov‡Z n‡j †Kvgi n‡Z n‡e wPKb, hv Rb¥bvwj‡K miæ K‡i
†`q| Zvi Ici †mUv Ggb mg‡q NUj hLb beRvZK‡ì gv_vi
AvKvi e‡ov †_‡K Av‡iv e‡ov nw”Qj| d‡j Rb¥Kvjxb g„Zzï
nvi Avk¼vRbK nv‡i †e‡o wM‡qwQj| †hme gwnjv wbw`©ó
mg‡qi Av‡MB ev”Pv cÖme Ki‡Z mg_© n‡q‡Q ZvivB †eu‡P _vKj
Ges Av‡iv ev”Pv wb‡Z mg_© n‡jv| †mBme ev”Pvi gw¯Í®‥ I gv_v
cy‡ivcywi e‡ov n‡q I‡Vwb| weeZ©‡bi aviv GBme mg‡qi Av‡M
cÖmeKvix‡ì cÖvavb¨ w`‡q euvwP‡q ivLj| Ab¨vb¨ cÖvYxi Zzjbvq
gvbewkï cwic~Y© weKwkZ nIqvi Av‡MB Rb¥MÖnY K‡i| Rb¥jvf
Kivi mgq †ewkifvM wkïi A½cÖZ¨½B c~Y©v½ iƒc aviY Kivi
h‡_ó mgq cvq bv| GKwU Ak¦kveK R‡b¥i ciciB †`․ov‡Z
cv‡i, GKwU weovjkveK R‡b¥i K‡qK mßv‡ni g‡a¨B gv‡K
†Q‡o wb‡Ri g‡Zv euvP‡Z _v‡K| †m Zzjbvq gvbewkïiv LyeB
AmnvqÑ †eu‡P _vKv, wbivcËv Ges wkÿvi Rb¨ eo‡ì Kv‡Q
A‡bK eQi Zv‡ì wbf©ikxj _vK‡Z nq|
GB mZ¨wU gvbeRvwZi mvgvwRK Ae¯ v‡bi †ÿ‡Î ¸iæZ¡c~Y©
Ae`vb †i‡L‡Q| wbtm½ gv‡qiv Zv‡ì Ges ev”Pv‡ì Rb¨ h‡_ó
Lvevi †RvMvo Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| ev”Pv‡K e‡ov Ki‡Z n‡j
cwiev‡ii Ab¨vb¨ m`m¨ Ges cÖwZ‡ekx‡ì mvnv‡hï cÖ‡qvRb
nq me mgq| GKwU gvbewkï‡K e‡ov Ki‡Z GKwU †Mv‡Îi
cÖ‡qvRb nq| weeZ©b Zv‡ìB mnvqZv K‡i‡Q, hviv wbweo I
eÜzZc ¡ ~Y© mvgvwRK m¤úK© •Zwi Ki‡Z †c‡i‡Q| Avi Zv Qvov,
gvbyl †h‡nZz AcwicK¡ Ae¯ vq Rb¥MÖnY K‡i, ZvB Ab¨vb¨ cÖvYxi
Zzjbvq gvbyl‡K A‡bK mn‡R cÖ‡qvRbg‡Zv wkwL‡q †bIqv hvq
Ges mvgvwRK cÖvYx wn‡m‡e M‡o †Zvjv hvq| BU, gvwUi cvÎ,
Pzbvcv_i BZ¨vw` †cvov‡bv ev ïKv‡bvi Rb¨ eëüZ Pzwjø †_‡K
†hfv‡e PxbvgvwUi cvÎ †ei nq, wVK †mfv‡e †ewkifvM
30
¯Íb¨cvqxi Rivqy †_‡K ev”Pv †ei n‡q Av‡m| GUv GKUv cwicK¡
Ges •Zwi Ae¯ vq †ei n‡q Av‡m| GLb Avcwb hw` GB
PxbvgvwUi dzj`vwbi AvKv‡ii †Kv‡bv cwieZ©b Ki‡Z Pvb,
Zvn‡j GUv‡Z nq `vM †dj‡Z n‡e bv nq fvO‡Z n‡e|
Ab¨w`‡K gvbyl †ei n‡q Av‡m gv‡qi Rivqy †_‡K wVK †hgb KvP
†ei n‡q Av‡m Pzwjø †_‡K cÖvq MwjZ Ae¯ vq| Pzwjø †_‡K KvP
†ei nIqvi mgq †ek bgbxq GKUv Ae¯ vq _v‡K e‡j †ei K‡i
Avbvi ciI GUv‡K cu¨vPv‡bv ev j¤^v Kiv wKsev †h iKg B”Qv
AvKvi †Ìqv hvq| GKB NUbv N‡U gvbewkïi †ÿ‡ÎI| R‡b¥i
ci Zv‡K Avcwb wkÿv`vb Ki‡Z cv‡ib Ges mvgvwRK
ixwZbxwZ‡Z M‡o Zzj‡Z cv‡ib| Avi GRb¨B AvR Avgiv
GKRb gvbewkï‡K PvB‡jB wLªóvb wKsev †e․×, cyuwRev`x wKsev
mvgëv`x, hy×wcÖq ev kvwšÍwcÖq wn‡m‡e M‡o Zzj‡Z cvwi|
Avgiv mvaviYZ Abygvb Kwi †h, e‡ov GKUv gw¯Í®‥ _vKv,
nvwZqvi ev hš¿ evbv‡bv Ges eënvi Kiv, RwUj mgvR _vKvÑ
G¸‡jv wekvj myweavi e¨vcvi| GUvI Lye ¯úó †h, Ggb me
my‡hvMmyweav •Zwi Kivi ÿgZv gvbeRvwZ‡K c„w_exi me‡P‡q
kw³kvjx I ¸iæZ¡c~Y© cÖvYx wn‡m‡e cÖwZwôZ K‡i‡Q| wKš‧
Avðh©RbK n‡jI mZ¨ †h, gvbyl Avm‡j GB mg¯Í my‡hvM-myweav
†ek fv‡jvfv‡eB Dc‡fvM K‡i‡Q cÖvq 20 jvL eQi a‡i, hLb
Zviv `ye©j I mvaviY GKUv cÖRvwZ wn‡m‡e wU‡K wQj| myZivs
cÖvq jvL eQi Av‡M †hme gvbyl emevm KiZ, e‡ov AvKv‡ii
gw¯Í®‥ Avi cv_‡ii aviv‡jv A¯¿ _vKv m‡Ë¡I Zviv mvivÿY wnsmª
Rš‧i f‡q ZU¯  _vKZ| Lye Kg †ÿ‡ÎB e‡ov cÖvYx wkKvi Ki‡Z
cviZ Zviv| †ewkifvM mgqB Zviv bvbv iKg djg~j msMÖn
K‡i wKsev †Qv‡UvLv‡Uv cÖvYx wkKvi K‡i ev KxUcZ½ Lyu‡R †ei
K‡i †L‡q A_ev †Kv‡bv e‡ov cÖvYxi wkKv‡ii Dw”Qó †L‡q †eu‡P
_vKZ|
GK`g cÖ_g w`KKvi †hme cv_‡ii •Zwi nvwZqvi cvIqv
hvq †m¸‡jv g~jZ nvo †f‡O g¾v †ei Kivi Rb¨B †ewk eëüZ
n‡Zv| wKQz wKQz M‡elK wek^vm K‡ib †h, GB Aw¯ g¾v LvIqvUv
31
gvby‡li GKUv we‡kl •ewkó¨ wQj| cÖ‡Z¨K cÖvYxiB GiKg GKUv
we‡kl •ewkó¨ _v‡K, †hUv w`‡q Zv‡K Avjv`v K‡i †Pbv hvq|
KvV‡VvKivi we‡kl •ewkó¨ †hgb Mv‡Qi KvÐ †_‡K †cvKvgvKo
Lyu‡R †ei Kiv, wVK †Zgwb cÖ_g w`KKvi gvby‡li we‡kl •ewkó¨
wQj nvo †f‡O Zvi †_‡K Aw¯ g¾v †ei K‡i LvIqv| g¾v †Kb?
Kíbv Kiæb 10 jvL eQi Av‡Mi K_v| a‡i wbb, Avcwb †mB
mg‡qi GKRb gvbyl| Avcwb †`L‡jb GK`j wmsn GKwU
wRivd‡K wkKvi K‡i‡Q| Avcbvi Lye B‡”Q n‡jv wRiv‡di my¯^v`y
gvsm LvIqvi| wKš‧ Avcwb wbðqB ÿzavZ© wms‡ni Avkcv‡k
hv‡eb bv| KviY, †mUv Ki‡j †kl‡gk wRiv‡di g‡Zv AvcwbI
wms‡ni Lvev‡i cwiYZ n‡Z cv‡ib| myZivs Avcwb `~‡i jywK‡q
†_‡K A‡cÿv Ki‡Z _vK‡eb| mevi Av‡M Av‡qk K‡i wRiv‡di
gvsm †L‡q †Mj wmsn gvgv| wKš‧ ZL‡bv Avcbvi cvjv Av‡mwb|
wms‡ni ci G‡jv nv‡qbv Avi wnsmª †kqv‡jiv| Zviv wms‡ni
†d‡j hvIqv me Lvevi †L‡q wbj| Gici Avcbvi Lvev‡ii
cvjv| wKš‧, GZÿ‡Y Avcbvi Rb¨ wRiv‡di nv‡oi †fZ‡ii
Aw¯ g¾v Qvov LvIqvi g‡Zv Avi wKQzB Aewkó †bB|
GB n‡jv 10 jvL eQi Av‡MKvi gvby‡li Ae¯ v| AvR‡Ki
w`‡bI gvby‡li BwZnvm I gb¯ÍË¡ †evSvi Rb¨ GUv GKUv
¸iæZ¡c~Y© e¨vcvi| cÖvq 20 jvL eQi Av‡Mi KvQvKvwQ mg‡q
gvbyl wQj Lv`¨P‡µi gvSvgvwS ch©v‡qi cÖvYx| jvL jvL eQi
a‡i Avgiv Lv`¨P‡µi GB gvSvgwS Ae¯ v‡bB Ae¯ vb K‡iwQ|
GUv wVK †h Avgv‡ì c~e©cyiæ‡liv K”Qc, cvwLmn Av‡iv †Qv‡Uv
†Qv‡Uv cÖvYx hv †cZ, me mgqB wkKvi KiZ| wKš‧ †ewkifvM
mgqB Zviv Ab¨ e‡ov wnsmª cÖvYxi wkKvi n‡Zv| gvÎ 4 jvL
eQi Av‡M, wbqvÛv_©v‡ji g‡Zv wKQz cÖRvwZi gvbyl wbqwgZfv‡eB
e‡ov cÖvYx wkKvi Kiv ïiæ K‡i| Avi AvR †_‡K cÖvq GK jvL
eQi Av‡MÑ †nv‡gv †mwc‡q‡Ýi DÌv‡bi mgqUv‡ZÑ gvbyl nVvr
K‡i Lv`¨P‡µi GK`g Ic‡i D‡V hvq|
Lv`¨P‡µi ga¨g Ae¯ vb †_‡K GKjv‡d gvby‡li kx‡l© IVvi
GB NUbv GKUv e‡ov cÖfve †d‡j cieZ©xKv‡ji c„w_ex‡Z|
32
wmsn wKsev nvO‡ii g‡Zv Lv`¨ P‡µi Ic‡ii w`‡K _vKv cÖvYxiv
Lye ax‡i ax‡i Zv‡ì IB Ae¯ v‡bi Rb¨ weewZ©Z n‡qwQj| IB
Ae¯ v‡b †h‡Z Zv‡ì jvL jvL eQi mgq †j‡M‡Q| Gi d‡j
mg¯Í ev¯‧Zš¿UvI h‡_ó mgq †c‡qwQj wb‡RB Ggb wKQz eë¯ v
Ki‡Z, hv‡Z wmsn wKsev nvO‡iiv mg¯Í ev¯‧Zš¿Uv jÛfÛ K‡i
†dj‡Z bv cv‡i| wms‡ni wnsmªZv evovi m‡½ Zvj wgwj‡q
nwiY¸‡jvI wk‡L wb‡q‡Q Av‡iv `ªæZ †`․ov‡Z, nv‡qbviv Af¨¯Í
n‡q‡Q G‡K Ab¨‡K mvnvh¨ Kivi ixwZ‡Z Avi MÛviI n‡q
D‡V‡Q µgk e`‡gRvwR| Ab¨w`‡K gvby‡liv GZ `ªæZ Lv`¨P‡µi
Ic‡i D‡V G‡jv †h, Zvi m‡½ Zvj wgwj‡q ev¯‧Zš¿ mewKQz
gvwb‡q †bIqvi my‡hvMB †cj bv| GgbwK gvbyl wb‡R‡KI
wVKg‡Zv gvwb‡q wb‡Z cvij bv GB cwiewZ©Z cwiw¯ wZi m‡½|
Gi Av‡M †hme cÖvYx GB kxl© Avm‡b e‡m‡Q Zviv mevB wQj
†ek AwfRvZ, ivRKxq cÖvYx| jvL jvL eQi a‡i AR©b Kiv
AvwacZ¨ Zv‡ì AvZ¥wek^v‡m cwic~Y© K‡i Zz‡jwQj| Ab¨w`‡K,
†mwc‡qÝ wQj A‡bKUv fzuB‡dvo GKbvqK| Kw`b Av‡MB
Z…Yf‚wg‡Z P‡i †eov‡bv GK gvgywj cÖvYx †_‡K nVvr kx‡l© IVvi
d‡j Zv‡ì g‡a¨ P‚ovšÍ fq Avi DrKÉv KvR KiZ wb‡R‡ì
Ae¯ vb nviv‡bvi K_v †f‡e| GB AwbðqZv Zv‡ì K‡i Zzjj
Av‡iv b„ksm I fqsKi| fqsKi hy× †_‡K ïiæ K‡i cÖvK…wZK
`y‡h©v‡Mi g‡Zv BwZnv‡mi e‡ov e‡ov wech©‡qi A‡bK¸‡jvB
msNwUZ n‡q‡Q g~jZ Lv`¨P‡µ gvby‡li GB AcÖZ¨vwkZ jv‡di
Kvi‡Y|
Av¸‡bi †KivgwZ, ivbœvi Rv`y

kx‡l© †cu․Qv‡bvi Rb¨ gvby‡li Ab¨Zg ¸iæZ¡c~Y© c`‡ÿc wQj
Av¸b‡K ekxf‚Z Kiv| Avgiv GL‡bv mwVKfv‡e Rvwb bv wVK
KLb, †Kv_vq Ges Kxfv‡e Avgv‡ì c~e©cyiæliv Av¸b‡K Avq‡Ë
G‡b‡Q| cÖvq 8 jvL eQi Av‡M nq‡Zv wKQz wKQz gvbyl gv‡Sg‡a¨
Av¸b eënvi KiZ| wKš‧ cÖvq 3 jvL eQi Av‡M †nv‡gv
33
B‡iKUvm, wbqvÛvi_vj Avi †nv‡gv †mwc‡q‡Ýi c~e©cyiæliv cÖvq
cÖwZw`‡bi wbZ¨cÖ‡qvRbxq Kv‡RB Av¸‡bi eënvi K‡i‡Q|
Av¸b AÜKv‡i Av‡jv w`‡q‡Q, VvÛvq w`‡q‡Q DòZv| GgbwK
wmsn I fvjy‡Ki g‡Zv wec¾bK cÖvYx‡ì Nv‡qj Kivi †gvÿg
A¯¿I wQj Av¸b| Gi wKQzw`b c‡iB gvbyl Zvi Avkcv‡ki
ebR½j Av¸b w`‡q †cvov‡bv ïiæ K‡i| GKevi eb †cvov †kl
n‡j Ges Av¸‡bi wkLv wb‡f †M‡j gvbyl Abvqv‡m †mLvb w`‡q
iv¯Ív K‡i †h‡Z cviZ| cvIqv †hZ Av¸‡b †cvov A‡bK cÖvYx
†h¸‡jv Abvqv‡m LvIqv †hZ| Lv‡`ï mnR mgvavb wQj GB eb
†cvov‡bv| GUv wQj Av¸‡bi †ek ¸iæZ¡c~Y© GKwU myweav|
wKš‧, gvbyl‡K ivbœv Kivi ÿgZv †ÌqvUvB m¤¢eZ Av¸‡bi
me‡P‡q ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Ae`vb wQj| Avgiv mvaviYZ gvbeRvwZi
BwZnv‡m ivbœv‡K Lye e‡ov GKUv c`‡ÿc ev DbœwZ wn‡m‡e †`wL
bv| A_P †f‡e †`L‡j, gvby‡li BwZnv‡m ivbœvi ¸iæZ¡
Acwi‡gq| ivbœvi d‡j cÖK…wZi Lv`¨m¤¢v‡i bZzb bZzb Lvev‡ii
GKwU wekvj m¤¢vebvi Øvi Db¥y³ nq| cÖK…wZ‡Z Ggb A‡bK
LveviB wQj, †h¸‡jv ivbœv Kiv Qvov †L‡q gvbyl nRg Ki‡Z
cviZ bv| D`vniY¯îƒc, Mg, Avjyi g‡Zv Lvevi¸‡jvB gvbyl
ivbœv Kiv Qvov †L‡Z cviZ bv| ivbœv †kLvi d‡j gvbyl A‡bK
bZzb bZzb Lvevi LvIqv ïiæ Kij| Av‡iKwU myweav n‡jv, ivbœvi
d‡j RxevYy I ciRxex cÖvYx gviv hvq| we‡kl K‡i gvs‡mi
†ÿ‡Î| Ab¨ Av‡iv A‡bK Lvev‡ii †ÿ‡ÎI Zv-B N‡U| d‡j
GKevi hLb gvbyl ivbœv K‡i Lvevi LvIqv ïiæ Kij, ZLb †_‡K
A‡bK iKg ¯^v¯ ¨SzuwK †_‡K Zviv iÿv †cj| Ab¨_vq bvbv iKg
RxevYy Zv‡ì kix‡i cÖ‡ek KiZ, emevm KiZ, eske„w× KiZ
Ges gvby‡li g„Zzï KviY n‡Zv| ivbœv Kivi d‡j Lvevi wPev‡bvi
mgq wKsev nR‡gi mgqUvI †Mj K‡g| Avgv‡ì Lye Kv‡Qi
AvZ¥xq wk¤úvwÄ M‡o cÖwZw`b cÖvq cuvP NÈv Lvevi wP‡evq|
Zv‡ì cwicvKZš¿ hv‡Z mn‡R G Lvevi nRg Ki‡Z cv‡i, Gi
Rb¨B Zviv GgbwU K‡i| hviv Av¸b w`‡q Lvivi ivbœv K‡i Lvq
Zv‡ì Rb¨ mviv w`‡b GK NÈvB G Kv‡Ri Rb¨ h‡_ó Ges
34
Lvevi nRg Kivi RbÏ Zv‡ì A‡bK Kg kw³ e¨‡qi cÖ‡qvRb
nq|
myZivs †`Lv hv‡”Q, ivbœvi Avwe®‥v‡ii d‡j gvby‡li Lvevi
nR‡gi KvRUv A‡bK mnR n‡q †Mj| d‡j gvbyl †Qv‡Uv †Qv‡Uv
ùvZ, A‡cÿvK…Z Kg kw³kvjx †Pvqvj Ges †Qv‡Uv Lv`¨bvwj ev
Aš¿ (Intestine) w`‡qI Abvqv‡m †eu‡P _vK‡Z cvij| wKQz wKQz
we‡klÁ wek^vm K‡ib †h ivbœv K‡i Lvevi LvIqv ïiæi m‡½
gvby‡li Aš¿ ev Lv`¨bvwj †Qv‡Uv nIqv Ges gw¯Í‡®‥i AvKvi
e„w×i mivmwi †hvMv‡hvM Av‡Q| †h‡nZz `xN© Aš¿ Avi e‡ovm‡ov
gw¯Í®‥Ñ `y‡UviB A‡bK †ewk †ewk kw³i ìKvi n‡Zv Pjvi
Rb¨, ZvB I `y‡Uv GKm‡½ _vKvUv †ek Sv‡gjvi e¨vcvi| ZvB,
A‡š¿i AvKvi †Qv‡Uv K‡i Zvi kw³i eënvi Kwg‡q ivbœv
Avgv‡ì Av‡iv e‡ov gw¯Í‡®‥i AwaKvix cÖvYx‡Z iƒcvšÍwiZ
nIqvi c_ myMg K‡i w`j| Avi Zvi d‡jB cieZ©xKv‡j
wbqvÛv_©vj Avi †mwc‡q‡Ýi D™¢e n‡jv|1
Avi GRb¨B eû weÁvbx e‡j _v‡Kb †h, gvbyl Ges Ab¨vb¨
cÖvYxi g‡a¨ cÖ_g †h e‡ov iKg cv_©K¨ •Zwi nq, †mUv Av¸‡bi
Kvi‡YB| Av¸b‡K Avq‡Ë G‡bB gvbyl Ab¨vb¨ cÖvYx †_‡K
wb‡R‡ì‡K DuPz ch©v‡q DcbxZ K‡i‡Q| cÖK…wZ‡Z cÖvq mg¯Í
cÖvYxi kw³B g~jZ Zv‡ì kvixwiK kw³i Ici wbf©i K‡i| Avi
kix‡ii kw³ wbf©i K‡i Zvi †cwki kw³gËv wKsev ùv‡Zi
AvKv‡ii Ici| cÖvYxwU hw` cvwL nq, Zvn‡j Wvbvi AvK…wZI
Zvi kw³ Rvbvb †`q| hwÌ GUv mZ¨ †h, wb‡Ri kvixwiK
kw³i evB‡i wKQz wKQz cÖvYx cÖvK…wZK kw³‡KI Kv‡R jvMv‡Z
cv‡i, wKš‧ †mUvi Ici †Kv‡bv wbqš¿Y Zv‡ì _v‡K bv| †hgb,
BM‡jiv Lye mnRvZfv‡eB wPwýZ Ki‡Z cv‡i †Kv‡bv RvqMvq
Mig evZvm eB‡Q wK bv| ZLb Zviv †mLv‡b Zv‡ì cvLv †g‡j
a‡i hv‡Z Mig evZvm Zv‡ì †V‡j Ic‡ii w`‡K †Zv‡j| wKš‧
Mig evZv‡mi GB ¯Íi¸‡jv †Kv_vq I KLb •Zwi n‡eÑ G
e¨vcv‡i BM‡ji †Kv‡bv wbqš¿Y †bB| GgbwK hLb cvLv †g‡j
Zviv GB Mig evZvm eënvi K‡i Ic‡ii w`‡K I‡V ZL‡bv
35
Zv‡ì †Kv‡bv wbqš¿Y _v‡K bv GB evZv‡mi Ici| evZv‡mi
KZUzKz kw³ Zviv Kv‡R jvM‡Z cvi‡e, GUv wbf©i K‡i Zv‡ì
Wvbvi we¯Ív‡ii Ici, Zv‡ì B‡”Qi Ici bq|
gvbyl hLb Av¸b‡K Avq‡Ë Avb‡Z wkLj, ZLb Zviv Ggb
GKwU kw³i wbqš¿Y nv‡Z †cj, hvi m¤¢ve¨ eënvi AdzišÍ|
BM‡ji †Kv‡bv wbqš¿Y †bB Mig evZv‡mi ¯Í‡ii Ici| wKš‧
gvbyl †h-†Kv‡bv mgq PvB‡jB Av¸b R¡vjv‡Z cv‡i| GUv gvby‡li
wm×v‡šÍi e¨vcvi| Zvi †P‡q e‡ov K_v n‡jv Av¸‡bi kw³
gvby‡li kvixwiK kw³i Ici wbf©ikxj bq| GKRbgvÎ gwnjv
†h GKwU evwZ ev PKgwK cv_i eënvi Ki‡Z cv‡i, †m PvB‡j
NÈvLv‡b‡Ki g‡a¨ cy‡iv GKwU eb R¡vwj‡q w`‡Z cv‡i| e¯‧Z
Av¸b‡K Avq‡Ë AvbvUv wQj gvby‡li fwel¨r‡K wbqš¿Y Kivi
GKUv c~e©vfvm gvÎ| †m mgq Av¸b‡K wbqš¿Y Kiv wQj
AvR‡Ki AvYweK †evgv evbv‡bvi c‡_ cÖ_g c`‡ÿc!
nviv‡bv fvB‡ev‡bi †Luv‡R

Av¸‡bi eënvi AvqË Kivi c‡iI cÖvq †ò jvL eQi Av‡Mi
gvbyl Ab¨vb¨ cÖvYx‡ì †_‡K wb‡R‡ì Lye GKUv Avjv`v K‡i
Zzj‡Z cv‡iwb| nu¨v, Av¸‡bi e‡`․j‡Z Zv‡ì Szwj‡Z hy³
n‡q‡Q bZzb wKQz `ÿZvÑ Zviv GLb wmsn‡K Kv‡Q †Nul‡Z †`q
bv, kx‡Zi iv‡Z K…wÎg DËvc Dc‡fvM K‡i, GgbwK †Qv‡UvLv‡Uv
GKUv R½j R¡vwj‡q w`‡ZI cv‡i| Zvi ciI, B‡›`v‡bwkqvi
ØxccyÄ Avi AvB‡eixq DcØx‡c (eZ©gvb †¯úb I cZzM© vj
AÂj) ZLb me wgwj‡q †gvU 10 jvL gvbylI wQj bv| wekvj
ev¯‧Z‡š¿i g‡a¨ †mUv wQj wbZvšÍ bMY¨|
G mgqUv‡Z †nv‡gv †mwc‡qÝ cÖRvwZwU c„w_ex‡Z wU‡K
_vK‡jI Zv‡ì m¤ú~Y© Dcw¯ wZ wQj †Kej Avwd«Kvi GK
†Kv‡Y| weeZ©‡bi wVK †Kvb ch©vq †_‡K GB cÖvYxwU‡K †nv‡gv
†mwc‡qÝ e‡j WvKv hvq, †mUv wVKVvK wbY©q Kiv hvq bv| Z‡e
GLb †_‡K cÖvq †ò jvL eQi Av‡Mi c~e© Avwd«Kvi gvbyl¸‡jv
36
†`L‡Z †h wVK Avgv‡ì g‡ZvB wQjÑ G e¨vcv‡i †ewkifvM
weÁvbxB GKgZ| ZLbKvi GKUv gvby‡li g„Z‡`n hw` NUbvP‡µ
AvR‡Ki †Kv‡bv g‡M© P‡j Av‡m, †m g„Z‡`n‡K †`‡L
AvcvZ`„wó‡Z †KD ej‡Z cvi‡e bv †mUv GLbKvi bv †ò jvL
eQi Av‡Mi| †mB †ò jvL eQi Av‡MB gvby‡li ùvZ I †Pvqvj
†Qv‡Uv n‡q G‡m‡Q, Avi gw¯Í®‥ n‡q‡Q A‡bK e‡ov| Gi cy‡iv
K…wZZ¡ n‡jv Av¸‡bi|
we‡klÁiv G e¨vcv‡iI GKgZ †h, cÖvq 70 nvRvi eQi
Av‡M wKQz †mwc‡qÝ c~e© Avwd«Kv †_‡K Avie DcØx‡c †cu․‡Q|
†mLvb †_‡K Zviv Lye `ªæZ cy‡iv BD‡iwkqvq we¯Ívi jvf K‡i|
BD‡iwkqv n‡jv BD‡ivc Ges Gwkqvi GKwÎZ GjvKv|
†mwc‡qÝ hLb ga¨cÖv‡P¨ Av‡m ZLb BD‡iwkqvi †ewkifvM
GjvKv Ab¨vb¨ cÖRvwZi gvby‡l ficyi| cieZ©x mg‡q †Kv_vq
nvivj gvby‡li Ab¨vb¨ cÖRvwZi m`mïv? G e¨vcv‡i `y‡Uv
ci¯úiwe‡ivax ZË¡ Av‡Q| Zvi GKUv n‡jv msKi cÖRbb
(Interbreeding) ZË¡| GB ZË¡ wb‡Ri cÖRvwZi m`m¨ Ges Ab¨
cÖRvwZi m`m¨‡ì m‡½ GKwU cÖvYxi cÖRbb m¤^‡Ü Av‡jvPbv
K‡i| G ZË¡ Abymv‡i, Avwd«Kvi gvbyl c„w_ex‡Z Qwo‡q covi
m‡½ m‡½ GK cÖRvwZi gvbyl Av‡iK cÖRvwZi gvby‡li m‡½
cÖRb‡b wjß nq| Avi AvR‡Ki AvaywbK gvbyl GB msKi
cÖRb‡bi djvdj|
D`vniY¯îƒc, hLb †mwc‡qÝ ga¨cÖvP¨ I BD‡iv‡c †cu․Qj
ZLb Zv‡ì †`Lv n‡jv wbqvÛv_©vj‡ì m‡½| Avgiv Av‡MB
Av‡jvPbv K‡iwQ, wbqvÛv_©vjiv †cwkeûj wQj| Zviv
†mwc‡qÝ‡ì †P‡q VvÛv AvenvIqvq A‡bK fv‡jvfv‡e Lvc
LvB‡q wb‡Z †c‡iwQj| Zv‡ì gw¯Í‡®‥i AvKviI †mwc‡qÝ‡ì
†P‡q e‡ov wQj| Zviv A‡¯¿i eënvi RvbZ, Av¸b wbqš¿Y
Ki‡Z cviZ Ges me iKg wkKv‡i Zviv †mwc‡qÝ‡ì †P‡q
A‡bK †ewk cvi`k©x wQj| cyivZvwË¡‡Kiv kvixwiK cÖwZeÜKZv
wb‡q A‡bKw`b †eu‡P _vKv wbqvÛv_©vj gvby‡li †`nve‡kl
†c‡q‡Qb, hv †_‡K aviYv Kiv hvq Zviv Amy¯  I `ye©j‡ì hZœ
37
wbZ| GLbKvi wewfbœ e¨½wP‡Î wbqvÛv_©vj‡ì‡K Amf¨, wb‡e©va
cïZzj¨ ¸nvgvbeiƒ‡c wPwÎZ Kiv nq, wKš‧ mv¤cÖwZK cÖgvY
†gv‡UB Zv e‡j bv|
msKi cÖRbb ZË¡ e‡j, hLb †mwc‡qÝ wbqvÛv_©vj‡ì
GjvKvq, gv‡b BD‡ivc Ges ga¨cÖv‡P¨ Qwo‡q coj ZLb Lye
¸iæZ¡c~Y© GKUv NUbv NUj| †mwc‡qÝ Ges wbqvÛv_©v‡jiv wg‡j
mšÍvb Drcv`b ïiæ Kij| Gfv‡e `ywU cÖRvwZ wg‡j wg‡k GKwU
Rb‡Mvôx‡Z cwiYZ n‡jv| mwZ¨ hw` G NUbv N‡U _v‡K, Zvn‡j
GUv ¯úó cÖZxqgvb †h, BD‡ivc I ga¨cÖv‡Pï †jv‡Kiv weï×
†mwc‡qÝ bq, †mwc‡qÝ Ges wbqvÛv_©v‡ji wgkÖY| GKBfv‡e
msKi cÖRbb ZË¡ Abyhvqx hLb †mwc‡qÝiv 60 nvRvi eQi
Av‡M Px‡b †cu․Qvq, ZLb †mLv‡bI GKB NUbv N‡U| Zviv ¯ vbxq
†nv‡gv B‡i±vm‡ì m‡½ †g‡k Ges mšÍvb Drcv`b ïiæ K‡i|
d‡j Pxb I c~e© Gwkqvi †jvKRbI LuvwU †mwc‡qÝ bq, ¯ vbxq
†nv‡gv B‡i±vm Ges bevMZ †mwc‡qÝ‡ì mswgkÖY|
†gvUvgywU GB n‡jv msKi cÖRbb ZË¡ ev Interbreeding
Theory| GB Z‡Ë¡i wecix‡Z Av‡iKUv ZË¡ Av‡Q, †hUvi bvg
cÖwZ¯ vcb ZË¡ ev Replacement Theory| GB cÖwZ¯ vcb ZË¡
cy‡iv wecixZ ai‡bi GKwU Mí e‡j Avgv‡ì| G Mí
AmwnòzZvi, G Mí N„Yvi Ges m¤¢eZ MYnZ¨viI|
cÖwZ¯ vcb ZË¡ Abyhvqx †mwc‡q‡Ýi m‡½ Ab¨ †Kv‡bv
cÖRvwZi gvby‡li, wbqvÛv_©vj ev B‡i±vm Kv‡iv m‡½ †Kv‡bv
cÖKvi †h․b m¤^Ü msNwUZ nqwb| †mwc‡qÝ I wbqvÛv_©vj‡ì
†`‡ni MVb wfbœ wQj Ges Zv‡ì cÖ‡Z¨‡Ki Avjv`v Avjv`v
†h․bwgjb cÖwµqv wQj| GgbwK Zv‡ì kix‡ii MÜI wfbœ wfbœ
wQj| Ab¨ †Kv‡bv cÖRvwZi m‡½ †h․b wgj‡b Ave× nIqvi cÖwZ
Zv‡ì Lye KgB AvMÖn wQj| hw` †Kv‡bv wbqvÛv_©vj †ivwgI
†mwc‡qÝ Rywj‡q‡Ui †cÖ‡g c‡oI Ges Zv‡ì hw` †Kv‡bv
mšÍvbI nqÑ cÖwZ¯ vcb ZË¡ Abyhvqx G wkïwU n‡e eÜ¨v
(Infertile)| wVK †hfv‡e Mvav I †Nvov wgwjZ n‡Z cv‡i, wKš‧
Zviv ïay cÖRbb-Aÿg L”P‡iiB Rb¥ w`‡Z cv‡i| GKBfv‡e
38
wbqvÛv_©vj †ivwgI Ges †mwc‡qÝ Rywj‡qU †Kej cÖRbb-Aÿg
msKi cÖRvwZiB m„wó Ki‡Z cv‡i|
myZivs, cÖwZ¯ vcb ZË¡ Abyhvqx †mwc‡qÝ I wbqvÛv_©vj GB
`yB Rbmgwó ¯úófv‡e Avjv`v n‡qB iBj| Zvici hLb
wbqvÛv_©vjiv gviv †M‡jv, wKsev Lyb n‡q †Mj, Zv‡ì wRb
(Gene)-¸‡jvI †kl n‡q †Mj| wbqvÛv_©vj gvby‡li weeZ©bI
†_‡g †Mj ZLbB|
GB `„wó‡KvY †_‡K †`L‡j †mwc‡qÝ Ab¨ cÖRvwZ¸‡jvi m‡½
†Kv‡bv iKg m¤úK© ¯ vcb bv K‡iB Zv‡ì ¯ vb m¤ú~Y© `Lj K‡i
wbj| GUvB hw` mZ¨ nq, Zvn‡j ejv hvq †h, AvR‡Ki c„w_exi
cÖ‡Z¨KwU gvbyl †mB 70 nvRvi eQi Av‡MKvi c~e© Avwd«Kvi
gvby‡liB eskai, Avgiv mevB wb‡f©Rvj †nv‡gv †mwc‡qÝ|
g¨vc 1| †nv‡gv †mwc‡qÝ cy‡iv c„w_ex‡K Rq K‡i †djj
weeZ©b cÖwµqvwU GZ axiMwZi †h Gi Rb¨ 70 nvRvi eQi

Avm‡j LyeB Kg mgq| cÖwZ¯ vcb ZË¡ hw` mwZ¨ nq, Zvn‡j
GLbKvi me gvby‡li me wRb Ny‡i wd‡i Kg‡ewk GKB iKg
n‡e| Kv‡RB wfbœ wfbœ RvwZi gvby‡li g‡a¨ wRbMZ cv_©K¨ n‡e
LyeB mvgvb¨| Avevi msKi cÖRbb ZË¡ mZ¨ n‡j Avwd«Kv,
39
BD‡ivc I Gwkqvi gvby‡li wR‡b e‡ov ai‡bi cv_©K¨ †`Lv
hv‡e, †h cv_©‡Kï m~Pbv n‡q‡Q nvRvi nvRvi eQi Av‡M|
mv¤cÖwZK mg‡q cÖwZ¯ vcb ZË¡ †ewk RbwcÖqZv †c‡q‡Q|
Gi c‡ÿ †Rviv‡jv cÖZZ œ vwË¡K cÖgvY wg‡j‡Q Avi GB ZË¡
ivR‣bwZK w`K †_‡K AwaK Dc‡hvMx (Avi weÁvbxivI AvaywbK
gvby‡li wR‡bi wfbœZv †`wL‡q mv¤cÖ`vwqK Kjn •Zwi Ki‡Z
Pvbwb)| wKš‧ 2010 mv‡j Zv Avi a‡i ivLv m¤¢e nqwb| Pvi
eQi †Póvi ci wbqvÛv_©vj wR‡bvg (Genome) cÖKv‡ki d‡j Zv
Avi Pvcv _v‡Kwb| wRb-we‡klÁiv dwmj †_‡K h‡_ó cwigv‡Y
wbqvÛv_©vj gvby‡li wWGbG msMÖn Ki‡Z mg_© n‡q‡Qb| GB
wWGbGi m‡½ mgKvjxb gvby‡li wWGbG Zzjbv K‡i †h djvdj
cvIqv †Mj Zv Pg‡K †Ìqvi g‡Zv|
mgxÿvq †`Lv †Mj, ga¨cÖvP¨ I BD‡iv‡ci eZ©gvb gvby‡li
1 †_‡K 4 kZvsk †g․wjK wWGbG n‡jv wbqvÛvi_©vj wWGbG|
wg‡ji cwigvYUv Lye †ewk bv n‡jI G‡Kev‡i AMÖvn¨ Kivi g‡Zv
bq| K‡qK gvm ci Av‡iv e‡ov GKwU PgK Av‡m| †Wwb‡mvfv
¸nvq cÖvß Rxev‡k¥ iƒcvšÍwiZ gvby‡li AvOy‡ji wWGbG gvbwPÎ
•Zwi Kiv nq| djvd‡j †`Lv †Mj, AvaywbK †gjv‡bwmqvb Ges
A‡÷ªwjqvi Avwèvmx‡ì wWGbGi m‡½ †Wwb‡mvfv gvb‡ei
wWGbG cÖvq 6 kZvsk wg‡j hvq|
Z‡e GLbB †Kv‡bv Dcmsnvi bv UvbvB DwPZ, KviY G M‡elYv
GL‡bv †kl nqwb; †kl ch©š‧ GB djvdj bvI wUK‡Z cv‡i| hw`
GB djvdj¸‡jvB wU‡K _v‡K, Zvn‡j msKi cÖRbb Z‡Ë¡i
mg_©K‡ì `vwe Av‡iKUz †Rviv‡jv n‡e| ZvB e‡j cÖwZ¯ vcb ZË¡‡K
G‡Kev‡i †d‡j †Ìqv hv‡e bv| AvR‡Ki gvby‡li wR‡b wbqvÛv_©vj
I †Wwb‡mvfv gvby‡li wR‡bi cwigvY LyeB Aí, Zv †_‡K †evSv hvq
†mwc‡qÝ‡ì m‡½ Ab¨vb¨ gvbe cÖRvwZ¸‡jvi Ôwg‡k hvIqviÕ
m¤¢vebv †bB ej‡jB P‡j| †mwc‡qÝ‡ì m‡½ gvby‡li Ab¨vb¨
cÖRvwZi wR‡bi cv_©K¨ GZ †ewk wQj bv hv‡Z Zv‡ì mšÍvb Rb¥`vb
e¨vnZ nq, wKš‧ Zvi c‡iI Ggb NUbv wQj weij|
40
Zvn‡j RxeweÁv‡bi `„wó‡KvY †_‡K Avgiv †mwc‡qÝ,
wbqvÛv_©vj Avi †Wwb‡mvfvi ga¨Kvi m¤úK© Kxfv‡e eySe? GUv
cwi®‥vi †h Giv †Nvov I Mvavi g‡Zv m¤ú~Y© Avjv`v cÖRvwZ bq,
Avevi Giv eyjWM I ¯ú¨vwb‡q‡ji g‡Zv GKB cÖRvwZi Avjv`v
m`mÏ wQj bv| Rxewe`¨vq cv_©K¨¸‡jv me mgq mv`v-Kv‡jvi
g‡Zv ¯úó nq bv, Gi g‡a¨ wKQz m‡›`nRbK e¨vcvim¨vcviI
_v‡K| GKB c~e©cyiæl †_‡K D™¢‚Z †Nvov Ges Mvav GKmgq
GKB cÖRvwZi `ywU wfbœ ai‡bi m`m¨B wQj, wVK eyjWM I
¯ú¨vwb‡q‡ji g‡ZvB| Zvn‡j wbðqB Ggb GKUv mgq wQj hLb
GB `yB ai‡bi cÖvYxi AvšÍtcÖRb‡b cÖRbbÿg mšÍvb Rb¥ wb‡Z
cviZ| Zvici Zv‡ì wR‡bi †Kv‡bv GKUv cwieZ©‡bi
(Mutation) Kvi‡Y †mUvI eÜ n‡q †Mj, Avi GB `ywU cÖvYx‡K
weeZ©b GwM‡q wb‡q †Mj `ywU wfbœ c‡_|
Zvn‡j e¨vcviUv ùvov‡”Q Ggb †h, cÖvq 50 nvRvi eQi
Av‡M †mwc‡qÝ, wbqvÛv_©vj I †Wwb‡mvfv wVK Ggb GKUv
cwieZ©‡bi gy‡L c‡owQj| Zviv cy‡ivcywi bv n‡jI cÖvq Avjv`v
Avjv`v cÖRvwZ‡Z cwiYZ nw”Qj| c‡ii Aa¨v‡q Avgiv †`Le,
ZZw`‡b †mwc‡qÝ cÖRvwZwU wbqvÛv_©vj I †Wwb‡mvfv cÖRvwZi
m`m¨‡ì †_‡K ïay kvixwiK ev wRbMZ w`K w`‡qB bq eis
mvgvwRK Kvh©Kjvc I wPšÍv‡PZbvi w`‡K †_‡KI A‡bKUv
Avjv`v n‡q wM‡qwQj| wKš‧ weij NUbv n‡jI, ZL‡bv †mwc‡qÝ
I wbqvÛv_©v‡ji wgj‡b cÖRbbÿg mšÍvb Rb¥`vb m¤¢e wQj| d‡j
`yB cÖRvwZi gvbyl GKm‡½ wg‡k †Mj bv wVKB, wKš‧ wKQz
wbqvÛv_©v‡ji Lye mvgvb¨ cwigvY wRb †mwc‡q‡Ýi †`‡n
mdjfv‡e RvqMv K‡i wbj| GUv wPšÍv Kiv GKB m‡½ A¯^w¯ÍKi
Ges †ivgvÂKiI †h †nv‡gv †mwc‡qÝ †Kv‡bv GK mg‡q Ab¨
GKwU wfbœ cÖRvwZi cÖvYxi m‡½ wgwjZ n‡q‡Q Ges mšÍv‡biI
Rb¥ w`‡q‡Q|
41
3. GKwU wbqvÛv_©vj wkïi KvíwbK cybM©Vb| wRbMZ cÖgvYvw` †_‡K Av›`vR Kiv
hvq †h, AšÍZ wKQzmsL¨K wbqvÛv_©vj gvby‡liv D¾¡j Pvgov Avi Pz‡ji AwaKvix
wQj|
wbqvÛv_©vj Avi †Wwb‡mvfv gvbyl bv nq †mwc‡qÝ‡ì m‡½ wg‡k

†Mj bv, wKš‧ Zviv nvwi‡q †Mj †Kb? GKUv m¤¢vebv n‡jv
†mwc‡qÝivB Zv‡ì wejyß K‡i w`‡q‡Q| aiv hvK wbqvÛv_©vj‡ì
K‡qK nvRvi eQ‡ii Avevm ejKvb DcZ¨Kvq GKw`b GK`j
†mwc‡qÝ G‡m †cu․Qvj| Zviv ILv‡b wM‡qB Lv‡`ï Rb¨ nwiY
wkKvi Avi Mv‡Qi djg~j msMÖn Ki‡Z jvMj| G¸‡jvB wQj
wbqvÛv_©vj‡ì cÖavb Lvevi| †mwc‡qÝiv wkKvi I msMÖ‡n A‡bK
†ewk `ÿ wQj, KviY Zv‡ì cÖhyw³ wQj DbœZ Avi mvgvwRK
eÜbI wQj `„p| d‡j Zv‡ì `ªæZ eske„w× n‡Z _vKj|
Ab¨w`‡K wbqvÛv_©vj‡ì c‡ÿ h‡_ó cwigvY Lv`¨ msMÖn Kiv
42
Ges †eu‡P _vKv w`b‡K w`b KwVb n‡q coj| Zv‡ì g„Zz¨nvi
†e‡o †Mj, Av‡¯Í Av‡¯Í Zviv msL¨vq Kg‡Z Kg‡Z wejywßi
KvQvKvwQ P‡j †Mj| †K Rv‡b, wbqvÛv_©vj‡ì †kl K‡qKRb
nq‡Zv †mwc‡qÝ‡ì `‡jB wg‡k wM‡qwQj|
Avevi GgbI n‡Z cv‡i, hLb †mwc‡qÝ Avi wbqvÛv_©vj‡ì
g‡a¨ Lv`¨ wb‡q Ø‡›Øi m~ÎcvZ n‡jv, ZLb GK `‡ji gvbyl Ab¨
`‡ji gvbyl‡K nZ¨v Ki‡Z ïiæ Kij| mwnòzZv wRwbmUv
†mwc‡qÝ‡ì g‡a¨ eiveiB Kg| AvR‡Ki w`‡bI Mv‡qi is,
ms¯‥…wZ wKsev a‡g©i cv_©‡Kï Kvi‡Y hviv Abvqv‡m wbR cÖRvwZi
Ab¨ `‡ji Ici Lo&Mn¯Í nq, Zviv wK wfbœ cÖRvwZi gvby‡li
Rb¨ Gi †P‡q †ewk mnbkxjZv †`Lv‡e? Kv‡RB GgbUv n‡ZB
cv‡i †h, wbqvÛv_©vj‡ì m‡½ †mwc‡qÝ‡ì Ø‡›Øi d‡jB N‡U
BwZnv‡mi cÖ_g †MvôxMZ MYnZ¨v (Ethnic-cleansing)|
wejywß †hfv‡eB NUzK, wbqvÛv_©vj Ges Ab¨vb¨ gvbe
cÖRvwZ¸‡jv ÔKx n‡Zv hw`Õ bv‡g GKUv ¸iæZ¡c~Y© cÖkœ †i‡L †M‡Q
Avgv‡ì mvg‡b| Kx n‡Zv hw` wbqvÛv_©vj I †Wwb‡mvfv cÖRvwZi
gvby‡livI †mwc‡qÝ‡ì m‡½ evm KiZ AvR‡Ki c„w_ex‡Z?
†Kgb n‡Zv wfbœ cÖRvwZi gvby‡li mswgkÖ‡Y M‡o IVv †mB
mgv‡Ri mvs¯‥…wZK, mvgvwRK I ivR‣bwZK KvVv‡gv? Kxfv‡e
M‡o DVZ Zv‡ì ag©wek^vm? ag©MÖš ¸‡jv wK wbqvÛv_©vj‡ìI
Av`g I B‡fi eskai e‡j ¯^xK…wZ w`Z? whïwLªó wK †Wwb‡mvfv
cÖRvwZi gvby‡li cv‡ci †evSv gv_vq wb‡q g„ZzëiY Ki‡Zb?
†KviAv‡b ewY©Z Rvbœv‡Z wK cÖRvwZwbwe©‡k‡l me cyYëvb gvbylB
¯ vb †c‡Zb? †ivgvb †mbvevwnbx wKsev Px‡bi wekvj ivRZ‡š¿ wK
wbqvÛv_©vj cÖRvwZi †Kv‡bv Kg©Pvix‡K †`Lv †hZ? Av‡gwiKvi
¯^vaxbZvi †NvlYvc‡Î wK Ôme cÖRvwZi gvbyl‡KB mgvbfv‡e m„wó
Kiv n‡q‡QÕÑ G K_vUv‡K mZ¨ e‡j a‡i †bIqv n‡Zv? Kvj©
gvK©m wK me cÖRvwZi gvby‡li Rb¨B cÖPvi Ki‡Zb mvgëv`?
weMZ 10 nvRvi eQi a‡i GB †nv‡gv †mwc‡qÝ cÖRvwZwU
wb‡R‡ì‡K c„w_exi GKgvÎ gvbecÖRvwZ e‡j †f‡e Avm‡Q|
Zv‡ì GB aviYv GZB e×g~j †h Zviv G e¨vcv‡i †Kv‡bv iKg
43
wfbœgZ‡K MÖnY Ki‡Z ivwR bq| gvby‡li Ab¨vb¨ cÖRvwZi
Dcw¯ wZ‡K A¯^xKvi K‡i gvbyl Lye mn‡R wb‡R‡ì m„wói †miv
Rxe Ges Ab¨ me iKg cÖvYx †_‡K Avjv`v fve‡Z cv‡i| Pvj©m
WviDBb hLb ej‡jb, gvbyl Avi `kUv cÖvYxi g‡ZvB Av‡iKwU
cÖvYx, ZLb gvby‡li cÖwZwµqv †gv‡UB fv‡jv nqwb| AvR‡Ki
w`‡bI †m Ae¯ v †Zgb cvjUvqwb| wbqvÛv_©vjiv hw` AvRI
wU‡K _vKZ, Zvn‡jI wK Avgiv wb‡R‡ì‡K mgMÖ cÖvwYRMr
†_‡K Avjv`v K‡i †`LZvg? m¤¢eZ GUvB Avgv‡ì c~e©m~wi‡ì
nv‡Z wbqvÛv_©vj‡ì wbwðý nIqvi KviY| Zv‡ì m‡½ Avgv‡ì
wgj GZ †ewk wQj hv A¯^xKvi Kiv KwVb, Avevi cv_©KÏ GZ
†ewk †h Zv‡ì m‡½ mnve¯ vb Ki‡ZI ivwR nqwb †mwc‡qÝ|
†mwc‡qÝ `vqx †nvK ev bv †nvK, GUv †`Lv †M‡Q †h Zviv
hLbB †Kv‡bv bZzb RvqMvq †cu․‡Q‡Q ZLb †mLvbKvi Avwèvmx
Rb‡Mvôx wbwðý n‡q †M‡Q| †nv‡gv m‡jv‡qbwm‡mi me©‡kl
Aw¯ÍZ¡ wbY©q Kiv n‡q‡Q cÖvq 50 nvRvi eQi Av‡M| Zvi wKQz
c‡iB †nv‡gv †Wwb‡mvfv cÖRvwZwU wejyß nq| wbqvÛv_©vj‡ì
wejywß N‡U cÖvq 30 nvRvi eQi Av‡M| me©‡kl wejyß nq
†d¬v‡iÝ Øx‡ci evgbvK…wZ gvby‡li cÖRvwZwU, cÖvq 12 nvRvi eQi
Av‡M| gvby‡li GBme cÖRvwZ nvwi‡q †M‡Q, wKš‧ Zviv c„w_ex‡Z
†i‡L †M‡Q Zv‡ì †`nve‡kl, cv_‡ii nvwZqvi, Avgv‡ì
wWGbGi g‡a¨ wKQz wRb Avi A‡bK A‡bK AgxgvswmZ cÖk|œ
Avi †i‡L †M‡Q Avgv‡ì, gvby‡li me©‡kl cÖRvwZ †nv‡gv
†mwc‡qÝ‡K|
†mwc‡qÝ‡ì GB wecyj mvd‡jï inm¨ Kx wQj? Kxfv‡e
gvbyl GZ `ªæZ c„w_ex‡Z Qwo‡q coj? Kxfv‡e GZiKg wfbœ
cwi‡e‡k wU‡K _vKj Zviv? gvby‡li Ab¨ cÖRvwZ¸‡jv‡K
wbwðýB-ev Kij Kxfv‡e? k³mg_©, eyw×gvb, kxZmwnòz
wbqvÛv_©vjivB-ev †Kb wUK‡Z cvij bv †mwc‡qÝ‡ì Avµg‡Yi
gy‡L? Gme cÖ‡kœi DËi LyuR‡Z Pj‡Q AšÍnxb weZK©| Gme
cÖ‡kœi GKUv m¤¢ve¨ DËi n‡Z cv‡i fvlv| fvlvi g‡Zv
44
Abb¨mvaviY GKwU •ewkó¨B †mwc‡qÝ‡ì mvnvh¨ K‡i‡Q c„w_ex
Rq Ki‡Z|
45
Aa¨vq 2
Ávbe„‡ÿi †e‡o IVv
Av‡Mi Aa¨v‡q Avgiv †`Ljvg †h, †mwc‡qÝiv Avwd«Kv gnv‡`‡k
cÖvq †ò jvL eQi a‡i emevm K‡i G‡jI, Zviv AvbygvwbK 70
nvRvi eQi Av‡M †_‡K `ywbqv Ry‡o Qwo‡q co‡Z ïiæ K‡i Ges
gvbe †Mv‡Îi Ab¨ cÖRvwZ¸‡jv‡K wejyß K‡i †d‡j| Gi gvSvgvwS
mgqUv‡Z, †mwc‡qÝiv †`L‡Z Avgv‡ì g‡Zv n‡jI Ges Zv‡ì
gw¯Í®‥ Avgv‡ì gw¯Í‡®‥i mgvb e‡ov n‡jI, Zviv Zv‡ì
ÁvwZfvB‡ì †_‡K Lye GKUv G‡Mv‡Z cv‡iwb| Zviv G mgq †Zgb
†Kv‡bv m~² hš¿cvwZ Avwe®‥vi Ki‡Z cv‡iwb wKsev cÖvwYKz‡ji
Ab¨‡ì †P‡q we‡kl †Kv‡bv ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Kv‡Ri bwRiI ivL‡Z
cv‡iwb|
GgbwK †mwc‡qÝ‡ì m‡½ Zv‡ì Av‡iK mg‡MvÎxq
wbqvÛv_©vj‡ì cÖ_g †h jovB‡qi K_v Rvbv hvq, Zv‡Z
wbqvÛv_©vjivB Rqjvf K‡iwQj| †m cÖvq 1 jvL eQi Av‡Mi K_v|
GB mg‡q wKQz †mwc‡qÝ Avwd«Kvi DË‡i bxj b` Ny‡i wmbvB
DcØxc †cwi‡q f‚ga¨mvMixq AÂ‡j †cu․Qvq| GB GjvKv ZLb
wbqvÛv_©vj‡ì `L‡j wQj| †mwc‡qÝiv GLv‡b †cu․Qvevi ci
cÖv_wgKfv‡e GLv‡b ¯ vqx emwZ Mo‡Z e¨_© nq| ¯ vbxq †jvKR‡bi
Amn‡hvwMZv, •eix Rjevqy Avi G AÂ‡ji A‡Pbv †ivM-evjvB GB
e¨_©Zvi m¤¢ve¨ KviY n‡Z cv‡i| †h Kvi‡YB †nvK, †mwc‡qÝiv
GKmgq GB GjvKv †_‡K wcQz n‡U Ges wbqvÛv_©vjivB ga¨ Gwkqv
Ry‡o emevm Ki‡Z _v‡K|
†mwc‡qÝ‡ì GB civR‡qi BwZnvm we‡klÁ‡ì GB aviYv
†`q †h, m¤¢eZ Zv‡ì gw¯Í‡®‥i Af¨šÍixY MVb Avgv‡ì †_‡K
46
wKQzUv n‡jI Avjv`v wQj| Zviv †`L‡Z Avgv‡ì g‡ZvB wQjÑ
wKš‧ Zv‡ì †kLvi, g‡b ivLevi ev ci¯ú‡ii m‡½ †hvMv‡hvM
Kivi ÿgZv wQj LyeB mxwgZ| GB iKg GKRb †mwc‡qÝ
Avgv‡ì AvaywbK †Kv‡bv fvlv wkL‡e, ag©K‡g©i K_v Rvb‡e ev
weeZ©‡bi ZË¡ m¤ú‡K© Ávb jvf Ki‡e, GgbUv Avkv KivB
†evKvwg| Avevi, GiKg GKRb †mwc‡q‡Ýi fvlv †kLv ev Zviv
Kxfv‡e wPšÍv KiZ †mUv †evSvi †Póv Kiv Avgv‡ì eZ©gv‡bi
gvbyl‡ì RbÏ †ek KwVb GKUv KvR|
Gi c‡ii BwZnvm wKš‧ †ek PgKcÖ`| AvbygvwbK 70 nvRvi
eQi Av‡M †_‡K †mwc‡qÝiv ZvK jvMv‡bvi g‡Zv KvRKg© ïiæ
Kij| GB mgqKv‡j †mwc‡qÝiv wØZxq ev‡ii g‡Zv Avwd«Kv
†_‡K †ewi‡q c‡o| Z‡e GBevi Zviv wbqvÛv_©vj Ges gvby‡li
Ab¨vb¨ cÖRvwZ‡K ga¨ Gwkqv †_‡K †Zv e‡UB, GgbwK `ywbqvi
eyK †_‡KB cy‡ivcywi wbwðý K‡i †`q| Lye Aí mg‡qi g‡a¨B
Zviv BD‡ivc Ges ga¨ Gwkqvq †cu․‡Q hvq| cÖvq 45 nvRvi
eQi Av‡M Zviv mvMi cvwo w`‡Z †k‡L Ges A‡÷ªwjqvq †cu․‡Q
hvq| Gi Av‡M GB gnv‡`‡k †Kv‡bv gvby‡liB cv c‡owb| 70
nvRvi eQi Av‡M †_‡K 30 nvRvi eQi Av‡Mi GB mgqUv‡Z
†mwc‡qÝ †b․Kv, †Z‡ji cÖ`xc, wZi-abyK GgbwK myuB-myZv
Avwe®‥vi K‡i †d‡j| kx‡Zi †`‡k Mig Kvco †evbvi Rb¨ GB
myuB-myZv LyeB Riæwi wQj|
†ewkifvM M‡elKB g‡b K‡ib †h, GZme ¸iæZ¡c~Y©
Avwe®‥v‡ii †cQ‡b wbðqB †mwc‡qÝ‡ì eyw×e„wËK `ÿZvi
†Kv‡bv cwieZ©b `vqx| Zv‡ì `vweÑ †h †mwc‡qÝiv wbqvÛv_©vj
bv‡gi cy‡iv GKwU cÖRvwZ‡K `ywbqv †_‡K wPiw`‡bi g‡Zv mwi‡q
w`‡Z cv‡i, mvMi †cwi‡q A‡÷ªwjqvq emwZ ¯ vcb Ki‡Z cv‡i
Ges Rvg©vwbi †÷‡Wj ¸nvq KvíwbK wmsngvb‡ei g~wZ© evbv‡Z
cv‡i Zviv wbðqB Avgv‡ì g‡ZvB eyw×gvb, Avgv‡ì g‡ZvB
m„wókxj Ges Avgv‡ì g‡ZvB ms‡e`bkxj wQj| myZivs
†Kv‡bvfv‡e hw` †÷‡Wj ¸nvq KvR Kiv †mBme wkíx‡ì m‡½
Avgv‡ì †`Lv n‡q hvq, Avgiv Zv‡ì‡K Avgv‡ì fvlv †evSv‡Z
47
cvie Ges †Póv Ki‡j AvgivI Zv‡ì fvlv wkL‡Z cvie|
Avgiv Zv‡ì †kvbv‡Z cvie A¨vwjm Bb IqvÛvij¨vÛ-Gi g‡Zv
Kvwnwb ev †evSv‡Z cvie †Kvqv›Uvg c`v_©we`¨vi ZË¡| GKBfv‡e
ZvivI Avgv‡ì ej‡Z cvi‡e Zv‡ì gvbyl‡ì †Pv‡L †Kgb wQj
Avgv‡ì c„w_ex|
70 nvRvi eQi Av‡M †_‡K 30 nvRvi eQi Av‡Mi GB
mgqUvq †mwc‡qÝ‡ì GB †h bZzbfv‡e wPšÍv Kivi Ges
†hvMv‡hvM Kivi ÿgZvi m~Pbv n‡jv, †mUv‡K Avgiv ejwQÑ
eyw×wfwËK wecøe| GB wecøe Kxfv‡e m¤¢e n‡jv? Avgiv GL‡bv
mwVKfv‡e †mUv Rvwb bv| GB cÖ‡kœi DËi wn‡m‡e †h ZË¡
me‡P‡q †ewk cÖPwjZ †mUv Rvbevi Rb¨ Avgv‡ì GKUz weÁv‡bi
AvwObv †_‡K Ny‡i Avm‡Z n‡e| weÁvb e‡jÑ ÔwRbÕ (gene)
n‡jv RxešÍ cÖv‡Yi eskMwZi AvYweK GKK| GKwU Rx‡ei
eskMZfv‡e cÖvß •ewkó¨¸‡jvi Rb¨ hv `vqx, Zv-B wRb| GB
wRb¸‡jvi wewfbœZvi Kvi‡Y GKwU Rxe‡Mvôxi wewfbœ m`m¨‡ì
g‡a¨ eskMZ •ewk‡ó¨ cv_©K¨ m„wó nq| GB wfbœZvi Kvi‡YB
†KD Rb¥MZfv‡e GKUz ivMx, †KD PzcPvc| †KD †Ljvayjvq
†P․Km, †KD †jLv‡jwL‡Z| wR‡bi Af¨šÍixY MV‡bi cwieZ©b‡K
Avgiv ewj wR‡bi Ôcwie¨w³Õ (Mutation)| wR‡bi cwie¨w³i
gva¨‡g Rx‡ei wbw`©ó †Kv‡bv eska‡i bZzb •ewk‡óï D™¢e n‡Z
cv‡i ev cy‡iv‡bv •ewk‡óï cwieZ©bI NU‡Z cv‡i|
Gev‡i Av‡Mi cÖ‡kœ †div hvK| †mwc‡qÝ‡ì Ôeyw×wfwËK
wecøeÕ Gi KviY wn‡m‡e me‡P‡q cÖPwjZ gZev‡` ejv nq
†gvUvgywU 70 nvRvi eQi Av‡M †mwc‡qÝ‡ì wR‡bi †Kv‡bv
AvKw¯§K cwie¨w³ (Mutation) Zv‡ì gw¯Í‡®‥i wbDi‡bi g‡a¨
ms‡hv‡Mi c×wZ cvj‡U †`q| Gi d‡j Zviv G‡K Ac‡ii m‡½
Av‡iv mv_©Kfv‡e †hvMv‡hvM Kivi Rb¨ m¤ú~Y© bZzb GK fvlv
AvqË Ki‡Z cv‡i| Avgiv GB iƒcvšÍ‡ii bvg w`‡Z cvwiÑ ÔÁvb
e„‡ÿi iƒcvšÍiÕ (Tree of Knowledge Mutation)| GLb
¯^vfvweKfv‡eB cÖkœ Avm‡Z cv‡i ïay †mwc‡qÝ‡ì wR‡bB †Kb
GB iƒcvšÍi n‡jvÑ wbqvÛv_©vj ev gvby‡li Ab¨vb¨ cÖRvwZi †ÿ‡Î
48
GB iƒcvšÍi n‡jv bv †Kb? Gi DË‡i ejv hvq, wR‡bi GB
iƒcvšÍ‡ii e¨vcviUv cy‡ivcywi AvKw¯§K| NUbvµ‡g GUv
†mwc‡qÝ‡ì †ÿ‡Î N‡U‡QÑ GUv wbqvÛv_©vj ev gvby‡li Ab¨
†Kv‡bv cÖRvwZi †ÿ‡ÎI NU‡Z cviZ| wKš‧ GB iƒcvšÍ‡ii
Kvi‡Yi †P‡q GB ÔÁvbe„‡ÿi iƒcvšÍiÕ-Gi d‡j Kx Kx cwieZ©b
n‡jv †mUv Rvbv A‡bK †ewk Riæwi| cÖkœ Rv‡M, †mwc‡qÝ‡ì
GB bZzb fvlvq Ggb Kx we‡klZ¡ wQj, hv Zv‡ì‡K cy‡iv `ywbqv
Rq Kivi ÿgZv w`‡q w`j?*
cÖm½Z e‡j †bIqv ìKvi, †mwc‡qÝ‡ì GB fvlv wKš‧
`ywbqvi cÖ_g fvlv bq| †hvMv‡hv‡Mi Rb¨ cÖ‡Z¨K cÖvYxi
wb‡R‡ì fvlv Av‡Q| cÖ‡Z¨K †cvKvgvKo, †hgb wcucov I
†g․gvwQ fv‡jvg‡ZvB Rv‡b Kxfv‡e wb‡R‡ì g‡a¨ †hvMv‡hvM
Ki‡Z nq, Kxfv‡e Lvev‡ii LeivLei Ab¨‡ì Kv‡Q †cu․‡Q w`‡Z
nq| hw` ïay gy‡Li fvlv we‡ePbv Kwi, †mB wn‡m‡eI
†mwc‡qÝ‡ì GB fvlv cÖ_g fvlv bq| A‡bK cÖvYxi, †hgbÑ
Mwijv, wk¤úvwÄ Ges evb‡ii A‡bK cÖRvwZi wbR¯^ gy‡Li fvlv
Av‡Q| D`vniY wn‡m‡e †mvbvwj-meyR ckgIqvjv GK RvZxq
evb‡ii bvg Kiv hvq (Green Monkey ev meyR evbi), hviv
G‡K A‡bï m‡½ †hvMv‡hvM Kivi Rb¨ wewfbœ †g․wLK aŸwb
eënvi K‡i| RxeweÁvbxiv GiKg GKwU aŸwbms‡KZ kbv³
K‡i‡Qb hvi A_©Ñ Ômveavb! BMj Avm‡QÕ| GKUz Avjv`v GKUv
aŸwbms‡KZ †evSvqÑ Ômveavb! wmsn Avm‡QÕ| M‡elKiv hLb
cÖ_g aŸwbms‡KZwU †iKW© K‡i GK`j meyR evbi‡K
†kvbvw”Q‡jbÑ ûU K‡i evbi¸‡jv †_‡g †Mj Ges fqvZ© †PvL
wb‡q Ic‡ii w`‡K ZvKvj| hLb GKB evb‡ii `j‡K wØZxq
*
GLvb †_‡K ïiæ K‡i cieZ©x Ask¸‡jv‡Z Avgiv †mwc‡q‡Ýi fvlv
ej‡Z Zv‡ì mvaviY fvlvMZ `ÿZvi K_v eySe, fvlvi †Kv‡bv wbw`©ó
AvÂwjK iƒc‡K bq| Bs‡iwR, wnw›`, evsjv, •PwbK G‡ì me¸‡jvB
†mwc‡q‡Ýi GB mvaviY fvlviB bvbvb iƒc| GgbwK, aviYv Kiv nq,
eyw×wfwËK wecø‡ei mg‡qI †mwc‡q‡Ýi bvbv `j ev †Mvôx fvlvi bvbvb
iƒc eënvi KiZ|
49
aŸwbms‡KZwU †kvbv‡bv n‡jvÑ †hUv wmsn Avmvi ms‡KZÑ m‡½
m‡½ evbi¸‡jv jvd w`‡q Mv‡Q P‡o emj| †mwc‡qÝ evb‡ii
†P‡q A‡bK †ewk ai‡bi aŸwbms‡KZ •Zwi Ki‡Z cv‡i, Z‡e
wZwg I nvwZiI GiKg A‡bK ai‡bi aŸwb •Zwii ÿgZv Av‡Q|
AvBb÷vBb aŸwb eënvi K‡i hv ej‡Z cv‡ib, GKUv
†ZvZvcvwLI ï‡b ï‡b †mB K_v¸‡jvB ej‡Z cv‡i, GgbwK †m
†dvb evRvi kã, ìRv av°v‡bvi kã ev `gK‡ji mvB‡i‡bi
kãI bKj Ki‡Z cv‡i| Zvi gv‡b †evSv hv‡”Q, ïay aŸwb
D”PviY Ki‡Z cvivUvB AvBb÷vB‡bi we‡klZ¡ bq| A‡bK iKg
aŸwb •Zwii ÿgZv‡K ev` w`‡j, Kx †mB we‡kl welq hvi Rb¨
Avgv‡ì fvlv GZUv ¸iæZ¡c~Y©, GZUv Kvh©Ki?
GB cÖ‡kœi †ek mnR Ges eûj cÖPwjZ GKwU DËi Av‡Q|
†mUv n‡jvÑ Avgiv gvby‡liv wKQz mxwgZmsL¨K aŸwb Ges
cÖZxK‡K wewfbœfv‡e †Rvov jvwM‡q AmxgmsL¨K evK¨ •Zwi
Ki‡Z cvwi, †hB evK¨¸‡jv cÖ‡Z¨‡K wfbœ wfbœ A_© enb K‡i|
GBfv‡e Avgiv c„w_ex m¤ú‡K© A‡bK iKg Z_¨ Rvb‡Z cvwi,
Rgv Ki‡Z cvwi Ges Ab¨‡ì Rvbv‡Z cvwi| GKUv meyR evbi
Zvi m½x‡ì wPrKvi K‡i Rvbvb w`‡Z cv‡iÑ Ômveavb! wmsn
Avm‡QÕ| wKš‧ GKRb AvaywbK gvbyl Zvi eÜz‡K Gfv‡e ej‡Z
cv‡i †h, AvR mKv‡j b`xi av‡i GKUv wmsn GKUv evBmb‡K
Zvov KiwQj| †m GUvI ej‡Z cv‡i wVK †Kvb RvqMvq †m
NUbvUv NU‡Z †`‡L‡Q, †Kvb †Kvb iv¯Ív w`‡q RvqMvUv‡Z
†cu․Qv‡bv hvq| GB Z_¨¸‡jv wb‡q Zvi m½x-mvw_iv Avjvc
Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z cv‡i Ges wm×všÍ wb‡Z cv‡i G Ae¯ vq
evBmbUv‡K wkKvi Ki‡Z hvIqvUv DwPZ KvR n‡e wK bv|
G e¨vcv‡i Av‡iKUv ZË¡ hv e‡j Zv n‡jvÑ †mwc‡qÝ‡ì
GB fvlvi D™¢e n‡q‡Q Avgv‡ì Pvicv‡ki c„w_ex-m¤úwK©Z
Z_¨vw` G‡K Ab¨‡K Rvbv‡bvi Rb¨| Avi GUv †Zv Rvbv K_v †h,
wmsn Avi evBm‡bi g‡Zv RxeRš‧i Le‡ii †_‡K Ab¨vb¨ gvbyl-
m¤úwK©Z Z_¨ Avgv‡ì A‡bK †ewk AvKl©Y K‡i| Avgiv
gvby‡liv Mí ïb‡Z, gvbyl‡K wb‡q Mí Ki‡Z †ewk cQ›` Kwi|
50
ZvB ej‡Z cvwi, Avgv‡ì fvlvi D™¢e n‡q‡Q g~jZ wb‡R‡ì
wb‡q Mí Kivi, AvÇvevwR Kivi GgbwK wb›`v Kivi Dcvq
wn‡m‡e| GB ZË¡vbyhvqx gvbyl Rb¥MZfv‡eB mvgvwRK cÖvYx|
mvgvwRK mn‡hvwMZv Avgv‡ì wU‡K _vKv Ges eskwe¯Ív‡ii Rb¨
Acwinvh©| ïay wmsn ev evBm‡bi m¤ú‡K© RvbvB †Kv‡bv gvby‡li
Rb¨ h‡_ó bq| Gi †P‡q GKB †Mvôxi gvby‡li g‡a¨ †K Kv‡K
wnsmv K‡i, Kvi m‡½ Kvi we‡q n‡jv, †K mr Avi †K Amr GUv
Rvbv gvby‡li Rb¨ A‡bK Riæwi|
4. nvwZi ùv‡Zi •Zwi GKwU wmsngvb‡ei (wmsnxgvbexI n‡Z cv‡i) g~wZ©| GUv
cvIqv wM‡q‡Q Rvg©vwbi ÷¨v‡Wj ¸nvq (cÖvq 32 nvRvi eQi cy‡iv‡bv)| g~wZ©i
kixiUzKz gvby‡li g‡Zv wKš‧ gv_vUv wms‡ni g‡Zv| GUvB m¤¢eZ gvby‡li wk‡íi
wKsev a‡g©i wKsev Aev¯Íe wRwbm Kíbv Kivi ÿgZvi cÖ_g AKvU¨ cÖgvY|
51
gvby‡li m‡½ gvby‡li GB wbqZ cwieZ©bkxj m¤úK© m¤^‡Ü
†LuvRLei ivL‡Z †M‡j hZLvwb Z_¨ msMÖn I msiÿY Kivi
cÖ‡qvRb c‡o Zvi cwigvY wekvj (50 R‡bi GKwU `‡j, 1
nvRvi 225 fv‡e GK Rb gvby‡li m‡½ Av‡iKRb gvby‡li
m¤úK© n‡Z cv‡i| GKRb gvby‡li m‡½ GKvwaK gvby‡li
m¤ú‡K©i iKg‡d‡ii wnmve KivUvB cÖvq Am¤¢e gvby‡li c‡ÿ)|
me bievbi wb‡R‡ì GBme mvgvwRK m¤ú‡K©i Z_¨ m¤^‡Ü
Rvb‡Z AvMÖnx, wKš‧ fvlv myweavRbK bv nIqvi Kvi‡Y Zv‡ì
c‡ÿ GB me welq wb‡q AvÇv †Ìqv ev Mí Kiv †ek KwVb
wQj| GgbwK wbqvÛv_©vj ev GK`g Avw`g hy‡Mi †nv‡gv
†mwc‡qÝ‡ìI K_v ejvi GB e¨vcviUv wb‡q †ek mgm¨vq
co‡Z n‡qwQj| wKš‧ GB K_v ejvi e¨vcviUv A‡bKRb GKm‡½
wg‡jwg‡k _vK‡Z †M‡j wbZvšÍB Acwinvh© wQj| bZzb ai‡bi
fvlv Ñ †hUv †mwc‡qÝiv †gvUvgywU 70 nvRvi eQi Av‡M iß
Ki‡Z †c‡iwQj Ñ GB fvlv Zv‡ì‡K NÈvi ci NÈv LybmywU
Kivi, Mí Kivi GgbwK ciwb›`v Kivi GKUv my‡hvM K‡i w`j|
K_v e‡j gvbyl eyS‡Z wkLj `‡ji Kvi Ici fimv ivLv hvq,
Avi Kvi †_‡K mveav‡b _vKv fv‡jv| GB eyw× †Qv‡Uv †Qv‡Uv
gvbe‡Mvôx‡K e‡ov e‡ov gvbe‡Mvôx‡Z cwiYZ nIqvi my‡hvM
K‡i w`j| †mwc‡qÝ Zvi d‡j Av‡iv mwVKfv‡e Av‡iv RwUj
mvgvwRK m¤úK© M‡o Zzj‡Z mÿg n‡jv|1
AvÇv, LybmywU ev ciPP©v Kivi Rb¨B †mwc‡qÝ‡ì fvlvi
weKvk N‡U‡Q Ñ GiKg GKwU ZË¡‡K Avgiv ÔciPP©v ZË¡Õ
(Gossip Theory) bv‡g WvK‡Z cvwi| hwÌ ciPP©vi Rb¨B
fvlvi weKvk N‡U‡Q Ñ GB K_vUv ïb‡Z AvcvZfv‡e A‡bK
nvm¨Ki g‡b nq, wKš‧ G-msµvšÍ A‡bK M‡elYvB wKš‧ GB
ZË¡‡K mg_©b K‡i| GgbwK AvR‡Ki `ywbqvi K_v hw`
fvweÑGL‡bv gvby‡li m‡½ gvby‡li †ewkifvM Avjvc-Av‡jvPbvi
welq Ry‡o _v‡K Ac‡i Kx Kij, Kx †Lj, †Kv_vq †Kv‡bv
gyL‡ivPK ev A™¢zZ NUbv NUjÑGme wb‡q; †nvK †m B‡gB‡j,
†dv‡b wKsev msev`c‡Îi cvZvq| ciPP©v Kivi e¨vcviUv
52
Avgv‡ì GZUvB g¾vMZ †h gv‡Sg‡a¨ mwZ¨B g‡b nq, eywS-ev
Mí¸Re Avi ciwb›`v-ciPP©v Kivi Rb¨B gvby‡li fvlvi DrcwË
I weKvk n‡q‡Q| Avcbv‡ì wK g‡b nq GKRb BwZnv‡mi
Aa¨vcK `ycy‡ii LvIqv`vIqv Kivi mgq wØZxq wek^hy‡×i KviY
wb‡q Av‡jvPbv K‡ib ev GKRb wbDwK¬qvi c`v_©weÁvbx Kwd
LvIqvi duv‡K duv‡K †KvqvK© wb‡q †Kv‡bv m‡¤§j‡bi e¨vcv‡i
Av‡jvPbv K‡ib? nüv, gv‡Sg‡a¨ †h K‡ib bv Zv bq| wKš‧
†ewkifvM mg‡qB Zv‡ì Av‡jvPbv Ry‡o _v‡K †Kvb Aa¨vcK
ciKxqv Ki‡Z wM‡q eD‡qi Kv‡Q aiv coj, wefvMxq cÖavb
Kxfv‡e wW‡bi m‡½ Zzgyj SMov evavj wKsev †Kvb Aa¨vcK
M‡elYvi UvKv †g‡i wejvmeûj Mvwo wKbj|
m¤¢eZ fvlvi DrcwË I weKv‡ki KviY wn‡m‡e ÔciPP©v ZË¡Õ
Ges Ôb`xi-cv‡o-GKwU-wmsn-wQj ZË¡Õ G `y‡UvB mwVK| hwÌ
gvby‡li m¤ú‡K©, wms‡ni m¤ú‡K© ev `„k¨gvb c„w_ex m¤ú‡K©
Avkcv‡ki gvbyl‡K Rvbv‡bvi ÿgZvB gvby‡li fvlvi Abb¨
•ewkó¨ bq| eis G fvlvi Abb¨ •ewkó¨ n‡jv GB fvlvq gvbyl
KvíwbK NUbv ev e¯‧, ev¯Í‡e hvi †Kv‡bv Aw¯ÍZ¡ †bB Zvi Mí
Ab¨‡ì Kv‡Q Ki‡Z cv‡i| Avgiv hZ`~i Rvwb, †mwc‡qÝB
GKgvÎ cÖvYx, hviv †hme wRwbm KL‡bv †Pv‡L †`‡Lwb, ¯úk©
K‡iwb wKsev NªvY †bqwb †mme wb‡qI Ab¨‡ì m‡½ Mí Ki‡Z
cv‡i|
Ôeyw×wfwËK wecøeÕ-Gi m‡½ m‡½ cÖ_gev‡ii g‡Zv DcK_v,
cyivY, Ckî I a‡g©i D™¢e n‡jv| Av‡M A‡bK cÖvYx, GgbwK
†mwc‡qÝI ejZ Ñ Ômveavb! wmsn Avm‡QÕ| eyw×wfwËK wecø‡ei
ci †_‡KB gvbyl GiKg K_v ejvi my‡hvM †cj Ñ Ôwmsn n‡jv
Avgv‡ì †Mv‡Îi Kzj‡èZvÕ| KvíwbK K_vevZ©v ejvi GB
ÿgZvB gvby‡li fvlvi me‡P‡q kw³kvjx Ask|
GB K_vi m‡½ m¤¢eZ Avgiv mevB GKgZ ne †h, GKgvÎ
†mwc‡qÝB Ggb me welq wb‡q K_v ej‡Z cv‡i †h¸‡jvi ev¯Íe
†Kv‡bv Aw¯ÍZ¡ †bB Ges GKw`b mKv‡ji bvkZv Ki‡Z e‡m Zviv
QqUv evbv‡bv Mí wek^vm K‡i em‡Z cv‡i †h¸‡jv ev¯Í‡e
53
Am¤¢e| aiv hvK, GKUv evbi‡K Avcwb M‡íi Q‡j ej‡jbÑ
AvR‡K hw` †m Avcbv‡K GKwU Kjv †`q, ciKv‡j evb‡ii ¯^‡M©
†m 10 nvRvi Kjv cv‡e| evbi‡K A‡bK Kó K‡i Avcwb GB
cÖ¯ÍveUv †evSv‡bvi ciciB †m Avcbvi nvZ †_‡K KjvUv wb‡q
wbwj©ßfv‡e LvIqv ïiæ Ki‡e| †m Avcbvi evbv‡bv ciKv‡ji Mí
†gv‡UB wek^vm Ki‡e bv| Ab¨w`‡K, A‡bK gvbylB wKš‧ G
ai‡bi Mí wek^vm K‡i _v‡K| wKš‧, GZme K_v evwb‡q ejvi
cÖ‡qvRbxqZv Kx? †K bv Rv‡b, evwb‡q evwb‡q ejv wg‡_¨ Mí
Avgv‡ì fzj c‡_ PvwjZ Ki‡Z cv‡i? †Kv‡bv gvbyl‡K hw` cwii
wg‡_¨ Mí †kvbv‡bv nq Ges †m cwii †Luv‡R e‡bi AvbvPKvbv‡P
Nyi‡Z _v‡K, Zvn‡j Zvi bvbv iKg wec‡ì Avk¼v _v‡K| †m
hw` e‡b djg~j ev nwi‡Yi mÜv‡b †hZ, Zvn‡j Zvi wec‡ì
Avk¼v Kg _vKZ Ñ KviY †m mn‡RB djg~j ev Lvevi msMÖn
K‡i †dj‡Z cviZ| wVK GKBfv‡e †KD hw` eb‡èZvi evbv‡bv
M‡í wek^vm K‡i mviv w`b Zvi AvivabvqB e¨¯Í _v‡K, Zvn‡j †m
kÎæi m‡½ hy× Ki‡e KLb, Lvevi †RvMvo Ki‡e KLb wKsev
eskwe¯Ív‡iiB-ev mgq cv‡e KLb?
Avgiv †h †Kej ev¯Í‡ei evB‡ii wRwbm Kíbv Ki‡Z cvwi
Zv-B bq, Avgiv A‡b‡K wg‡jI GKB wRwbm Kíbv Ki‡Z
cvwi| Avgiv mevB wg‡j GKm‡½ RMr Kxfv‡e m„wó n‡jv Zv
wb‡q RíbvKíbv Kwi, G‡KKUv m„wóZË¡ ùvo Kwi‡q Zv‡Z wek^vm
Ki‡Z _vwK| Avgiv A‡÷ªwjqvi Avwèvmx‡ì wb‡q KíKvwnwb
evbvB, AvaywbK iv‡óªi Rb¨ Kíbv w`‡q evbvB ÔRvZxqZvev`Õ|
GBme KíbvRvZ aviYv gvbyl‡K A‡bK e‡ov GKUv `j ev †Mvôx
n‡q Rxeb aviY Kivi GK AmvaviY my‡hvM K‡i †`q| wcucov I
†g․gvwQivI GKm‡½ A‡bK e‡ov `j n‡q RxebaviY K‡i; wKš‧
Zv‡ì KvRK‡g©i cwiwa LyeB mxwgZ Ges Zv‡ì †hvMv‡hvM ïay
cwiwPZ‡ì g‡a¨B mxgve×| †bK‡o I wk¤úvwÄi KvRK‡g©i
cwiwa wKQzUv †ewk, wKš‧ Zv‡ì `j¸‡jv Lye †Qv‡Uv †Qv‡Uv nq
Ges `‡j ïay ZvivB _v‡K, hv‡ì g‡a¨ †PbvRvbv A‡bK †ewk|
Ab¨w`‡K †mwc‡qÝiv AcwiwPZ AmsL¨ †jv‡Ki m‡½ Lye
54
¯^v”Q‡›`¨ †hvMv‡hvM Ki‡Z cv‡i, GKm‡½ _vK‡Z cv‡i| GB
Kvi‡YB †mwc‡qÝ mviv `ywbqvq ivRZ¡ Ki‡Q, Avi Iw`‡K
wcucoviv Avgv‡ì Dw”Qó Lv‡”Q, wk¤úvwÄiv Zvjve× n‡q Av‡Q
Avgv‡ì evbv‡bv wPwoqvLvbvq A_ev M‡elYvMv‡i|
wcD‡Rv Ñ GKwU iƒcK_v

Avgv‡ì ÁvwZfvB wk¤úvwÄiv †Qv‡Uv †Qv‡Uv `j •Zwi K‡i
emevm K‡i| cÖwZUv `‡j K‡qK WR‡bi g‡Zv wk¤úvwÄ _v‡K|
Zviv G‡K Ac‡ii m‡½ Mfxi eÜzZ¡ ¯ vcb K‡i, GKm‡½ wkKvi
K‡i Ges Kuv‡a Kuva wgwj‡q †eeyb, wPZv ev kÎæc‡ÿi wk¤úvwÄi
m‡½ jovBI K‡i| G‡ì mgv‡R GKai‡bi ¯Íiweb¨vm jÿ Kiv
hvq| mvaviYZ cyiæl wk¤úvwÄivB Gme `‡ji `j‡bZv nq|
`j‡bZv‡K ejv nq ÔAvjdv cyiælÕ (Alpha Male)| cÖRv †hgb
ivRv‡K gv_v bZ K‡i Kzwb©k K‡i, A‡bKUv †Zgb K‡iB wk¤úvwÄ
`‡ji evwK m`mïv gv_v wbPz K‡i Ges †NuvZ‡NuvZ kã K‡i
`j‡bZvi cÖwZ AvbyMZ¨ cÖKvk K‡i| ÔAvjdv cyiælÕ Zvi `‡ji
g‡a¨ mvgvwRK k„•Ljv eRvq ivLvi Rb¨ me©‡Zvfv‡e †Póv K‡i|
`‡ji `yR‡bi g‡a¨ gvivgvwi jvM‡j `j‡bZv GwM‡q hvq Ges
gvivgvwi eÜ K‡i| GKUz `yóz cÖK…wZi `j‡bZv n‡j †m AwaKvi
LvwU‡q †ewk Lvevi Lvq Ges wb‡Pi ¯Í‡ii cyiæl‡ì bvix
wk¤úvwÄ‡ì m‡½ wgwjZ n‡Z evav †`q|
hLb `yRb wk¤úvwÄ `j‡bZv nIqvi Rb¨ cÖwZ‡hvwMZv ïiæ
K‡i, Zviv ZLb Ab¨vb¨ wk¤úvwÄ‡ì bvbv †K․k‡j wb‡R‡ì `‡j
†fov‡bvi †Póv K‡i| wb‡Ri `‡ji †jvKR‡bi m‡½ †bZv
c`cÖv_©xi AvšÍwiKZv wbf©i K‡i wKQz wel‡qi Ici, †hgb Ñ †m
Zv‡ì m‡½ wbqwgZ Avwj½b Ki‡Q wK bv, ev”Pv‡ì Pzgy Lv‡”Q wK
bv, ZiæY‡ì bvbv wRwbm †kLv‡”Q wK bv Ges wec‡`-Avc‡`
mvnvh¨ Ki‡Q wK bv| gvby‡li mgv‡Ri †bZviv †hgb †fv‡Ui
Av‡M mevi Kv‡Q hvb, nvZ †gjvb, ev”Pv‡ì gv_vq nvZ eywj‡q
†`b, †miKg wk¤úvwÄ `‡ji †bZv c`cÖv_©xI G mgq Rwo‡q
55
ai‡Z, wcV Pvc‡o w`‡Z Ges ev”Pv‡ì Avì Ki‡Z A‡bKUv
mgq e¨q K‡i| gRvi e¨vcvi n‡jv, me‡P‡q kw³kvjx wk¤úvwÄ
ÔAvjdv cyiælÕ wn‡m‡e wbe©vwPZ nq bv, hvi mg_©K msL¨v †ewk
Ges hvi avivevwnK mg_©b Av‡Q Ggb wk¤úvwÄB ÔAvjdv cyiælÕ
wn‡m‡e wbe©vwPZ nq| GB mg_©K‡kÖwY ïay †h †bZv wbe©vP‡b
Ae`vb iv‡L Ggb bq, •`bw›`b bvbv Kv‡RI Giv mvnvh¨ K‡i
_v‡K| GKB `‡ji †jvKRb wb‡R‡ì m‡½ †ewk mgq KvUvq,
wb‡R‡ì Lvevi fvMvfvwM K‡i Lvq Ges wec‡` G‡K Ab¨‡K
mvnvh¨-mn‡hvwMZv K‡i|
wKš‧ mvgbvmvgwb †hvMv‡hv‡Mi wfwË‡Z M‡o IVv GB †h
†Mvôx ev `j, Gi GKUv mxgve×Zv n‡jv Ñ Gfv‡e Lye e‡ov
AvKv‡ii `j MVb Kiv m¤¢e bq| `yRb wk¤úvwÄ, hviv KL‡bv
G‡K Aci‡K †`‡Lwb, GKm‡½ jovB K‡iwb ev GKm‡½ kjv-
civgk© K‡iwb, Zv‡ì c‡ÿ GKRb Ab¨Rb‡K wek^vm Kiv LyeB
KwVb| GKRb A‡Pbv wk¤úvwÄ Ab¨Rb‡K mvnvh¨ Ki‡e wK
Ki‡e bv, `yBRb A‡Pbv wk¤úvwÄi g‡a¨ Kvi mvgvwRK gh©v`v
DuP‡z Z, Kvi wbPz‡ZÑ Gme Zv‡ì c‡ÿ †evSv LyeB KwVb|2
GKB ai‡bi RxebvPiY Avgv‡ì c~e©cyiæl‡ì mvgvwRK
Rxe‡bI cÖfve we¯Ívi K‡iwQj| wk¤úvwÄi g‡Zv gvby‡li g‡aÏ
`je× nIqvi, G‡K Ac‡ii m‡½ eÜzZ¡ cvZv‡bvi, mvgvwRK
¯Íiweb¨vm •Zwi Kivi, `j †eu‡a wkKvi ev jovB Kivi GKUv
mnRvZ cÖeYZv KvR KiZ| ¯^vfvweKfv‡eB, mnRvZ cÖew„ Ë
†_‡K M‡o IVv GBme †Mvôx ev `j¸‡jv n‡Zv wk¤úvwÄ‡ì
`j¸‡jvi g‡ZvB †Qv‡Uv AvKv‡ii| hLbB `j¸‡jv e‡ov n‡Z
ïiæ KiZ, ZLb `‡ji g‡a¨ bvbv iKg wek„•Ljv †`Lv w`Z Ges
`j¸‡jv bvbv fv‡M wef³ n‡q †hZ| GB †h e‡ov `j wn‡m‡e
_vK‡Z bv cvivi e¨vcvi, GUv †h ïay Lvev‡ii mieivn ev
Ab¨vb¨ myweavwì Ici wbf©i KiZ, Ggb bq| GKUv De©i
DcZ¨Kvq 500 Rb †jvK‡K LvIqv‡bvi g‡Zv km¨ Rb¥v‡jI
ZLbKvi w`‡b 500 Rb †jvK GKm‡½ emevm Kiv Am¤¢e wQj|
KviY, ZLbKvi w`‡bi gvbyl GUv wVK Ki‡Z cviZ bv †h
56
GZ¸‡jv †jv‡Ki g‡a¨ Kv‡K Zviv †bZv wn‡m‡e gvb‡e, †K †Kvb
GjvKvq wkKvi Ki‡e Ges †K Kvi m‡½ †h․bm¤úK© ¯ vcb
Ki‡e|
G Ae¯ vi Aemvb NUj eyw×wfwËK wecø‡ei ci| gvbyl K_v
ej‡Z wkLj| cÖwZ‡ekxi mgv‡jvPbv ev ciPP©v Ki‡Z wkLj Ges
Avðh©RbK n‡jI mwZ¨, GB ciPP©vB gvbyl‡K e‡ov e‡ov Ges
A‡cÿvK…Z ¯ vqx `j ev †Mvôx M‡o Zzj‡Z mnvqZv Kij| wKš‧
GKRb gvbyl KZR‡bi e¨vcv‡iB-ev ciPP©v ev Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z
cv‡i? mgvRweÁvbwfwËK M‡elYv¸‡jv †_‡K †`Lv hvq, Gfv‡e
G‡K A‡bï mgv‡jvPbv ev ciPP©vi gva¨‡g m‡e©v”P 150 R‡bi
GKUv `j MVb Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i, Gi †ewk bq| †ewkifvM
gvbylB 150 Rb gvbyl‡KI KvQ †_‡K Rvb‡Z ev Zv‡ì mevi
m¤ú‡K© gšÍe¨ ev mgv‡jvPbv Kivi e¨vcv‡i Aÿg|
Avðh©RbKfv‡e, mgvRZvwË¡K GB M‡elYvwUi ev¯Íe cÖ‡qvM
wKš‧ Avgiv AvR‡Ki mgv‡RI A‡bK †`L‡Z cvB| GKUz †Lqvj
Ki‡j †`Le, A‡bK e‡ov cÖwZôv‡bi m`m¨msL¨v GB 150
msL¨vwUi wb‡P ev Zvi KvQvKvwQ| GB msL¨vwUi †P‡q Kg m`m¨
msL¨v n‡j †Kv‡bv `j, eëmvq-cÖwZôvb, mvgvwRK gva¨g ev
†mbvevwnbx †Zgb †Kv‡bv AvBbKvbyb QvovB G‡K Aci‡K
mvgbv-mvgwb †Pbvi gva¨‡g ev G‡K A‡bï mgv‡jvPbv Kivi
gva¨‡g Zv‡ì †Mvôx ev `jwU cwiPvjbv Ki‡Z cv‡i|3 30
R‡bi GK cøvUzb •mb¨ ev 100 R‡bi GK †Kv¤úvwb •mb¨
cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ †mbvevwnbxi g‡Zv †Kv‡bv c`we wba©viY ev
K‡Vvi AvBb cÖYq‡bi ìKvi c‡o bv| •mb¨‡ì wb‡R‡ì g‡a¨
mym¤úK© _vK‡j Ges mevB wKQzUv wbqgvbyewZ©Zv †g‡b Pj‡j
mn‡RB †mUv Kiv m¤¢e| GB AvKv‡ii GKwU †Kv¤úvwb‡Z
GKRb m¤§vwbZ mv‡R©›U KL‡bv KL‡bv KwgkbcÖvß Awdmv‡ii
†_‡KI †ewk ¸iæZ¡c~Y© `vwqZ¡ cvjb Ki‡Z cv‡ib, n‡q DV‡Z
cv‡ib Zv‡ì wk‡ivgwY| GKB K_v cÖ‡hvR¨ cvwievwiK
eëmvq¸‡jvi †ÿ‡Î, †hLv‡b mvaviYZ m`m¨msL¨v Lye GKUv
57
†ewk nq bv| GB eëmvq¸‡jv †Kv‡bv cwiPvjbv cwil`, cÖavb
wbe©vnx Kg©KZ©v ev wnmveiÿY wefvM QvovI ¯^”Q‡›` Pj‡Z cv‡i|
wKš‧ hLb †Mvôx ev `‡ji m`m¨msL¨v 150 Qvwo‡q hvq,
Gfv‡e wbqgKvbyb Qvov wb‡R‡ì g‡Zv K‡i †Mvôx cwiPvjbv Kiv
ZLb Am¤¢e n‡q c‡o| GK cøvUzb •mb¨ hZ mn‡R cwiPvjbv
Kiv hvq, nvRvi nvRvi •mb¨ wb‡q MwVZ GKUv wWwfkb †mB
GKB Dcv‡q cwiPvjbv Kiv Am¤¢e| mdj cvwievwiK
eëmvq¸‡jvI ZLbB msK‡Ui m¤§yLxb nq hLb Zviv AvKv‡i
e‡ov n‡q I‡V Ges A‡bK †jvKRb‡K Zv‡ì eëmv‡q wbhy³
K‡i| Zviv hw` GB evowZ †jvKRb‡K mwVKfv‡e cwiPvjbvi
†Kv‡bv †K․kj †ei Ki‡Z bv cv‡i, Zvn‡j Zv‡ì eëmvq fÐyj
n‡Z eva¨|
GB ch©v‡q G‡m Acwinvh©fv‡eB †h cÖkœUv g‡b Av‡m †mUv
n‡jv †mwc‡qÝiv Kxfv‡e GB 150 R‡bi mxgv AwZµg K‡i
nvRvi nvRvi m`‡mï mgš^‡q M‡o Zzjj bMi ev jvL jvL
m`‡mï mgš^‡q M‡o Zzjj mvgªvR¨? Kíbv ev M‡íi D™¢eB
m¤¢eZ GB in‡mï mgvavb| GKwU †jvKK_v ev cyivKvwnwb‡Z
wek^vm Kivi gva¨‡g wecyj cwigvY †jvK †Mvôxe× n‡q emevm
Kivi ÿgZv AR©b K‡i †d‡j|
†h-†Kv‡bv e‡ov AvKv‡ii gvbemsMVbÑ †nvK †mUv AvaywbK
ivóª, ga¨hy‡Mi PvP©, cÖvPxb †Kv‡bv bMi ev †Kv‡bv cÖvPxb b„ZvwË¡K
Rb‡MvôxÑ cÖwZwUi g~‡jB Av‡Q wKQz mvaviY wek^vm, wKQz
DcK_v; hvi Aw¯ÍZ¡ ïay IB †Mvôxi mvgwóK Kíbvq we`¨gvb|
D`vniY¯îƒc, PvP©¸‡jvi g~‡j i‡q‡Q mvaviY ag©xq wek^vm| `yRb
K¨v_wjK m¤cÖ`v‡qi †jvK, hviv †KD KvD‡K †Kv‡bv w`b
†`‡Lwb, ZvivI webv hyw³Z‡K© GKm‡½ gymwjg wba‡bi Rb¨
ag©hy‡× †h‡Z ivwR n‡Z cv‡i ev nvmcvZvj wbg©v‡Yi Rb¨
GKm‡½ Puv`v Zzj‡Z cv‡i| KviY, Zviv `yR‡bB GUv `„pfv‡e
wek^vm K‡i †h, mªóv gvby‡li iƒc aviY K‡i GB c„w_ex‡Z
AeZxY© n‡qwQ‡jb Ges Avgv‡ì `ytL `~i Kivi Rb¨ †¯^”Qvq
µzkwe× n‡q g„ZzëiY K‡iwQ‡jb| ÔivóªÕ bvgK cÖwZôvbwUi g~‡j
58
i‡q‡Q mevi GKB RvZxqZvev‡ì aviYvq wek^vm| `yRb mvwe©qvb
hv‡ì GKR‡bi m‡½ Ab¨R‡bi Av‡M KL‡bv cwiPq nqwb,
ZvivI KL‡bv KL‡bv G‡K Ab¨‡K euvPv‡bvi Rb¨ Rxeb evwR
ivL‡Z cv‡i| GUv m¤¢e nq, KviY, Zv‡ì `yR‡bB mvwe©qvb
RvZxqZvev` wek^vm K‡i, mvwe©qv‡K Zv‡ì gvZ…f‚wg wn‡m‡e Rv‡b
Ges mvwe©qvb cZvKv‡K m¤§vb I kÖ×v K‡i| wePvieë¯ v¸‡jvi
g~‡j Av‡Q Ôb¨vqÕ bvgK aviYvwUi Ici wek^vm| `yBRb AcwiwPZ
AvBbRxex GK‡hv‡M †Póv Ki‡Z cv‡i Zv‡ì m¤ú~Y© A‡Pbv
g‡°j‡K euvPv‡bvi Rb¨| KviY Zviv `yBRbB wek^vm K‡i AvBb,
b¨vqwePvi Ges gvbevwaKvi‡K Ges Gm‡ei iÿvq Zv‡ì‡K
cvwikÖwgK wn‡m‡e †Ìqv A_©‡K|
GB me¸‡jv aviYviB Aw¯ÍZ¡ ïay gvby‡li evwb‡q †Zvjv wKQz
M‡í, †h¸‡jv Zviv wek^vm K‡i Ges G‡K Ac‡ii Kv‡Q Qwo‡q
†`q| gvby‡li GB mgwóMZ Kíbvi evB‡i mgMÖ gnvwe‡k¦ †Kv‡bv
ÔCkîÕ †bB, †Kv‡bv ÔivóªÕ †bB, ÔUvKvÕ e‡j wKQz †bB,
ÔgvbevwaKviÕ †bB, ÔAvBbÕ †bB, †bB †Kv‡bv Ôb¨vqwePviÕ|
gvbyl G K_vUv mn‡RB eyS‡Z cv‡i †h, f‚Z‡cÖZ wKsev
AvZ¥vq wek^vm Kivi ga¨ w`‡q cÖvPxb gvby‡li g‡a¨ GKai‡bi
mvgvwRK eÜb, GKai‡bi mvgvwRK KvVv‡gv •Zwi n‡qwQj| Ges
GB wek^vm¸‡jvB Zv‡ì w`‡qwQj cÖwZ c~wY©gvi iv‡Z Av¸‡bi
Pvicv‡k Ny‡i Ny‡i bvPvi g‡Zv ixwZ ev AvPvi-Abyôvb| †hUv
Avgiv mn‡R eyS‡Z cvwi bv ev eyS‡Z PvB bv †mUv n‡jv,
AvaywbK mvgvwRK msMVb¸‡jvI wVK GKB wbq‡g M‡o I‡V|
eëmvq-evwY‡Rï `ywbqvi K_vB aiv hvK| AvaywbKKv‡ji
eëmvqx I AvBbRxexiv G‡KKRb kw³kvjx Rv`yKi|
cÖvPxbKv‡ji gvbe‡Mvôx¸‡jv‡Z †h ai‡bi Rv`yKi _vKZ Zv‡ì
m‡½ G‡ì GKUvB cv_©K¨| †mUv n‡jv, Zviv Av‡Mi Rv`yKi‡ì
†_‡K A‡bK †ewk PgKcÖ` Mí ej‡Z cv‡i| G ai‡bi PgKcÖ`
M‡íi GKUv PgrKvi D`vniY n‡Z cv‡i ÔwcD‡RvÕ (Peugeot)
†Kv¤úvwbi BwZnvm|
59
c¨vwim †_‡K wmWwb ch©šÍ wewfbœ kn‡i hvZvqvZ Kiv
†gvUiMvwo, UªvK I †gvUimvB‡K‡ji Mv‡q Avav-wmsn Avav-
gvby‡li (Stadel Lion-man) cÖwZK…wZ-msewjZ GKUv wPý cÖvqB
†`Lv hvq| Avav-wmsn Avav-gvby‡li GB wPýUv Avm‡j Rvg©vwbi
÷¨v‡Wj ¸nvq cvIqv hvIqv A‡bK cÖvPxb GKwU g~wZ©i cÖwZiƒc|
GB wPýUv wcD‡Rv †Kv¤úvwbi •Zwi Kiv Mvwo¸‡jvi Rb¨
Acwinvh© GK AjsKvi| wcD‡Rv BD‡iv‡ci me‡P‡q cy‡iv‡bv
Ges e„n`vKvi Mvwo cÖ¯‧ZKvix cÖwZôvb¸‡jvi g‡a¨ Ab¨Zg|
wcD‡Rv †Kv¤úvwb f¨v‡jbwUMwb (Valentigney) bv‡gi GKwU
MÖv‡g cvwievwiK eëmvq wn‡m‡e Mvwo •Zwi Ki‡Z ïiæ K‡i| GB
MÖvgwU wQj ÷¨v‡Wj ¸nv †_‡K 300 wK‡jvwgUvi `~‡i| eZ©gv‡b
GB †Kv¤úvwb‡Z cÖvq 2 jvL †jvK KvR K‡I, hv‡ì †ewkifvMB
G‡K Aci‡K †P‡b bv| wKš‧ GB A‡Pbv †jvK¸‡jv ci¯ú‡ii
m‡½ GZ wbLyuZfv‡e Kv‡Ri mgš^q K‡i †h 2008 mv‡j wcD‡Rv
†Kv¤úvwb cÖvq 15 jvL wewfbœ ai‡bi Mvwo •Zwi K‡i Ges †mLvb
†_‡K Zv‡ì gybvdv Av‡m 550 †KvwU BD‡iv|
GLb, †Kvb A‡_© Avgiv ej‡Z cvwi †h, wcD‡Rv (Peugeot
SA) †Kv¤úvwbwUi Aw¯ÍZ¡ Av‡Q? wcD‡Rv †Kv¤úvwbi evbv‡bv
A‡bK Mvwo Av‡Q, wKš‧ Mvwo¸‡jv‡K wK GKwU †Kv¤úvwb ejv
hvq? hw` wcD‡Rv †Kv¤úvwbi evbv‡bv me¸‡jv Mvwo †f‡O †djv
nq Ges †jvnvj°‡oi †`vKv‡b †mB fvOv UzK‡ivUvKiv¸‡jv
†e‡PI †Ìqv nq, Zvi ciI wKš‧ wcD‡Rv †Kv¤úvwbwU †_‡K
hv‡e| GUv Av‡iv bZzb bZzb Mvwo •Zwi Ki‡e Ges evwl©K Avq-
e¨‡qi cÖwZ‡e`b cÖKvk Ki‡e| †Kv¤úvwbwUi Mvwo evbvevi
KviLvbv Av‡Q, Av‡Q cÖ‡qvRbxq miÄvg Ges wewµ Kivi Rb¨
†`vKvb| †Kv¤úvwb‡Z KvR K‡i A‡bK kÖwgK, wnmveiÿK Ges
Kg©KZ©v; wKš‧ G mewKQzi mgwó‡KI wKš‧ wcD‡Rv †Kv¤úvwb ejv
hv‡e bv| KviY, †Kv‡bv cÖvK…wZK `y‡h©v‡M †Kv¤úvwbi me Kg©Pvix
gviv †h‡Z cv‡i, †Kv¤úvwbwUi me KviLvbv, hš¿cvwZ Ges
†`vKvb¸‡jv aŸsmcÖvß n‡Z cv‡i| Gi ciI †Kv¤úvwbwU UvKv
avi Ki‡Z cvi‡e, bZzb Kg©Pvix wb‡qvM w`‡Z cvi‡e, bZzb K‡i
60
KviLvbv evbv‡Z cvi‡e Ges hš¿cvwZ wKb‡Z cvi‡e| myZivs
Gm‡ei mgwó‡KI wcD‡Rv †Kv¤úvwb ejv hv‡”Q bv| wcD‡Rv
†Kv¤úvwb‡Z Av‡Q A‡bK g¨v‡bRvi Ges Av‡Q A‡bK
†kqvigvwjKI| wKš‧ ZvivI wKš‧ †Kv¤úvwbi Aw¯Í‡Z¡i Rb¨
Acwinvh© bq| me¸‡jv g¨v‡bRvi‡K PvKwi †_‡K eiLv¯Í Kiv
n‡jI Ges †Kv¤úvwbi me¸‡jv †kqvi wewµ K‡i †Ìqv n‡jI
†Kv¤úvwbwU envj Zweq‡Z wU‡K _vK‡e|
5. wcD‡Rv wmsn
wKš‧ GZme K_vi gv‡b wKš‧ GB bq †h, wcD‡Rv †Kv¤úvwb Agi

ev †Kv‡bvwKQz‡ZB Zvi Aw¯ÍZ¡ wejxb nIqvi †Kv‡bv m¤¢vebv
†bB| †hB gyn~‡Z© GKRb wePviK †Kv¤úvwb †f‡O †Ìqvi †NvlYv
†`‡eb, Gi me Kg©Pvix, Kg©KZ©v, wnmveiÿK, g¨v‡bRvi,
†kqvigvwjK mK‡j AÿZ _vK‡jI m‡½ m‡½B wcD‡Rv
†Kv¤úvwbi Aw¯ÍZ¡ wejxb n‡q hv‡e| G †_‡K †evSv hvq, ev¯Íe
`ywbqvi †Kv‡bv e¯‧ ev e¨w³B wcD‡Rv †Kv¤úvwbi wU‡K _vKvi
Rb¨ Acwinvh© bq Ges wcD‡Rv †Kv¤úvwb ev¯Íe RM‡Zi †Kv‡bv
61
e¨w³ ev e¯‧i mgwó bq| Zvn‡j cÖkœ DV‡ZB cv‡i, ev¯Íe `ywbqvq
Av‡`․ wK ÔwcD‡RvÕ e‡j †Kv‡bvwKQzi Aw¯ÍZ¡ Av‡Q?
wcD‡Rv n‡jv Avgv‡ì mgwóMZ Kíbv Øviv m„ó GKwU mËv|
AvBbRxexiv G‡K e‡jb ÔAvBbwm× MíÕ (legal fiction)| Avcwb
AvOyj Zz‡j KL‡bvB G‡K †`Lv‡Z cvi‡eb bv, KviY Gi †Kv‡bv
e¯‧MZ Aw¯ÍZ¡ †bB| wKš‧ GwU GKwU AvBbwm× mËv wn‡m‡e
mgv‡R wU‡K _v‡K| Avcbvi Avgvi g‡Zv GB A`„k¨, KwíZ
mËvwUI wbR †`‡ki cÖPwjZ AvBbKvby‡bi Aaxb| GB KvíwbK
mËvwU Avgv‡ì gvbyl‡ì g‡ZvB GKwU e¨vsK A¨vKvD›U Lyj‡Z
cv‡i, wKb‡Z cv‡i wb‡Ri bv‡g RwgRgv-m¤úwË| Ges gvby‡li
g‡ZvB GB †Kv¤úvwb‡Z hviv KvR K‡i Zviv †Kv¤úvwb‡K
Awfhy³ Ges aŸsmI Ki‡Z cv‡i|
wcD‡Rv n‡jv GKwU we‡kl Nivbvi AvBbwm× M‡íi bvg,
hv‡K Avgiv ewjÑ ÔmxwgZ `vqe×Zvi †Kv¤úvwb (Limited
Liability Company)Õ| GB ai‡bi †Kv¤úvwbi D™¢e gvby‡li
Abb¨ D™¢vebxkw³i GK ¸iæZ¡c~Y© `„óvšÍ| jvL jvL eQi gvbyl
GBme †Kv¤úvwb QvovB KvwU‡q‡Q| BwZnv‡mi AwaKvsk mgq
Ry‡o †Kej gvbyl bv‡gi GB e‡ov gMRIqvjv i³gvs‡mi
†`v‡c‡q cÖvYxwU‡KB m¤ú‡ì gvwjK n‡Z †`Lv wM‡q‡Q|
D`vniY¯îƒc, Î‡qv`k kZ‡Ki d«v‡Ý wRb bv‡gi †KD hw`
GKUv gvjMvwo •Zwii KviLvbv w`Z, Zvn‡j wRb wb‡RB †mLv‡b
n‡Zv eëmvq-cÖwZôvb| wR‡bi evbv‡bv GKwU Mvwo †Kbvi GK
mßvn ci †mUv‡Z †Kv‡bv mgm¨v †`Lv w`‡j †µZv mivmwi
wRb‡K †`vlv‡ivc Ki‡Z cviZ| aiv hvK, KviLvbv ¯ vc‡bi Rb¨
wRb‡K 1 nvRvi ¯^Y©g`y ªv avi Ki‡Z n‡jv Ges †kl‡gk eëmvq
ùvovj bv| †m‡ÿ‡Î wRb‡K Zvi e¨w³MZ m¤úwË, Zvi evwo-Ni,
Mevw`cï †e‡P †mB avi †kva Ki‡Z n‡Zv| GgbwK †ÿÎwe‡k‡l
Zv‡K eva¨ n‡q mšÍvb‡ìI `vm wn‡m‡e wewµ Ki‡Z n‡Z
cviZ| hw` Gi ciI avi †kva bv n‡Zv, Zvn‡j ivóª Zv‡K
wb‡ÿc KiZ KvivMv‡i wKsev †m n‡q †hZ FY`vZvi `vm| Zvi
62
KviLvbvi †h-†Kv‡bv NUbv Ges cwiw¯ wZi Rb¨ †m GKKfv‡e
`vqx _vKZ|
Avcwb hw` †m mg‡qi gvbyl n‡Zb, Zvn‡j Avcwb wb‡Ri
GKUv cÖwZôvb †Ìqvi Av‡M Avcbv‡K evievi GB Szwu K¸‡jv
wb‡q wPšÍv Ki‡Z n‡Zv| ZLbKvi w`‡b AvBb Ges ivóªI
e¨w³MZ D‡`¨v‡M cÖwZôvb M‡o †Zvjvi B”Qv‡K wbiærmvwnZ
KiZ| gvbyl bZzb bZzb eëmvq-cÖwZôvb •Zwii †Póv ev
A_©‣bwZK SzuwK wb‡Z fq †cZ| wb‡Ri I cwiev‡ii G‡Kev‡i
wbt¯^ nIqvi Avk¼v _vKvq GiKg D‡`¨vM †bIqvi †Kv‡bv gv‡b
Lyu‡R †cZ bv Zviv|
GBme Kvi‡YB gvbyl mgwóMZfv‡e mxwgZ `vqe×Zvi
†Kv¤úvwb wb‡q wPšÍvfvebv ïiæ K‡i| GB ai‡bi †Kv¤úvwbi
gvwjK, wewb‡qvMKvix A_ev g¨v‡bRviiv AvBbvbyhvqx
e¨w³MZfv‡e †Kv¤úvwbi fv‡jvg‡›ì Rb¨ `vqx _v‡K bvÑ me
`vq †Kv¤úvwbi Ici eZ©vq| K‡qK kZvãx n‡jv GB ai‡bi
†Kv¤úvwb¸‡jvB A_©bxwZ‡Z gyL¨ f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i Avm‡Q Ges
Avgiv Gme †Kv¤úvwbi e¨vcv‡i GLb GZUvB Af¨¯Í n‡q c‡owQ
†h, Avgiv fz‡jB wM‡qwQ, GB †Kv¤úvwb¸‡jvi Aw¯ÍZ¡ ïay
Avgv‡ì Kíbvq| hy³iv‡óª ÔmxwgZ `vqe×Zvi †Kv¤úvwbÕi GKUv
†KZvwe bvg Av‡QÑ †mUv n‡jv ÔKi‡cv‡ikbÕ (Corporation)|
bvgwUi Drm AbymÜvb Kiv n‡j bvgwU‡K GKiKg cÖnmb e‡jB
g‡b nq| Bs‡iwR ÔCorporationÕ bvgwU G‡m‡Q j¨vwUb ÔCorpusÕ
kã †_‡K| ÔCorpusÕ-Gi A_© n‡jv †h-†Kv‡bv KvVv‡gvi cÖavb
Ask ev kixi| A_P mxwgZ `vqe×Zvi †Kv¤úvwb¸‡jv‡Z GB
cÖavb KvVv‡gv e‡j Avm‡j wKQzB †bB| †h‡nZz †Kv‡bv i³-
gvs‡mi gvbyl †Kv¤úvwbi KvVv‡gv MVb K‡i bv, Av‡gwiKvi AvBb
†Kv¤úvwb‡KB Ggbfv‡e we‡ePbv K‡i, †hb †Kv¤úvwbwU GKwU
i³-gvs‡mi gvbyl Ges †Kv¤úvwbi me `vq`vwqZ¡ GB KwíZ
mËvi Ici eZ©vq|
wcD‡Rv †Kv¤úvwbi BwZnvm †`L‡j cy‡iv e¨vcviUv Av‡iv
cwi®‥vi n‡e| 1896 mvj| AvigvÛ wcD‡Rv (Armand
63
Peugeot) •cZ…K m~‡Î GKwU avZe hš¿vsk •Zwii KviLvbvi
gvwjK| †m KviLvbvq ZLb w¯úªs, KivZ, evBmvB‡Kj Gme •Zwi
n‡Zv| Gici wZwb Mvwo •Zwii eëmv‡q bvgvi e¨vcv‡i gbw¯ i
Ki‡jb| GB j‡ÿ¨ wZwb GKwU ÔmxwgZ `vqe×Zvi †Kv¤úvwbÕ
•Zwi Ki‡jb| wb‡Ri bv‡g wZwb †Kv¤úvwbi bvgKiY Ki‡jb
wKš‧ †h‡nZz GUv ÔmxwgZ `vqe×Zvi †Kv¤úvwbÕ, ZvB wZwb
e¨w³MZfv‡e Gi fv‡jvg‡›ì Rb¨ `vqx _vK‡jb bv| myZivs,
hw` GB †Kv¤úvwbi evbv‡bv †Kv‡bv Mvwo †f‡O hvq ev G‡Z
†Kv‡bv ÎæwU cvIqv hvq, Zvn‡j †µZv wcD‡Rv †Kv¤úvwb‡K
Awfhy³ Ki‡Z cvi‡eb, e¨w³ AvigvÛ wcD‡Rv‡K bq| hw`
†Kv¤úvwb jvL jvL d«vsK avi K‡i Ges eëmv‡q gvi †L‡q
me©¯^všÍ n‡q hvq, Zey ÔAvigvÛ wcD‡RvÕ e¨w³MZfv‡e
wewb‡qvMKvix‡ì GK d«vsKI †kva Kivi `vq enb K‡ib bv|
KviY, aviUv wb‡qwQj wcD‡Rv †Kv¤úvwb, e¨w³ AvigvÛ wcD‡Rv
bb| gvbyl AvigvÛ wcD‡Rv 1915 mv‡j gviv hvb| †Kv¤úvwb
wcD‡Rv GL‡bv envj Zweq‡Z †eu‡Pe‡Z© Av‡Q|
†K․Z‚nj RvM‡ZB cv‡i, wVK Kxfv‡e gvbyl AvigvÛ wcD‡Rv
ÔwcD‡RvÕ †Kv¤úvwb •Zwi Ki‡jb? Avm‡j GB ai‡bi NUbv wKš‧
A‡bKKvj Av‡M †_‡KB P‡j Avm‡Q| GB GKB c×wZ AbymiY
K‡iB mvaymšÍ I Rv`yK‡iiv hyM hyM a‡i †è‡èx I kqZvb
•Zwi K‡i Avm‡Qb, GKB c×wZ‡Z nvRvi nvRvi divwm hvRK
cÖwZ iweev‡i Pv‡P© Kíbvq whïwLª‡ói kixi •Zwi K‡ib| GB
me¸‡jv wRwb‡miB DrcwË n‡q‡Q GKUv Mí ejv Ges gvby‡li
Kv‡Q †mUv wek^vm‡hvM¨ K‡i †Zvjvi gva¨‡g| divwm hvRK‡ì
†ÿ‡Î MíUv wQj K¨v_wjK Pv‡P©i gvid‡Z ejv whïwLª‡ói Rxeb
I g„Zzï KiæY Kvwnwb| GB Mí Abyhvqx, hw` GKRb K¨v_wjK
ag©hvRK AvPviwbôfv‡e cweÎ †cvkvK cwiavb K‡i wZw_
Abyhvqx mwVK †¯ÍvÎ cvV K‡ib, Zvn‡j mvaviY iæwU I g` nVvr
K‡i Ck^‡ii gvsm Avi i‡³ iƒcvšÍwiZ nq| ag©hvRK cvV Ki‡Z
_v‡KbÑ ÔHoc est corpus meum!Õ (j¨vwUb fvlvq ÔGB n‡jv
Avgvi kixiÕ)Ñ e¨m, iæwU whïwLª‡ói gvs‡m cwiYZ n‡jv! mevB
64
†`‡L Zv‡ì ¸iæ KZ wbôv I wek^v‡mi m‡½ †¯ÍvÎ¸‡jv cvV Ges
wbqgKvbyb¸‡jv cvjb K‡i| GBme †`‡L jvL jvL divwm
K¨v_wjK wek^vm Ki‡Z ïiæ K‡i †h Ckî mwZ¨ mwZ¨B IB DrmM©
Kiv iæwU Ges g‡ì g‡a¨ Av‡Qb|
wcD‡Rv †Kv¤úvwbi †ÿ‡Î MíUv n‡jv d«v‡Ýi AvBbKvbyb,
hvi iPwqZv d«v‡Ýi AvBbmfv| d«v‡Ýi AvBbcÖ‡YZv‡ì g‡Z,
hw` GKRb mvwU©wd‡KUavix AvBbRxex me wbqgbxwZ cvjb K‡i,
me ìKvwi kZ© I cÖwZÁv GKwU my›ì KvM‡R (`wjj) wjwce×
K‡i Ges †mB KvM‡Ri wb‡P Zvi GKwU g~jëvb ¯^vÿi w`‡q
KvMRwU‡K gwngvwš^Z K‡i †Zv‡jÑ Ô†nvKvm †cvKvmÕÑ GKwU
bZzb †Kv¤úvwbi Rb¥ n‡q †Mj| 1896 mv‡j AvigvÛ wcD‡Rv
hLb †Kv¤úvwb •Zwii cwiKíbv K‡ib, ZLb wZwb AvBbRxex‡K
GBme cweÎ Kv‡Ri Rb¨ UvKv w`‡jb| hLb AvBbRxex
mwVKfv‡e Zuvi AvPvi-Abyôvb m¤úbœ Ki‡jb Ges me Rv`yKwi
gš¿ Ges kc_ cvV Ki‡jb, jvL jvL divwm bvMwiK wek^vm
Ki‡Z ïiæ Kij ÔwcD‡RvÕ bv‡g mwZ¨B GKwU †Kv¤úvwb Av‡Q!
Aek¨ wek^vm‡hvM¨fv‡e Mí ejvI mnR bq| Mí ejvUv
Ggwb‡Z Ggb †Kv‡bv KwVb KvR bq, †mUv‡K wek^vm‡hvM¨ K‡i
†Zvjvi KvRUvB KwVb| ÔKxfv‡e GKRb gvbyl Ckî, RvwZ ev
mxwgZ `vqe×Zvi †Kv¤úvwbwelqK G‡KKUv Mí evbvq hv jvL
jvL, †KvwU †KvwU gvbyl mZ¨ e‡j wek^vm K‡i?ÕÑ BwZnv‡mi
GKUv e‡ov Ask †Kej GB cÖ‡kœi Av‡jvPbv wb‡qB AvewZ©Z
nq| ¸iæZ¡c~Y© e¨vcviwU n‡jvÑ †Kv‡bv †mwc‡qÝ hLb GB
wek^vm‡hvM¨fv‡e Mí ejvi KwVb KvRwU‡Z mdj nq, ZLb Zv
mg¯Í †mwc‡qÝ‡K GK AmvaviY ÿgZv †`q| ZLb GKB M‡í
wek^vm Kiv jvL jvL A‡Pbv gvbyl G‡K Aci‡K bv wP‡bI
ci¯úi‡K mvnvh¨-mn‡hvwMZv Ki‡Z cv‡i Ges GK I Awfbœ
jÿ¨ ev¯Íevq‡bi Rb¨ Kuv‡a Kuva wgwj‡q KvR Ki‡Z cv‡i| †f‡e
†`Lyb, Avgiv hw` ïay ev¯Í‡e Av‡Q Ggb wRwbm wb‡q fveZvg
(†hgb b`x, MvQ Ges wmsn) Ges †Kv‡bv KvíwbK M‡í wek^vm bv
65
KiZvg Zvn‡j ivóª, PvP© Ges iv‡óªi AvBb M‡o †Zvjv KZUv
KwVb n‡Zv!
Gfv‡e eQ‡ii ci eQi a‡i, gvbyl µgvMZ RwUj †_‡K
RwUjZi M‡íi Rvj ey‡b P‡j‡Q| GB wekvjKvq M‡íi Rv‡j
ÔwcD‡RvÕi g‡Zv Mí¸‡jv ïay wU‡KB _v‡K bv eis w`‡bi ci w`b
Av‡iv kw³kvjx nq| GB M‡íi Rv‡ji ga¨ w`‡q gvbyl †hme
wRwb‡mi Aw¯ÍZ¡ •Zwi K‡i †m¸‡jv‡K cÖvwZôvwbK cov‡kvbvi
RM‡Z ÔKwíZ MíÕ (Fictions), ÔmgvRKvVv‡gvÕ (Social
Construct) ev ÔKwíZ ev¯ÍeZv' (Imagined Realities) bv‡g
WvKv nq| me ÔKwíZ ev¯ÍeZvÕB wKš‧ wg_¨v bq| G‡ÿ‡Î Ôwg_¨vÕ
Kv‡K eje †mB welqUv GKUz cwi®‥vi nIqv ìKvi| aiv hvK,
Avwg wbwðZfv‡e Rvwb †h, b`xi cv‡o †Kv‡bv wmsn †bB| G K_v
†R‡bI Avwg mevB‡K G‡m ejjvg, Ôb`xi cv‡o GKwU wmsn
Av‡Q|Õ GUv GKUv Wvnv wg_¨v K_v| Aek¨, wg_¨v ejv Ggb
†Kv‡bv Avnvgwi bZzb e¨vcvi bq| meyR evbi I wk¤úvwÄI wg_¨v
ej‡Z cv‡i| D`vniY wn‡m‡e ejv hvq, meyR evbi A‡bK mgq
B”Qv K‡iB Ômveavb, wmsn Avm‡QÕÑ GB K_vi ms‡KZ †`q,
hLb Avkcv‡k Av`‡c †Kv‡bv wmsnB _v‡K bv| GB ms‡KZ ï‡b
Avkcv‡ki †Kv‡bv meyR evbi †h nq‡Zv GBgvÎ GKwU Kjvi
†LuvR †c‡q‡Q, Kjv †d‡j f‡q †mB RvqMv †_‡K cvwj‡q hvq|
Ges Avgv‡ì wg_¨vev`x meyR evbi ZLb †Kv‡bv cÖwZ‡hvwMZv
QvovB Aviv‡g †mB KjvwU n¯ÍMZ K‡i| GLv‡b wg_¨vev`x meyR
evbi wKš‧ Rv‡b, †Kv‡bv wec` †bB wKš‧ Abïv fv‡e mvg‡b
A‡bK wec`|
GiKg Ôwg_¨vÕi m‡½ ÔKwíZ ev¯ÍeÕZvi GKUv †g․wjK
cv_©K¨ Av‡Q| ÔKwíZ ev¯ÍeZvÕ n‡jv Ggb GKUv e¨vcvi †hUv
GKB †MvÎ ev `jfz³ mevB wek^vm K‡i| hZw`b GiKg GKUv
KwíZ ev¯ÍeZvq mevB wek^vm K‡i, ZZw`b †mB KwíZ ev¯ÍeZv
c„w_ex‡Z GKwU kw³ wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i| ÷¨v‡Wj ¸nvq †h wkíx
KvR Ki‡Zb wZwb nq‡Zv mwZ¨ mwZ¨ wmsngvbe bv‡g Zv‡ì
iÿvKvix †Kv‡bv †èZvi Aw¯Í‡Z¡ wek^vm Ki‡Zb| wKQz Rv`yKi
66
nq‡Zv fÐvwg Ki‡Z cv‡ib, wKš‧ Zv‡ì AwaKvskB nq‡Zv
†èZv Ges •`Z¨‡ì •èkw³‡Z wek^vm K‡ib| A‡bK †KvwUcwZ
Lye †Rviv‡jvfv‡e ÔUvKvcqmvÕ Ges ÔmxwgZ `vqe×Zvi †Kv¤úvwbÕi
Aw¯Í‡Z¡ wek^vm K‡ib| †ewkifvM gvbevwaKvi Kg©x Ôgvby‡li
AwaKviÕ bv‡g GKwU e¨vcv‡ii Aw¯Í‡Z¡ wek^vm K‡ib| myZivs,
2011 mv‡j RvwZmsN hLb `vwe K‡i †h, wjweqvi miKvi Zvi
bvMwiK‡ì AwaKvi‡K gh©v`v †`qÑ GiKg GKwU evK¨ Avm‡j
Ôwg_¨vÕ bq| hwÌ ÔRvwZmsNÕ, ÔwjweqvÕ, ÔgvbweK AwaKviÕ GB
cÖwZwU e¨vcviB gvby‡li De©i gw¯Í‡Ki Kíbv Qvov Avi wKQz bq|
myZivs GKUv e¨vcvi GLb †evSv hv‡”Q, eyw×wfwËK wecø‡ei
ci †_‡K gvbyl g~jZ `yiKg ev¯ÍeZvq emevm Ki‡Q| GKwU e¯‧MZ
ev¯ÍeZv, †hgbÑ b`x, MvQcvjv Ges wmsn; Avi Ab¨w`‡K KwíZ
ev¯ÍeZv †hgb †è‡èx, Ckî, RvwZ, †Mvôx, AvBbKvbyb BZ¨vw`|
hZ w`b hv‡”Q, GB KwíZ ev¯ÍeZv, e¯‧MZ ev¯ÍeZvi †_‡K †ewk
kw³kvjx, †ewk ¸iæZ¡c~Y© n‡q DV‡Q gvby‡li Kv‡Q| †m Kvi‡Y
eZ©gv‡b b`b`x, MvQcvjv, cïcvwL Gm‡ei wU‡K _vKv Avm‡j wbf©i
K‡i †è‡èx, RvwZ ev †Kv‡bv e‡ovm‡ov †Kv¤úvwbi B”Qvi Ici|
Ab¨w`‡K b`b`x, MvQcvjv, cïcvwL Gm‡ei B”Qv ev Awb”Qvi Ici
gvby‡li KwíZ ev¯ÍeZvi Dcv`vb¸‡jvi Aw¯ÍZ¡ wbf©ikxj bq|
wR‡bvg‡K j¨vs †g‡i

ïay K_v w`‡q KwíZ ev¯ÍeZv •Zwii ÿgZv A‡bK¸‡jv A‡Pbv
gvbyl‡K GKm‡½ KvR Kivi GKUv Afvebxq ÿgZv G‡b w`‡q‡Q
gvby‡li nv‡Z| wKš‧ Gi Av‡iv A‡bK my`~icÖmvix cÖfveI Av‡Q|
†h‡nZz e‡ov AvKv‡ii gvbemsMVb¸‡jv KwíZ M‡íi wfwË‡Z
PvwjZ nq, Mí cwieZ©b Kivi gva¨‡g gvby‡li m‡½ gvby‡li
AvPi‡Yi aibI cvj‡U †djv m¤¢e| †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv mg‡q
Mí¸‡jv A‡bK `ªæZ cwiewZ©Z n‡Z cv‡i| 1789 mv‡j d«v‡Ýi
RbMY ej‡Z †M‡j ivZvivwZB ÔivRv me©gq ÿgZvi AwaKvixÕÑ
GiKg M‡í wek^vm nvwi‡q ÔRbMY me©gq ÿgZvi DrmÕÑ GiKg
GKwU M‡í wek^vm Ki‡Z ïiæ K‡i| BwZnvm ch©v‡jvPbv Ki‡j
67
†`Lv hvq, eyw×wfwËK wecø‡ei ci †_‡K gvbyl µgvMZ Zvi
Pvwn`vi cwieZ©b Abyhvqx Zv‡ì wb‡R‡ì cvi¯úwiK †hvMv‡hvM
ev AvPvi-AvPi‡Yi c×wZ cvj‡U †d‡j‡Q| Gfv‡eB m~Pbv
n‡q‡Q mvs¯‥…wZK weeZ©b bv‡gi GKwU `ªæZMvgx cÖwµqvi, hv
wRbMZ weeZ©‡bi g‡Zv AZ wX‡g Zv‡ji bq| GB `ªæZMvgx
mvs¯‥…wZK weeZ©‡bi †Uª‡b P‡o †mwc‡qÝiv Lye `ªæZ cvi¯úwiK
†hvMv‡hvM I mn‡hvwMZvi †ÿ‡Î †mwc‡qÝ‡ì Ab¨vb¨ cÖRvwZ
Ges Ab¨vb¨ cÖvYx †_‡K A‡bK `~i GwM‡q †Mj|
Ab¨vb¨ cÖvYxi †ÿ‡Î cvi¯úwiK AvPi‡Yi A‡bKUvB
wRbMZ •ewk‡óï gva¨‡g wba©vwiZ nq| Z‡e †Kej wWGbG
(DNA) cÖvYx‡ì AvPiYMZ •ewk‡óï Ici GK”QÎ AvwacZ¨
†`Lvq, GgbUv ejvI wVK n‡e bv| cÖvYx‡ì AvPvi-AvPi‡Yi
†cQ‡b cwi‡ekMZ Dcv`vb Ges e¨w³MZ Awfe¨w³iI cÖfve
we`¨gvb| wKš‧, Zv n‡jI, GKwU wbw`©ó cwi‡e‡k GKwU cÖRvwZi
me cÖvYx †gvUvgywU GKB iKg AvPiY K‡i _v‡K| Gme †ÿ‡Î
wRbMZ cwie¨w³ (Genetic Mutation) Qvov e‡ov †Kv‡bv
AvPiYMZ cwieZ©b NU‡Z †`Lv hvq bv| †hgb, wk¤úvwÄi
wRbMZ ¯^fve n‡jv Zviv GKwU ¯ÍiwfwËK †MvÎ ev †Mvôx AvKv‡i
_vK‡e, hvi †bZ…Z¡ †`‡e ÔAvjdv cyiælÕ| wk¤úvwÄ‡ì KvQvKvwQ
Av‡iKwU cÖRvwZ n‡jv †ev‡bv‡ev (Bonobo)| G‡ì mgvR
A‡bKUv mvgëv`x I gvZ…Zvwš¿K| bvix †ev‡bv‡evi GKwU `j
G‡ì †bZ…Z¡ †`q| mvaviY †ev‡bv‡eviv KL‡bv cÖwZ‡ekx‡ì m‡½
`j †eu‡a GKwU bvixev`x wecøe M‡o †Zv‡j bv| cyiæl wk¤úvwÄiv
KL‡bv GKwU msm` fe‡b GKwÎZ n‡q Avjdv cyiæ‡li Awdm
†f‡O †djvi wm×všÍ †bq bv Ges †NvlYv K‡i bvÑ AvR †_‡K
me wk¤úvwÄ mgvb| mevi AwaKvi mgvb| GiKg wKQz †Kej
ZLbB NU‡Z cv‡i hw` wk¤úvwÄi wWGbG‡Z †Kv‡bv cwieZ©b
nq|
wVK GKB Kvi‡Y A‡bK cÖvPxbKv‡ji †mwc‡qÝ‡ì g‡aÏ
wecø‡ei †Kv‡bv NUbvi mÜvb cvIqv hvq bv| Avgiv hZ`~i Rvwb,
Zv‡Z g‡b nq, cÖvPxb gvby‡li mgvRKvVv‡gvi cwieZ©b, bZzb
68
bZzb cÖhyw³i D™¢veb Ges bZzb bZzb Af¨v‡mi †cQ‡b mvs¯‥…wZK
D‡`¨v‡Mi †P‡q †ewk `vqx wQj wRbMZ cwie¨w³ Ges cvwicvwk¦K ©
Pvc| GB Kvi‡YB, Gme KvR Ki‡Z gvby‡li nvRvi nvRvi eQi
†j‡M †M‡Q| `yB wgwjqb eQi Av‡M, wRbMZ cwie¨w³i Kvi‡Y
Ô†nv‡gv B‡i±vmÕ bv‡g GKwU cÖRvwZi D™¢e n‡qwQj| GB
cÖRvwZi D™¢‡ei nvZ a‡iB c„w_ex‡Z G‡mwQj cv_‡ii nvwZqvi
•Zwii cÖhyw³| g~jZ cv_‡ii •Zwi GBme nvwZqvi Ges
miÄvg‡KB GB cÖRvwZi kbv³Kvix •ewkó¨ e‡j aiv nq|
hZw`b ch©šÍ †nv‡gv B‡i±v‡mi Avi †Kv‡bv e‡ov ai‡bi wRbMZ
cwie¨w³ bv n‡jv, ZZw`b ch©šÍ GB cv_‡ii nvwZqvi¸‡jvi
cÖK…wZ Ges cÖhyw³ †gvUvgywU AcwiewZ©Z Ae¯ vqB wQj Ges GB
AcwiewZ©Z _vKvi mgqKvj wQj †gvUvgywU 20 jvL eQi!
Ab¨w`‡K, eyw×wfwËK wecø‡ei ci †_‡K †mwc‡qÝiv Lye `ªæZ
Zv‡ì AvPiY cwieZ©b Ki‡Z mÿg nq; †Kv‡bv wRbMZ ev
cwi‡ekMZ cwieZ©b QvovB Zviv cwiewZ©Z AvPi‡Yi weavb
cvwV‡q w`‡Z mÿg nq Zv‡ì cieZ©x cÖR‡b¥i Kv‡Q| Gi GKUv
e‡ov D`vniY n‡Z cv‡i cÖR‡b¥i ci cÖRb¥ Ry‡o wKQz m¤£všÍ
gvby‡li mšÍvbnxb _vKevi cÖ_v| K¨v_wjK Pv‡P©i cy‡ivwnZ, †e․×
mbœ¨vmx Ges weavb Abymv‡i bcysmK nIqv Px‡bi m¤£všÍ
kvmKe‡M©i †ÿ‡Î G K_v cÖ‡hvR¨| cÖvK…wZK weeZ©‡bi g~jbxwZ
Abymv‡i mgv‡R GB ai‡bi gvbyl hviv mšÍvb Drcv`b K‡i bv,
Zv‡ì hyM hyM a‡i wU‡K _vKevi K_v bq| †hLv‡b wk¤úvwÄi
ÔAvjdv cyiælÕ Zvi ÿgZv eënvi K‡i hZ †ewk m¤¢e bvix
wk¤úvwÄi m‡½ †h․bm¤ú‡K© wjß nq Ges wb‡R `‡ji A‡bK
ev”Pv wk¤úvwÄi evevq cwiYZ nq, †mLv‡b K¨v_wjK ÔAvjdv
cyiælÕ (K¨v_wjK cy‡ivwnZ ev hvRK) m¤ú~Y©iƒ‡c †h․b msmM©
Ges mšÍvb cÖwZcvj‡bi g‡Zv welq¸‡jv †_‡K weiZ _v‡Kb|
†Kv‡bv cwi‡ekMZ Kvi‡Y (†hgb Lv`¨msKU) †h wZwb mšÍvb
Drcv`b †_‡K wb‡R‡K weiZ iv‡Lb, GgbUv bq| GgbUvI bq
†h †Kv‡bv wRbMZ ZviZ‡gï Kvi‡Y wZwb GgbUv Ki‡Z eva¨
n‡”Qb| K¨v_wjK PvP© kZ kZ eQi n‡jv wU‡K Av‡QÑ †mUv
69
eÜ¨‡Z¡i wRb GK cÖRb¥ †_‡K Ab¨ cÖR‡b¥ ¯ vbvšÍi K‡i bq, eis
wU‡K Av‡Q wLªóa‡g©i bZzb wbqg (New Testament) Ges
K¨v_wjK m¤cÖ`v‡qi AvBbKvbyb (Catholic Canon Law)-Gi
Mí GK cÖRb¥ †_‡K Ab¨ cÖR‡b¥ ¯ vbvšÍ‡ii gva¨‡g|
GBme Av‡jvPbv †_‡K GUv †evSv hv‡”Q, †hLv‡b Avw`g
gvby‡li AvPiY Ges cvi¯úwiK m¤ú‡K©i aib nvRvi nvRvi
eQi a‡i AcwiewZ©Z wQj, †mLv‡b †mwc‡qÝiv Zv‡ì KwíZ
ev¯ÍeZvi aviYvi mvnv‡h¨ gvÎ GK wK `yB `k‡Ki g‡a¨ Zv‡ì
mgvRKvVv‡gv, Zv‡ì ga¨Kvi m¤ú‡K©i aib, Zv‡ì A_©‣bwZK
Kvh©cÖYvwj Ges Av‡iv Ab¨vb¨ •ewkó¨ Avg~j e`‡j w`‡Z
†c‡iwQj| evwj©‡bi GKRb Awaevmxi K_v aiv hvK| awi, wZwb
1900 mv‡j Rb¥MÖnY K‡i †gvUvgywU 100 eQi †eu‡P wQ‡jb|
†m‡ÿ‡Î wZwb mgªvU wØZxq DBj‡nj‡gi †nv‡nb‡Rv‡jib iv‡R¨
(Hohenzollern Empire of Wilhelm II) Zuvi evj¨Kvj
AwZevwnZ K‡i‡Qb, Zuvi ZviæY¨ Ges cwiYZ eqm †K‡U‡Q
DBgvi cÖRvZ‡š¿ (Weimar Republic), wnUjv‡ii kvmbvaxb
Rvg©vb iv‡óª Ges c‡i mgvRZvwš¿K c~e© Rvg©vwb‡Z| Ae‡k‡l
wZwb gviv †M‡jb MYZvwš¿K Ges GKxf‚Z Rvg©vwb‡Z| wZwb Zuvi
RxebKv‡j A‡bK¸‡jv mvgvwRK I ivR‣bwZK eë¯ vi Askx`vi
n‡jb, cwiewZ©Z n‡jv Zuvi AvPiY I mvgvwRK m¤ú‡K©i aib,
hwÌ cy‡iv mgq a‡i Zuvi wRbMZ cwiPq wQj cy‡ivcywi
AcwiewZ©Z|
GB bZzb bZzb Mí •Zwii gva¨‡g `ªæZ e`jv‡bvi e¨vcviwUB
wQj †mwc‡qÝ‡ì mdjZvi g~jgš¿| GKRb †mwc‡q‡Ýi m‡½
GKRb wbqvÛv_©v‡ji m¤§yLhy‡× m¤¢eZ †mwc‡qÝB civwRZ n‡e|
wKš‧, kZ kZ wbqvÛv_©v‡ji m‡½ kZ kZ †mwc‡q‡Ýi hy× n‡j
†mLv‡b wbqvÛv_©vj Gi R‡qi †Kv‡bv m¤¢vebv †bB| wbqvÛv_©vjiv
nq‡Zv wmsn Avmvi ms‡KZ Ab¨‡ì Rvbv‡Z cviZ, wKš‧ Zv‡ì
c‡ÿ †Mv‡Îi iÿvKvix †èZvi Mí ejv Ges †m Mí cwieZ©b
K‡i Avevi ejv Am¤¢e wQj| Mí evbv‡Z bv cvivi Kvi‡Y,
ÔKwíZ ev¯ÍeZvÕ •Zwi Ki‡Z bv cvivi Kvi‡Y wbqvÛv_©vj‡ì
70
c‡ÿ e‡ov †Mvôx ev `j AvKv‡i KvR Kiv Am¤¢e wQj Ges GKB
Kvi‡Y Zviv `ªæZ cwieZ©bkxj cwi‡e‡ki m‡½ Lvc LvB‡q Zv‡ì
wb‡R‡ì mvgvwRK AvPiY e`‡j †dj‡ZI Amg_© wQj|
hwÌ †Kv‡bv wbqvÛv_©v‡ji gv_vi †fZi Xz‡K †evSv m¤¢e bv †h
Zviv Kxfv‡e wPšÍvfvebv KiZ, Zey c‡ivÿ wKQz mvÿ¨cÖgvY †_‡K
†mwc‡qÝ‡ì Zzjbvq Zv‡ì eyw×wfwËK ÿgZvi mxgve×Zv LvwbKUv
AuvP Kiv hvq| wKQz cÖZœZË¡we` BD‡iv‡ci cÖvY‡K‡›`ª 30 nvRvi
eQi Av‡MKvi †mwc‡qÝ‡ì emwZi RvqMv¸‡jv‡Z LbbKvR
Pvjvevi mgq NUbvµ‡g f‚ga¨mvMi I AvUjvw›UK gnvmvMixq
AÂ‡ji wKQz mvgyw`ªK wSby‡Ki mÜvb cvb| Lye m¤¢eZ GB mvgyw`ªK
wSbyK¸‡jv wewfbœ †mwc‡qÝ-†Mvôxi g‡a¨ `~icvjøvi evwY‡Rï d‡jB
BD‡iv‡c Av‡m| wbqvÛv_©vj‡ì g‡a¨ GiKg †Kv‡bv `~icvjøvi
eëmvq-evwY‡Rï bwRi cvIqv hvqwb| Zv‡ì cÖwZUv †Mvôx ev `j
wb‡R‡ì cÖ‡qvRbxq wRwbmcÎ wb‡RivB •Zwi K‡i wbZ nv‡Zi
Kv‡Qi DcKiY w`‡q|4
6. K¨v_wjK‡ì cÖavb cyiæl wb‡R‡K me iKg †h․b m¤úK©, mšÍvb Drcv`b I

jvjbcvjb †_‡K weiZ iv‡Lb, hwÌ Gi †cQ‡b †Kv‡bv wRbMZ wKsev
cwi‡ekMZ KviY †bB|
71
`wÿY cÖkvšÍ gnvmvMixq AÂ‡ji Av‡iKwU D`vni‡Yi K_v
aiv hvK| wbD wMwbi DËi w`‡K, wbD Avqvij¨v‡Ûi GKwU Øx‡c
†mwc‡qÝ‡ì GKwU †Mvôx emevm KiZ| Zviv Av‡MœqwMwii
g¨vMgv kxZj n‡q •Zwi nIqv ÔAewmwWqvbÕ (Obsidian) bv‡gi
GKcÖKvi AvavùwUK c`v_© (Volcanic Glass) w`‡q A‡cÿvK…Z
k³ Ges aviv‡jv hš¿cvwZ •Zwi Ki‡Z RvbZ| wbD Avqvij¨v‡Û
cÖvK…wZKfv‡e †Kv‡bv AewmwWqv‡bi gRyZ _vKevi K_v bq|
j¨ve‡iUwii cixÿvq cÖgvY †g‡j †h Zviv †hB ai‡bi
AewmwWqvb eënvi KiZ Zv 400 wK‡jvwgUvi `~‡i wbD weª‡U‡bi
GKwU Øxc †_‡K Avbv| Zvi A_© GB wbD Avqvij¨v‡Ûi Øx‡ci
wKQz †jvK Aek¨B `ÿ bvweK wQj, hviv mwVKfv‡e wÒ&wbY©q K‡i
`~‡ii Øxç‡jvi m‡½ eëmvq-evwYR¨ Ki‡Z cviZ|5
eëmvq-evwYR¨‡K GKwU ¯^vfvweK ìKvwi KvR wn‡m‡eB
g‡b n‡Z cv‡i, hvi Rb¨ †Kv‡bv Kíbv ev KwíZ M‡íi ìKvi
†bB| wKš‧ ev¯ÍeZv n‡jv, BwZnv‡m †mwc‡qÝ ev‡` Avi †Kv‡bv
cÖvYxi eëmvq-evwYR¨ Kivi †Kv‡bv bwRi cvIqv hvq bv| G
wel‡q we¯ÍvwiZ mvÿ¨-cÖgvY †g‡j †h, †mwc‡qÝiv †mKv‡j Ggb
wRwb‡miB eëmvq KiZ, hv Zv‡ì •`bw›`b Rxebhvc‡bi Rb¨
Acwinvh© bq eis †hme `ª‡eï m‡½ m¤úK© Av‡Q †Kej evwb‡q
†Zvjv M‡íi| `yRb †jv‡Ki g‡a¨ eëmv‡qi Rb¨ ìKvi
cvi¯úwiK Av¯ v I wek^vm| gvby‡li ¯^fve n‡jv GKRb A‡Pbv
†jvK‡K †m mn‡RB wek^vm Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| †m Kvi‡Y `yRb
A‡Pbv †jv‡Ki g‡a¨ Av¯ v ZLbB M‡o I‡V hLb Zviv `yRbB
Z…Zxq †Kv‡bv wKQzi KwíZ Aw¯Í‡Z¡ wek^vm K‡i A_©vr GKB
ÔKwíZ ev¯ÍeZvÕi Askx`vi nq| AvR‡Ki w`‡b `ywbqv‡Rvov
†Pbv, A‡Pbv GZme gvby‡li g‡a¨ GZ ai‡bi eëmv‡qi wfwË
n‡jv ÔWjviÕ, Ô†dWv‡ij wiRvf© e¨vsKÕ Ges Ôms¯ vi cwiPqevnx
Qwe ev †jv‡MvÕÑ Gm‡ei KwíZ Aw¯Í‡Z¡ wek^vm| Avw`gKv‡jI
e¨vcviUv A‡bKUv GiKgB wQj| hLb `y‡Uv Avw`g †Mvôx ev
`‡ji `yRb gvbyl G‡K Ac‡ii m‡½ eëmvq-evwYR¨ Ki‡Z
PvBZ ZLb Zv‡ì cvi¯úwiK Av¯ vi wfwË n‡Zv GKB Ck^‡i ev
72
GKB KwíZ c~e©cyiæ‡l, GKB †MvÎ‡èZvq ev GKB cweÎ
cÖvYx‡Z ¯ vwcZ wek^vm|
hw` cÖvPxbKv‡ji †mwc‡qÝiv GKB M‡í wek^v‡mi gva¨‡g
wSbyK, AewmwWqvbÑ Gme wb‡q eëmvq-evwYR¨ Ki‡Z cv‡i,
Zvn‡j GUv Kíbv KivI KwVb bq †h, Zviv bvbv iKg Z_¨ ev
†K․kjI G‡K Ac‡ii m‡½ wewbgq KiZ| Gfv‡e †mwc‡qÝ‡ì
g‡a¨ GKUv wbweo Ges DbœZ †hvMv‡hvMeë¯ v M‡o D‡VwQj,
†hUv wbqvÛv_©vj ev ZrKvjxb Ab¨ †Kv‡bv gvbe cÖRvwZi c‡ÿ
m¤¢e nqwb|
G †Zv †Mj eëmvq-evwY‡Rï K_v| wkKvi-†K․k‡ji w`‡K
jÿ Ki‡jI wbqvÛv_©vj I †mwc‡q‡Ýi g‡a¨ GKUv †g․wjK
cv_©K¨ jÿ Kiv hvq| wbqvÛv_©vjiv g~jZ GKRb ev GKwU
†Qv‡Uv `j wb‡q wkKvi Ki‡Z †e‡ivZ| Ab¨w`‡K †mwc‡qÝiv
WRb WRb gvbyl GKm‡½ wg‡j `j MVb K‡i wkKvi KiZ,
GgbwK A‡bK mgq Zviv Ab¨ `‡ji m‡½ †hvMv‡hvM K‡i Zv‡ì
m‡½ wb‡qI wkKv‡i †e‡ivZ| GKUv wkKvi-†K․kj †mwc‡qÝ‡ì
g‡a¨ eûj cÖPwjZ wQj| †mUv n‡jvÑ Zviv mevB wg‡j †Mvj n‡q
GKwU e‡ov AvKv‡ii cï‡K Pviw`K †_‡K wN‡i †d‡j Zvov
KiZ| Zvici Zvov Ki‡Z Ki‡Z †K․k‡j Zv‡K wb‡q †hZ
†Kv‡bv wMwiLv‡` A_ev M‡Z©i wKbvivq| †mLv‡b wbiæcvq cï‡K
Zviv mevB wg‡j mn‡RB wkKvi Ki‡Z cviZ| Gfv‡e
†mwc‡qÝiv eb¨ †Nvovi g‡Zv e‡ov e‡ov cï wkKvi KiZ|
mewKQz cwiKíbvgvwdK Pj‡j GK we‡K‡ji mgwš^Z cÖqv‡mB
†mwc‡qÝiv Rgv Ki‡Z cviZ Ub‡K Ub gvsm, Pwe© Avi Pvgov|
GB wekvj msMÖn wb‡q nq Zviv GKiv‡Z nB-û‡jøvo K‡i GKwU
R‡¤úk †fv‡Ri Av‡qvRb KiZ A_ev ïwK‡q, †mu‡K ev VvÛv
K‡i Rwg‡q ivLZ mvg‡bi w`b¸‡jvi Rb¨| b„ZvwË¡‡Kiv Avwe®‥vi
K‡i‡Qb †h, Gfv‡e cÖwZeQi Zviv A‡bK e‡ov cïi cy‡iv
cvj‡KB nZ¨v KiZ| GgbI A‡bK RvqMvi mÜvb cvIqv †M‡Q,
†hLv‡b me cï‡K Zvwo‡q G‡b nZ¨vi Kivi Rb¨ Zviv K…wÎg
†eov ev Ab¨ †Kv‡bv ai‡bi duv` •Zwi K‡iwQj|
73
Avgiv GUv a‡iB wb‡Z cvwi †h, wbqvÛv_©vj‡ì wbqwgZ
wkKv‡ii RvqMv †mwc‡qÝiv †K‡o wb‡q hLb Zv‡ì GK”QÎ
KmvBLvbvq cwiYZ Kij ZLb wbqvÛv_©vjiv Zv‡Z †gv‡UB Lywk
nqwb| Avi Av‡Mi Av‡jvPbv †_‡KB Avgiv GUv eyS‡Z cvwi †h,
†mwc‡qÝ‡ì m‡½ wbqvÛv_©vj‡ì hy× n‡j †m hy‡× wbqvÛv_©vjiv
Kvh©Z ey‡bv †Nvovi †_‡K kw³kvjx †Kv‡bv f‚wgKv cvjb Ki‡Z
cvi‡e bv| 50 Rb wbqvÛv_©v‡ji `‡ji m‡½ 500 Rb msNe×,
•ewPÎ¨c~Y© I eyw×gvb †mwc‡q‡Ýi jovB‡q wbqvÛv_©vj‡ì wU‡K
_vKvi m¤¢vebv cÖvq †bB ej‡jB P‡j| Avi hw` `yN©Ubvµ‡g
†mwc‡qÝiv cÖ_gevi †n‡iI †hZ, Zviv Avevi †RvUe× n‡q
wbqvÛv_©vj‡ì nviv‡bvi Rb¨ eyw× LvwU‡q wVKB bZzb bZzb
†K․kj Lyu‡R †ei Ki‡Z cviZ|
Kx w`j GB eyw×wfwËK wecøe?
bZzb ÿgZv `xN©¯’vqx cÖfve

†nv‡gv †mwc‡q‡Ýi wb‡Ri KwVb KwVb Kv‡Ri cwiKíbv I
Pvicv‡ki RMr m¤ú‡K© A‡bK ev¯Íevqb| D`vniYÑ wms‡ni
Z_¨ Ab¨‡K Rvbvevi ÿgZv| AvµgY †_‡K euvPv, evBmb
wkKvi Kiv|
gvby‡li mvgvwRK m¤ú‡K©i gvby‡li e‡ov e‡ov †Mvôx, †hme
e¨vcv‡i Ab¨‡K Av‡iv †ewk †Mvôxi AvKvi wQj m‡e©v”P 150
K‡i Rvbvevi ÿgZv| R‡bi|
gvbyl‡K ev¯Í‡e Aw¯ÍZ¡ †bB 1. †Pbv-A‡Pbv gvby‡li mgš^‡q
Ggb wKQzi KwíZ Mí ej‡Z A‡bK e„n`vKvi gvbemsMV‡bi
cvivi ÿgZv| †hgbÑ †Mv‡Îi D™¢e|
wRb-cwi-†èZv-Ac‡èZv, 2. bvbv iKg mvgvwRK AvPvi-
mxwgZ `vqe×Zvi †Kv¤úvwb I cÖ_vi D™¢e|
gvbevwaKvi|
74
BwZnvm I RxeweÁvb
GB Aa¨v‡q Avgiv †mwc‡q‡Ýi •Zwi Kiv A‡bK iKg ÔKwíZ
ev¯ÍeZvÕi D`vniY †`‡LwQ| GBme KwíZ ev¯ÍeZvq wek^vm Kiv,
wek^vm bv Kiv ev wKQz wKQz KwíZ ev¯ÍeZv‡K wek^vm Ges wKQz
wKQz‡K Awek^vm Kivi cÖeYZv gvby‡li g‡a¨ bvbv iKg AvPiYMZ
•ewP‡Îï Rb¥ †`q| wewfbœ gvby‡li ga¨Kvi GB AvPiYMZ
•ewPÎ¨B Ôms¯‥…wZÕi g~j Dcv`vb| ms¯‥…wZi m~Pbv nIqvi ci
†_‡KB Gi µgvMZ cwieZ©b n‡”Q, evo‡Q DrKl©| ms¯‥…wZi GB
weiwZnxb cwieZ©‡bi AvL¨vbB n‡jv ÔBwZnvmÕ|
myZivs, GUv ejv hvq, eyw×wfwËK wecøeB n‡jv mg‡qi †mB
we›`y †hB we›`y‡Z BwZnvm RxeweÁv‡bi MwÐ †_‡K gy³ nq|
eyw×wfwËK wecø‡ei Av‡MKvi me gvby‡li AvPi‡Yi e¨vL¨v wQj
†Kej RxeweÁv‡bi AvIZvfz³, A‡b‡K GB mgqKvj‡K
cÖv‣MwZnvwmK ce©I e‡j _v‡Kb (wKš‧, Avgvi ÔcÖv‣MwZnvwmKÕ
K_vUvi e¨vcv‡i GKUz AvcwË Av‡Q, GB K_vUv GiKg GKUv
åvšÍ aviYv •Zwi K‡i †h, eyw×wfwËK wecø‡ei Av‡MI gvby‡li
GKwU BwZnvm wQj hv Ab¨ cÖvYx‡ì †_‡K ¯^Zš¿)| GB
eyw×wfwËK wecø‡ei ci †_‡K gvby‡li AvPiYMZ cwieZ©b I
weKvk e¨vL¨v Kivi Rb¨ RxeweÁv‡bi Z‡Ë¡i †_‡K g~jZ
BwZnv‡mi eqvbB †ewk eëüZ n‡q Avm‡Q| wLªóa‡g©i DÌvb ev
divwm wecøe‡K †evSvi Rb¨ †Kej RxeweÁv‡bi AvIZvaxb
wewfbœ wR‡bi AvšÍm¤úK©, ni‡gvb ev gvby‡li bvbv A½cÖZ¨½
m¤ú‡K© RvbvB h‡_ó bq| eis Gme †evSvi Rb¨ †m mgqKvi
gvby‡li wewfbœiKg wPšÍv-†PZbv, cwiKíbv Ges Zv‡ì KwíZ
Av`k© mgvR †Kgb wQj †mme m¤ú‡K© aviYv ivLv AZ¨vek¨K|
G K_vi gv‡b GB bq †h, †nv‡gv †mwc‡qÝ Ges Zv‡ì
ms¯‥…wZ RxeweÁv‡bi wbqgKvbyb †g‡b P‡j bv| hZwKQzB †nvK,
w`b‡k‡l AvgivI †Kej GKcÖKvi cÖvYx Qvov Avi wKQzB bB Ges
Avgv‡ì kvixwiK, gvbweK Ges eyw×wfwËK `ÿZv A‡bKvs‡kB
wbf©i K‡i Avgv‡ì wWGbGi Ici| Avgv‡ì mgv‡Ri MVbMZ
75
Dcv`vb Ges wbqvÛv_©vj ev wk¤úvwÄ‡ì mgv‡Ri MVbMZ
Dcv`v‡bi g‡a¨ †Zgb †Kv‡bv cv_©K¨B †bB| hZB †ewk Avgiv
Gme MVbMZ Dcv`vb m¤ú‡K© Rvbe, ZZB G K_v Avgv‡ì Kv‡Q
cwi®‥vi n‡e †h, Abyfw‚ Z, Av‡eM Ges cvwievwiK eÜ‡bi K_v
we‡ePbv Ki‡j gvby‡li m‡½ Ab¨vb¨ bievbi (Ape) cÖRvwZi
†Zgb †Kv‡bv cv_©K¨ †bB|
†m Kvi‡Y, e¨w³MZ ev cvwievwiK MwÐ‡Z Ab¨vb¨ bievb‡ii
cÖRvwZi m‡½ gvby‡li cv_©K¨ LyuR‡Z hvIqvUv GKiKg †evKvwg|
hw` GKRb gvby‡li m‡½ GKRb wk¤úvwÄi Zzjbv Kiv nq ev 10
Rb gvby‡li m‡½ 10 Rb wk¤úvwÄi Zzjbv Kiv nq, Zvn‡j
Zv‡ì g‡a¨ Awg‡ji †P‡q wgjB †ewk †Pv‡L co‡e| e‡ov
ai‡bi cv_©K¨ ZLbB †evSv hv‡e, hLb Avgiv 150 ev Zvi
†_‡K †ewkmsL¨K GKwU gvbe‡Mvôxi m‡½ mgmsL¨K wk¤úvwÄ ev
Ab¨ †Kv‡bv bievbi cÖRvwZi Zzjbv Kie| hLb msL¨vUv 1
nvRvi †_‡K 2 nvRv‡i wM‡q ùvov‡e ZLb cv_©‡Kï cwigvYUv
n‡e AvKvk‡Quvqv| K‡qK nvRvi wk¤úvwÄ‡K hw` kvnev‡Mi
†gv‡o, wZqvbvb‡gb ¯‥qv‡i, Iqvj w÷ª‡U, f¨vwUK¨vb bM‡i ev
RvwZms‡Ni mÌ `ß‡i †Q‡o †Ìqv nq, Zvn‡j Zv‡ì mw¤§wjZ
wPrKvi, Pu¨vPv‡gwP, û‡ovûwo Avi wek„•Ljvq mg¯Í GjvKvUv
ZQbQ n‡q hv‡e gyn~‡Z©B| A_P, nvRvi nvRvi gvbyl
¯^vfvweKfv‡eB cÖwZwbqZ Gme RvqMvq R‡ov nq| A‡bKRb
wg‡j Zviv myk„•Lj n‡q _vK‡Z cv‡i, mevB wg‡j GKwU
GjvKv‡K cwiYZ Ki‡Z cv‡i eëmvq-evwY‡Rï †K›`ª¯ ‡j,
RuvKRgK K‡i cvjb Ki‡Z cv‡i †Kv‡bv Drme ev Ask wb‡Z
cv‡i †Kv‡bv ivR‣bwZK mfv-mgv‡e‡k| GKm‡½ A‡bK¸‡jv
gvbyl GKwÎZ n‡q Ggb A‡bK wKQz Ki‡Z cv‡i, †h¸‡jv GKv
GKv Zv‡ì c‡ÿ Kiv KL‡bvB m¤¢e n‡Zv bv| myZivs,
wk¤úvwÄ‡ì m‡½ Avgv‡ì mwZ¨Kvi cv_©K¨ n‡jv evwb‡q evwb‡q
ejv †mBme KwíZ M‡íi Ges †mBme KvíwbK wek^v‡mi, hv
A‡bK¸‡jv gvbyl‡K GKmy‡Zvq †eu‡a iv‡LÑ KL‡bv †mB my‡ZvUv
nq GKwU RvwZ, KL‡bv ag©, KL‡bv cwievi, KL‡bv Ab¨ †Kv‡bv
76
cÖwZôvb| GB KvíwbK wek^v‡mi A`„k¨ my‡ZvB gvbyl‡K w`‡q‡Q
me m„wói Ici gvby‡li AMva cÖfzZ|¡
Aek¨B evwb‡q evwb‡q Mí •Zwi Kiv I Zv‡Z wek^vm K‡i
e‡ov e‡ov `j MVb Ki‡Z cviv QvovI gvby‡li Av‡iv A‡bK
†hvM¨Zv Av‡Q; †hgb eyw× LvwU‡q bvbv iKg hš¿cvwZ I cÖhyw³
•Zwi Kiv Ges †mme eënvi Ki‡Z †kLv| wKš‧, bvbv iKg
hš¿cvwZ ev cÖhyw³ •Zwii eyw× †Zgb †Kv‡bv dj w`Z bv, hw`
A‡bK¸‡jv gvbyl GKm‡½ KvR Ki‡Z mÿg bv n‡Zv| †hLv‡b
30 nvRvi eQi Av‡M gvby‡li nv‡Z cv_‡ii •Zwi ek©v Qvov Avi
†Zgb †Kv‡bv A¯¿k¯¿ wQj bv, †mLv‡b GLb gvby‡li nv‡Z Av‡Q
AvšÍgnv‡`kxq wbDwK¬qvi †ÿcYv¯¿| kvixwiKfv‡e MZ 30 nvRvi
eQ‡i hš¿cvwZ •Zwii e¨vcv‡i gvby‡li `ÿZv ev eyw×i †Zgb
†Kv‡bv cwieZ©b nqwb| weÁvbx AvjevU© AvBb÷vB‡bi kvixwiK
kw³ GKRb Avw`g wkKvwi gvby‡li †_‡K KgB nIqvi K_v|
kvixwiK kw³ I eyw×gËv GKB iKg _vK‡jI GB mgqKv‡ji
g‡a¨ wKš‧ A‡bK¸‡jv gvbyl GgbwK A‡Pbv A‡bK¸‡jv gvbyl
wg‡jI GKm‡½ KvR Kivi cÖeYZv we¯§qKifv‡e †e‡o‡Q|
Avw`gKv‡ji GKRb gvbyl K‡qK wgwb‡U wb‡R wb‡RB GKwU
cv_‡ii ek©v •Zwi KiZ| nq‡Zv •Zwi Kivi mgq †m Avkcv‡ki
`y-GKRb eÜzi m‡½ civgk© KiZ| Avi GLbKvi GKwU
wbDwK¬qvi †ÿcYv¯¿ •Zwi‡Z `ywbqvi wewfbœ RvqMvq emevm Kiv
†Pbv-A‡Pbv jvL jvL †jvK‡K GKm‡½ KvR Ki‡Z nq| G‡ì
g‡a¨ Lwb †_‡K BD‡iwbqvg †Zvjv kÖwgK †_‡K ïiæ K‡i
cigvYyi †fZ‡ii KwYKv¸‡jvi ga¨Kvi AvšÍm¤úK© wb‡q KwVb
KwVb MvwYwZK mgxKiY †jLv ZvwË¡K c`v_©weÁvbxI Av‡Qb|
eyw×wfwËK wecø‡ei ci RxeweÁvb I BwZnv‡mi ga¨Kvi
m¤úK©‡K Avgiv ms‡ÿ‡c Gfv‡e ej‡Z cvwiÑ
● RxeweÁvb gvby‡li AvPiY Ges ÿgZvi g~j m~Î¸‡jv
wba©viY K‡i †`q| BwZnv‡mi mg¯Í †Ljv RxeweÁv‡bi
†eu‡a †Ìqv Gme wbqgKvby‡bi MwÐi g‡a¨B AvewZ©Z
nq|
77
● †h‡nZz, RxeweÁv‡bi GB †eu‡a †Ìqv MwÐi cwimi
wekvj, gvbyl GLv‡b mn‡RB bvbv ¯^v‡ì, wewPÎ wbq‡gi
†Ljv †Lj‡Z cv‡i| gvby‡li Mí evbv‡bvi ÿgZv Av‡Q,
gvbyl Mí ïb‡Z Ges bvbvb †jvK bvbv iKg M‡í wek^vm
Ki‡Z fv‡jvev‡m| †m Kvi‡Y, cÖRb¥ †_‡K cÖR‡b¥ Mí
evbv‡bvi I Zv ejvi GB cÖeYZv Pj‡Z _v‡K| KL‡bv
GKB Mí bZzb K‡i bZzb mg‡q ejv nq, KL‡bv •Zwi
nq bZzb M‡íi|
● myZivs, gvby‡li AvPi‡Yi cÖK…wZ eyS‡Z n‡j, Avgv‡ì‡K
Zv‡ì Kvh©cÖYvwj AZxZ †_‡K Kxfv‡e weewZ©Z n‡q
AvR‡Ki Ae¯ vq G‡m‡Q †mB BwZnvmUv Rvb‡Z n‡e|
ïay RxeweÁv‡bi wbqgKvbyb †_‡K gvby‡li AvPiY
†evSvi †Póv n‡e A‡bKUv †iwWI‡Z wµ‡K‡Ui
aviveY©bvKvixi g‡ZvÑ †h gv‡V cÖwZwU †L‡jvqvo KLb
Kx Ki‡Q Zv En¨ †i‡L cÖwZ e‡j KZ ivb n‡jv, †Kv_vq
e‡ji Ae¯ vb Gme ej‡Z _v‡K|
● Avgv‡ì cÖ¯Íihy‡Mi c~e©cyiæ‡liv Kx ai‡bi †Ljv †LjZ?
Avgv‡ì Rvbvg‡Z, hviv 30 nvRvi eQi Av‡M ÷¨v‡Wj
¸nvq wmsngvb‡ei g~wZ© evwb‡qwQj Zv‡ì kvixwiK,
gvbwmK I eyw×e„wËK ÿgZv †gvUvgywU Avgv‡ì g‡ZvB
wQj| mKvj‡ejv Nyg †_‡K D‡V Zviv Kx KiZ? Kx †LZ
Zviv mKv‡ji bvkZvq ev `ycy‡ii Lvev‡i? †Kgb wQj
Zv‡ì mgvR? Zv‡ì mgq wK GKUv we‡qi Pj wQj bvwK
A‡bK¸‡jv we‡qi? Zv‡ì wK Drme-cve©Y wQj, wQj
gvbweKZv-g~j¨‡eva Ges ag©xq ixwZbxwZ? Zviv wK hy×
KiZ? Zviv wK RvbZ, hy× Kv‡K e‡j?
cieZ©x Aa¨v‡q Avgiv mg‡qi ay‡jvcov c`©vi Avov‡j GB
cÖkœ¸‡jviB DËi †LuvRvi †Póv Kie| †evSvi †Póv Kie
eyw×wfwËK wecø‡ei ci †_‡K K…wlwecø‡ei AvM ch©šÍ †Kgb wQj
gvby‡li Rxebhvcb|
78
Aa¨vq 3
Av`g-nvIqvi w`bwjwc
Avgiv hw` wb‡R‡ì ¯îƒc, BwZnvm I gb¯ÍË¡ m¤ú‡K© GKUv
fv‡jviKg aviYv †c‡Z PvB, Zvn‡j Av‡M Avgv‡ì wkKvwi
c~e©cyiæl‡ì wPšÍvi RMrUv m¤ú‡K© Aek¨B fv‡jvfv‡e Rvb‡Z
n‡e| c„w_ex‡Z gvby‡li Aw¯Í‡Z¡i cÖvq cy‡ivUv mgq Ry‡o †nv‡gv
†mwc‡qÝiv wkKvwi wn‡m‡eB emevm K‡i‡Q! GKUz †Lqvj Ki‡j
†`Lv hvq, GB †h `‡j `‡j gvby‡li µgvMZ knigyLx nIqvi
cÖeYZv, kÖwgK ev PvKwiRxex n‡q kn‡i Rxebhvcb Kivi
ms¯‥…wZÑ Gme wKš‧ gvÎ †mw`‡bi K_v| e‡ov‡Rvi 200 eQi
n‡e| ZviI Av‡Mi 10 nvRvi eQi Zviv K…wlKvR I †LZ-
Lvgv‡i KvR K‡iB KvwU‡q‡Q| gRvi e¨vcvi n‡jv, †mwc‡q‡Ýi
A‡bK A‡bK w`b a‡i P‡j Avmv wkKvwi Rxe‡bi mgqKv‡ji
m‡½ Zzjbv Ki‡j GB K…wlKvR I kû‡i Rxebhvc‡bi cÖvq 10
nvRvi 200 eQ‡ii mgqKvj †bnvZ GKUv gyn~Z© Qvov Avi wKQzB
bq!
weeZ©bxq g‡bvweÁv‡bi mv¤cÖwZK Avwe®‥vi †_‡K Avgiv
Rvb‡Z cvwi, Avgv‡ì GLbKvi mvgvwRK AvPvi-AvPiY Ges
gvbwmK cÖeYZvi A‡bK wKQzB Avm‡j •Zwi n‡qwQj K…wlwfwËK
mgv‡RiI Av‡Mi †mB j¤^v mgqUv‡Z| GgbwK AvRI, Gme
wel‡qi we‡klÁiv `vwe K‡ib †h, Avgv‡ì gw¯Í®‥ I kixi
DfqB Avm‡j Awf‡hvwRZ n‡q‡Q wkKvwi-msMÖvnK Rxe‡bi
Rb¨| Avgv‡ì GLbKvi Lv`¨vf¨vm, gb¯ÍvwË¡K Ø›Ø wKsev
Avgv‡ì †h․bZvÑ GmeB Avm‡j M‡o D‡V‡Q wkíwecø‡ei ci
79
†_‡K M‡o IVv DËivaywbK cvwicvwk^©KZvi m‡½ hyM hyM a‡i P‡j
Avmv Avgv‡ì wkKvwi g‡bi wbqZ wg_w®…qvi gva¨‡g|
wkíwecøe-cieZ©x GB bZzb cwi‡ek wQj e‡ov e‡ov kni,
wegvb, †Uwj‡dvb Avi Kw¤úDUv‡i ficyi| GB cwi‡ek Avgv‡ì
Av‡iv †ewk e¯‧MZ m¤ú` w`‡q‡Q, `xN©vwqZ Rxeb w`‡q‡Q, hv
Avgiv †mB Av‡MKvi Rxe‡b cvBwb| wKš‧ GKB m‡½ GB
cwiewZ©Z cwi‡ek Avgv‡ì w`‡q‡Q GKvwKZ¡, nZvkv Ges bvbv
ai‡bi gvbwmK Pvc| †Kb Ggb n‡jv †mUv eyS‡Z n‡j,
Avgv‡ì †mB wkKvwi Rxe‡bi Av‡iv Mfx‡i †h‡Z n‡e, †h Rxeb
Avgiv GL‡bv hvcb Kwi Avgv‡ì Ae‡PZ‡b|
GKUv mnR D`vniY †`Lv hvK| Avgiv Rvwb, Lvev‡ii
AwZwi³ K¨vjwi Avgv‡ì †Kv‡bv DcKv‡i †Zv Av‡mB bv, eis
ÿwZ K‡i| wKš‧ GUv Rvbvi ciI Avgiv K¨vjwimg„× Lvevi
LvIqvi †jvf mvgjv‡Z cvwi bv| Gw`‡K GB †jv‡fi Kvi‡Y
kvixwiK ¯ ~jZv cÖvq gnvgvwi AvKv‡i Qwo‡q c‡o‡Q AvR‡Ki
DbœZ †`k¸‡jv‡Z| Dbœqbkxj †`k¸‡jv‡ZI Lye `ªæZ Qwo‡q
hv‡”Q| hw` Avgiv Avgv‡ì wkKvwi c~e©cyiæl‡ì Lv`¨vf¨vmUv
fv‡jv K‡i †Lqvj bv Kwi, Zvn‡j GB †ewk †ewk wgwó I Pwe©hy³
Lvev‡ii cÖwZ Avgv‡ì †jv‡fi KviYUv GKUv inm¨B †_‡K
hv‡e| †hme Z…Yf‚wg wKsev R½‡j Zviv emevm KiZ, †mLv‡b
Lvevi wQj Aí| we‡kl K‡i wgwóRvZxq (kK©ivmg„×) Lvevi †Zv
LyeB Aí| 30 nvRvi eQi Av‡Mi GKRb mvaviY wkKvwii
GKgvÎ †h wgwóRvZxq Lvevi LvIqvi my‡hvM wQj Zv n‡jv cvKv
djg~j| GB Kvi‡YB cÖ¯Íihy‡Mi GKRb bvix Pj‡Z Pj‡Z nVvr
†Kv‡bv d‡j fiv WzgyiMvQ †`L‡Z †c‡j †gv‡UB †`wi bv K‡i
ZrÿYvr hZLvwb m¤¢e Wzgy‡ii dj †L‡q †djZ| KviY †m
RvbZ, †`wi Ki‡j GjvKvi †eey‡bi `j †mB MvQUv DRvo K‡i
†dj‡e| †mB mgq †_‡K, †ewk K¨vjwimg„× Lvevi LvIqvi cÖwZ
†jvf Avgv‡ì GK`g g¾vMZ| AvR nq‡Zv ev¯Í‡e Avgiv
myD”P fe‡b _vwK, Avgv‡ì wd«R fwZ© Lvevi`vevi _v‡K, wKš‧
Avgv‡ì wWGbG GL‡bv g‡b K‡i Avgiv Z…Yf‚wg‡ZB AvwQ| GB
80
Kvi‡YB Avgiv GLb GK ev· AvBmwµg GK wb‡g‡l †L‡q
†dj‡Z cvwi, GgbwK m‡½ GKUv e‡ovm‡ov †KvKv‡KvjvI!
GB †jvfx wRb (Gorging Gene) ZË¡ me©Rbxbfv‡e M„nxZ|
G e¨vcv‡i Av‡iv wKQz ZË¡ Av‡Q wKš‧ †m¸‡jv †ek ZK©mv‡cÿ|
†hgb, wKQz wKQz weeZ©bxq g‡bvweÁvbx e‡jb, cÖvPxb †Mvôx¸‡jv
Avm‡j GKweev‡ni ixwZ‡Z •Zwi †Qv‡Uv †Qv‡Uv cwievi w`‡q
MwVZ wQj bv eis wkKvwiiv Ggb GK mgv‡R emevm KiZ
†hLv‡b e¨w³MZ m¤ú` ej‡Z wKQz wQj bv| †mLv‡b GKweevn
wKsev wcZ…‡Z¡i aviYvUvB wQj bv! GiKg GKUv †Mvôx‡Z GKRb
bvix GKBm‡½ GKvwaK cyiæ‡li m‡½ Nwbô m¤ú‡K© hy³ n‡Z
cviZ Ges cy‡iv †Mvôxi me cÖvßeq¯‥ivB me †Q‡j‡g‡q gvbyl
Kivi `vwqZ¡Uv wbZ| †h‡nZz †Kv‡bv cyiælB wbw`©ó K‡i RvbZ bv
†Kvb wkïwU Avm‡j Zvi, ZvB Zviv me wkïi cÖwZB mgvb ¸iæZ¡
w`Z|
gvby‡li †ÿ‡Î GiKg GKUv mvgvwRK KvVv‡gv AvcvZ`„wó‡Z
AvR¸we g‡b n‡jI Ab¨vb¨ A‡bK cÖvYxi †ÿ‡Î wKš‧ e¨vcviUv
LyeB ¯^vfvweK| cÖvwYRM‡Z Avgv‡ì Lye Kv‡Qi AvZ¥xq wk¤úvwÄ
wKsev †ev‡bv‡evi g‡aÏ GB ixwZ †`Lv hvq| GgbwK, GL‡bv
GKvwaK gvbemgvR Av‡Q, †hLv‡b †h․_ ev †MvôxMZ wcZ…‡Z¡i
PP©v †`Lv hvq| D`vniY¯îƒc, evwi BwÛqvb m¤cÖ`v‡qi (Barí
Indians) K_v ejv hvq| G m¤cÖ`v‡qi †jvKRb wek^vm K‡i,
GKwUgvÎ cyiæ‡li ïµvYy †_‡K Avm‡j GKwU wkïi Rb¥ nq bv
eis Zv nq bvixi M‡f© A‡bK¸‡jv cyiæ‡li ïµvYyi cyÄxf‚Z
nIqvi gva¨‡g| GB Kvi‡Y GKRb m‡PZb gv nq‡Zv wewfbœ
cyiæ‡li m‡½ †h․b m¤ú‡K© hy³ nIqvUv Dchy³ g‡b K‡ib,
we‡kl K‡i hLb wZwb Mf©eZx| wZwb Pvb Zvi mšÍvb †hb ïay
†miv wkKvwiB bq eis m‡½ m‡½ †miv Mí ewj‡q, kw³kvjx
†hv×v I †mœngq †cÖwg‡Ki ¸YvewjI cvq| GUv hw` Lye A™¢zZ
†kvbvq, Zvn‡j g‡b Kwi‡q †Ìqv fv‡jvÑ AvaywbK åƒYZ‡Ë¡i
weKv‡ki AvM ch©šÍ wKš‧ gvby‡li Kv‡Q †Kv‡bv wbwðZ cÖgvY wQj
81
bv †h, GKwU wkï me mgq GKRbgvÎ wcZvi Ji‡mB Rb¥vq,
A‡bKR‡bi bq|
GB ÔcÖvPxb eûMvgx mgv‡RÕi aviYvi cÖ¯ÍveK‡ì g‡Z,
Avgv‡ì AvaywbK GKweevnwfwËK mgv‡R •eevwnK m¤ú‡K©i †h
Uvbv‡cv‡ob, `v¤úZ¨ Kjn, Abv¯ v I weevnwe‡”Q‡ì D”P nvi
Ges †mB m‡½ cÖvßeq¯‥ I wkï‡ì g‡a¨ †h bvbv ai‡bi
gvbwmK RwUjZv •Zwi n‡”Q †mm‡ei Ab¨Zg KviY n‡jv
gvbyl‡K GKwUgvÎ m½xi m‡½ †Qv‡Uv cwiev‡i emevm Ki‡Z eva¨
Kiv, †hUv Zvi `xN©w`‡bi M‡o IVv cÖvK…wZK mËvi m‡½
G‡Kev‡iB †g‡j bv|1
Aek¨ A‡bK we‡klÁB cÖejfv‡e GB Z‡Ë¡i we‡ivwaZv
K‡ib| Zuv‡ì hyw³ n‡jv, GKweevn I †Qv‡Uv †Qv‡Uv cwievi
Avm‡j G‡Kev‡iB mvaviY gvbweK AvPiY| hwÌ G K_v wVK
†h, cÖvPxb wkKvwi gvby‡liv GLbKvi AvaywbK gvby‡li Zzjbvq
†Xi †ewk †Mvôxe× I mv‡g¨ wek^vmx wQj, Zvi ciI we‡klÁiv
g‡b K‡ib †h, Zv‡ì †Mvôx¸‡jv GLbKvi g‡ZvB G‡KKwU
Cl©vKvZi `¤úwZ I Zuv‡ì ev”PvKv”Pv wb‡q MwVZ †Qv‡Uv †Qv‡Uv
cwiev‡ii mgš^‡qB M‡o DVZ| GB Kvi‡YB GKweevn I †Qv‡Uv
cwiev‡ii PP©v GLbKvi †ewkifvM ms¯‥…wZ‡ZB †`Lv hvq| bvix-
cyiæl Df‡qB †h Zvi m½xi Ici Lye AwaKvi LvUv‡Z Pvq †m
KviYUvI wfbœ bq| ejv evûj¨, GB †Qv‡Uv cwiev‡ii PP©vi m‡½
†Mvôxi †bZ…‡Z¡i DËivwaKv‡ii GKUv mivmwi m¤úK© Av‡Q †mB
Avw`Kvj †_‡KB| Avi †mUvB, GgbwK AvRI, wewfbœ AvaywbK
iv‡óª ivR‣bwZK ÿgZvq cwieviZ‡š¿i iƒ‡c †`Lv hvq| DËi
†Kvwiqv wKsev wmwiqv Zvi GKUv DrK…ó D`vniY n‡Z cv‡i|
bvbv iKg Z‡Ë¡i g‡a¨ GBme we‡iva †gUv‡bvi Rb¨ Ges
Avgv‡ì †h․bZv, mgvR I ivRbxwZ‡K fv‡jvfv‡e †evSvi Rb¨
Avgv‡ì c~e©cyiæl‡ì Rxeb hvcb m¤ú‡K© Av‡iv fv‡jvfv‡e
RvbvUv †ek Riæwi| Avi †mUv Rvb‡jB Avgiv eyS‡Z cvie
Kxfv‡e †mwc‡qÝ cÖRvwZ †mB 70 nvRvi eQi Av‡Mi eyw×wfwËK
82
wecø‡ei mgq †_‡K weKwkZ n‡q cÖvq 12 nvRvi eQi Av‡M
K…wlwecø‡ei m~Pbv Kij|
`yf©vMëkZ, Avgv‡ì wkKvwi c~e©cyiæl‡ì Rxe‡bi Lye Aí
wKQz welq m¤ú‡K©B Avgiv wbwðZfv‡e ej‡Z cvwi| †mB ÔcÖvPxb
eûMvgx mgvRÕ wKsev Ô†Mvov †_‡KB GKweevnÕ Z‡Ë¡i ga¨Kvi
weZK©I Avm‡j †bnvZB wKQz boe‡o mvÿ¨-cÖgv‡Yi Ici wfwË
K‡i M‡o D‡V‡Q| ¯^vfvweKfv‡eB Avgv‡ì Kv‡Q †mB wkKvwi
hy‡Mi †Kv‡bv wjwLZ BwZnvm †bB| cÖZZ œ Ë¡weìvI cÖgvY ej‡Z
hv-wKQz cvb †m¸‡jv g~jZ wKQz dwmj wKsev cv_‡ii nvwZqvi|
cPbkxj wRwbm w`‡q •Zwi †Kv‡bv `ªe¨mvgMÖx, †hgbÑ KvV, euvk
wKsev Pvgovi •Zwi wRwbmcÎ ïay we‡kl cwi‡e‡kB AÿZ
_vK‡Z cv‡i| ¯^vfvweKfv‡eB cÖZZ œ vwË¡K‡ì Kv‡Q GiKg
cPbkxj wRwb‡mi †Kv‡bv bgybv cÖvq †bB ej‡jB P‡j| Gme
GK‡c‡k cÖZZ œ Ë¡xq cÖgvYvwì Kvi‡YB mvaviYfv‡e Avgv‡ì g‡b
nq, K…wlwfwËK mgv‡Ri Av‡M eywS gvbyl cv_‡ii hy‡M emevm
KiZ| GB aviYvUv åvšÍ nIqvi m¤¢vebvB Avm‡j †ewk| †hUv‡K
Avgiv ÔcÖ¯ÍihyMÕ e‡j Rvwb †mUv‡K Avm‡j ejv DwPZ ÔKv‡Vi
hyMÕ (Wood Age)| KviY wkKvwi gvbyl‡ì †ewkifvM nvwZqviB
m¤¢eZ Kv‡Vi •Zwi wQj|
GLv‡b Avgiv evievi Ôm¤¢vebvÕ kãUv eënvi KiwQ| Gi
KviY, gvby‡li wkKvwi-msMÖvnK Rxe‡bi mgqKv‡ji †hme cÖgvY
Avgiv cvB †m¸‡jv †_‡K †m mg‡qi gvbyl‡ì Rxebhvc‡bi
MíUv wbwðZfv‡e Avwe®‥vi Kiv Avm‡j LyeB `yiƒn e¨vcvi| †mB
wkKvwi‡ì m‡½ Zv‡ì DËivwaKvix‡ì (hviv wKbv K…wl wKsev
wkíwfwËK mgv‡R emevm KiZ) GKUv cv_©K¨B Lye ¯úóZ
`„k¨gvb| †mUv n‡jv, wkKvwi gvbyl‡ì Kv‡Q ïiæ‡Z Lye
AímsL¨K nv‡Z •Zwi wRwbm wQj| GUv †ek e‡ov GKUv cÖfve
†d‡jwQj Zv‡ì Rxe‡b| AvaywbK m”Qj mgv‡Ri GKRb gvbyl
Zvi m¤ú~Y© RxeÏkvq cÖvq jÿvwaK wRwbm eënvi K‡i| Mvwo-
evwo †_‡K ïiæ K‡i b¨vKov wKsev `y‡ai eqvgÑ G iKg ARmª
wRwbm| Avgv‡ì Ggb †Kv‡bv Kg©KvÐ, wek^vm wKsev Abyf‚wZ
83
cvIqv hv‡e bv, hvi m‡½ Avgv‡ì wb‡R‡ì •Zwi †Kv‡bv
wRwb‡mi m¤úK© †bB| D`vniY¯îƒc, ïay Avgv‡ì LvIqv`vIqvi
Rb¨B †h Avgiv KZ wewfbœ iKg wRwbm eënvi Kwi fve‡j gv_v
Lvivc n‡q hv‡e| PvgP †_‡K ïiæ K‡i Kvc-wcwiP wKsev wRb
cÖ‡K․kj M‡elYvMvi, GgbwK wekvjvKvi RvnvR meB Avgiv
eënvi K‡iwQ| †Ljvayjvi RbÏ Avgiv GKMv`v †Ljbv eënvi
Kwi, cøvw÷K KvW© †_‡K ïiæ K‡i jÿvwaK †jv‡Ki
aviYÿgZvm¤úbœ †÷wWqvgÑ meB jv‡M Avgv‡ì| Avgv‡ì
cÖY‡qi wKsev †h․b m¤úK©¸‡jvI †m․›`h©gwÐZ nq AvswU, weQvbv,
my›ì RvgvKvco, †h․bv‡e`bgq AšÍev© m, KbWg, †KZv`yi¯Í
†i÷z‡i›U, m¯Ív †gv‡Uj, Gqvi‡cvU© jvDÄ, KwgDwbwU †m›Uvi
wKsev Lv`¨ mieivn cÖwZôv‡bi gva¨‡g| ag©¸‡jv Avgv‡ì
Rxe‡b Ava¨vwZ¥K RMr‡K wb‡q Av‡m; †mUvI Avevi wLªóvb‡ì
PvP©, gymjgvb‡ì gmwR`, wn›`y‡ì AvkÖg, bvbvb cweÎ MÖš ,
wZeŸ‡Zi cÖv_©bv-PvKv, cy‡ivwn‡Zi we‡kl †cvkvK, †gvgevwZ,
AvMievwZ, wµmgvm wUª, we‡kl Lvevi, mgvwa‡m․a Avi bvbvb
iKg wP‡ýi gva¨‡g|
Avgiv Avm‡j †LqvjB Kwi bv Avgv‡ì •`bw›`b KvRK‡g©
Avgiv Kx wecyj cwigvY wRwbm eënvi Kwi| hLb Avgv‡ì
evmv e`jv‡Z nq ZLb Avgiv e¨vcviUv wKQzUv eyS‡Z cvwi| wKš‧
Avgv‡ì wkKvwi c~e©cyiæ‡liv KL‡bv GK RvqMvq †ewk w`b
_vKZ bv| Zviv cÖvq cÖwZ gv‡m wKsev mßv‡n evmv e`jvZ,
GgbwK gv‡S gv‡S †Zv cÖwZw`b! ìKvwi wRwbmcvwZ¸‡jv Zviv
Kuv‡a K‡i wb‡q †hZ| ZLb †Zv Avi †Kv‡bv †Kv¤úvwb wQj bv
wKsev gRyiI wQj bv †h Zv‡ì Rb¨ Gme e‡q wb‡q hv‡e|
GgbwK Zv‡ì MvavI wQj bv fvi eIqvi Rb¨| ZvB
¯^vfvweKfv‡eB Zv‡ì Lye mvgvb¨ wKQz ¸iæZ¡c~Y© wRwbm w`‡qB
•`bw›`b KvR Pvwj‡q wb‡Z n‡Zv| myZivs GUv g‡b Ki‡j Lye
GKUv fzj n‡e bv †h, Zv‡ì gvbwmK, ag©xq wKsev mvgvwRK
Rxe‡bi GKUv e‡ov Ask †Kv‡bv iKg nv‡Z •Zwi wRwbm QvovB
P‡j †hZ| AvR †_‡K 1 jvL eQi c‡ii †Kv‡bv GK cÖZZ œ Ë¡we`
84
nq‡Zv GKUv aŸsmcÖvß gmwR` †_‡K cvIqv wRwbmcÎ w`‡q
Avgv‡ì GB mg‡qi gymjgvb‡ì Rxebhvc‡bi MíUv †gvUvgywU
fv‡jvB AuvP Ki‡Z cvi‡eb| wKš‧ Avgiv Avm‡j Avgv‡ì
wkKvwi c~e©cyiæl‡ì mvgvwRK wek^vm ev ixwZbxwZi aviYv
cvIqvi e¨vcv‡i †Zgb GKUv myweav Ki‡Z cvwiwb| fwel¨‡Zi
GKRb cÖZZ œ Ë¡weÌ nq‡Zv GiKgB mgm¨vq co‡eb| wZwb
nq‡Zv GKzk kZ‡Ki GKRb Ziæ‡Yi gb¯ÍË¡ eyS‡Z †Póv Ki‡eb
ïay wU‡K _vKv wKQz KvM‡R †jLv wPwVi gva¨‡g, KviY ZZw`‡b
nq‡Zv Zv‡ì †Uwj‡dv‡bi K‡_vcK_b, B‡gBj, eøM wKsev †U·U
†g‡mRÑ †Kv‡bv wKQziB nw`m cvIqv hv‡e bv|
myZivs Avgiv hw` ïay nv‡Z •Zwi wRwbm †_‡KB wkKvwi
gvby‡li Rxeb m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z †Póv Kwi, †mUv eÇ GK‡c‡k
GKUv Mí n‡e| Ab¨ GKUv Dcvq n‡Z cv‡i AvR‡Ki wkKvwi
Rb‡Mvôx‡ì w`‡K ZvKv‡bv| cÖZZ œ Ë¡xq ch©‡eÿ‡Yi gva¨‡g
Zv‡ì e¨vcv‡i mivmwi Ávb jvf Kiv m¤¢e| wKš‧ GB AvaywbK
wkKvwi mgv‡Ri Rxeb †_‡K cÖvPxb wkKvwi mgv‡Ri Rxeb
m¤ú‡K© Abygvb Ki‡Z †M‡jI Lye mZK© nIqvi A‡bK KviY
Av‡Q|
cÖ_gZ, †hme wkKvwi Rb‡Mvôx GL‡bv wU‡K Av‡Q Zviv
Zv‡ì Avkcv‡ki K…wlwfwËK wKsev wkíwfwËK mgv‡Ri Øviv
cÖejfv‡e cÖfvweZ| ZvB ¯^vfvweKfv‡eB Zv‡ì GLbKvi
ev¯ÍeZvi m‡½ nvRvi nvRvi eQi Av‡Mi ev¯ÍeZvi wgj LyuR‡Z
hvIqvUv LyeB SzuwKc~Y© n‡e|
wØZxqZ, GLbKvi wkKvwi Rb‡Mvôx¸‡jv wU‡K Av‡Q g~jZ •eix
cÖvK…wZK cwi‡e‡k, †hLv‡b K…wlKvR †ek KwVb ev Am¤¢e| †hme
†Mvôx `wÿY Avwd«Kvi Kvjvnvwi giæf‚wgi g‡Zv GiKg cÖPÐ
cÖwZK‚j cwi‡e‡ki m‡½ gvwb‡q wb‡Z †c‡i‡Q, Zviv Avm‡j
A‡cÿvK…Z A‡bK De©i B‡qswR b`xi Zx‡ii Rb‡Mvôx m¤ú‡K©
mwVK aviYv w`‡Z cvi‡e bv| we‡kl K‡i ej‡Z †M‡j, Kvjvnvwi
giæf‚wgi Zzjbvq cÖvPxb B‡qswR b`xi Avkcv‡k RbmsL¨vi NbZ¡
wQj A‡bK †ewk| Avi †mB mg‡qi †Mvôx¸‡jvi AvKvi Ges Zv‡ì
85
†fZiKvi m¤úK©¸‡jv‡K †evSvi Rb¨ GB ai‡bi Z_¨ LyeB
¸iæZ¡c~Y©|
Z…ZxqZ, cÖvPxb wkKvwi †Mvôx¸‡jvi GKUv ¸iæZ¡c~Y© •ewkó¨
n‡jv, G‡KKUv †Mvôx Ab¨ GKUv †Mvôx †_‡K A‡bKUvB Avjv`v|
Zviv †h ïay c„w_exi G‡KK GjvKvq G‡KK iKg Zv-B bq eis
GKB GjvKv‡ZI wewfbœ †Mvôxi g‡a¨ †ek D‡jøL‡hvM¨ cv_©K¨
jÿ Kiv hvq| D`vniY wn‡m‡e ejv †h‡Z cv‡i A‡÷ªwjqvi
Avwèvmx‡ì K_v| BD‡ivcxq Jcwb‡ewkKiv hLb cÖ_g
A‡÷ªwjqvq †cu․Qvb, †mLvbKvi Avwèvmx‡ì g‡a¨ Zviv e¨vcK
•ewP‡Îï mÜvb cvb| weªwUk‡ì `L‡ji wKQz Av‡MI G AÂ‡j
200 †_‡K 600 DcRvwZ‡Z cÖvq 3 jvL †_‡K 7 jv‡Li
gvSvgvwS msL¨K wkKvwi emevm KiZ, hv‡ì cÖ‡Z¨KwUi g‡a¨
Avevi GKvwaK †Mvôxi mÜvb cvIqv †M‡Q|2 cÖ‡Z¨KUv
DcRvwZiB wb‡R‡ì g‡Zv fvlv, ag© I ixwZbxwZ wQj| GLbKvi
`wÿY A‡÷ªwjqv ev A¨vwW‡j‡Wi KvQvKvwQ ZLb emevm KiZ
wKQz wcZ…Zvwš¿K †Mvôx| Gme †Mvôx wg‡j wQj GKUv DcRvwZ
†hUv wKbv †f․‡MvwjK mxgv‡iLvi Ici wfwË K‡iB M‡o
D‡VwQj| Dj‡Uv w`‡K DËi A‡÷ªwjqvi w`‡Ki DcRvwZ¸‡jv
Avevi gvZ…Zvwš¿K mgv‡R wek^vmx wQj| †mLv‡b GKRb e¨w³i
cwiPq Zvi †Uv‡Ug w`‡q n‡Zv, †f․‡MvwjK mxgv‡iLv w`‡q bq|
†Uv‡Ug n‡jv GKUv wbw`©ó †Mvôxi ¯^Zš¿ cÖZxK| g~jZ A‡÷ªwjqv
I DËi Av‡gwiKvi DcRvwZ‡ì g‡a¨ cïcvwLi Av`‡j GB
cÖZxK wbe©vP‡bi cÖPjb wQj|
myZivs †evSv hv‡”Q †h, cÖvPxb wkKvwi gvbyl‡ì g‡a¨ e¨vcK
b„ZvwË¡K wKsev mvs¯‥…wZK •ewPÎ¨ wQj| K…wlwecø‡ei mg‡q †h 50
†_‡K 80 jvL wkKvwi gvby‡liv emevm KiZ Zviv nvRviUv Avjv`v
Avjv`v fvlv Avi ms¯‥…wZ wb‡q nvRviUv wewfbœ DcRvwZ‡Z wef³
wQj|3 GUv Avm‡j eyw×wfwËK wecø‡ei Ab¨Zg e‡ov AR©b| GRb¨
gvby‡li Kíbvkw³‡K abëv` bv w`‡q Dcvq †bB| GB Kíbvkw³i
Kvi‡YB GKB iKg cvwicvwk¦©K cwiw¯ wZ‡Z GKB iKg kvixie„Ëxq
MV‡bi gvbyl¸‡jvI m¤ú~Y© Avjv`v KvíwbK ev¯ÍeZvq emevm Ki‡Z
86
cviZ| Avi Zvi d‡jB Avm‡j Zv‡ì g‡a¨ Avjv`v Avjv`v
mvgvwRK AvPvi wKsev ixwZbxwZ •Zwi n‡qwQj|
D`vniY¯îƒc, AvR‡Ki A·‡dvW© Avi K¨vgweªR
wek^we`¨vjq †h RvqMvq Aew¯ Z, 30 nvRvi eQi Av‡M †mB `yB
RvqMvi gvbyl nq‡Zv m¤ú~Y© Avjv`v fvlvq K_v ejZ| GKUv
†Mvôx nq‡Zv wQj Lye h×s‡`nx, AbÜv nq‡Zv-ev †ek kvwšÍwcÖq|
GgbI n‡Z cv‡i, K¨vgweªR †Mvôx nq‡Zv wQj †MvôxMZ mgv‡R
wek^vmx Avi A·‡dvW© †Mvôx nq‡Zv †Qv‡Uv †Qv‡Uv cwiev‡i
wef³| K¨vgweª‡Ri †jv‡Kiv nq‡Zv Zv‡ì †èZv‡ì g~wZ© •Zwi
KiZ Kv‡V †Lv`vB K‡i Avi A·‡dv‡Wi© †jv‡Kiv nq‡Zv c~Rv
KiZ b„‡Zï gva¨‡g| cÖ_g `jUv nq‡Zv cybR©‡b¥ wek^vm KiZ
Avi Abïv nq‡Zv fveZ GBme MuvRvLywi Mí| †Kv‡bv GKUv
mgv‡R nq‡Zv mgKvwgZv‡K †g‡b †bIqv n‡Zv †hLv‡b AbÜvq
Zv wQj `Ðbxq Aciva|
Ab¨ K_vq, hwÌ AvaywbK wkKvwi‡ì Ici b„ZvwË¡K
ch©‡eÿY Avgv‡ì cÖvPxb wkKvwi‡ì m¤¢ve¨ Rxebhvcb m¤ú‡K©
Rvb‡Z mvnvh¨ Ki‡Z cv‡i, wKš‧ cÖvPxb ev¯ÍeZvi m¤¢ve¨ RMrUv
Av‡iv we¯Í…Z hvi †ewkifvMB Avgv‡ì `„wómxgvi evB‡i i‡q
†M‡Q| †nv‡gv †mwc‡q‡Ýi cÖvK…wZK RxebaviY-c×wZ wb‡q hZ
RgRgvU weZK© †m¸‡jvi me¸‡jv‡ZB GB mZÜv Abycw¯ Z|
eyw×wfwËK wecø‡ei ci †_‡K †mwc‡q‡Ýi †Kv‡bv GKwUgvÎ
cÖvK…wZK Rxeb aviY c×wZ wQj bv| wQj AmsL¨ •ewPÎ¨gq
ms¯‥w… Zi m¤¢vi †_‡K †Kv‡bv GKwU‡K Avcb K‡i †bIqvi
my‡hvM|
cÖK…Z cÖvPzh©gq mgvR

K…wlc~e© mgvR m¤ú‡K© Zvn‡j Avgiv Kx iKg me©Rbxb aviYv
†cjvg? ZLbKvi mgv‡Ri †ewkifvM m`m¨B nq‡Zv K‡qK WRb
†_‡K K‡qK k m`‡mï †Qv‡Uv †Qv‡Uv DcRvwZ‡Z emevm KiZ|
ejv evûj¨, GBme DcRvwZi me m`m¨B wQj gvbyl| GB †kl
87
K_vUv †Lqvj KivUv Riæwi| mvaviYfv‡e GUv g‡b n‡Z cv‡i
†h, mgvR •Zwi n‡e gvbyl wb‡qÑ GUvB †Zv ¯^vfvweK| wKš‧
†Lqvj Ki‡j †`Lv hvq, K…wl wKsev wkíwfwËK mgvR †Kej
gvbyl wb‡q MwVZ bq eis GBme mgvR M‡o D‡V‡Q g~jZ gvbyl
I wKQz M„ncvwjZ RxeRš‧i mgš^‡q| Aek¨B Zviv Zv‡ì
cÖfz‡ì mgKÿ ev Zv‡ì mgvb gh©v`vi bq, wKš‧ Zvi ciI Zviv
GLbKvi mgv‡Ri Awbevh© m`m¨| D`vniY¯îƒc, AvR‡Ki
ÔwbDwRj¨vÛÕ bv‡gi mgvRUv cÖvq 45 jvL †mwc‡qÝ Avi cÖvq 5
†KvwU †fovi mgš^‡q MwVZ!
ÔK…wlc~e© mgv‡Ri †Mvôx¸‡jv †Kej gvby‡li mgš^‡q MwVZÕÑ
GB mvaviY wbq‡gi GKgvÎ e¨wZµg wQj KzKzi| KzKziB Avm‡j
†nv‡gv †mwc‡q‡Ýi †cvl gvbv‡bv cÖ_g M„ncvwjZ cï| NUbvUv
N‡UwQj K…wlwecø‡eiI Av‡M| we‡klÁiv wbw`©ó w`b-Zvwi‡Li
e¨vcv‡i hwÌ GKgZ n‡Z cv‡ib bv, wKš‧ 15 nvRvi eQi
Av‡MI †h M„ncvwjZ KzKz‡ii Aw¯ÍZ¡ wQj †m K_v wbwðZfv‡eB
Rvbv hvq| GgbI n‡Z cv‡i, Zviv nq‡Zv Av‡iv nvRviLv‡bK
eQi Av‡M †_‡KB gvby‡li m‡½ emevm Ki‡Z ïiæ K‡i‡Q|
KzKiz ‡K †mB mg‡q A‡bKfv‡e Kv‡R jvMv‡bv n‡Zv| †hgb,
Zviv wkKv‡ii Kv‡R mvnvh¨ Ki‡Z cviZ| Avevi Zv‡ì‡K eb¨
cï wKsev Ab¨ gvby‡li AvµgY m¤ú‡K© Av‡Mfv‡M Rvbvi Rb¨
mZK© ms‡K‡Zi g‡ZvI Kv‡R jvMv‡bv †hZ| cÖRb¥všÍ‡i, gvbyl I
KzKzi GB `ywU cÖRvwZ mn-weeZ©‡bi* gva¨‡g wb‡R‡ì
†evSvcovi A‡bK DbœwZ K‡i †djj| †hme KzKzi Zv‡ì cÖfzi
cÖ‡qvRb wKsev Abyf‚wZi e¨vcv‡i Lye m‡PZb wQj Zviv GKUz
evowZ Lvevi I Avì-hZœ †c‡Z jvMj| ¯^vfvweKfv‡eB Zv‡ì
*
RxeweÁv‡b mn-weeZ©b ej‡Z †evSvqÑ ÔKvQvKvwQ m¤úK©hy³ Ab¨ †Kv‡bv
GKUv Rx‡ei Kvi‡Y †Kv‡bv GKUv Rx‡ei †h iƒcvšÍi msNwUZ nqÕ| Ab¨
K_vq ej‡Z †M‡j, hLb AšÍZ `y‡Uv Avjv`v cÖRvwZi wRbMZ cwieZ©b G‡K
Aci‡K cvi¯úwiKfv‡e cÖfvweZ K‡i ZLb Avgiv ewj †h Zv‡ì g‡a¨ mn-
weeZ©b msNwUZ n‡”Q|
88
†eu‡P _vKvi m¤¢vebvI †e‡o †Mj| GKBm‡½, KzKzi¸‡jvI Zv‡ì
wb‡R‡ì cÖ‡qvR‡b gvbyl‡ì‡K eënvi Kiv wk‡L †djj|
KzKz‡ii m‡½ gvby‡li 15 nvRvi eQ‡ii GB gReyZ eÜb, Ab¨
†h-†Kv‡bv cÖvYxi Zzjbvq A‡bK †ewk Av‡e‡Mi I Mfxi
†evSvcovi m¤úK© •Zwi K‡i †djj|4 †m Kvi‡Y GLb †Zv
e‡UB, Av‡iv Av‡MI KL‡bv KL‡bv †cvlv KzKz‡ii g„Z‡`n `vdb
Kiv n‡Zv wVK gvby‡li g‡ZvB|
†h‡nZz †m mgqKvi †Mvôx¸‡jv AvKv‡i †ek †Qv‡Uv wQj,
Zvi d‡j cÖ‡Z¨K m`m¨ Ab¨ cÖvq me m`m¨‡KB Lye KvQ †_‡K
wPbZ| eÜzevÜe Avi AvZ¥xq¯^Rb wb‡q wg‡jwg‡k KvUZ Zv‡ì
Rxeb| GKvwKZ¡ wKsev †MvcbxqZv wQj LyeB `yj©f| cvkvcvwk
emevm Kiv †Mvôx‡ì g‡a¨ nq‡Zv m¤ú` wb‡q cÖwZ‡hvwMZv
wQj| wKš‧ Zv‡ì g‡a¨ eÜzZ¡c~Y© m¤úK©I wQj| Zviv nq‡Zv
wb‡R‡ì g‡a¨ m`m¨ A`j-e`j KiZ, nq‡Zv GKm‡½ wkKvi
KiZ, nq‡Zv `yj©f †k․wLb wRwbmcÎ wb‡q evwYR¨ KiZ,
ivR‣bwZK •gÎx •Zwi KiZ wKsev GKBm‡½ ag©xq Drme
D`&hvcb KiZ| GiKg mn‡hvwMZv Avm‡j †nv‡gv †mwc‡q‡Ýi
Ab¨Zg †g․wjK ¸Y, †hUv Zv‡ì wU‡K _vKvi Rb¨ Ab¨vb¨
gvbe-cÖRvwZi Zzjbvq GKUz evowZ myweav w`‡q‡Q| KL‡bv
KL‡bv cÖwZ‡ekx †Mvôx¸‡jvi g‡a¨ GZUvB Nwbô m¤úK© M‡o
D‡VwQj †h Zviv GKm‡½ wg‡j GKwU bZzb †Mvôx MVb K‡iwQj|
†mB bZzb †Mvôx‡Z wQj GKBiKg fvlv, GKB †c․ivwYK Kvwnwb
Avi GKB mvgvwRK AvPvi|
ZvB e‡j Aek¨ GB cÖwZ‡ekxi m‡½ evwn¨K m¤úK©Uv‡K
wb‡q Lye †ewk gvZvgvwZ KiviI wKQz †bB| hwÌ mg‡q mg‡q
cÖwZ‡ekx †Mvôx¸‡jv KvQvKvwQ †_‡K‡Q wKsev GKm‡½ wkKvi
K‡i‡Q, Zvi ciI Zviv Avm‡j Zv‡ì Rxe‡bi †ewkifvM mgqB
KvwU‡q‡Q m¤ú~Y© Avjv`vfv‡e, wb‡R‡ì g‡Zv K‡i| evwY‡Rï
e¨vcviUvI wSbyK, iwOb cv_i wKsev KuvPv i‡Oi g‡Zv wKQz
†k․wLb mvgMÖxi g‡a¨B mxwgZ wQj| djg~j wKsev gvs‡mi g‡Zv
•`bw›`b cÖ‡qvRbxq wRwbmcÎ wb‡q evwYR¨ Kivi †Zgb †Kv‡bv
89
cÖgvY cvIqv hvq bv| †Kv‡bv GKUv †Mvôx †h Ab¨ †Kv‡bv GKUv
†Mvôxi Ici wewfbœ cÖ‡qvRbxq cY¨mvgMÖxi Rb¨ cy‡ivcywi
wbf©ikxj wQj Ggb †Kv‡bv cÖgvYI cvIqv hvq bv| mvgvwRK-
ivR‣bwZK m¤úK©¸‡jvI K`vwPrB †`Lv †hZ| GKwU DcRvwZ
Avm‡j GKwU cy‡ivcywi ¯ vqx ivR‣bwZK KvVv‡gv wn‡m‡e KL‡bv
M‡o DV‡Z cv‡iwb| hwÌ gv‡S gv‡S Zv‡ì g‡a¨ Av‡jvPbvi
Rb¨ wKQz RvqMv wQj wKš‧ †Kv‡bv wbw`©ó ¯ vqx kni wKsev
cÖwZôvb wQj bv| GKRb mvaviY m`m¨ nq‡Zv eû gvm a‡i
wb‡Ri †Mvôxi evB‡i Ab¨ KvD‡K bv †`‡LB KvwU‡q w`‡q‡Q| †m
nq‡Zv Zvi mviv Rxe‡b gvÎ K‡qK k gvbyl‡K wbR †Pv‡L
†`‡L‡Q| Avm‡j †mwc‡qÝ Rb‡Mvôx Lye Qvov-Qvovfv‡e wekvj
GjvKv Ry‡o Qwo‡q wQj| Z‡e mwZ¨ K_v n‡jv, K…wlwecø‡ei AvM
ch©šÍ cy‡iv c„w_ex‡Z gvby‡li msL¨v wQj GLbKvi wgk‡ii
Kvq‡ivi RbmsL¨vi †P‡qI Kg!
7. cÖ_g †cvlv cÖvYx? DËi Bmiv‡q‡j cÖvq 12 nvRvi eQ‡ii cy‡iv‡bv GKUv Kei
cvIqv †M‡Q| †mLv‡b 50 eQi eq¯‥ GKRb bvixi K¼vj cvIqv †M‡Q, Avi Zvi
cv‡kB wQj GKwU KzKziQvbvi K¼vj (Qwe‡Z wb‡P euv w`‡K)| KzKziQvbvUv‡K IB
bvixi gv_vi KvQvKvwQB Kei †Ìqv n‡qwQj| Zvi euv nvZUv KzKziUvi Ic‡i
Ggbfv‡e ivLv †hUv GKiKg Av‡e‡MiB ewntcÖKvk| Aek¨B AbïKg e¨vL¨vI
_vK‡Z cv‡i| GgbI n‡Z cv‡i †h KzKziQvbvUv nq‡Zv ciKv‡ji ìRvi cÖnixi
Rb¨ GKUv †QvÆ Dcnvi|
90
†ewkifvM †mwc‡qÝ †MvôxB wQj hvhvei| Zviv GK RvqMv †_‡K
Av‡iK RvqMvq Ny‡i †eovZ Lvev‡ii mÜv‡b| Zviv KLb †Kv_vq
hv‡e †mUv wVK Zv‡ì B”Qvi Ici wbf©i KiZ bv| eis wbf©i
KiZ FZz cwieZ©‡bi Ici, wewfbœ cÖvYxi GK RvqMv †_‡K Ab¨
RvqMvq emwZ ¯ vbvšÍ‡ii Ici wKsev wewfbœ MvQcvjvi
RxebP‡µi Ici| Zviv mvaviYZ evwoi Avkcv‡ki K‡qK WRb
wKsev e‡ov‡Rvi K‡qK k eM©wK‡jvwgUvi GjvKvi g‡a¨B Ny‡i
†eovZ|
gv‡Sg‡a¨ †Mvôx¸‡jv nq‡Zv m¤ú~Y© bZzb GKUv GjvKvq
G‡m coZ| †mUv wewfbœ Kvi‡YB n‡Z cv‡i| †hgbÑ cÖvK…wZK
`y‡h©vM, fqsKi `v½v, RbmsL¨vi Pvc wKsev †Kv‡bv GK bZzb
†bZvi `y`©všÍ †Kv‡bv wm×všÍ| GiKg nVvr nVvr cÖ‡qvR‡b wKsev
AcÖ‡qvR‡b D‡Ïk¨nxbfv‡e bZzb †Kv‡bv GK RvqMvq P‡j
hvIqvUvB Avm‡j gvby‡li GB `ywbqve¨vcx m¤cÖmvi‡Yi †cQ‡b
A‡bK e‡ov f‚wgKv †i‡L‡Q| hw` GKUv wkKvwi †Mvôx cÖwZ 40
eQ‡i GKevi K‡i †f‡O hvq Ges Gi fvOv Ask¸‡jv hw` c~e©
w`‡K cÖvq 100 wK‡jvwgUvi `~‡i m¤ú~Y© bZzb †Kv‡bv GjvKvq
hvq, Zvn‡j c~e© Avwd«Kv †_‡K Pxb ch©šÍ `~iZ¡ cvwo w`‡Z cÖvq
10 nvRvi eQi mgq jvMvi K_v|
wKQz `yj©f mg‡q, hLb †Kv‡bv GjvKvq Lvev‡ii h‡_ó
†RvMvb _vKZ, ZLb nq‡Zv †Mvôx¸‡jv GKUv FZzi Rb¨ wKsev
¯ vqxfv‡eB emwZ MvoZ †Kv‡bv GjvKvq| Lvevi ïKv‡bv I VvÛv
ivLvi bvbv c×wZI ZLb gvbyl Avwe®‥vi K‡iwQj| hvi d‡j
GKUz †ewk mg‡qi Rb¨ Lvevi Rwg‡q wbwð‡šÍ _vKv †hZ|
me‡P‡q ¸iæZ¡c~Y© e¨vcvi n‡jv, gvQ I mvgyw`ªK cÖvYx‡Z ficyi
b`x wKsev mvM‡ii Avkcv‡k gvbyl ¯ vqx †R‡j MÖvg •Zwi K‡i
†d‡jwQj| GBme †R‡j MÖvgB wQj BwZnv‡mi cÖ_g ¯ vqx emwZ|
GB NUbv wKš‧ K…wlwecø‡eiI A‡bK Av‡MKvi K_v| GiKg
†R‡j MÖvg nq‡Zv B‡›`v‡bwkqvi DcK‚‡j cÖvq 45 nvRvi eQi
Av‡M †`Lv wM‡qwQj| GiKg †Kv‡bv MÖvgB nq‡Zv cieZ©x‡Z
91
†nv‡gv †mwc‡qÝ‡K mgy`ªhvÎvi Aby‡cÖiYv RywM‡qwQjÑ hvi GKUv
cÖK…ó D`vniY n‡jv Zv‡ì cÖ_g A‡÷ªwjqv hvÎv|
†ewkifvM GjvKv‡ZB †mwc‡qÝiv ZLb †_‡KB bvbv ai‡bi
Lvev‡i Af¨¯Í wQj| Zviv my‡hvM-myweav Abyhvqx hLb †h Lvevi
cvIqv †hZ, †mUvB msMÖn KiZ| Zviv †cvKvgvKo nvwZ‡q wbZ,
MvQ †_‡K djg~j cvoZ, MZ© K‡i †kKo †RvMvo KiZ, Li‡Mvk
aiZ Avi evBmb wKsev wekvj g¨vg_ wkKvi KiZ| hwÌ cÖvPxb
c~e©cyiæl ej‡Z Avgv‡ì †Pv‡Li mvg‡b GKRb exi wkKvwi
cyiæ‡li QweUvB cÖ_‡g †f‡m I‡V, wKš‧ cÖK…Zc‡ÿ cÖvPxb
†mwc‡q‡Ýi cÖavb KvR wQj Avm‡j Lvevi msMÖn Kiv, wkKvi
Kiv bq| Avi msMÖn Kiv Lvevi w`‡qB Zv‡ì †ewkifvM
K¨vjwii †RvMvb n‡Zv| GB Lvevi msMÖn Ki‡Z wM‡qB Zviv
PKgwK cv_i, KvV Avi euv‡ki g‡Zv wewfbœ •`bw›`b cÖ‡qvRbxq
KuvPvgv‡ji mÜvb †cZ|
†mwc‡qÝ †h ïay Lvevi Avi wRwbmc‡Îi Rb¨B Ny‡i Ny‡i
†LuvR K‡i †eovZ, Zv bq| Z_¨ msMÖn KivI Zv‡ì Ab¨Zg
GKUv D‡Ïk¨ wQj| †eu‡P _vKvi Rb¨ emwZi PvicvkUv m¤^‡Ü
GKUv fv‡jv aviYv Zv‡ì Lye ìKvi wQj| cÖwZw`‡bi Lvev‡ii
mÜvbUv Av‡iv `ÿZvi m‡½ Kivi Rb¨ Zv‡ì IB GjvKvi
MvQcvjv I cÖvYx‡ì RxebPµ I wewfbœ •ewkó¨ m¤ú‡K© fv‡jv
Ávb ìKvi wQj| Zv‡ì Rvb‡Z n‡Zv †Kvb Lvevi¸‡jv cywóKi,
Kx †L‡j gvbyl Amy¯  n‡q c‡o wKsev Ab¨vb¨ †Kvb Lvevi Ilya
wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i| Zv‡ì Av‡iv Rvbv ìKvi wQj FZzPµ
m¤^‡Ü, Soe„wó wKsev Livi Av‡Mi wecrms‡KZ m¤^‡Ü| Zviv me
b`x wKsev RjcÖevn, me AvL‡ivU MvQ, me fvjy‡Ki ¸nv Avi
me †PvLv cv_‡ii msMÖnB fv‡jvg‡Zv ch©‡eÿY KiZ| Zv‡ì
cÖvq cÖ‡Z¨K m`m¨‡KB Rvb‡Z n‡Zv Kxfv‡e cv_i w`‡q PvKz
evbv‡Z nq, Kxfv‡e cy‡iv‡bv †Quov AvjLvjøv †givgZ Ki‡Z nq,
Kxfv‡e Li‡Mvk aivi duv` cvZ‡Z nq wKsev ZzlviSo ev ÿzavZ©
wms‡ni mvg‡b co‡j Kx Ki‡Z nq A_ev mv‡ci Kvgo †L‡jB-
ev Kx Ki‡Z nq| G¸‡jvi †h-†Kv‡bvUv‡ZB `ÿZv AR©b Ki‡Z
92
n‡j GKRb‡K A‡bK w`b a‡i wkL‡Z I PP©v Ki‡Z nq| GKRb
mvaviY cÖvPxb wkKvwi K‡qK wgwb‡Ui g‡a¨B GKUv cv_i w`‡q
ek©vi gv_v evwb‡q †dj‡Z cviZ| Avgiv hw` GLb GB GKB
KvR Kivi †Póv Kwi, Zvn‡j Avgiv wbtm‡›`‡n Lye ev‡Rfv‡e
e¨_© ne| KviY, Avgv‡ì †ewkifv‡MiB †PvLv Ges wkKv‡ii
Dc‡hvMx cv_i m¤ú‡K© wKsev I¸‡jv mwVKfv‡e eënvi Kivi
wel‡q †Zgb †Kv‡bv Ávb †bB|
Ab¨ K_vq ej‡Z †M‡j, †mB mgqKvi mvaviY GKRb
wkKvwi Zvi Avkcv‡ki cwi‡ek m¤ú‡K© A‡bK Ávb ivLZ| †mB
Zzjbvq Zv‡ì GLbKvi DËivwaKvixiv eis G‡Kev‡iB Avbvwo|
AvR‡Ki wkíwfwËK mgv‡R †ewkifvM gvby‡liB wU‡K _vKvi
Rb¨ Zvi Avkcv‡ki cÖK…wZ m¤^‡Ü Avm‡j †Zgb wKQz Rvbvi
cÖ‡qvRb nq bv| GLbKvi mg‡q GKRb Kw¤úDUvi BwÄwbqvi,
wegv Kg©KZ©v, BwZnv‡mi wkÿK wKsev KviLvbvi kÖwgK wn‡m‡e
wU‡K _vKvi Rb¨ Avm‡j Avcbvi Kx Rvbv ìKvi? Avcbv‡K
Avcbvi wb‡Ri Kv‡Ri †Qv‡Uv RM‡Zi A‡bK LyuwUbvwU m¤ú‡K©
A‡bK †ewk wKQz Rvbv ìKvi, wKš‧ Rxe‡bi †ewkifvM cÖ‡qvRb
†gUv‡ZB Avcbv‡K Ab¨ me gvby‡li Ici wbf©i Ki‡Z n‡e,
hviv wb‡Riv Avevi Zv‡ì Kv‡Ri †QvÆ RM‡Zi evB‡i †Zgb
wKQz Rv‡b bv| hwÌ mvgwMÖKfv‡e gvbyl GLb Zv‡ì
c~e©cyiæl‡ì †P‡q A‡b‡K †ewk Rv‡b wKš‧ e¨w³MZ ch©v‡q wPšÍv
Ki‡j Avm‡j cÖvPxb wkKvwi-msMÖvnK gvby‡livB BwZnv‡m
me‡P‡q Ávbx I `ÿ gvbyl wQj|
Ggb wKQz Z_¨ DcvË cvIqv hvq, †hUv Bw½Z K‡i †h,
GLbKvi MocoZv †mwc‡q‡Ýi gw¯Í‡®‥i AvKvi †mB wkKvwi
mg‡qi Zzjbvq GKUz K‡g G‡m‡Q|5 †mB mg‡q wU‡K _vKvi
Rb¨ cÖ‡Z¨‡KiB cÖPÐ gvbwmK `ÿZvi ìKvi wQj| hLb †_‡K
K…wl wKsev wk‡íi Avwef©ve n‡jv, gvbyl †ewk †ewk K‡i wU‡K
_vKvi Rb¨ A‡bï Ici wbf©ikxj n‡Z _vKj| Avi Gfv‡eB
†evaeyw× Kg n‡qI wU‡K _vKvi my‡hvM •Zwi n‡jv| †mªd cvwb
e‡q wKsev KviLvbvi mvaviY GKRb kÖwgK nIqvi ciI Avcwb
93
w`we¨ Rxeb KvwU‡q w`‡Z cv‡ib Avi Avcbvi G‡Kev‡iB mvaviY
wRb¸‡jv Avcbvi eskai‡ì g‡a¨ euvwP‡q ivL‡Z cv‡ib|
wkKvwi c~e©cyiæ‡liv †h ïay Zv‡ì Pvicv‡ki cÖvYx, MvQcvjv
Avi eënvh© wRwbmcÎ m¤ú‡K©B Ávb jvf K‡iwQj, Zv-B bq,
eis Zviv Zv‡ì kixi I Abyf‚wZ m¤ú‡K©I h‡_ó IqvwKenvj
wQj| Zviv Nv‡mi Ici mvgvb¨ bovPov †_‡KB †Ui †c‡q †hZ
†Kv‡bv mvc IZ †c‡Z Av‡Q wK bv| Zviv Mv‡Qi cvZv¸‡jv Lye
fv‡jvfv‡e ch©‡eÿY KiZ, hvi d‡j mn‡RB djg~j, †g․gvwQi
PvK wKsev cvwLi evmv Lyu‡R †cZ| Zviv G‡Kev‡iB Kg K‡ó I
wbtk‡ã Pjv‡div Ki‡Z cviZ| Zviv `ªæZZv I `ÿZvi m‡½
em‡Z, nuvU‡Z wKsev †`․ov‡Z cviZ| mvivUv mgq bvbv ai‡bi
eënv‡ii d‡j Zv‡ì kixi GKRb g¨viv_b †`․owe‡ì g‡ZvB
GK`g my¯ -mej _vKZ| Zv‡ì kixi GZ wbcyY wQj †h
GLbKvi gvby‡liv eQ‡ii ci eQi a‡i †hvMe¨vqvg wKsev ZvBwP
PP©v K‡iI †mUv AR©b Ki‡Z cvi‡e bv|
GBme wkKvwi-msMÖvnK‡ì Rxeb RvqMv‡f‡` wKsev
FZz‡f‡` hwÌ G‡KK iKg wQj wKš‧ Zviv mevB Avm‡j A‡bK
my¯  I Avivg`vqK Rxeb hvcb KiZ| eis Zv‡ì DËivwaKvix
K…lK, ivLvj, w`bgRyi wKsev Awdm Kg©Pvix‡ì RxebB A‡bK
†ewk K‡ói|
†hLv‡b AvR‡Ki cÖvPzhc © ~Y© mgv‡RI gvbylRb mßv‡n
MocoZv cÖvq 40 †_‡K 45 NÈv KvR K‡i, Dbœqbkxj †`‡k
cÖvq 60 GgbwK 80 NÈv KvR K‡i, †mLv‡b Kvjvnvwi giæf‚wgi
g‡Zv cÖwZK‚j cwi‡e‡kI AvR‡Ki w`‡bi wkKvwi-msMÖvnKiv
mßv‡n gvÎ 35 wK 25 NÈv KvR K‡i| Zviv cÖwZ wZb w`‡b GK
w`b wkKvi K‡i| Ab¨vb¨ Lvevi msMÖ‡ni KvRUv Ki‡Z wZb
†_‡K Qq NÈv †bq e‡ov‡Rvi| mvaviYZ GKUv †Mvôxi Rb¨
GUvB h‡_ó nq| GgbI n‡Z cv‡i †h, GLbKvi Kvjvnvwi
giæf‚wgi †P‡qI †ewk De©i RvqMvq cÖvPxb wkKvwi gvby‡liv
Lvevi ev wewfbœ KuvPvgvj †RvMvo Kivi Rb¨ A‡bK Kg mgq e¨q
KiZ| Zvi Ici, wkKvwi-msMÖvnK‡ì •`bw›`b Rxebhvc‡bi
94
Rb¨ A‡bK Kg KvR Ki‡Z n‡Zv| Zv‡ì _vjv-evwU †avqv, Ni
cwi®‥vi Kiv, ev”Pvi Kuv_v e`jv‡bv ev wej cwi‡kva Kivi g‡Zv
weiw³Ki KvR¸‡jv Ki‡Z n‡Zv bv|
Avm‡j K…wl wKsev wkíwfwËK mgv‡Ri †P‡q wkKvwi-msMÖvnK
gvby‡liv A‡bK †ewk gRvi Rxeb hvcb KiZ| AvR‡Ki GKRb
Pxbv kÖwgK Ni †_‡K †ei nq mKvj 7Uvi mgq, Zvici bvbv
iKg `~l‡Y ficyi iv¯Ív w`‡q wM‡q †cu․Qvq Zvi A¯^v¯ ¨Ki Kv‡Ri
RvqMvq, Zvici GKBfv‡e GKB hš¿ Pvjvq w`‡bi ci w`b,
gv‡mi ci gvm, eQ‡ii ci eQi, ZvI w`‡b cÖvq 10 NÈv a‡i|
Zvici mÜ¨v 7Uvi w`‡K N‡i wd‡i _vjvevmb †avqv wKsev
Kvco‡Pvco cwi®‥v‡ii Kv‡R †j‡M hvq| Gw`‡K, 30 nvRvi
eQi Av‡M GKRb Pxbv wkKvwi nq‡Zv Zvi mv‡½vcv½‡ì wb‡q
mKvj 8Uvi w`‡K Ni †_‡K †ei n‡Zv| Zviv nq‡Zv Avkcv‡ki
ebev`v‡o Ny‡i †eovZ| e¨v‡Oi QvZv, LvIqvi g‡Zv wkKo wKsev
e¨vs aiZ| gv‡S gv‡S nq‡Zv ev‡Ni Zvov †L‡q †`․‡o cvjvZ|
we‡K‡ji †ek Av‡MB Zviv Lvev‡ii Rb¨ N‡i wdiZ| Gi d‡j
Zv‡ì nv‡Z A‡bK mgq _vKZ Mí Kivi, †Q‡j‡g‡q‡ì m‡½
†Ljv Kivi wKsev †bnvZB D‡Ïk¨nxbfv‡e mgq KvUv‡bvi|
gv‡Sg‡a¨ wbðqB Zv‡ì ev‡N a‡i †L‡q †djZ wKsev mv‡c
Kvgo w`Z wKš‧ Ab¨w`‡K fve‡j, Zv‡ì‡K †Zv AšÍZ
Mvwo‡Nvovi `yN©Ubv wKsev wkíKviLvbvi `~l‡Yi Kvi‡Y gi‡Z
n‡Zv bv|
†ewkifvM RvqMvq Ges †ewkifvM mg‡q, Ny‡i Ny‡i Lvevi
msMÖn KivB gvbyl‡K Av`k© cywói †RvMvb w`‡q‡Q| G‡Z AevK
nIqvi wKQz †Zv †bB-B eis nvRvi nvRvi eQi a‡i GUvB
gvby‡li mvaviY Lv`¨vf¨vm wQj| Zvi d‡j gvby‡li kixi GB
Lv`¨vf¨v‡mi m‡½B Lvc LvB‡q wb‡q‡Q| wewfbœ dwmj †_‡K
cvIqv Z_¨-DcvË GUviB Bw½Z †`q †h, cÖvPxb wkKvwi-
msMÖvnK‡ì Acywó wKsev `ywf©‡ÿ givi m¤¢vebv †ek Kg wQj eis
mvaviYZ Zv‡ì K…lK eskai‡ì †P‡q Zviv †ewk j¤^v I
¯^v¯ ëvb wQj| Mo Avqy ZLb wQj gvÎ 35 wK 40 eQi, wKš‧
95
Gi Rb¨ g~jZ `vqx AwZwi³ wkï g„Zz¨nvi| †hme wkï
wec`msKzj cÖ_g eQi¸‡jv cvi K‡i †dj‡Z cviZ Zv‡ì †ek
fv‡jv m¤¢vebv wQj 60 eQi eqm ch©šÍ euvPvi| †KD †KD †Zv
nq‡Zv 80 eQi ch©šÍI euvPZ| Avi GLbKvi wkKvwi-msMÖvnK
Rb‡Mvôx‡Z 45 eQi eqwm GKRb gwnjv Av‡iv 20 eQi euvPvi
Avkv Ki‡Z cv‡ib †hLv‡b cy‡iv Rb‡Mvôxi 5 †_‡K 8 kZvsk
n‡jv lv‡UvaŸ©|6
GKUz wPšÍv Ki‡jB †evSv hvq †h GB •ewPÎ¨c~Y© Lv`¨vf¨vmB
wkKvwi-msMÖvnK‡ì `ywf©ÿ wKsev Acywó †_‡K iÿv K‡iwQj|
Ab¨w`‡K K…lKiv Lye mxwgZ Avi fvimvg¨nxb Lvevi †LZ|
we‡kl K‡I, c~e©vaywbK hy‡M †ewkifvM K¨vjwii †RvMvbB n‡Zv
GKwUgvÎ Drm †_‡KÑ Mg, Avjy wKsev avb| GB Drm¸‡jvi
GKUv mgm¨v n‡jv G¸‡jv‡Z †ek wKQz †g․wjK Dcv`vb, †hgbÑ
wfUvwgb, LwbR c`v_© I Ab¨vb¨ cywóKi Dcv`v‡bi h‡_ó NvUwZ
Av‡Q, †h¸‡jv Avevi gvby‡li kix‡ii Rb¨ ìKvi| cÖvPxb Px‡bi
GKRb mvaviY K…lK mKvj, `ycyi wKsev ivZ me mgq ïay fvZB
†LZ| Zvi Kcvj fv‡jv _vK‡j †m ciw`bI GKB Lvevi LvIqvi
K_vB fveZ| Ab¨w`‡K, cÖvPxb wkKvwi-msMÖvnKiv wbqwgZfv‡e
WRbLv‡bK wfbœ wfbœ iKg Lvevi †LZ| †Kv‡bv GK cÖvPxb
K…l‡Ki †Kv‡bv GK c~e©cyiæl nq‡Zv mKv‡ji Lvevi wn‡m‡e †LZ
wjPz Avi e¨v‡Oi QvZv, Zvici `ycy‡ii Lvevi wn‡m‡e djg~j,
kvgyK Avi K”Q‡ci gvsm Avi Zvici iv‡Zi †ejv nq‡Zv †L‡Zv
ey‡bv †cuqv‡Ri m‡½ Li‡Mv‡ki gvsm| ciw`‡bi Lvevi nq‡Zv
n‡Zv G‡Kev‡iB Ab¨wKQz| Avi GB •ewPÎ¨c~Y© Lv`¨vf¨vmB
cÖvPxb wkKvwi-msMÖvnK‡ì me iKg cÖ‡qvRbxq cywó wbwðZ
K‡iwQj|
G QvovI †Kv‡bv GKUv wbw`©ó Lvev‡ii Ici cy‡ivcywi
wbf©ikxj bv nIqvi d‡j †Kv‡bv cÖvK…wZK wech©‡qi Kvi‡Y
Zv‡ì A‡bK Kg fzM‡Z n‡Zv| Ab¨w`‡K K…wlwfwËK mgvR¸‡jv
`ywf©‡ÿ cÖvq aŸsm n‡q †hZ| Liv, `ve`vn ev f‚wgK‡¤úi g‡Zv
e‡ov e‡ov cÖvK…wZK `y‡h©vM Zv‡ì avb wKsev Avjyi †LZ jÛfÛ
96
K‡i w`Z| Aek¨ wkKvwi-msMÖvnK‡ì †h GBme cÖvK…wZK
`y‡h©v‡M †Kv‡bv mgm¨vB n‡Zv bvÑ GiKg fveevi †Kv‡bv KviY
†bB| Zv‡ìI mgm¨v n‡Zv, ZvivI A‡bK mgq bv †L‡q _vKZ
wKš‧ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© e¨vcvi n‡jv, Zv‡ì Rb¨ GB ai‡bi `y‡h©vM †_‡K
DËiYUv A‡cÿvK…Z mnR wQj| Zv‡ì †Kv‡bv GKUv wbqwgZ
Lvev‡ii Drm hw` aŸsmI n‡q †hZ, Zviv ZLb Ab¨ †Kv‡bv wKQz
w`‡q KvR Pvwj‡q wbZ A_ev Ab¨ †Kv_vI P‡j †hZ|
Av‡iv gRvi e¨vcvi n‡jv, cÖvPxb wkKvwi-msMÖvnKiv
msµvgK †iv‡M A‡bK Kg AvµvšÍ n‡Zv| K…wl wKsev wkíwfwËK
mgv‡R †h mg¯Í †ivM gnvgvwi AvKv‡i Qwo‡q c‡owQj (†hgb
¸wUemšÍ, nvg, h²v) †m¸‡jvi †ewkifv‡MiB DrcwË Avm‡j
M„ncvwjZ cïcvwL †_‡K| GBme †ivMRxevYy cieZ©x mg‡q
gvby‡li kix‡i ¯ vbvšÍwiZ nq g~jZ K…wlwecø‡ei c‡i, Av‡M bq|
†hme cÖvPxb wkKvwi-msMÖvnKiv ïay KzKzi‡K †cvl gvwb‡qwQj
ZvivI wKš‧ GBme cwiYwZ †_‡K gy³ wQj| Zv Qvov K…wl ev
wkíwfwËK mgv‡Ri †ewkifvM gvbylB emevm KiZ Lye
A¯^v¯ ¨Ki, NbemwZc~Y© wPi¯ vqx emwZ‡ZÑ †h¸‡jv wQj
†ivMRxevYyi Av`k© evm¯ vb| Ab¨w`‡K wkKvwi-msMÖvnKiv †Qv‡Uv
†Qv‡Uv †Mvôx‡Z Avjv`v Avjv`vfv‡e Ny‡i Ny‡i †eovZ| Zvi d‡j
†Kv‡bv †ivMB gnvgvwii AvKvi aviY Ki‡Z cviZ bv|
GKwU m¤ú~Y© I •ewP‡Î¨ ficyi Lv`¨vf¨vm, A‡cÿvK…Z Kg
Kv‡Ri mgq Avi msµvgK †iv‡Mi Abycw¯ wZB A‡bK
we‡klÁ‡K AbycÖvwYZ K‡i‡Q K…wlc~e© mgvR‡KB cÖK…Z ÔcÖvPzh©c~Y©
mgvRÕ wn‡m‡e AvL¨vwqZ Ki‡Z| Aek¨ GB cÖvPxb †Mvôx‡KB
Av`k© g‡b KivUv Avgv‡ì fzj n‡e| hwÌ Zviv K…wl wKsev
wkíwfwËK mgv‡Ri gvby‡li Zzjbvq A‡bK fv‡jv Rxeb hvcb
KiZ, Zvi ciI Zv‡ì Rxe‡b A‡bK iæÿZv I wb`©qZv wQj|
Afve I KvwVb¨ †gv‡UB `yj©f wQj bv Zv‡ì Rxe‡b, wkïi
g„Zz¨nviI wQj †ewk| †m mgq nq‡Zv msL¨vjNyi Aw¯ÍZ¡B ivLv
n‡Zv bv| †ewkifvM †jvK nq‡Zv wb‡R‡ì KvQvKvwQ m¤úK©Uv
Dc‡fvM KiZ wKš‧ †hme `yf©vMviv Ab¨ m`m¨‡ì weivMfvRb
97
n‡q †hZ Zv‡ì Kcv‡j fv‡jv `ytL wQj| GgbwK AvaywbK
wkKvwi-msMÖvn‡KivI gv‡Sg‡a¨B Zv‡ì `ye©j ev Aÿg m`m¨‡ì
Z¨vM KiZ wKsev †g‡iB †djZ| KviY †mBme m`m¨ Zv‡ì
†Mvôxi m‡½ GKB Zv‡j Pj‡Z cviZ bv| AbvKvw•ÿZ wkï‡ìI
nq‡Zv wbt‡kl K‡i †djv n‡Zv| GgbwK ag©xq AvbyôvwbKZvi
Rb¨ gvbyl DrmM© Kivi K_vI †kvbv hvq|
1960 mv‡ji AvM ch©šÍ †h A¨v‡P (Aché) †Mvôx
c¨viv¸‡qi R½‡j emevm KiZ, ZvivI wQj wkKvwi-msMÖvnK|
Zv‡ì‡K †`‡L Avgiv wkKvwi-msMÖvnK Rxe‡bi wKQz fqsKi w`K
m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z cvwi| hLbB A¨v‡P‡ì †Kv‡bv ¸iæZ¡c~Y© m`m¨
gviv †hZ ZLb Zviv GKUv †Qv‡Uv Kb¨vwkï‡K ewj w`Z Avi
Zvici Zv‡ì `yRb‡K GKm‡½ Kei w`Z| K‡qKRb b„ZË¡we`
A¨v‡P †Mvôxi †jv‡K‡ì m‡½ K_vevZ©v e‡j fqsKi wKQz NUbv
m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z cv‡ib| GKevi GKRb gaëq¯‥ cyiæl‡K Zvi
†Mvôx Z¨vM Kivj| KviY n‡jv †mB †jvKUv nVvr Amy¯  n‡q
covq Ab¨‡ì m‡½ Pj‡Z cviwQj bv| Zv‡K Zviv GKUv Mv‡Qi
Zjvq †i‡L P‡j hvq| kKz‡biv Zvi gv_vi Ici Ny‡i †eovw”Qj
fi‡cU Lvev‡ii Avkvq| wKš‧ †mB gvbylUv Avðh©RbKfv‡e
Amy¯Z  v KvwU‡q D‡V `ªæZ †nu‡U Zvi †Mvôx‡Z wd‡i †h‡Z
†c‡iwQj| Zvi kixi XvKv wQj kKz‡bi weôvq, ZvB Zvi bvg
ivLv n‡jv kKz‡bi Dw”Qó|
hLbB †Kv‡bv GKRb A¨v‡P bvix `‡ji Rb¨ †evSv n‡q †hZ
ZLb GKRb †Rvqvb cyiæl PzwcPzwc Zvi †cQ‡b G‡m Kzov‡ji
GK AvNv‡Z Zvi gv_vUv Avjv`v K‡i †djZ| GKRb A¨v‡P
cyiæl Zvi R½j-Rxe‡bi cÖ_g w`KKvi K_v b„ZË¡we`‡ì
ïwb‡qwQjÑ ÔAvwg cÖ_v Abymv‡i eq¯‥ gwnjv‡ì nZ¨v
KiZvg...Avwg mvaviYZ PvwP-Lvjv‡ì gviZvg...GBRb¨
gwnjviv Avgv‡K †ek fq †cZ...GLb, GBLv‡b GB mv`v
Pvgov‡ì m‡½ †_‡K Avwg `ye©j n‡q †MwQ|Õ †hme wkï Pzj Qvov
Rb¥MÖnY KiZ Zv‡ì Acyó g‡b Kiv n‡Zv Ges m‡½ m‡½B †g‡i
†djv n‡Zv| GKRb bvix ¯§„wZPviY Ki‡Z wM‡q e‡jwQ‡jb Zvi
98
cÖ_g Kb¨vmšÍvb‡K †g‡i †djv n‡qwQj KviY †Mvôxi cyiæ‡liv
Av‡iv GKwU Kb¨vmšÍvb Pvqwb ZLb| Ab¨ GKmgq GKRb cyiæl
GKwU †QvÆ wkï‡K †g‡i †d‡jwQj KviY Zvi ZLb †eRvq
†gRvR Mig wQj Avi wkïUv ïay Kuv`wQj| Avevi Ab¨ GKwU
wkï‡K RxešÍ Kei †Ìqv n‡qwQj, KviY †m bvwK Lye A™¢zZ
†`L‡Z wQj Avi Ab¨ wkïiv Zv‡K †`‡L nvmZ!7
ZvB e‡j GBme Mí ï‡b ZvovZvwo K‡i A¨v‡P‡ì m¤ú‡K©
fqsKi GKUv aviYv K‡i †djv wKš‧ GK`g wVK n‡e bv| †hme
b„ZË¡we‡ìv Zv‡ì m‡½ emevm K‡i‡Qb Zuviv e‡j‡Qb cÖvßeq¯‥
A¨v‡P‡ì g‡a¨ MÛ‡Mvj gvivgvwi Avm‡j LyeB Kg n‡Zv| Avevi
bvix-cyiæl Df‡qB wb‡Ri B”Qvg‡Zv m½x e`jv‡Z cviZ| Zviv
GKB m‡½ †n‡m‡L‡j _vKZ, Zv‡ì †bZ…Z¡ wb‡q Lye †ewk
gv_ve¨_v †Zv wQjB bv eis Zviv gvZeŸi ai‡bi †jvKRb‡K
GK`g cvËv w`Z bv| Zviv Zv‡ì Aí mnvqm¤úwË wb‡q LyeB
mš‧ó wQj Avi †gv‡UB mvdj¨ wKsev m¤ú‡ì Rb¨ nv-ûZvk
KiZ bv| †h wRwbm¸‡jv‡K Zviv Rxe‡b me‡P‡q ¸iæZ¡ w`Z, Zv
n‡jv my›ì mvgvwRK m¤úK© Avi LyeB fv‡jv eÜzZ|¡ 8 Zviv wkï,
Amy¯  †jvKRb Avi eq¯‥‡ì nZ¨v KivUv A‡bKUv GLbKvi
Mf©cvZ wKsev †¯^”Qvg„Zzï g‡Zv K‡i †`LZ| Av‡iKUv K_v
GLv‡b Rvwb‡q ivLv fv‡jv, GB A¨v‡P‡ì‡K wKš‧ c¨viv¸‡qi
mvaviY K…lKiv Lye wbg©gfv‡e nZ¨v KiZ| kÎæ‡ì _vev †_‡K
iÿv cvIqvi Rb¨ ZvB A¨v‡P †Mvôx `‡ji `ye©j m`m¨‡ì cÖwZ
†ek iæÿ AvPiY Ki‡Z eva¨B n‡Zv ejv hvq|
mwZ¨ K_v ej‡Z wK, Ab¨ me gvbemgv‡Ri g‡ZvB A¨v‡P
mgvRI Avm‡jB Lye RwUj wQj| myZivs Zv‡ì m¤ú‡K© GB
mvgvb¨ fvmv fvmv aviYv wb‡q Zv‡ì mgvReë¯ v‡K Av`k© g‡b
Kivi †Kv‡bv KviYB †bB| A¨v‡Piv †d‡ikZvI wQj bv Avevi
kqZvbI wQj bvÑ ZvivI gvbylB wQj| Avi ejvB evûj¨, cÖvPxb
wkKvwi-msMÖvn‡KivI †mB gvbylB wQj|
99
wRb-cwi‡ì Mí
Av”Qv, cÖvPxb wkKvwi-msMÖvnK gvbyl‡ì Ava¨vwZ¥K ev gvbwmK
Rxeb hvcb m¤ú‡K© Avgiv Kx ej‡Z cvwi? †m cÖ‡kœi DËi
cvIqvUv Lye GKUv mnR bq| Avgiv hw` wkKvwi-msMÖvnK‡ì
A_©‣bwZK Ae¯ vbUv †evSvi †Póv Kwi, Zvn‡j Zvi Rb¨
Avgv‡ì †mB mgqKvi wKQz ¸iæZ¡c~Y© wRwbm m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z
n‡e| LyeB fv‡jv nq hw` †m¸‡jv cwigvc Kiv hvq| †hgb,
Avgiv wnmve Kl‡Z cvwi GKRb gvby‡li †eu‡P _vKvi Rb¨
cÖwZw`b wVK KZ K¨vjwii ìKvi nq, GK †KwR AvL‡ivU †_‡K
KZ K¨vjwi cvIqv hvq Avi R½‡ji GK eM©wK‡jvwgUvi †_‡K
KZ¸‡jv AvL‡ivUB-ev †RvMvo Kiv hvq| Gme Z_¨ Avgv‡ì
nv‡Z _vK‡j †mB mgv‡Ri Lv`¨vf¨v‡m AvL‡iv‡Ui ¸iæZ¡ KZLvwb
†mUv †gvUvgywU eyS‡Z cvie|
wKš‧ Zviv wK Avm‡j AvL‡ivU‡K Dcv‡`q g‡b KiZ bvwK
cvb‡m weiw³Ki wKQz g‡b KiZ? bvwK Zviv g‡b KiZ AvL‡ivU
MvQ¸‡jv‡Z AvZ¥viv fi K‡i _v‡K? Zv‡ì Kv‡Q wK AvL‡ivU
Mv‡Qi cvZv¸‡jv‡K my›ì jvMZ? Zv‡ì mgv‡Ri †Kv‡bv ZiæY
Zvi †cÖwgKv‡K GKUv †ivgvw›UK RvqMvq wb‡q hvIqvi mgq wK
AvL‡ivU MvQZjvi Qvqv‡Niv cwi‡ekUvi K_v fveZ? Zv‡ì
GBme wPšÍvi ev Abyf‚wZi RMr m¤ú‡K© RvbvUv Avm‡j †bnvZB
wKQz msL¨v w`‡q wePvi Kiv hvq bv|
†ewkifvM we‡klÁB GKgZ nb †h, cÖvPxb wkKvwi-msMÖvnK
mgv‡R me©cÖvYev` ev Ava¨vwZ¥K wek^vm Lye mvaviY GKUv e¨vcvi
wQj| me©cÖvYev` gv‡b n‡jv Ggb GK wek^vm, hv‡Z g‡b Kiv
nq, me RvqMv, cÖvYx, MvQcvjv Avi me cÖvK…wZK NUbviB
Avm‡j m‡PZb mËv Av‡Q, Abyf‚wZ Av‡Q Ges Zviv gvby‡li m‡½
mivmwi †hvMv‡hvM Ki‡Z cv‡i| myZivs GKRb me©cvÖ Yev‡`
wek^vmx †jvK g‡b Ki‡ZB cv‡i †h, cvnv‡oi Ic‡ii †h e‡ov
cv_iUv Av‡Q IUviI PvIqv-cvIqv wKsev cÖ‡qvRb _vK‡Z cv‡i|
cv_iUv nq‡Zv gvby‡li †Kv‡bv Kv‡Ri Rb¨ †i‡M †h‡Z cv‡i
100
wKsev Avbw›`ZI n‡Z cv‡i| cv_iUv gvbyl‡ì Lye wZi¯‥viI
Ki‡Z cv‡i Avevi gvby‡li Kv‡Q mvnvhÏ PvB‡Z cv‡i| Gw`‡K
gvby‡livI nq‡Zv cv_iUvi †Kv‡bv bvg w`Z cv_iUvi ¯‧wZ wKsev
fr©mbv Kivi Rb¨| ïay cv_iB bq, cvnv‡oi †Mvovi w`‡Ki IK
MvQ¸‡jvI Ggb RxešÍ n‡Z cv‡i, GgbwK cvnv‡oi cvk w`‡q
e‡q Pjv RjcÖevnUv wKsev R½‡ji c‡_i cv‡ki SibvUv, Zvi
Pvicv‡k †e‡o IVv †SvcSvo, gv‡Vi Bu`yi, †kqvj Avi †Mviæ
hviv †mB Sibvq cvwb cvb K‡iÑ GB mewKQzB n‡Z cv‡i
G‡KKUv RxešÍ mËv| me©cvÖ Yev‡ì RM‡Z ïay †h Rxe wKsev
e¯‧‡KB RxešÍ g‡b Kiv n‡Zv Zv-B bq, †mLv‡b Ae¯‧MZ mËvI
wQj| †hgb, g„Z gvby‡li AvZ¥v wKsev fv‡jv ev Lvivc wKQz mËvÑ
wVK Avgv‡ì kqZvb, cwi wKsev †d‡ikZvi gZb|
me©cvÖ Yev`xiv g‡b K‡i, gvbyl Avi Ab¨vb¨ mËvi g‡a¨
†Kv‡bv we‡f‡ì †Ìqvj †bB| Zviv PvB‡jB K_v wKsev bvPMvb
Avi Abyôv‡bi gva¨‡g G‡K A‡bï m‡½ †hvMv‡hvM Ki‡Z cv‡i|
GKRb wkKvwi nq‡Zv GK`j nwiY‡K †W‡K ejj, †hb Zv‡ì
GKRb wb‡R‡K DrmM© K‡i| wkKvi mdj n‡j wkKvwi nq‡Zv
g„Z cÖvYxi Kv‡Q ÿgv PvB‡e| †KD hw` nVvr Amy¯  n‡q c‡o,
Zvn‡j nq‡Zv GKRb cy‡ivwnZ Amy‡Li Rb¨ `vqx AvZ¥vi m‡½
†hvMv‡hvM KiZ| Avi Zvici †m †mB AvZ¥v‡K Zvwo‡q †Ìqvi
wKsev ms‡kvab Kivi †Póv KiZ| cÖ‡qvRb co‡j cy‡ivwnZ
nq‡Zv Ab¨ †Kv‡bv AvZ¥viI mvnvh¨ wbZ| Gme †hvMv‡hv‡Mi
GKUv Lye ¸iæZ¡c~Y© •ewkó¨ n‡jv, †hme mËvi m‡½ †hvMv‡hvM
Kiv n‡”Q Zviv meB †Kv‡bv GKUv wbw`©ó ¯ v‡bi ev AÂ‡ji|
Zviv †Kv‡bv •ewk^K Ckî bq, eis †Kv‡bv GKUv wbw`©ó nwiY ev
GKUv wbw`©ó MvQ, GKUv wbw`©ó Sibv wKsev GKUv wbw`©ó AvZ¥v|
gvbyl Avi †mBme mËvi g‡a¨ †hgb †Kv‡bv we‡f` wQj bv,
Zv‡ì g‡a¨ m¤ú‡K©i wVK wbw`©ó †Kv‡bv wbqgKvbybI wQj bv|
gvbyl Qvov Ab¨ me mËv¸‡jv ïay †h gvby‡li PvIqv c~i‡Yi Rb¨
wQj Ggb bq, Avevi Zviv †h B”Qvg‡Zv `ywbqv Pvjv‡bvi g‡Zv
me©kw³gvb Ckî wQj, ZvI bq| Zv‡ì cy‡iv `ywbqvUv †gv‡UB
101
ïay gvbyl‡K †K›`ª K‡i ev Ab¨ †Kv‡bv wbw`©ó mËv‡K †K›`ª K‡iI
AvewZ©Z n‡Zv bv|
me©cvÖ Yev` †Kv‡bv GKUv wbw`©ó ag© bq| GUv Avm‡j
nvRviUv wewfbœ iK‡gi ag© ev wek^v‡mi GKUv mvaviY bvg gvÎ|
Zver `ywbqv †Kv_v †_‡K G‡jv Avi Zv‡Z gvby‡li ¯ vbB-ev
†Kv_vqÑ GiKg me e¨vcv‡i †mB me ag© wKsev wek^v‡mi GKUv
†gvUvgywU mvaviY `„wófw½i Kvi‡Y Avgiv Zv‡ì‡K GK K‡i
me©cvÖ Yev` bv‡g WvK‡Z cvwi| wKš‧ cÖvPxb wkKvwi-msMÖvnK‡ì
hw` Avgiv ûU K‡i me©cvÖ Yev`x e‡j ewm, †mUv Lye GKUv fv‡jv
KvR n‡e bv| †Kb, †mUv †evSv‡bvi Rb¨ GKUv Zzjbv Kiv †h‡Z
cv‡i| aiæb, Avgiv ejjvg †h GKUz †m‡K‡j †Mv‡Qi K…lKiv
mevB g~jZ Avw¯ÍK wQj| K_vUv cy‡ivcywi wg‡_¨ bq| Avw¯ÍKZv
(hvi Bs‡iwR ÔTheistÕ kãUv G‡m‡Q wMÖK ÔtheosÕ ev ÔgodÕ
†_‡K) n‡jv Ggb GKUv aviYv †hUv e‡j, mgMÖ gnvwek^ Pj‡Q
Avm‡j gvbyl I Aí wKQz D”PgvM©xq mËvi Øviv, hv‡ì‡K Ckî ev
†èZv bv‡g WvKv nq| GUv Aek¨B mZ¨ †h, †m‡K‡j K…lKiv
†ewkifvMB Avw¯ÍK wQj| wKš‧ Gi †_‡K Avgiv wbw`©ó K‡i
Zv‡ì ag©xq wek^v‡mi e¨vcv‡i wKQzB Rvb‡Z cvwi bv| AvVv‡iv
kZ‡Ki †cvj¨v‡Ûi Bûw` i¨vevBiv, g¨vmvPz‡mU‡mi mßv`k
kZ‡Ki WvBwb †cvov‡bv wcDwiUvbiv, cÂ`k kZ‡Ki †gw·‡Kvi
A¨vR‡UK cy‡ivwnZiv, Øv`k kZ‡Ki Biv‡bi mywd mvaKiv, `kg
kZ‡Ki fvBwKs †hv×viv, wØZxq kZ‡Ki †ivgvb evwnbx wKsev
cÖ_g kZ‡Ki Pxbv AvgjvivÑ Gu‡ì wbR wbR `„wófw½¸‡jv‡K
Avovj K‡i me¸‡jv‡K GK bv‡g ÔAvw¯ÍKZvÕ ej‡j Avm‡j
A‡bK wKQzB Pvcv c‡o hvq| G‡ì cÖ‡Z¨‡KB Ab¨‡ì AvPvi I
wek^vm‡K GK`g D™¢U I †j․wKKZvweewR©Z g‡b KiZ|
GKBfv‡e cÖvPxb wkKvwi-msMÖvnK †mB me©cÖvYev`x‡ì ga¨Kvi
AvPvi I wek^v‡mi cv_©KÏ nq‡Zv GZUvB wekvj gv‡ci wQj|
Zv‡ì ag©xq Rxeb nq‡Zv me mgq D‡Øj wQj bvbv iKg Ø›Ø-
msNvZ I cwieZ©‡bi ga¨ w`‡q|
102
wKš‧ G K_vI mZ¨ †h, Avgv‡ì mxgvi g‡a¨ Avgiv hZ`~i
Aewa Rvb‡Z cvwi Zv w`‡q IB mvaviYxKi‡Y wM‡qB _vg‡Z
nq| cÖvPxb, AcÖPwjZ Ava¨vwZ¥KZv wb‡q †h-†Kv‡bv iK‡gi
wbw`©ó e¨vL¨v †Ìqvi †Póv KivUv †bnvZB Abygvbwbf©i n‡e|
KviY Avgv‡ì nv‡Z †Zgb †Kv‡bv Z_¨-cÖgvYB †bB| Avi
mvgvb¨ hv-wKQz ev Av‡Q, †hgb nv‡Z •Zwi wRwbmcÎ wKsev
¸nvwPÎÑ Gme †_‡K Avm‡j nvRvi iKg e¨vL¨v ùvo Kiv‡bv
m¤¢e| †hme we‡klÁiv g‡b K‡ib †h Zviv Rvb‡Z †c‡i‡Qb
†mB wkKvwi-msMÖvnKiv wVK †Kgb Abyfe KiZ, Zuv‡ì bvbv
iKg ZË¡ Avm‡j hZUv bv cÖ¯Íihy‡Mi ag©xq wek^v‡mi e¨vcviUv
†Lvjvmv K‡i, Zvi †P‡q †Xi †ewk Zuv‡ì cÿcvZg~jK
`„wófw½‡KB Zz‡j a‡i|
Aí wKQz mgvwai aŸsmve‡kl, ¸nvwPÎ Avi nv‡oi •Zwi g~wZ©
†_‡K cvnvomg bvbvb ZË¡ Lvov Kievi †P‡q eis GKUz AKcU
n‡q GUv †g‡b †bIqvB fv‡jv †h cÖvPxb wkKvwi-msMÖvnK‡ì
ag©xq wek^v‡mi e¨vcv‡i Avgv‡ì †h aviYv Av‡Q Zv LyeB
A¯úó| Avgiv Abygvb Ki‡Z cvwi †mB mgq nq‡Zv
me©cvÖ Yev`xiv wQj, wKš‧ †mUv Lye GKUv Z_¨c~Y© n‡jv bv| Avgiv
Rvwb bv Zviv wVK †Kvb †èZvi Kv‡Q cÖv_©bv KiZ, Kx Kx Drme
D`&hvcb KiZ wKsev Kx Kx welq wbwl× wQj Zv‡ì mgv‡R|
me‡P‡q ¸iæZ¡c~Y© e¨vcvi n‡jv, Avgiv Avm‡j Rvwb bv Zviv wVK
KxiKg Mí ejZ| GUvB Avm‡j Avgv‡ì gvbe-BwZnvm m¤ú‡K©
Rvbv‡kvbvi me‡P‡q e‡ov msKxY©Zv|
wkKvwi-msMÖvnK‡ì mvgvwRK-ivR‣bwZK RMr m¤ú‡K©I
Avgv‡ì Ávb cÖvq k~‡bï †KvVvq| Av‡MB e¨vL¨v Kiv n‡q‡Q,
we‡klÁiv e¨w³MZ m¤úwËi Dcw¯ wZ, GKK cwievi wKsev
GKwUgvÎ m½xi g‡Zv Lye †g․wjK wKQz e¨vcv‡iI GKgZ n‡Z
cv‡ibwb| GUv n‡ZB cv‡i †h wewfbœ †Mvôx wewfbœ iKg wbqg
†g‡b PjZ| †Kv‡bv GKUv †Mvôx nq‡Zv Zv‡ì cÖwZ‡ekx
wk¤úvwÄ‡ì g‡ZvB myMwVZ, D‡ËwRZ I wnsmª wQj| Ab¨w`‡K
103
nq‡Zv Ab¨ †Kv‡bv †Mvôx wQj cvk^©eZ©x †ev‡bv‡ev‡ì g‡Zv Ajm,
kvwšÍwcÖq Avi KvgyK|
8. j¨vmKvD ¸nvi (Lascaux Cave) cÖvq 15 nvRvi †_‡K 20 nvRvi eQi

cy‡iv‡bv GKUv ¸nvwPÎ| Avgiv GLv‡b wVK Kx †`L‡Z cvw”Q Avi GB wPÎwUi
gv‡bB-ev Avm‡j Kx? †KD †KD e‡j Avgiv GLv‡b †`L‡Z cvwi, GKUv ey‡bv
†gvl GKRb gvbyl‡K gvi‡Q hvi gv_vUv GKUv cvwLi gZb Avi wj½ DwÌZ|
gvbylUvi wb‡P Avgiv Av‡iKUv cvwL †`L‡Z cvw”Q, †hUv nq‡Zv g„Zzï ci gy³
nIqv AvZ¥vi cÖZxK wn‡m‡e †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q| ZvB hw` n‡q _v‡K Zvn‡j QweUv
†bnvZB GKUv MZvbyMwZK wkKvimsµvšÍ `yN©Ubvi Qwe bq eis GB RMr †_‡K
Ab¨ RM‡Z hvIqvi K_vI Avgiv GLv‡b †`L‡Z cvB| wKš‧ Avgv‡ì Rvbvi
†Kv‡bv Dcvq †bB †h Avm‡j Gme aviYv Av‡`․ mZ¨ wK bv| GUv A‡bKUv
†ivm©vK cixÿvi (Rorschach Test) g‡Zv KvR K‡I, †hUv AvaywbK
we‡klÁ‡ì c~e©ms¯‥vi‡KB †ewk D‡b¥vwPZ K‡i, cÖvPxb wkKvwi-msMÖvnK‡ì
wek^vm‡K bq|
1995 mv‡j ivwkqvi myw½i AÂ‡j, cÖZZ œ Ë¡we‡ìv cÖvq 30

nvRvi eQi cy‡iv‡bv GKUv Kei¯ vb Avwe®‥vi K‡ib, †hUv wQj
wKQz g¨vg_-wkKvwi †Mvôxi| GLvbKvi GKwU Ke‡i Zviv Lyu‡R
cvb 50 eQi eq¯‥ GKRb cyiæ‡li K¼vj| K¼vjUv g¨vg‡_i
ùv‡Zi 3 nvRviUv cyuwZ w`‡q Muv_v GKUv gvjv w`‡q XvKv wQj|
104
g„Z gvbylwUi gv_vq †kqv‡ji ùvZ w`‡q mvRv‡bv GKUv Uzwc wQj
Avi Zvi KewR Ry‡o wQj g¨vg‡_i ùv‡Zi •Zwi 25Uv Pzwo|
GKB GjvKvi Ab¨vb¨ Kei Lyu‡o wKš‧ GZ wKQz cvIqv hvqwb|
GLvb †_‡K we‡klÁiv GB hyw³ ùvo Kiv‡jb †h myw½i GjvKvi
g¨vg_-wkKvwiiv wbðq GKUv myMwVZ mgvReë¯ vq emevm
KiZ| m¤¢eZ IB g„Z gvbylwU wQj Zv‡ì †Mvôxi cÖavb| A_ev
GgbI n‡Z cv‡i †h, †m Avm‡j wQj A‡bK¸‡jv †Mvôx wg‡j
MwVZ cy‡iv GKwU DcRvwZiB cÖavb| KviY GKUvgvÎ †Mvôxi
Aí K‡qK WRb m`m¨ wg‡j Ke‡ii †fZ‡ii GZ GZ miÄvg
evwb‡q‡Q, GUvI wVK wek^vm‡hvM¨ bq|
9. wkKvwi-msMÖvn‡Kiv GB n¯ÍwPÎ •Zwi K‡iwQj cÖvq 9 nvRvi eQi Av‡M

Av‡R©w›Ubvq Ônv‡Zi ¸nvÕ (Hands Cave) bv‡g L¨vZ GKwU ¸nvq| †`‡L †Kb
†hb g‡b nq, GB g„Z j¤^v nvZ¸‡jv IB cv_‡ii †fZi †_‡K †ei n‡q Avgv‡ì
w`‡K G‡Mv‡”Q| cÖvPxb wkKvwimgv‡Ri aŸsmve‡kl ev wb`k©b hv-wKQz †c‡qwQ
Avgiv, Zvi g‡a¨ GUv Ab¨Zg bvov †Ìqvi g‡Zv GKUv QweÑ wKš‧ †KD Rv‡b
bv Gi gv‡b Kx|
105
cÖZZ œ Z¡we‡ìv Gici Av‡iv gRvi GKUv Kei Lyu‡R †c‡jb| Gi
g‡a¨ wQj gv_vq gv_vq jvMv‡bv `y‡Uv K¼vj| GKUv wQj 12-13
eQ‡ii GKUv †Q‡ji Avi Av‡iKUv wQj 9 ev 10 eQ‡ii †Kv‡bv
GKUv †g‡qi| †Q‡jUv XvKv wQj cÖvq 5 nvRvi nvwZi ùv‡Zi
cyuwZ w`‡q| Zvi gv_vq GKUv †kqv‡ji ùvZIqvjv Uzwc wQj Avi
GKUv †eë wQj, hv‡Z cÖvq 250Uv †kqv‡ji ùvZ wQj (AšÍZ
60Uv †kqv‡ji me ùvZ Dc‡o †dj‡Z n‡q‡Q AZ¸‡jv ùvZ
†RvMvo Kivi Rb¨)| Avi †g‡qUv‡K mvRv‡bv n‡qwQj 5 nvRvi
250Uv cyuwZ w`‡q| `yR‡biB Pvicv‡k A‡bK fv¯‥h© I nvwZi
ùv‡Zi •Zwi wRwbmcÎ wQj| GKRb Lye `ÿ wkíxiI cÖvq
cuqZvwjøk wgwbU mgq jvM‡e IiKg GKUv cyuwZ •Zwi Ki‡Z|
Ab¨fv‡e ej‡Z †M‡j, evwK me wRwb‡mi K_v ev` w`‡qI IB
`yRb †Q‡j‡g‡q‡K ïay 10 nvRvi cyuwZ w`‡q mymw¾Z Ki‡Z cÖvq
7 nvRvi 500 NÈvi wbijm cwikÖ‡gi ìKvi n‡qwQj| Zvi
gv‡b GKRb AwfÁ wkíxi cÖvq wZb eQ‡ii K‡Vvi cwikÖg! fvev
hvq?
GB †h †Q‡j‡g‡q `y‡Uv, Zviv wbðq AZ †Qv‡Uv eq‡mB
†bZv n‡q hvqwb wKsev cvKv g¨vg_-wkKvwiI nqwb| Zvn‡j †Kb
Zv‡ì IiKg evovevwo iK‡gi mvRm¾v K‡i Kei †Ìqv
n‡q‡Q, †mUv Avm‡j ïay Zv‡ì mvs¯‥…wZK AvPvi-wePvi †_‡KB
Rvbv hv‡e| GKUv ZË¡g‡Z, Zviv nq‡Zv DËivwaKvim~‡Î Zv‡ì
evev-gv‡qi c`gh©v`vi fvMx`vi wQj| m¤¢eZ, Zviv †Mvôxi
`jcÖav‡bi †Q‡j‡g‡q wQj Ges †mUv Ggb GKUv mgv‡R,
†hLv‡b cvwievwiK wKsev DËivwaKvim~‡Î ÿgZv n¯ÍvšÍ‡ii Pj
wQj| Ab¨ Av‡iKUv ZË¡ Abymv‡i, IB †Q‡j‡g‡q `y‡Uv‡K nq‡Zv
R‡b¥i mgqB †Kv‡bv g„Z AvZ¥vi cybiæÌvb wn‡m‡e †`Lv n‡q‡Q|
Z…Zxq GKUv ZË¡ e‡j, Zv‡ì Ke‡ii GZ GZ KviæKvR Avm‡j
mgv‡R Zv‡ì Ae¯ vb bq eis Zv‡ì g„Zzï aibUvB Rvbvb
†`q| Zv‡ì‡K nq‡Zv ixwZ Abyhvqx ewj †Ìqv n‡qwQj,
nq‡Zv-ev Zv‡ì `jcÖav‡bi `vd‡bi AvbyôvwbKZvi Ask
wn‡m‡eB| Zvici `vdb Kiv n‡qwQj gnv aygav‡gi m‡½|9
106
GK`g mwVK DËi hv-B †nvK bv †Kb, 30 nvRvi eQi
Av‡MI †h †mwc‡qÝ Ggb mvgvwRK ivR‣bwZK KvVv‡gv •Zwi
Ki‡Z mg_© wQj Zvi GKUv `y`©všÍ cÖgvY wn‡m‡e KvR Ki‡e GB
myw½i †Q‡j‡g‡q `y‡Uvi Kei| †mwc‡q‡Ýi GB •ewkóÜv cieZ©x
mg‡q eû `~i Awã Mwo‡q GKUv AvPiYMZ •ewk‡ó¨ iƒc wb‡q
Avgv‡ì wWGbGi g‡a¨ ch©šÍ Xy‡K wM‡q‡Q! ïay Avgv‡ìB bq,
Avgv‡ì g‡Zv Ab¨vb¨ wKQz cÖvYxi wWGbG‡ZI GB •ewkóÜv
RvqMv K‡i wb‡q‡Q|
hy× bvwK kvwšÍ?

GZÿY Avgiv Avgv‡ì c~e©m~wi wkKvwi-msMÖvnK‡ì Rxebhvcb,
Lv`¨vf¨vm, ag©xq AvPvi-AvPiY, mgvRKvVv‡gv GBme e¨vcv‡i
Rvbjvg| Gici †h KwVb cÖkœUv Avgv‡ì mvg‡b P‡j Av‡m Zv
n‡jvÑ wkKvwi-msMÖvnK‡ì mgv‡R hy‡×i f‚wgKv wVK †Kgb wQj?
wKQz wKQz we‡klÁ g‡b K‡ib, cÖvPxb wkKvwi-msMÖvnK‡ì mgvR
wQj GK`g ¯^M©my‡L ficyi| Zviv `vwe K‡ib, hy× Avi wnsmªZvi
D™¢eB n‡qwQj K…wlwecø‡ei gva¨‡g, hLb gvbyl e¨w³MZ m¤úwË
Rgv Ki‡Z ïiæ K‡iwQj| Avevi, Ab¨wKQz we‡klÁ g‡b K‡ib,
cÖvPxb wkKvwi-msMÖvnK‡ì RMrUv wQj Lye wb`©q Avi fqsKi
iK‡gi wnsmª| wKš‧ mwZ¨ ej‡Z wK, GB `yB `‡ji wPšÍvfvebvB
Avm‡j k~‡bï Ici •Zwi cÖvmv‡ì g‡Zv, †hUv gvwUi m‡½ hy³
n‡q‡Q LyeB miæ GK my‡Zv w`‡q| Avi †mB miæ my‡Zv n‡jv wKQz
`ye©j cÖZœZË¡xq aŸsmve‡kl Avi AvaywbK wkKvwi-msMÖvnK‡ì Ici
b„ZvwË¡K ch©‡eÿY|
b„ZvwË¡K cÖgvY¸‡jv Lye AvMÖ‡nvÏxcK wKš‧ LyeB Sv‡gjvc~Y©I
e‡U| GLbKvi wkKvwi-msMÖvnK †Mvôx¸‡jv g~jZ ci¯ú‡ii m‡½
wew”Qbœfv‡eB emevm K‡i| Zvi Ici, Zv‡ì emev‡mi
RvqMv¸‡jvI LyeB cÖwZK~jÑ †hgb, DËi †giæ A_ev Kvjvnvwi
giæf‚wg †hLv‡b gvby‡li emwZ cÖvq †bB ej‡jB P‡j| myZivs Ab¨
gvby‡li m‡½ gvivgvwi Kivi my‡hvM cvIqvi m¤¢vebvI Kg| G Qvov
B`vbxsKv‡ji wkKvwi-msMÖvn‡KivI iv‡óªi mxgv‡iLvi evB‡i bq,
107
d‡j e‡ovm‡ov `v½v jvMvi m¤¢vebvI _v‡K bv| BD‡ivcxq
we‡klÁiv gvÎ `y‡Uv my‡hvM †c‡q‡Qb e‡ov wKsev A‡cÿvK…Z
NbemwZc~Y© ¯^vaxb wkKvwi-msMÖvnK mgvR‡K mivmwi ch©‡eÿY
Kivi| †m `y‡Uvi GKUv n‡jv Dwbk kZ‡K DËi Av‡gwiKvi DËi-
cwðg AÂ‡j Avi Ab¨wU Dwbk kZ‡Ki †kl ev wek kZ‡Ki
†Mvovi w`‡K DËi A‡÷ªwjqvq| A¨v‡gwiwÛqvb (Amerindian) Avi
A¨v‡ev‡ivwRbvj A‡÷ªwjqvb (Aboriginal Australian) ms¯‥…wZ
`y‡UvB Lye Nb Nb mk¯¿ hy× cÖZ¨ÿ K‡i‡Q| GUv Aek¨ ZK©mv‡cÿ
†h GLvb †_‡K wK Avgiv †Kv‡bv mvaviY mg‡qi wPÎ †cjvg, bvwK
BD‡ivcxq mvgªvRëv‡ì cÖfve †`L‡Z †cjvg|
cÖZZœ Ë¡xq Avwe®‥vi¸‡jv †bnvZB AcÖZzj I A¯úó| 10
nvRvi eQi Av‡M N‡U hvIqv †Kv‡bv GK hy‡×i KxB-ev Z_¨-
cÖgvY _vK‡e? †mB mg‡q †Zv `yM© wKsev †Ìqv‡ji Pj wQj bv|
GgbwK •mb¨‡ì e¨vivK ev Xvj-Z‡jvqviI wQj bv| cÖvPxb
†Kv‡bv GKUv ek©v †c‡j Avgiv g‡b Ki‡Z cvwi, †mUv nq‡Zv-ev
hy‡× eënvi Kiv n‡Zv, wKš‧ IUv Avevi wkKv‡ii Kv‡Ri RbÏ
eëüZ n‡q _vK‡Z cv‡i| Gw`‡K Avevi dwm‡j cwiYZ n‡q
hvIqv gvby‡li nvo †_‡K Z_¨ D`&NvUb KivI Kg `yiƒn KvR
bq| †mB nv‡o hy‡×i Kvi‡YI wPo ai‡Z cv‡i, Avevi †Kv‡bv
`yN©Ubvi Kvi‡YI n‡Z cv‡i| Avgiv hw` cÖvPxb †Kv‡bv K¼vj
cvB Avi Avwe®‥vi Kwi †mUvi †Kv‡bv nvo fvOv ev dvUv bq Avi
Zv‡Z †Kv‡bv KvUvi `vMI †bB, Zvi ciI Avm‡j Avgiv GB
wm×v‡šÍ †cu․Qv‡Z cvwi bv †h gvbylUv †Kv‡bv b„ksm nZ¨vKv‡Ði
wkKvi nqwb| gvbylUv P‚ovšÍ AvZ‡¼I gviv †h‡Z cv‡i, †hUv
nv‡o †Kv‡bv cÖgvY ivL‡e bv| Av‡iv ¸iæZ¡c~Y© e¨vcvi n‡jv,
wkíwecø‡ei Av‡Mi †hme hy× n‡Zv, Zv‡Z hviv gviv †hZ Zv‡ì
cÖvq kZKiv 90 fvMB gviv †hZ Avm‡j `ywf©‡ÿ, kx‡Z Avi bvbv
iKg †iv‡M| wKš‧ cÖZœZË¡we‡ìv hLb GBme g„Z gvby‡li
K¼v‡ji mÜvb cv‡e Zviv nq‡Zv Lye mn‡RB GB wm×v‡šÍ
†cu․Qv‡e †h GB me gvbyl¸‡jv nq‡Zv †Kv‡bv GK weivU cÖvK…wZK
108
`y‡h©v‡M gviv wM‡qwQj| Kxfv‡e Avgiv eyS‡Z cvie †h Iiv
Avm‡jB hy‡× gviv wM‡qwQj?
wm×v‡šÍ †cu․Qv‡bvi e¨vcv‡i mg¯Í mZK©Zvi welqUv cwi®‥vi
Kivi ci GLb Avgiv wKQz cÖZZ œ Ë¡xq Avwe®‥v‡ii w`‡K ZvKv‡Z
cvwi| cZzM© v‡j K…wlwecøe ïiæi wVK Av‡MKvi cÖvq 400 K¼vj
wb‡q GKmgq GKUv Rwic Kiv nq| †mLv‡b gvÎ `y‡Uv K¼v‡j
¯úó AvNv‡Zi wPý cvIqv hvq| GKBiKgfv‡e GKB mg‡q
Bmiv‡q‡ji w`‡K Av‡iv 400 K¼v‡ji Ici Rwic Pvwj‡q †`Lv
hvq, gvÎ GKUv K¼v‡j GKUv gvÎ MZ© †hUv‡K Avm‡j gvby‡li
cÖwZwnsmvi wPý ejv hvq| Z…Zxq Av‡iKUv Rwic Pvjv‡bv nq
K…wlc~e© `vwbqye DcZ¨Kvq Av‡iv 400 K¼v‡ji Ici| †mLv‡b
18Uv K¼v‡j AvNv‡Zi wPý cvIqv hvq| 400Uvi g‡a¨ 18
msL¨vq Lye Kg †kvbv‡jI GUv Avm‡j †ek e‡ov GKUv kZKiv
Ask| hw` mwZ¨B 18 Rb cÖwZwnsmvi wkKvi n‡q gviv wM‡q
_v‡K, Zvi gv‡b kZKiv cÖvq 4.5 fvM g„Zz¨ n‡qwQj gvby‡li
cÖwZwnsmvi Kvi‡Y| AvR‡Ki w`‡b mviv c„w_ex‡Z cÖwZwnsmvq
g„Zz¨nvi kZKiv gvÎ 1.5 fvM, ZvI hy× Avi Ab¨vb¨ b„ksmZv
me a‡i| wesk kZvãx‡Z mKj gvbeg„Zzï g‡a¨ gvÎ kZKiv 5
fvM n‡jv gvby‡l gvby‡l cÖwZwnsmvi Kvi‡YÑ †mUvI Avevi Ggb
GK kZvãx‡ZB †hUv‡Z fqsKi me hy× Avi MYnZ¨v †`‡L‡Q
wek^| myZivs ejv hvq †mB cÖvPxb `vwbqye DcZ¨Kvi gvby‡liv
Avgv‡ì GLbKvi wesk kZvãxi gvby‡li gZB wnsmª wQj|*
GiKg nZvkvRbK Avwe®‥vi †h ïay `vwbqye DcZ¨Kv‡ZB
cvIqv †M‡Q Zv bq, Av‡iv bvbvb RvqMv‡ZB GB GKB Ae¯ v|
my`v‡bi Rv‡ej mvnvev‡Z (Jabl Sahaba), 12 nvRvi eQ‡ii
cy‡iv‡bv GKUv Kei¯ v‡b 59Uv K¼vj cvIqv wM‡qwQj| kZKiv
*
`vwbqy‡ei IB cy‡iv 18Uv KsKvjB †h cÖwZwnsmvi wkKvi n‡q gviv †M‡Q
†mUvI wKš‧ ZK©mv‡cÿ| †KD †KD ïay AvNvZcÖvß wQj| Aek¨ Avgiv hw`
bvbvb iK‡gi AÁvZ AvZ‡¼i Kvi‡Y g„Zzï K_v we‡ePbv Kwi, Zvn‡j
e¨vcvivUv KvUvKvwU n‡q hvq|
109
wnmv‡e Gi cÖvq 40 kZvsk, gv‡b 24Uv K¼v‡ji Mv‡q wZi ev ek©vi
gv_vi AskUzKz †Mu‡_ _vK‡Z †`Lv †M‡Q| GKRb bvixi †`nve‡k‡l
†Zv 12Uv AvNv‡Zi wPýI cvIqv †M‡Q| evfvwiqvi Id‡bU ¸nvq
(Ofnet Cave in Bavaria) cÖZœZË¡we‡ìv 38 Rb wkKvwi-
msMÖvn‡Ki †`nve‡kl D×vi K‡ib, hv‡ì †ewkifvMB wQj bvix I
wkï| Zv‡ì mevB‡K `y‡Uv Avjv`v M‡Z© Qz‡o †djv n‡qwQj|
†mm‡ei cÖvq A‡a©K †`nve‡k‡lB gvby‡li •Zwi A‡¯¿i Øviv
AvNv‡Zi wPý †ek ¯úó| G‡ì g‡a¨ A‡b‡KB wQj G‡Kev‡i
†Qv‡Uv wkï| wKQz wKQz cÖvßeq¯‥ gvby‡li †ÿ‡Î me‡P‡q RNb¨
iK‡gi b„ksmZvi wb`k©b cvIqv hvq| me iK‡gi m¤¢ve¨Zvi K_v
we‡ePbv K‡iB, Gme AvjvgZ †_‡K GUv ¯úó †h, GKUv cy‡iv
wkKvwi-msMÖvnK †Mvôx GB RvqMvq aŸsm n‡q wM‡qwQj|
Zvn‡j †KvbUv Avm‡j cÖvPxb wkKvwi-msMÖvnK‡ì RMr
m¤ú‡K© fv‡jv aviYv †`qÑ Bmiv‡qj Avi cZzM© v‡j Avwe®‥vi Kiv
kvwšÍgq K¼vj¸‡jv, bvwK Rv‡ej mvnvev Avi Id‡b‡Ui Hme
KmvBLvbv? Avm‡j †Kv‡bvUvB mwVK DËi n‡e bv! cÖvPxb
wkKvwi-msMÖvn‡Kiv †hgb nvRviUv wfbœ iKg ag© I ms¯‥…wZi PP©v
KiZ, Zv‡ì g‡a¨ b„ksmZvi gvÎvUvI wQj †Zgwb wfbœ wfbœ
ai‡bi| wKQz wKQz RvqMv †hgb wQj kvšÍ-wmœ», Avevi Ggb wKQz
RvqMvI wQj †hLv‡b ninv‡gkvB †j‡M _vKZ fqsKi me
`v½v|10
Kwe †hLv‡b bxie

cÖvPxb wkKvwi-msMÖvnK Rxe‡bi GKUv c~Y©v½ wPÎ †ei Kiv hw`
KwVb n‡q _v‡K, Zvn‡j ej‡ZB n‡e, †mB mgqKvi †Kv‡bv GKUv
wbw`©ó NUbv m¤ú‡K© mvgwMÖK aviYv cvIqvUvI cÖvq Am¤¢e| hLb
GKUv †mwc‡qÝ †Mvôx cÖ_g †Kv‡bv GKUv wbqvÛv_©vj Aay¨wlZ
GjvKvq cÖ‡ek K‡iwQj, Zvi c‡ii K‡qK eQi wbðq †mLv‡b Lye
k^vmiæ×Ki GK bvUK gÂ¯  n‡qwQj| `yf©vMëkZ †mB wekvj
NUbvi †Zgb wKQzB AvR Avi Aewkó _vKvi K_v bq| e‡ov‡Rvi
110
wKQz dwm‡j iƒcvšÍwiZ nvo Avi wKQz cv_‡ii •Zwi wRwbmcÎ
cvIqv †h‡Z cv‡i| †h¸‡jvi Mfxi me AbymÜvbI Avgv‡ì we‡kl
wKQz Rvbvb w`‡Z cvi‡e bv| Avgiv e‡ov‡Rvi gvby‡li kvixwiK
MVb, gvby‡li •Zwi cÖhyw³, Lv`¨vf¨vm Avi mvgvwRK MVb m¤ú‡K©
wKQz aviYv †c‡Z cvwi| wKš‧ †mme †_‡K Avgiv cvkvcvwk Ae¯ vb
Kiv †mwc‡qÝ †Mvôxi ga¨Kvi ivR‣bwZK †RvU m¤ú‡K© wKQz
Rvb‡Z cvwi bv| †mB †RvU‡K Avkxe©v` Kiv AvZ¥v Avi †mB
Avkxe©v` iÿvi Rb¨ `‡ji cy‡ivwnZ‡K †Mvc‡b †Ìqv nvwZi
ùv‡Zi •Zwi cyuwZ¸‡jv m¤ú‡K©I †Zgb wKQz Rvb‡Z cvwi bv|
GB bxieZvi c`©v cÖvq 10 nvRvi eQ‡ii BwZnvm‡K
cy‡ivcywi †X‡K †d‡j‡Q| GB wekvj mg‡q nq‡Zv A‡bK hy×
Avi wecøe n‡q‡Q, `viæY me ag©xq Av‡›`vjb n‡q‡Q, Mfxi me
`vk©wbK Z‡Ë¡i D™¢e n‡q‡Q wKsev AZzjbxq me •kwíK wb`k©b
•Zwi n‡q‡Q| wkKvwi-msMÖvn‡Kiv nq‡Zv Zv‡ì g‡a¨ wek^Rqx
†b‡cvwjqb‡K Lyu‡R †c‡q‡Q, †h nq‡Zv jy‡·gev‡M©i A‡a©K
AvKv‡ii †Kv‡bv mvgªvR¨ kvmb K‡i‡Q| nq‡Zv gnv cÖwZfvai
†e‡_v‡fb‡K Lyu‡R †c‡q‡Q Zviv, †h nq‡Zv A‡K©÷ªv bq eis
euv‡ki euvwki myig~Q©bvq gvby‡li †Pv‡L Rj G‡b w`‡Z cviZ|
Zvici nq‡Zv gwngvwš^Z bwe wKsev c_cÖ`k©‡Ki †`Lv †c‡q‡Q
hviv mviv we‡kî GKK mªóvi e`‡j nq‡Zv GjvKvi †Kv‡bv GKUv
IKMv‡Qi KvQ †_‡K cvIqv cweÎ evYx cÖPvi KiZ| wKš‧ Gme
Avm‡j ïayB Abygvb| bxieZvi c`©vUv GZB †gvUv †h, Avgiv
wbwðZI n‡Z cvwi bv GiKg wKQz N‡UwQj wK bv, wek` e¨vL¨v
†Zv A‡bK `~‡ii K_v|
we‡klÁiv mvaviYZ †mme cÖkœB K‡ib †h¸‡jvi GKUv
†gvUvgywU DËi Zviv w`‡Z cv‡ib| Dchy³ M‡elYv DcKiY ev
c×wZ bv †c‡j Avgiv m¤¢eZ KL‡bvB Rvb‡Z cvie bv cÖvPxb
wkKvwi-msMÖvn‡Kiv wVK Kx wek^vm KiZ A_ev KxiKg
ivR‣bwZK bvUK gÂ¯  n‡Zv Zv‡ì mgv‡R| Gi ciI Avgv‡ì
†mBme cÖkœ Ki‡Z n‡e †h¸‡jvi †Kv‡bv DËi Avgv‡ì Rvbv
†bB| Zv bv n‡j, Avgiv nq‡Zv cÖvq 60 nvRvi †_‡K 70 nvRvi
111
eQ‡ii BwZnvm Av¯ÍvKuz‡o †d‡j w`‡Z AbycÖvwYZ ne GB ARynvZ
w`‡q †h Ô†mB mgqKvi gvbylRb †Zgb †Kv‡bv ¸iæZ¡c~Y© wKQzB
K‡iwbÕ|
mwZÜv n‡jv Zviv Avm‡j A‡bK ¸iæZ¡c~Y© KvRB K‡i‡Q|
we‡kl K‡i ej‡Z †M‡j, hZUv bv †ewkifvM gvbyl eyS‡Z cv‡i,
Zvi †P‡qI †Xi †ewk gvÎvq e`‡j †d‡jwQj Zviv Avgv‡ì
Pvicv‡ki RMrUv‡K| mvB‡ewiqvi Zz›`ªv AÂj, ga¨ A‡÷ªwjqvi
giæf‚wg GjvKv Avi AvgvR‡bi R½‡ji AwfhvÎx‡ì wek^vm,
Zuviv Ggb wKQz Avw`g RvqMvq cÖ‡ek Ki‡Z †c‡i‡Qb, †hLv‡b
†Kv‡bv gvby‡li ¯úk© covi m¤¢vebvB †bB| wKš‧ GUv Avm‡j
GKUv åg gvÎ| wkKvwi-msMÖvn‡Kiv Avgv‡ì eû Av‡M GB
c„w_ex‡Z emevm K‡i †M‡Q| GUv n‡ZB cv‡i †h Zviv c„w_exi
MfxiZg R½j wKsev me‡P‡q Rbgvbek~b¨ GjvKv‡ZI wb‡R‡ì
emwZ †M‡o wb‡R‡ì g‡Zv K‡i cwieZ©b G‡b‡Q| Gi c‡ii
Aa¨v‡q Avgiv Rvb‡Z cvie, Kxfv‡e cÖ_g K…wlwbf©i MÖvg
cÖwZôvi eû Av‡MB †mBme wkKvwi-msMÖvn‡Kiv c„w_exi ev¯‧Zš¿
e`‡j w`‡qwQj| KíKvwnwb •Zwi Ki‡Z cviv Avi Ny‡i Ny‡i
†eov‡bv †mBme †mwc‡qÝ †Mvôx¸‡jv‡KB Avm‡j ejv hvq,
cÖvwYRM‡Zi me‡P‡q ¸iæZ¡c~Y© I aŸsmvZ¥K kw³|
112
Aa¨vq 4
AMYb gvby‡li †mªvZ
eyw×wfwËK wecø‡ei Av‡M gvby‡li me¸‡jv cÖRvwZiB emevm
Av‡d«v-Gwkqvb f‚L‡Ði g‡a¨B mxgve× wQj| G K_v mwZ¨, ZLb
muvZ‡i wKsev †fjvq P‡o hvIqv hvq, Ggb wKQz f‚L‡ÐI gvbyl
Qwo‡q c‡owQj| †hgb ejv hvq, †d¬v‡im Øx‡c gvbe-mf¨Zv
cÖwZwôZ nq mv‡o 8 jvL eQi Av‡M| Z‡e gvbyl ZL‡bv Av‡gwiKv
wKsev A‡÷ªwjqvi g‡Zv f‚LÐ ev gv`vMv¯‥vi, wbDwRj¨vÛ Avi
nvIqvB‡qi g‡Zv Øxç‡jv‡Z †cu․Qv‡Z cv‡iwb|
ïay †h gvbylB Av‡d«v-Gwkqvb GjvKvq AvU‡K wQj Zv bq,
Ab¨vb¨ me cÖvYxI AvU‡K c‡owQj †mLv‡b| Avi Zvi GKUv
e‡ov KviY wQj mgy`ª cvi nIqvi evav| G Kvi‡YB A‡÷ªwjqv ev
gv`vMv¯‥v‡ii g‡Zv RvqMv¸‡jv‡Z jvL jvL eQi a‡i weeZ©‡bi
aviv wQj Avjv`v, †mLvbKvi Dw™¢` I cÖvYx¸‡jvI wQj AvK…wZ-
cÖK…wZ‡Z Av‡d«v-Gwkqvb cÖRvwZi †P‡q AbïKg| GBfv‡eB
cy‡iv c„w_exUv wbR¯^ Dw™¢` I cÖvYxi mgv‡iv‡n M‡o IVv K‡qKUv
c„_K ev¯‧Z‡š¿ wef³ wQj| Gici gvbyl GB ¯^Ztù‚Z© weKv‡ki
c‡_ evav n‡q ùvovj|
eyw×wfwËK wecø‡ei ci gvby‡li nv‡Z †h ïay cÖhyw³ Avi
mvsMVwbK `ÿZv G‡jv Zv-B bq, †mB m‡½ Av‡d«v-Gwkqvb f‚LÐ
†Q‡o evB‡ii c„w_ex‡Z hvÎv Kivi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq `~i`wk©ZvI
†cj Zviv| Zv‡ì AR©b ïiæ n‡jv 45 nvRvi eQi Av‡M
A‡÷ªwjqvq Dcwb‡ek ¯ vc‡bi ga¨ w`‡q| we‡klÁ‡ì Rb¨ GUv
e¨vL¨v KivUv GKUz KwVb, KviY KvRUv gvby‡li Rb¨ †gv‡UB
113
mnR wQj bv| A‡÷ªwjqv‡Z †cu․Qv‡Z gvbyl‡K cvi n‡Z n‡q‡Q
†Qv‡Uv-e‡ov A‡bK mvgyw`ªK cÖYvwj, Avi Zvici Lye `ªæZ
wb‡R‡ì Lvc LvIqv‡Z n‡q‡Q m¤ú~Y© bZzb GK cwi‡e‡k|
G wel‡q me‡P‡q MÖnY‡hvM¨ aviYvUv A‡bKUv GgbÑ cÖvq
45 nvRvi eQi Av‡M †hme gvbyl B‡›`v‡bwkqvb AvwK©‡cjv‡Mv‡Z
(Gwkqvi g~j f‚LÐ †_‡K miæ cÖYvwj w`‡q wew”Qbœ ØxccyÄ)
emevm KiZ, ZvivB cÖ_g mgy`ªc‡_ hvZvqvZ ïiæ K‡i| Zviv
mgy‡`ª Pjvi Dc‡hvMx †b․Kv •Zwi Ki‡Z †k‡L| Zvici gvQ ai‡Z,
eëmvq Ki‡Z wKsev Avwe®‥v‡ii Rb¨ Av‡iv `~‡i †h‡Z ïiæ K‡i|
Gi d‡j gvby‡li RxebhvÎvq wKQz Af‚Zc~e© cwieZ©b Av‡m| wmj,
mvgyw`ªK †Mviæ ev Wjwd‡bi g‡Zv me mgy`ªPvix ¯Íb¨cvqx cÖvYxB eû
hy‡Mi weeZ©‡b †c‡q‡Q RjR Rxe‡bi Dchy³ kixi I A½cÖZ¨½|
wKš‧ B‡›`v‡bwkqvi gvby‡liv m¤ú~Y© bZzb GK Dcvq Avwe®‥vi Kij|
Zviv wQj Avwd«Kvb Z…Yf‚wgi bievb‡ii (Ape) eskai| mgy`ª
cvwo w`‡Z Zv‡ì gv‡Qi g‡Zv cvLbv wKsev wZwgi g‡Zv gv_vi
cÖ‡qvRb n‡jv bv| eis Zviv wk‡L †djj Kxfv‡e †b․Kv evbv‡Z
nq, Avi Kxfv‡e †mUv Pvjv‡Z nq| GB bZzb AwR©Z `ÿZvB
GKw`b Zv‡ì †cu․‡Q w`j A‡÷ªwjqvq|
GUv wVK †h cyivZË¡we‡ìv GL‡bv 45 nvRvi eQi Av‡Mi
†Kv‡bv †b․Kv, ùvo wKsev †Kv‡bv †R‡j MÖv‡gi wb`k©b GL‡bv
Lyu‡R cvbwb| Aek¨ cvIqv Lye mnRI bq, KviY mgy `ªc‡„ ôi
D”PZve„w×i Kvi‡Y †mB cÖvPxb B‡›`v‡bwkqvi ZU‡iLv AvR
K‡qKk wgUvi cvwbi wb‡P| Zey GB aviYvi c‡ÿ †Rviv‡jv
cÖvgvY¨ hyw³ Av‡Q| A‡÷ªwjqvq emwZ ¯ vc‡bi K‡qK nvRvi
eQ‡ii g‡a¨ gvbyl DË‡ii A‡bK †Qv‡Uv †Qv‡Uv wew”Qbœ Øx‡c
Dcwb‡ek •Zwi K‡i| Gi g‡a¨ eyKv (Buka) Avi gvbym
(Manus)-Gi g‡Zv wKQz Øxc wQj wbKUZg f‚LÐ †_‡KI cÖvq
200 wK‡jvwgUvi `~‡i| DbœZ ai‡bi †b․Kv I Zv Pvjv‡bvi
`ÿZv Qvov †mLv‡b hvIqvUv Awek^vm¨| GKB ai‡bi mvgyw`ªK
hvZvqv‡Zi cÖgvY cvIqv hvq wbD Avqvij¨vÛ Avi wbD weª‡Ub
Øx‡ci g‡aÏ|1
114
gvby‡li A‡÷ªwjqv hvÎv BwZnv‡mi GKUv AZ¨šÍ ¸iæZ¡c~Y©
NUbv| Kj¤^v‡mi Av‡gwiKv hvIqv ev A¨v‡cv‡jv GMv‡ivi Puv‡`
hvIqvi †P‡q †mUv †Kv‡bv As‡k Kg bq| IUvB cÖ_gev‡ii g‡Zv
†Kv‡bv gvby‡li Z_v †Kv‡bv ¯ jPvix ¯Íb¨cvqx cÖvYxi Av‡d«v-
Gwkqvb f‚L‡Ði evB‡i †Kv_vI hvIqv| Z‡e NUbvUv Zvi †P‡qI
†ewk ¸iæZ¡en Ab¨ GKUv Kvi‡Y| GB Awfhv‡bi ga¨ w`‡qB
wkKvwi gvbyl Lv`¨k„•L‡ji me‡P‡q Ic‡i D‡V wb‡R‡ì
AvZ¥cÖKvk Kij c„w_exi b„ksmZg cÖvYxiƒ‡c|
GZw`b ch©šÍ gvbyl wb‡R‡K cwi‡e‡ki m‡½ gvwb‡q P‡j‡Q,
cwi‡ek‡K wb‡Ri g‡Zv K‡i cvj‡U †Ìqvi †Zgb †Kv‡bv †Póv
K‡iwb| cwi‡e‡ki e‡ov †Kv‡bv cwieZ©b bv K‡iB wewfbœ iKg
¯ vb I cwi‡e‡k wb‡R‡K Lvc LvB‡q Pjvi e¨vcv‡i `viæY mvdj¨
†`wL‡q‡Q gvbyl| wKš‧ A‡÷ªwjqv ÔRqÕ Kiv GB gvby‡liv ïay
wb‡RivB e`jvj bv, m‡½ m‡½ Avg~j cvj‡U w`j A‡÷ªwjqvi
Avw`g cwi‡ekI|
A‡÷ªwjqvi mgy`ªZx‡ii evwj‡Z gvby‡li AuvKv cÖ_g
c`wPýwU m‡½ m‡½B gy‡Q w`‡qwQj mgy‡`ªi †mªvZ, wKš‧
cieZ©xKv‡j GB gvby‡livB †mLv‡b †i‡L G‡m‡Q Ggb GK wPý, hv
mg‡qi †mªvZ gyQ‡Z cvi‡e bv Avi KL‡bvB| A‡÷ªwjqv ZLb GK
A™¢Zz AKíbxq RMr| †mLv‡b ZLb Ny‡i †eovZ 200 †KwR
IR‡bi `yB wgUvi j¤^v K¨v½viæ, Avi GLbKvi ev‡Ni g‡ZvB e‡ov
AvKv‡ii gvm©ywcqvj wmsn wQj †mLvbKvi me‡P‡q e‡ov wkKvwi
cÖvYx| wekvj AvKv‡ii †Kvqvjvi †`Lv wgjZ Mv‡Q, Z‡e GLbKvi
g‡Zv Zviv †Qv‡UvLv‡Uv Av`y‡i †Pnvivi wQj bv †gv‡UB| DUcvwLi
wØ¸Y AvKv‡ii Do‡Z-bv-cviv cvwLiv Qz‡U †eovZ †Lvjv cÖvšÍ‡i,
W«vM‡bi g‡Zv wMiwMwU Avi wgUvi-cuv‡PK j¤^v mv‡civ wKjwewj‡q
PjZ Mwnb e‡bi Z‡j| R½j `vwc‡q †eovZ cÖKvÐ wW‡cÖv‡UvWb
Avi AvovB Ub IR‡bi Dge¨vU| cvwL Avi mixm„c Qvov evwK me
cÖvYxB wQj gvm©ywcqvj| gvm©ywcqvj ejv nq †mBme ¯Íb¨cvqx
cÖvYx‡ì, hviv ÿz`ª AcwiYZ wkïi Rb¥ w`‡q Zv‡ì cwicyó K‡i
115
ZzjZ †c‡Ui mvg‡bi _wj‡Z †i‡L| Avwd«Kv Avi Gwkqv‡Z Ggb
†Kv‡bv cÖvYx wQjB bv, A_P A‡÷ªwjqv‡Z ZvivB wQj m‡e©me©v|
c‡ii K‡qK nvRvi eQ‡i GB `vbevK…wZ cÖvYx‡ì mevB
GKiKg nvwi‡qB †Mj| 50 wK‡jvMÖv‡gi †ewk IRb nq Ggb
24wU cÖRvwZi cÖvYxi g‡a¨ 23wUB wejyß n‡q †Mj|2 †f‡O coj
A‡÷ªwjqvi Lv`¨k„•Lj, Avevi Zv M‡oI DVj bZzb K‡i|
A‡÷ªwjqvi cwi‡e‡k jvL jvL eQ‡ii g‡a¨ me‡P‡q ¸iæZ¡c~Y©
cwieZ©b wQj GUvB| Gi `vq wK meUzKzB gvby‡li?
gvby‡li `vq
A‡bK we‡klÁB GB wejywßi `vq eive‡ii g‡Zv Rjevqyi `ªæZ
cwieZ©‡bi Ic‡i Pvwc‡q gvbyl‡K wb‡`©vl †`Lv‡Z Pvb| Z‡e
gvbyl †h m¤ú~Y© wb‡`©vl, GB K_vUv cy‡ivcywi wek^vm‡hvM¨ bq|
wZbwU cÖgv‡Yi wfwË‡Z Rjevqy cwieZ©‡bi Ici †`vl Pvcv‡bv
hyw³¸‡jv †av‡c †U‡K bv, eis †mUv G‡m c‡o Avgv‡ìB
c~e©cyiæl‡ì Ici|
cÖ_gZ, 45 nvRvi eQi Av‡M A‡÷ªwjqvi Rjevqy‡Z †h
cwieZ©b nq Zv Ggb †Kv‡bv AvKvk-cvZvj cwieZ©b wQj bv|
Avi ïayB Rjevqyi cwieZ©‡bi Rb¨ GB wecyj wejywßÑ GUv
KóKíbv| B`vbxs mewKQzi Rb¨B Rjevqy cwieZ©b‡K `vqx Kiv
n‡jI, GUv mZ¨ †h c„w_exi Rjevqy KL‡bvB w¯ i wQj bv|
cwieZ©‡bi aviv GLv‡b wPišÍb| BwZnv‡mi cÖwZwU NUbvB †Kv‡bv
bv †Kv‡bv Rjevqy cwieZ©‡bi mvÿx|
Avgv‡ì GB MÖnwU‡K AmsL¨ Zvc-•k‡Zï P‡µi †fZi
w`‡q †h‡Z n‡q‡Q| MZ 10 jvL eQ‡ii g‡a¨ cÖwZ 1 jvL eQ‡i
M‡o GKevi K‡i eid hyM cvi K‡i G‡m‡Q c„w_ex| Gi g‡a¨
me©‡klwU ïiæ nq cÖvq 75 nvRvi eQi Av‡M, Avi †mUv P‡jwQj
15 nvRvi eQi AvM ch©šÍ| G mg‡qi g‡a¨ c„w_ex kxZjZg
Ae¯ vq †cu․‡QwQj `yeviÑ GKevi cÖvq 70 nvRvi eQi Av‡M,
Av‡iKevi cÖvq 20 nvRvi eQi Av‡M| A‡÷ªwjqvq
116
wW‡cÖv‡UvW‡bi Avwef©ve nq 15 jvL eQi Av‡M, AšÍZ 10wU
eid hyM cvi K‡iI wU‡K wQj Zviv| GgbwK 70 nvRvi eQi
Av‡Mi me©‡kl eid hy‡Mi kxZjve¯ vi mgqI wW‡cÖv‡UvW‡bi
Aw¯ÍZ¡ wQj| Zvn‡j 45 nvRvi eQi Av‡M Zv‡ì Avi †`Lv †Mj
bv †Kb? ïay wW‡cÖv‡UvWbB hw` wejywßi wkKvi n‡Zv, Zvn‡jI
nq‡Zv †mUv‡K KvKZvj e‡j Dwo‡q †Ìqv †hZ| wKš‧ ïay †Zv
wW‡cÖv‡UvWb bq, GKB m‡½ nvwi‡q †Mj A‡÷ªwjqvi cÖvwYKz‡ji
90 kZvs‡kiI †ewk| gvbylI A‡÷ªwjqvq †cu․Qvj, Avi wVK †mB
mgqUv‡ZB †mLvbKvi GZ¸‡jv cÖvYx gviv hvw”Qj VvÛvqÑ GI
wK KvKZvjxq? wbðqB bq|3
wØZxq hyw³ n‡jv, Rjevqy cwieZ©‡bB hw` GB me©MÖvmx
wejywß G‡m _v‡K, Zvn‡j Zv R‡j-¯ ‡j GKm‡½B Avmvi K_v|
wKš‧ 45 nvRvi eQi Av‡M †Kv‡bv mvgyw`ªK cÖvYxi wejywßi wPý
†g‡j bv| Kv‡RB gvby‡li AvMgb Gi GKUv KviY n‡Z cv‡i
eBwK| KviY mgy`ª-wePi‡Y ZL‡bv cUz n‡q bv DV‡jI ZLbKvi
gvbyl WvOvq wQj GK cÖej ûgwK|
Z…ZxqZ, A‡÷ªwjqvi g‡Zv GKB iKg NUbv c‡ii
mnmªvã¸‡jv‡ZI N‡U‡Q; Avi †m¸‡jv N‡U‡Q †mme RvqMv‡ZB
†hLv‡b gvbyl †M‡Q| Kv‡RB †m‡ÿ‡ÎI gvbyl `vqgy³ n‡Z cv‡i
bv| D`vniY wn‡m‡e ejv hvq wbDwRj¨v‡Ûi cÖvwYKz‡ji K_v|
45 nvRvi eQi Av‡Mi Z_vKw_Z ÔRjevqy cwieZ©bÕ hv‡ì
wKQzB Ki‡Z cv‡iwb, ZvivB G‡Kev‡i aŸs‡mi ØvicÖv‡šÍ †cu․‡Q
†Mj gvbyl IB Øx‡c cv ivL‡ZB| wbDwRj¨v‡Ûi cÖ_g Rb‡Mvôx
gvIwiiv ILv‡b †cu․Qvq cÖvq 800 eQi Av‡M| Gi c‡ii K‡qK
kZvãxi g‡a¨B ILvbKvi cÖvYx‡ì †ewkifvM wejyß nq, hvi
g‡a¨ wQj me cvwL cÖRvwZi 60 kZvsk|
GKB cwiYwZ eiY Ki‡Z n‡qwQj DËi gnvmvM‡i
mvB‡ewiqvi DcK‚j †_‡K 200 wK‡jvwgUvi DË‡ii i¨v‡½j
(Wrangel) Øx‡ci g¨vg_¸‡jv‡KI| jvL jvL eQi a‡i DËi
†Mvjv‡ai© A‡bKUv Ry‡o wQj GB g¨vg_iv| wKš‧ gvbyl c„w_ex‡Z
Qwo‡q co‡ZB Zviv Av‡¯Í Av‡¯Í m‡i cojÑ cÖ_‡g BD‡iwkqvq,
117
c‡i DËi Av‡gwiKvq| 10 nvRvi eQi Av‡MI i¨v‡½j I DËi
†giæi Kv‡Qi K‡qKUv Øxc Qvov Avi †Kv_vI g¨vg_ wQj bv|
i¨v‡½j Øx‡ci g¨vg_iv Av‡iv K‡qK nvRvi eQi wU‡K wQj|
Zvici, 4 nvRvi eQi Av‡M gvbyl †mLv‡b †h‡ZB ZvivI nvwi‡q
†Mj|
GB NUbv¸‡jv ïay A‡÷ªwjqvq NU‡jI †mUv‡K GKUv wew”Qbœ
NUbv wn‡m‡e wb‡q gvbyl‡K nq‡Zv Qvo †Ìqv †hZ| wKš‧
mvgwMÖK BwZnvm we‡ePbv K‡i †nv‡gv †mwc‡qÝ‡K GKwU Lywb
cÖRvwZ e‡jB g‡b nq|
GLb cÖkœ n‡jv, †mB cÖ¯Íihy‡Mi nvwZqvi‡K m¤^j K‡i gvbyl
Kxfv‡e A‡÷ªwjqv‡Z GZ e‡ov GKUv cÖvK…wZK wech©q NUvj?
Gi wZbUv gvbvbmB DËi cvIqv hvq|
A‡÷ªwjqvq wejyß nIqv cÖvYx‡ì †ewkifvM wQj e‡ov e‡ov
cÖvYx| Gme e‡ov cÖvYxi eske„w× N‡U axiMwZ‡Z| G‡ì
Mf©aviYKvj nq `xN©, Avi cÖwZevi Mf©avi‡Y Giv Rb¥ †`q
¯^ímsL¨K wkïi| Kv‡RB gvbyl hw` K‡qK gv‡m GKUv K‡iI
wW‡cÖv‡UvWb nZ¨v K‡i, Zv‡ZI G‡ì g„Zz¨nvi Rb¥nv‡ii †P‡q
†e‡o hvIqvi K_v| Gfv‡eB c‡ii K‡qK nvRvi eQ‡i msL¨vq
Kg‡Z Kg‡Z GKmgq c„w_exi me©‡kl wW‡cÖv‡UvWbwUI gviv
†Mj|4
AvKv‡i cÖKvÐ n‡jI A‡÷ªwjqvi wW‡cÖv‡UvWb I Ab¨ e‡ov
cÖvYx¸‡jv‡K nZ¨v Kiv gvby‡li Rb¨ Lye KwVb nqwb| GB †`v‡c‡q
AvZZvqxi AvPgKv Avµg‡Y Zviv eiveiB aivkvqx n‡Zv| Av‡d«v-
Gwkqvb f‚L‡Ð 20 jvL eQi a‡i weewZ©Z n‡q‡Q gvbyl, AR©b
K‡i‡Q wkKv‡ii m‡e©v”P `ÿZv| †mB kvwbZ `ÿZv Kv‡R jvwM‡qB
cÖvq 4 jvL eQi Av‡M †_‡K gvbyl e‡ov cÖvYx wkKvi Ki‡Z ïiæ
K‡i| †mB m‡½ Zvj wgwj‡q Avwd«Kv Avi Gwkqvi e‡ov cÖvYx¸‡jv
gvby‡li nvZ †_‡K cvwj‡q euvP‡Z wk‡LwQj| GRb¨B Zviv gvbyl
wKsev gvby‡li g‡Zv †`L‡Z me cÖvYx‡ì †_‡K wbivc` `~iZ¡ eRvq
ivLZ| A‡÷ªwjqvi cÖvYx¸‡jv GB cvwj‡q euvPvi e¨vcviUv wk‡L
†bIqvi mgqB cvqwb| gvbyl‡K †`‡L ÿwZKi cÖvYx g‡b nIqvi
118
†Kv‡bv KviYB wQj bv| j¤^v aviv‡jv ùvZ wKsev †cwkeûj wÿcÖ
kixiÑ Ggb †Kv‡bv kvixwiK •ewkó¨ gvby‡li wQj bv †h Zv‡K
†`‡L fq †c‡Z n‡e| Kv‡RB c„w_exi e„nËg gvm©ywcqvj cÖvYx
wW‡cÖv‡UvWb cÖ_gevi ÿz`ª gvbyl‡K †`‡LI nq‡Zv cvZv wPev‡bv‡ZB
†ewk g‡bv‡hvM w`‡qwQj| gvbyl‡K †`‡L fq †c‡Z n‡eÑ GB
†evaUv weeZ©‡bi gva¨‡g •Zwi nIqvi K_v, wKš‧ weewZ©Z nIqvi
Rb¨ h‡_ó mgq cvqwb A‡÷ªwjqvi cÖvYx¸‡jv|
wØZxq e¨vL¨vUv n‡jv, A‡÷ªwjqvq Avmvi Av‡MB gvbyl
Av¸‡bi eënvi AvqË K‡iwQj| bZzb GK cÖwZK‚j cwi‡e‡k
†SvcSvo Avi Nb R½‡ji g‡a¨ c_ †ei K‡i wb‡Z Zviv †mUvB
eënvi Kij| Avevi Av¸b †`‡L AvK…ó nIqv cÖvYx¸‡jvI
cwiYZ n‡jv gvby‡li mnR wkKv‡i| mewKQz wg‡j c‡ii K‡qK
nvRvi eQ‡i A‡÷ªwjqvi ev¯‧Zš¿ Avg~j e`‡j †Mj|
GB KviYUvi c‡ÿ GKUv †Rviv‡jv cÖgvY n‡jv A‡÷ªwjqvi
Dw™¢¾ Rxevk¥| 45 nvRvi eQi Av‡Mi A‡÷ªwjqvq
BDK¨vwjcUvm MvQ wQj weij| wKš‧ gvby‡li AvMg‡bi ci †_‡K
ïiæ n‡jv BDK¨vwjcUv‡mi ¯^Y©hyM| BDK¨vwjcUvm MvQ Av¸b
cÖwZ‡ivax, ZvB gvby‡li mvnv‡h¨ A‡÷ªwjqvi ebvÂ‡j ïiæ n‡jv
BDK¨vwjcUv‡mi GK”QÎ ivRZ¡|
Dw™¢` RM‡Zi GB cwieZ©‡bi cÖfve coj cÖvwYRM‡ZÑ
Z…Y‡fvRx I gvsmvkx Df‡qi Ici| †Kvqvjv‡ì cÖavb Lv`¨ wQj
BDK¨vwjcUv‡mi cvZv, ZvB Zv‡ì Avi Lvev‡ii †Kv‡bv AfveB
iBj bv, wKš‧ †ewkifvM cÖvYxB coj gnvwec‡`| Lv`¨-Lv`‡Ki
fvimvg¨c~Y© m¤úK© †f‡O coj, d‡j `ye©j cÖRvwZ¸‡jv Av‡iv
GwM‡q †Mj wejywßi c‡_|5
Z…Zxq e¨vL¨vUv e‡j, A‡÷ªwjqvi cÖvYx-wejywß‡Z gvby‡li
wkKvi I Av¸‡bi eënvi D‡jøL‡hvM¨ KviY n‡jI Rjevqy
cwieZ©‡bi e¨vcviUv‡KI G‡Kev‡i AMÖvn¨ Kiv hvq bv| 45
nvRvi eQi Av‡M A‡÷ªwjqvi Rjevqy‡Z Pjgvb cwieZ©b
†mLvbKvi cwi‡e‡ki fvimvg¨‡K boe‡o K‡i w`‡qwQj, hv
cÖvYx‡ìI †V‡j w`‡qwQj GKUv SzuwKc~Y© Ae¯ vq| mvaviY
119
Ae¯ vq Zviv nq‡Zv ILvb †_‡KI Ab¨vbëv‡ii g‡Zv Ny‡i
ùvov‡Z cviZ, wKš‧ Gev‡i gvby‡li Dcw¯ wZ cwiw¯ wZ‡K Av‡iv
msKUgq K‡i †Zv‡j| cÖwZK‚j AvenvIqv Avi wkKvwi gvby‡li
wØgyLx Avµg‡Y Zv‡ì Avi †kliÿv nqwb| wU‡K _vKvi †Kv‡bv
†K․kj Avq‡Ë Avbvi Av‡MB †kl n‡q †Mj Zviv|
GB wZbwU Kvi‡Yi g‡a¨ †KvbUv †h mwZ¨B `vqx, †mUv Av‡iv
†ewk Z_¨-cÖgvY nv‡Z bv †c‡j wbwðZ K‡i ejv hvq bv| wKš‧
Zvi ciI GUzKz ejv hvq †h, hw` gvbyl A‡÷ªwjqvi cÖK…wZ‡Z
GZLvwb n¯Í‡ÿc bv KiZ, Zvn‡j nq‡Zv AvRI †mLv‡b
gvm©ywcqvj wmsn, wW‡cÖv‡UvWb wKsev weivU AvKv‡ii K¨v½viæi
†`Lv cvIqv †hZ|
kø_‡ì wejywßi c‡_ hvÎv

A‡÷ªwjqvi cÖvYx-wejywß m¤¢eZ c„w_ex‡Z gvby‡li cÖ_g e‡ov
ÔKxwZ©Õ| cieZ©x mg‡q Av‡gwiKv‡ZI GKB iKg wech©q N‡U‡Q,
Av‡iv e‡ov AvKv‡i| gvbe-cÖRvwZ¸‡jvi g‡a¨ †nv‡gv †mwc‡qÝB
cÖ_g cwð‡g †cu․Qvq cÖvq 16 nvRvi eQi Av‡M, A_©vr 14 nvRvi
wLªóc~e©v‡ãi w`‡K| Zviv †cu․‡QwQj cv‡q †nu‡U, KviY ZLb
mgy`ªcô„ wbPz wQj e‡j DËi-c~e© mvB‡ewiqv I DËi-cwðg
Avjv¯‥v‡K Ry‡o †Ìqv c_UzKz ZL‡bv cvwb‡Z Wz‡e hvqwb| ZvB
e‡j A‡÷ªwjqv hvIqvi †P‡q GKUzI mnR wQj bv GB hvÎv|
gvbyl‡K ZLb wU‡K _vK‡Z n‡q‡Q †giæej‡qi Pig AvenvIqvq,
†hLv‡b kx‡Z m~‡h©i †`LvB cvIqv hvq bv Avi ZvcgvÎv gv‡S
gv‡S k~‡bï wb‡P 50 wWwMÖ ch©šÍ †b‡g hvq|
Gi Av‡M gvby‡li †Kv‡bv cÖRvwZB DËi mvB‡ewiqvi g‡Zv
kxZj RvqMvq †h‡Z cv‡iwb, GgbwK kxZmwnòz wbqvÛv_©vjivI
bq| A_P Avwd«Kvi Z…Yf‚wgi Mi‡g Awf‡hvwRZ †nv‡gv
†mwc‡qÝivB Zv‡ì D™¢vebx †K․k‡j †mB ei‡di †`‡k wU‡K
†Mj| kxZj AvenvIqvq †h‡Z †h‡ZB ZLbKvi hvhvei gvbyl
ckg Avi Pvgov †mjvB K‡i ei‡di Ici Pjvi RyZv Avi
120
†cvkvK •Zwi Ki‡Z wkLj| Zv‡ì wkKv‡ii A¯¿ I †K․kj `yBB
DbœZ n‡jv, Avi †mUv Kv‡R jvMj g¨vg‡_i g‡Zv eo cÖvYx
wkKvi Ki‡Z| Mig Kvco Avi DbœZ wkKvi †K․kjÑ GB
`yB‡qi Ici fimv K‡iB gvbyl Av‡iv kxZj ¯ v‡b †h‡Z mvnm
Kij, Avi Zviv hZB DË‡i †Mj, Zv‡ì `ÿZv¸‡jvI evo‡Z
jvMj Zvj wgwj‡q|
wKš‧ †Kb? †Kb mvB‡ewiqvi kx‡Z gvby‡li GB
†¯^”Qvwbe©vmb? Zv‡ì †KD nq‡Zv wM‡qwQj hy× †_‡K cvwj‡q,
†KD RbmsL¨vi Pv‡c, †KD Avevi cÖvK…wZK `y‡h©vM †_‡K
euvP‡Z| Avevi A‡b‡K wVK cvwj‡q bq, eis DË‡i wM‡qwQj
cÖvwYR Avwg‡li cÖvPzh© †`‡L| ZLbKvi †giæejq Ry‡o wQj cÖPiz
üócyó g¨vg_ Avi eêvnwiY| GKUv g¨vg_ gv‡bB cÖPiz cwigv‡Y
gvsm| Avi †mUv `xN©Kvj msiÿ‡Yi Rb¨ eidI wQj A‡Xj|
Zvi m‡½ cvIqv †hZ Pwe©, ckg Avi g~jëvb ùvZ| mvw½‡ii
(Sungir, g‡¯‥v †_‡K cÖvq 200 wK‡jvwgUvi c~‡e© cÖvPxb gvby‡li
emwZ) cÖZZ œ vwË¡K wb`k©b †_‡K Rvbv hvq, ILvbKvi g¨vg_-
wkKvwi gvbemgvR K‡óm„‡ó bq, ixwZg‡Zv cÖvYcÖvPz‡h© weKwkZ
n‡qwQj| mg‡qi m‡½ gvby‡li `j Qwo‡q coj bvbvw`‡K| Zvi
d‡j g¨vg_, g¨v‡÷vWb, MÛvi Avi eêvnwiY cwiYZ n‡Z jvMj
Zv‡ì Lv‡`¨| 14 nvRvi wLªóc~e©v‡ãi w`‡K GB cÖvYx‡ì avIqv
Ki‡Z Ki‡ZB gvbyl DËi-c~e© mvB‡ewiqv †_‡K †cu․‡Q †Mj
Avjv¯‥vq| Avi Gfv‡eB †h bZzb GKUv gnv‡`k Avwe®‥…Z n‡jv,
gvbyl ev g¨vg_ †KDB †mUv eyS‡Z cv‡iwb|
ïiæi w`‡K GB c_Uv eÜ K‡i †i‡LwQj weivU wngevn, ZvB
Lye †ewk gvbyl Zvi Icv‡i †h‡Z cv‡iwb| Z‡e 12 nvRvi
wLªóc~e©v‡ãi w`‡K •ewk^K Dòvq‡bi cÖ‡Kv‡c †mB eid M‡j wM‡q
Avjv¯‥v hvIqvi c_ Ly‡j hvq| †mB bZzb c‡_ gvbyl `‡j `‡j
cvwo Rgvq bZzb gnv‡`‡k| †giæ AÂ‡ji kx‡Z Af¨¯Í gvbyl
`ªæZB bZzb cwi‡ek Avi AvenvIqv‡Z wb‡R‡ì Lvc LvB‡q
†bq| mvB‡ewiqvi gvby‡li eska‡iiv eZ©gvb hy³iv‡óªi c~e©
121
w`‡Ki Nb R½j, wgwmwmwci eØx‡ci Rjvf‚wg, †gw·‡Kvi
giæf‚wg Avi ga¨ Av‡gwiKvi ebvÂ‡j emwZ ¯ vcb Kij| Avevi
†KD †KD P‡j †Mj AvgvRb b`xwe‡a․Z GjvKvq, Av‡›`R
ce©Zgvjvi DcZ¨Kvq wKsev Av‡R©w›Ubvi cv¤úvm mgf‚wg‡Z|
cy‡iv gnv‡`‡k Qwo‡q co‡Z gvby‡li mgq †j‡MwQj e‡ov‡Rvi
`yB nvRvi eQi| 10 nvRvi wLªóc~e©v‡ãi g‡a¨B gvbyl `wÿY
Av‡gwiKvi me©`wÿ‡Yi wZ‡qiv †`j dz‡q‡Mv (Tierra del Fuego)
Øx‡c †cu․Qvq| gvbyl GZ `ªæZ Av‡gwiKvi Av‡`¨vcvšÍ `Lj Ki‡Z
cvivi g~j KviY Zv‡ì AZzjbxq eyw×gËv I Awf‡hvRb
ÿgZv| Kvh©Z e‡ov ai‡bi †Kv‡bv wRbMZ cwieZ©b QvovB Avi
†Kv‡bv cÖvYx GZiKg •ewPÎ¨gq cwi‡e‡k GZ `ªæZ wb‡R‡ì
gvwb‡q wb‡Z cv‡iwb|6
Z‡e gvby‡li Av‡gwiKv `L‡ji cÖwµqvwU †gv‡UB i³cvZnxb
wQj bv| 14 nvRvi eQi Av‡M Av‡gwiKvi cÖvwYRMr GLbKvi †P‡q
A‡bK †ewk mg„× wQj| Avjv¯‥v †_‡K `wÿ‡Y, KvbvWv I cwðg
hy³iv‡óªi mgf‚wg‡Z GwM‡q hvIqvi c‡_ gvbyl mvg‡b †cj g¨vg_
I g¨v‡÷vWb, fvjy‡Ki g‡Zv e‡ov AvKv‡ii Bu`yi, †Nvov I D‡Ui
cvj Avi wekvjvKvq wmsn| Av‡iv wQj Ggb wKQz wekvj cÖvYx hv
AvR Avi †`Lv hvq bv| G‡ì g‡a¨ wQj j¤^v ùvZIqvjv
fqsKi`k©b weovj Avi cÖvq Qq wgUvi j¤^v, AvU Ub ch©šÍ IR‡bi
¯ jPi kø_| `wÿY Av‡gwiKvi cÖvwYKzj wQj Av‡iv †ewk
•ewPÎ¨gq| †mLv‡bI wQj bvbv iKg ¯Íb¨cvqx cÖvYx, mixm„c Avi
cvwL| `yB Av‡gwiKvB wQj cÖvYcÖvPz‡h© weKwkZ weeZ©‡bi Av`k©
jxjvf‚wg, hvi cÖvYx I Dw™¢`¸‡jv wQj Avwd«Kv I Gwkqvi Rxem¤¢vi
†_‡K m¤ú~Y© Avjv`v|
wKš‧ G meB gvbyl ILv‡b hvIqvi Av‡Mi K_v| gvbyl
hvIqvi `yB nvRvi eQ‡ii g‡a¨B G‡ì †ewkifvM cÖRvwZB
nvwi‡q †Mj| GLbKvi wnmve e‡j, GB Aí mg‡qi g‡a¨B DËi
Av‡gwiKvi 47wU cÖRvwZi g‡a¨ wejyß nq 34wU, Avi `wÿY
122
Av‡gwiKvq 60-Gi g‡a¨ 50wU| 3 †KvwU eQi a‡i wU‡K _vKv
j¤^v ùv‡Zi weovj wejyß n‡jv, GKB cwiYwZ n‡jv wekvj kø_
Avi wms‡ni, Av‡gwiKvb cÖRvwZi †Nvov Avi D‡Ui, wekvj Bu`yi
Avi g¨vg‡_i| Zvi m‡½ wejyß n‡jv nvRvi nvRvi cÖRvwZi
†Qv‡Uv †Qv‡Uv ¯Íb¨cvqx cÖvYx, mixm„c, cvwL, GgbwK †cvKvgvKo
Avi ciRxexI (g¨vg_ wejyß nIqvi ci g¨vg‡_i me iKg
DKzbI wejyß nq)|
`k‡Ki ci `kK a‡i Gme cÖvYxi Rxevk¥ Avi †`nve‡k‡li
†Luv‡R `yB Av‡gwiKvi cvnvo I mgZ‡j P‡l †eov‡”Qb
we‡klÁiv| hLbB Zuviv †Kv‡bv wKQz Lyu‡R cv‡”Qb cig h‡Zœ
†m¸‡jv cvwV‡q w`‡”Qb M‡elYvMv‡i| †mUv n‡Z cv‡i cÖvPxb
Av‡gwiKvb D‡Ui nvo wKsev †mB weivU kø‡_i weôv| †mLv‡b
cÖwZwU bgybv cy•Lvbycy•Lfv‡e cixÿv K‡i Zv‡ì eqm wbY©q Kiv
nq| me M‡elYvi dj cvIqv †M‡Q GKB iKgÑ mv¤cÖwZKZg
bgybv¸‡jvI †mB mg‡qi, hLb gvbyl cÖ_g Av‡gwiKvq Av‡m, A_©vr
12 nvRvi †_‡K 9 nvRvi wLªóc~e©v‡ãi g‡a¨| Gi cieZ©x mg‡qi
bgybv cvIqv †M‡Q †Kej K‡qKwU K¨vwiweqvb Øx‡c, wbw`©ó K‡i
ej‡j wKDev I wnmcvwbIjvq| †mLv‡b cvIqv kø‡_i weôv
†gvUvgywU 5 nvRvi wLªóc~e©v‡ãiÑ wVK †h mg‡q gvbyl K¨vwiweqvb
mvMi cvwo w`‡q ILv‡b †cu․Qvq|
Gi c‡iI wKQz we‡klÁ GBm‡ei Rb¨ gvby‡li e`‡j Rjevqy
cwieZ©b‡KB `vqx Ki‡Z Pvb (†m‡ÿ‡Î a‡i wb‡Z nq †h, 7 nvRvi
eQi a‡i cwð‡gi me RvqMvi AvenvIqv e`‡j †M‡jI †Kv‡bv
Ôinm¨gq Kvi‡YÕ K¨vwiweqvb Øx‡c e`jvqwb)| wKš‧ Av‡gwiKvq
cvIqv cÖgvY‡K A¯^xKvi Kivi †Kv‡bv my‡hvM †bB| AvgivB †h GB
wejywßi Rb¨ `vqxÑ G mZ¨‡K †Kv‡bvfv‡eB Gov‡bv hvq bv| hw`
Rjevqyi cwieZ©b GLv‡b †Kv‡bv f‚wgKv †i‡LI _v‡K, Zey gvby‡li
f‚wgKv wQj Zvi †P‡qI A‡bK †ewk|7
123
b~‡ni bv‡q VuvB n‡e Kv‡ì?
A‡÷ªwjqv, Av‡gwiKvi g‡Zv gnv‡`k Avi wKDevi g‡Zv Øx‡c
cÖvYx‡ì †h MYwejywß N‡UwQj, Zvi †P‡q GKUz KgB N‡UwQj
Av‡d«v-Gwkqvb GjvKvq| †mLv‡b wejyß cÖRvwZ¸‡jvi g‡a¨ †nv‡gv
†mwc‡qÝ ev‡` gvby‡li Ab¨ cÖRvwZ¸‡jvI wQj| GB †Qv‡Uv-e‡ov
wejywßi NUbv¸‡jv‡K GK my‡Zvq Muv_‡j †evSv hvq †h, c„w_exi
me‡P‡q e‡ov GKUv cwi‡ek wech©‡qi cÖ_g av°vUv G‡mwQj
gvby‡li KvQ †_‡KB| G‡Z me‡P‡q †ewk ÿwZMÖ¯Í nq e‡ov e‡ov
†jvgk cÖvYx| eyw×wfwËK wecø‡ei mg‡q GB c„w_ex cÖvq 200
iK‡gi e‡ov (50 wK‡jvMÖv‡gi †ewk IR‡bi) ¯ jPi ¯Íb¨cvqx
cÖvYxi Avevm wQj, Avi K…wlwecøe Avmvi ci wQj kLv‡b‡Ki
g‡Zv| †jLv‡jwL Ki‡Z †kLv, PvKv Avwe®‥vi wKsev †jvnvi wRwbm
evbv‡Z †kLvi A‡bK Av‡MB gvbyl wbwðý K‡i w`‡q‡Q GB
c„w_exi me‡P‡q e‡ov cÖvYx‡ì A‡a©KUv|
K…wlwecø‡ei ciI †mB GKB bvUK evievi gÂ¯  n‡q‡Q
c„w_exi AmsL¨ Øx‡c, Av‡iKUz †Qv‡Uv AvKv‡i| wewfbœ cyivZvwË¡K
M‡elYvq †m MíB evievi D‡V Av‡m Avgv‡ì mvg‡b| †m
bvU‡Ki cÖ_g `„‡kï Kzkxje bvbv iK‡gi cÖvYxÑ gvby‡li †Kv‡bv
f‚wgKv †mLv‡b †bB| wØZxq `„‡k¨ N‡U gvby‡li AvMgb (hvi
cÖgvY †g‡j gvby‡li nvo, ek©vi djv wKsev gvwUi cv‡Îi
UzK‡ivq), Avi Z…Zxq `„‡k¨ gÂ Ry‡o †KejB gvbyl, Avi †Qv‡Uv-
e‡ov A‡bK cÖvYx ZLb DavI|
GKUv fv‡jv D`vniY cvIqv hvq Avwd«Kv gnv‡`k †_‡K
400 wK‡jvwgUvi c~‡e©i Øxc gv`vMv¯‥v‡i| jv‡Lv eQ‡ii weeZ©‡b
GB wew”Qbœ f‚L‡Ð M‡o D‡VwQj †mLvbKvi ¯^Zš¿ cÖvwYRMr|
†mLv‡b wQj ÔGwjd¨v›U evW©Õ bv‡gi Do‡Z bv cviv cvwL, wZb
wgUvi D”PZv Avi Avav Ub IRb wb‡q GivB wQj c„w_exi
me‡P‡q e‡ov cvwL| m‡½ wQj c„w_exi me‡P‡q e‡ov †giæ`Ðx
124
cÖvYx cÖKvÐ †jgyi| †ò nvRvi eQi Av‡M GiKg A‡bK¸‡jv
e‡ov cÖvYx G‡Kev‡i nVvr K‡iB †hb nvwi‡q †MjÑ wVK gvbyl
ILv‡b cv ivLvi ciciB|
10. `ywU cÖKvÐ kø_ (†gMv‡_wiqvg) Avi Zv‡ì †cQ‡b `ywU cÖKvÐ Avg©vwW‡jv|
Aaybvjyß GB Avg©vwW‡jv j¤^vq cÖvq wZb wgUvi Avi IR‡b `yB Ub ch©šÍ n‡Zv|
kø_¸‡jvi D”PZv Qq wgUvi ch©šÍI n‡Zv, Avi IRb n‡Zv cÖvq AvU Ub|
cÖkvšÍ gnvmvM‡i MYwejywßi cÖ_g AvNvZUv Av‡m cÖvq

1500 wLªóc~e©v‡ãi w`‡K| G mg‡qB cwj‡bwkqvi K…l‡Kiv
m‡jvgb ØxccyÄ, wdwR Avi wbD K¨vwj‡Wvwbqvq emwZ ¯ vcb
K‡i| ZvivB cÖZ¨ÿ ev c‡ivÿfv‡e kZ kZ cÖRvwZi cvwL,
†cvKvgvKo, kvgyKmn ¯ vbxq bvbv cÖvYx‡K †kl K‡i †d‡j| GB
wejywßi †XD GwM‡q hvq DËi, `wÿY I c~‡e© Ñ Avi gy‡Q w`‡q
†h‡Z _v‡K cÖkvšÍ gnvmvM‡ii Øxç‡jvi cÖvYx‡ì| µgk Gi
djvdj †`Lv hvq 1200 wLªóc~e©v‡ã mv‡gvqv I †Uv½vq, cÖ_g
wLªóv‡ã gvKz©Bm Øxccy‡Ä, 500 wLªóv‡ã B÷vi Øxc, KzK ØxccyÄ
I nvIqvB‡q, Avi me‡k‡l 1200 wLªóv‡ã wbDwRj¨v‡Û|
125
wVK GKB iK‡gi NUbv N‡U‡Q AvUjvw›UK gnvmvMi, fviZ
gnvmvMi, DËi gnvmvMi I f‚ga¨mvM‡i Qwo‡q-wQwU‡q _vKv
Av‡iv nvRvi nvRvi Øx‡c| cyivZË¡we‡ìv G‡Kev‡i †Qv‡Uv †Qv‡Uv
Øxç‡jv‡ZI Gi cÖgvY †c‡q‡Qb| †mme Øx‡cI Ggb me cvwL,
†cvKv Avi kvgy‡Ki Aw¯Í‡Z¡i cÖgvY cvIqv †M‡Q, hviv cÖR‡b¥i
ci cÖRb¥ wU‡K †_‡KI gvby‡li nv‡Z wbwðý n‡q †M‡Q| ïay
nv‡Z-†Mvbv K‡qKUv AZ¨šÍ `yM©g Øxc AvaywbK hyM ch©šÍ gvby‡li
bRi Gwo‡q wQj| GgbB GKUv weL¨vZ Øxc Mvjvcv‡Mvm,
Ebwesk kZvãxi AvM ch©šÍ gvbyl †mUv‡K †`‡Lwb| †mLvbKvi
cÖvwYRMr ZL‡bv gvby‡li nv‡Z c‡owb, ZvB †mLv‡b cvIqv †Mj
wekvj AvKv‡ii K”Qc, hviv cÖvPxb wW‡cÖv‡UvW‡bi g‡ZvB gvbyl
†`‡L fq cvq bv|
†h wejywßi cÖ_g av°vUv G‡mwQj wkKvwi gvby‡li nvZ a‡i,
ZviB wØZxq av°vUv Av‡m K…lK gvby‡li KvQ †_‡K| †mUv †`‡L
Z…Zxq av°vUvi Avfvm cvIqv hvq, †mUv GLb Pjgvb Av‡Q, GB
wkíhy‡M| cwi‡ekev`xiv hZB ejyK Avgv‡ì c~e©cyiæ‡liv
cÖK…wZi cÖwZ •eix wQj bv, K_vUv †gv‡UB wVK bq| AvR‡Ki GB
wkíhyM Avmvi A‡bK Av‡MB gvbyl eû cÖvYx I Dw™¢`‡K wejywßi
gy‡L †V‡j w`‡q‡Q| b„ksmZvi wePv‡i c„w_exi Avi GKwU cÖvYxI
gvby‡li mgKÿ bq|
wejywßi cÖ_g I wØZxq ch©vq wb‡q gvbyl hw` Av‡iv GKUz
m‡PZb n‡Zv, Zvn‡j nq‡Zv Z…Zxq ch©vqUv wb‡q Zviv GZ
wbwe©Kvi _vK‡Z cviZ bv| gvbyl hw` RvbZ KZ¸‡jv cÖRvwZi
cÖvYx‡K Zviv wbwðý K‡i w`‡q‡Q, Zvn‡j GL‡bv †h¸‡jv wU‡K
Av‡Q Zv‡ì euvPv‡Z Zviv Av‡iv GKUz m‡Pó n‡Zv| gnvmvM‡ii
e‡ov cÖvYx¸‡jvi Rb¨ GB K_vUv we‡klfv‡e cÖ‡hvR¨|
eyw×wfwËK I K…wlwfwËK wecø‡ei mg‡q WvOvi cÖvYx‡ì Zzjbvq
R‡ji cÖvYx‡ì ÿwZ n‡q‡Q mvgvb¨B| wKš‧ GB wkíhy‡Mi `~lY
Avi mvgyw`ªK m¤ú‡` †jvfx gvby‡li AwZwi³ n¯Í‡ÿ‡ci Kvi‡Y
126
Zv‡ì A‡b‡KB AvR wejywßi ØvicÖv‡šÍ| Gfv‡e Pj‡Z _vK‡j
mvM‡ii wZwg, nvOi, Uzbv Avi Wjwdb nq‡Zv GKw`b †mB cÖvPxb
wW‡cÖv‡UvWb, kø_ Avi g¨vg‡_i cwiYwZB eiY Ki‡e| Zvici
DËvj †mªv‡Zi g‡Zv AmsL¨ gvbylB †Kej c„w_ex‡Z ivRZ¡
Ki‡e, Avi †mB AMwYZ gvby‡li gnvcøve‡b b~‡ni †b․Kvi
cÖvYx‡ì g‡ZvB wU‡K _vK‡e gvby‡liB †cvl gvbv wKQz cÖvYx|
127
wØ Zx q c e©
K… wl we cø e
11. cÖvq mv‡o wZb nvRvi eQi Av‡MKvi †Kv‡bv GK wgkixq

mgvwai g‡a¨ cvIqv GKwU †ÌqvjwPÎ, †hLv‡b •`bw›`b K…wlKv‡Ri
`„k¨ †`Lv hv‡”Q|
128
Aa¨vq 5
BwZnv‡mi e„nËg duvwK
cÖ_g c‡e© Avgiv wewfbœ gvbe cÖRvwZi weeZ©b wb‡q Av‡jvPbv
K‡iwQ| eyw×wfwËK wecøe †_‡K ïiæ K‡i K…wlwecøe ch©šÍ
Avgv‡ì †mwc‡qÝ c~e©cyiæl‡ì Rxebhvcb †Kgb wQj †mUvI
wKQzUv Rvbvi †Póv K‡iwQ| cvkvcvwk Avgiv †mwc‡q‡Ýi wKQz
†g․wjK •ewkóÏ e¨vL¨v Kivi †Póv K‡iwQ| GKB m‡½ Avgiv
LwZ‡q †`‡LwQ †Kgb wQj cÖvq 10 nvRvi eQi Av‡MKvi cÖvPxb
wkKvwi gvbyl‡ì •`bw›`b Rxebhvcb| cy‡iv c„w_exi ev¯‧ms¯ vb
I Rxe‣ewP‡Îï Ici gvby‡li wecyj cÖfve wb‡qI Avgiv
LvwbKUv Av‡jvPbv K‡iwQ|
cÖvq 30 nvRvi eQi Av‡M c„w_exi ey‡K †eu‡P _vKv
†mwc‡qÝiv †`L‡Z wVK Avgv‡ì g‡ZvB wQj, Avgv‡ì g‡Zv
K‡iB fve‡Z Avi AbyfeI Ki‡Z cviZ| Iiv m¤¢eZ Avgv‡ì
g‡ZvB eyw×gvb, †K․Z‚njx I ms‡e`bkxj wQj| ZvivI nq‡Zv
Zv‡ì g‡Zv K‡i ag©xq wecøe, wkíwecøe Avi ivR‣bwZK
msMÖv‡gi AwfÁZv AR©b K‡iwQj| G K_v mZ¨ †h, Avgv‡ì
Kv‡Q IB mg‡qi h‡_ó Z_¨-DcvË †bB| wKš‧ Zvi gv‡b GB bq
†h Ime NUbv G‡Kev‡iB N‡Uwb| Avgiv Rvwb †h, K…wlwecø‡ei
d‡j GK`j cÖvwšÍK K…lK I gRyi Avwef‚©Z n‡qwQj| wKš‧ A™¢zZ
e¨vcvi n‡jv, Avgv‡ì c~e©cyiæl wkKvwi gvbyl‡ì Rxeb A‡bK
w`K †_‡KB Zv‡ì DËim~wi †mBme K…lK I gRyi‡ì †P‡q
A‡bK DbœZ wQj| G †_‡K GKwU cÖ‡kœi D`q nqÑ hw` wkKvwi
129
gvbyl‡ì mg‡q Rxeb GZ fv‡jvB wQj, Zvn‡j K…wlwecøeUv n‡jv
†Kb? GB Aa¨v‡q Avgiv †mB cÖ‡kœi DËiB LyuRe| Zvici
Avgiv wkKvwi Rxeb †_‡K K…wlwfwËK Rxe‡bi GB cU cwieZ©b,
gvbemgvR I Zvi cwicv‡k^©i Ici KZ Mfxi cÖfve we¯Ívi
K‡i‡Q Zv wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Kie|
gvbe-cÖRvwZ cÖ_g 25 jvL eQi ch©šÍ K…wlKvR QvovB †ek
fv‡jv gvwb‡q wb‡qwQj| Rxebavi‡Yi Rb¨ Zv‡ì‡K †Kv‡bviKg
Pvlevm ev cïcvjb Ki‡Z nqwb| †nv‡gv B‡i±vm, †nv‡gv
Bi‡M÷vi Avi wbqvÛv_©vjiv MvQ †_‡K ey‡bv djg~j †c‡o †LZ
Ges ey‡bv †fov wkKvi KiZ| †mUv Ki‡Z wM‡q Zviv †mB me
djMvQ wKsev †fov‡ì ¯^vfvweK Rxebavi‡Y †Kv‡bv ai‡bi
e¨vNvZ NUvqwb| ey‡bv djMvQ¸‡jv †Kv_vq Rb¥v‡e A_ev †fovi
cv‡jiv †Kv_vq P‡i †eov‡e wKsev †Kvb QvMjUv †Kvb QvMxi
m‡½ wgwjZ n‡e Zv wb‡q Zv‡ì‡K gv_v Nvgv‡Z nqwb| Gw`‡K
†nv‡gv †mwc‡qÝI eyw×wfwËK wecø‡ei cÖvq 10 nvRvi eQi ci
ch©šÍ Ab¨ †Kv‡bv cÖvYx wKsev Dw™¢‡ì Rxebaviv wbqš¿Y K‡iwb|
AvR‡Ki Ae¯ v‡b Avmvi Rb¨ †nv‡gv †mwc‡qÝ‡K A‡bK¸‡jv
mvnmx c`‡ÿc wb‡Z n‡q‡Q| Zviv c~e© Avwd«Kv †_‡K Qwo‡q †M‡Q
ga¨cÖv‡P¨, †mLvb †_‡K BD‡iv‡c, Zvic‡i Gwkqvq Avi me‡k‡l
A‡÷ªwjqv Avi Av‡gwiKvq| wKš‧ †m mg‡q hZ RvqMv‡ZB †nv‡gv
†mwc‡qÝ emwZ ¯ vcb K‡i‡Q, meLv‡bB Zviv jvL jvL eQi a‡i
wU‡K _vKv gvby‡li Ab¨vb¨ cÖRvwZ¸‡jvi g‡ZvB Rxeb hvcb
K‡i‡Q| Zviv R½‡ji Dw™¢` msMÖn K‡i‡Q Avi ey‡bv cï wkKvi
K‡i‡Q, wKš‧ Zv‡ì‡K mivmwi wbqš¿Y K‡iwb| Avi †mUv Lye
¯^vfvweKI| hLb Avcbvi •`bw›`b Rxeb Avb‡›` KvU‡Q cÖ‡qvRbxq
mylg Lvev‡i, •ewPÎ¨gq mvgvwRK KvVv‡gvq, ag©xq wek^v‡m Avi
ivR‣bwZK MwZkxjZvq, ZLb †Kvb `yt‡L Avcwb Ab¨ wKQz Ki‡Z
hv‡eb?
130
wKš‧, †mwc‡q‡Ýi GB wkKvwi-msMÖvn‡Ki Rxeb wPi¯ vqx nqwb|
cÖvq 10 nvRvi eQi Av‡M †mwc‡q‡Ýi Rxe‡b wKQz cwieZ©b Avmvq
GB `„k¨cU m¤ú~Y© e`‡j hvq| Zviv Zv‡ì •`bw›`b Rxe‡bi cÖvq
cy‡iv mgqUvB e¨q Ki‡Z ïiæ K‡i Aí wKQz cÖvYx I Dw™¢‡ì Rxeb
wb‡Ri g‡Zv K‡i wbqš¿Y Ki‡Z| d‡j, Mg, Avjy, gyiwM wKsev
†MviæÑ †gvUvgywU GB K‡qKwU Dw™¢` I cÖvYx‡K wN‡iB AvewZ©Z n‡Z
_v‡K †mwc‡q‡Ýi Rxeb| G mg‡q m~‡h©v`q †_‡K m~h©v¯Í ch©šÍ gvbyl
exR eybZ, †mP w`Z Avi AvMvQv evQZ| †fov, QvMj wKsev †Mviæ
PivZ| gvbyl †f‡ewQj GB KvR¸‡jv Zv‡ì‡K †ewk †ewk djg~j,
km¨ I gvsm †`‡e| Avi GRb¨B Zviv Gm‡ei †cQ‡b GZUv mgq
e¨q KiZ| wkKvwi-msMÖvn‡Ki Rxeb †Q‡o K…wlKvR I cïcvj‡b
g‡bvwb‡ek Kivi GB cy‡iv e¨vcviwU gvby‡li Rxebhvc‡bi aib‡K
Avg~j cvj‡U w`‡qwQj| Avi GB Avg~j cwieZ©b‡KB Avgiv
ÔK…wlwecøeÕ e‡j Rvwb|
wkKvwi-msMÖvnK Rxeb †_‡K cÖvYx I Dw™¢‡ì jvjbcvjb I
Pvlvev‡ì GB cwieZ©‡bi m~Pbv nq mv‡o 9 nvRvi †_‡K mv‡o
8 nvRvi wLªóc~e©v‡ãi w`‡K| DrcwË¯ j DËi-c~e© Zzi¯‥, cwðg
Bivb Avi †jfv‡šÍi (The Levant) cvnvwo GjvKv| K…wlwecøe
cÖ_‡g Lye ax‡i ax‡i GKUv wbw`©ó †f․‡MvwjK GjvKv †_‡K ïiæ
n‡qwQj| Mg Avi QvM‡ji Pvlvev` ïiæ nq cÖvq 9 nvRvi
wLªóc~e©v‡ã; gUiïuwU Avi gmy‡ii Wv‡ji Avev` ïiæ nq 8 nvRvi
wLªóc~e©v‡ãi w`‡K; 5 nvRvi wLªóc~e©v‡ã ïiæ nq RjcvB‡qi Pvl;
4 nvRvi wLªóc~e©vã †_‡K †Nvov cÖwZcvjb Kiv ïiæ nq Ges
AvOz‡ii Pvlvev` ïiæ nq cÖvq mv‡o 3 nvRvi wLªóc~e©v‡ã| wKQz
wKQz Dw™¢` I cÖvYx Av‡iv A‡bK c‡i gvby‡li Avq‡Ë Av‡m,
†hgbÑ DU Avi KvRy ev`vg| wKš‧ †gvUvgywU mv‡o 3 nvRvi
wLªóc~e©v‡ãi g‡a¨B eb¨ cïi M„ncvwjZKiY Ges Pvlvev‡ì g~j
†RvqviUv ïiæ n‡q wM‡qwQj| GgbwK AvRI, GZ GZ
AZ¨vaywbK cÖhyw³ _vKvi ciI, Avgv‡ì cÖ‡qvRbxq K¨vjwii
131
cÖvq 90 kZvskB Av‡m Mg, avb, fzÆv, Avjy, evwj©i g‡Zv Aí
wKQz Dw™¢` †_‡K| A™¢zZ e¨vcvi n‡jv, GBmeB wKš‧ Avgv‡ì
c~e©cyiæ‡liv Pvl Kiv wk‡L †d‡jwQj cÖvq mv‡o 9 nvRvi †_‡K
mv‡o 3 nvRvi wLªóc~e©v‡ãi g‡a¨ †Kv‡bv GK mgq! MZ cÖvq 2
nvRvi eQ‡i Avgiv †Zgb †Kv‡bv bZzb Dw™¢` ev cÖvYxi Pvlvev`
ïiæ Kwiwb| myZivs †`Lv hv‡”Q, Avgv‡ì gw¯Í®‥ †hgb †mB
cÖvPxbKv‡ji wkKvwi-msMÖvnK‡ì g‡Zv, †Zgwb Avgv‡ì
Lv`¨vf¨vmI †mB cÖvPxb K…lK‡ì Lv`¨vf¨vm †_‡K Lye †ewk
Avjv`v bq| A_P Avgiv wb‡Riv wb‡R‡ì KZUvB bv AvaywbK
g‡b Kwi!
we‡klÁiv GKmgq g‡b Ki‡Zb †h, ga¨cÖv‡Pï GKUv
wbw`©ó AÂ‡jB cÖ_‡g K…wlKvR ïiæ nq Ges †mLvb †_‡KB Zv
Qwo‡q hvq BD‡ivc, Gwkqvmn mviv c„w_ex‡Z| wKš‧ GB
gZev`wU GLb Avi †Zgb MÖnY‡hvM¨ bq| GLb we‡klÁiv G
wel‡q GKgZ n‡q‡Qb †h, K…wlKvR c„w_exi wewfbœ cÖv‡šÍ m¤ú~Y©
¯^Zš¿fv‡e Zvi hvÎv ïiæ K‡i| ga¨ Av‡gwiKvi gvby‡liv hLb
fzÆv wKsev wk‡gi Pvl ïiæ K‡i‡Q, Zviv ZLb RvbZB bv †h
ZLbB ev Zvi Av‡M †_‡KB ga¨cÖv‡P¨ gUiïuwU wKsev M‡gi Pvl
Pj‡Q| `wÿY Av‡gwiKvbiv hLb Avjyi Pvl ïiæ K‡iwQj ev jvgv
†cvl gvwb‡qwQj ZLb Zviv RvbZI bv †gw·‡Kv wKsev †jfv‡šÍ
Kx nw”Qj| PxbB cÖ_g avb Avi fzÆv Pv‡l •ecøweK cwieZ©b ïiæ
K‡iwQj, GKBm‡½ Zviv k~Ki cyl‡ZI ïiæ K‡iwQj| †hme
†Mvôx Lvevi Dc‡hvMx jvD (Gourd) Drcv`‡bi Rb¨ Rwg
wbov‡Z wbov‡Z K¬všÍ n‡q IBme ev` w`‡q wgwó Kzg‡ov Pvl Kiv
ïiæ K‡iwQj ZvivB Avm‡j DËi Av‡gwiKvi cÖ_g w`KKvi
K…lK| wbD wMwbi †jv‡Kiv AvL Avi Kjvi Pvl Avq‡Ë G‡b
†d‡jwQj, Avi Iw`‡K cwðg Avwd«Kvi K…l‡Kiv Zv‡ì cÖ‡qvRb
Abyhvqx Avwd«Kvb fzÆv, Avwd«Kvb avb, fzÆv Avi M‡gi Pvl ïiæ
K‡iwQj| GBiKg K‡qKUv RvqMv †_‡K GKm‡½ ïiæ n‡q Av‡¯Í
132
Av‡¯Í K…wlKvR mviv `ywbqvq Qwo‡q coj| GiB d‡j wLª‡ói
R‡b¥i †gvUvgywU cÖ_g kZ‡Ki g‡a¨B mviv c„w_exi cÖvq me
gvbylB K…wlwbf©i n‡q †Mj|
GLb cÖkœ DV‡Z cv‡i, †Kb K…wlwecøe ga¨cÖvP¨, Pxb, ga¨
Av‡gwiKv Avi wbD wMwbi g‡Zv wbw`©ó wKQz RvqMvqB NUj?
A‡÷ªwjqv ev Avjv¯‥vi g‡Zv Ab¨ †Kv‡bv RvqMvq †mUvi m~Pbv
n‡jv bv †Kb? GB cÖ‡kœi Lye †mvRv DËi n‡jv, †mB mg‡q cÖvYx
ev Dw™¢‡ì †ewkifvM cÖRvwZB †cvl gvbv‡bv wKsev Pvlvev‡ì
Rb¨ Dchy³ wQj bv| †mwc‡qÝ gvwUi Zjv †_‡K my¯v^ `y QÎvK
msMÖn Ki‡Z cviZ wKsev cviZ wekvj ckwg g¨vg_ wkKvi
Ki‡Z, wKš‧ Gm‡ei †Kv‡bvUv‡KB †cvl gvbv‡bv ev Pvlvev` Kiv
m¤¢e wQj bv| GKw`‡K QÎvK¸‡jv †hgb wQj inm¨gq, Ab¨w`‡K
e‡ov e‡ov cÖvYx¸‡jv wQj †ek wnsmª| Avgv‡ì c~e©m~wiiv
nvRviLv‡bK cÖRvwZi Dw™¢` †_‡K Lvevi msMÖn KiZ ev cÖvYx
wkKvi KiZ| Zv‡ì g‡a¨ gvÎ Aí wKQz cÖRvwZB †cvl gvbv‡bv
wKsev Pvlvev‡ì Rb¨ Dchy³ wQj| †mB Aí wKQz cÖRvwZ
ga¨cÖvP¨ Avi ga¨ Av‡gwiKvi g‡Zv wKQz wbw`©ó RvqMvqB cvIqv
†hZ| Avi GB Kvi‡YB K…wlwecøe Ab¨ †Kv‡bv RvqMvq bv n‡q
IB RvqMv¸‡jv‡ZB cÖ_g N‡U|
ÔK…wli DÌvb GKwU gvÎ Drm †_‡K ïiæ n‡qwQjÕÑ GKmgq
we‡klÁiv ïay GUv `vwe K‡iB ÿvšÍ nbwb| eis Zuv‡ì Ab¨Zg
`vwe wQj †h, K…wlwecøe wQj gvbeRvwZi AMÖmiZvi c‡_ GK wekvj
c`‡ÿc| A‡b‡Ki hyw³ wQj GB †h, weeZ©b kZ-mnmª eQi a‡i
µgvš^‡q †ewk †ewk eyw×gvb gvbyl •Zwi K‡i‡Q| Avi gvbyl hZ
†ewk eyw×gvb n‡q‡Q Zviv ZZ fv‡jvfv‡e cÖvYx Ges Dw™¢‡ì
cÖRbbc×wZ eyS‡Z †c‡i‡Q| Gi d‡j †fov, QvMj, gyiwM, Mg,
Avjy Ges GiKg Av‡iv wKQz cÖvYx I Dw™¢‡ì RxebPµ wbqš¿Y
Ki‡Z mÿg n‡q‡Q gvbyl| Ges G wbqš¿Y cÖwµqv hLbB Zv‡ì iß
n‡jv, ZLbB Zviv Lye Avb‡›ì m‡½ Zv‡ì KwVb I fqsKi
133
wkKvwi-msMÖvnK Rxeb †Q‡o A‡cÿvK…Z mnR I kvwšÍi K…wlRxeb
†e‡Q wbj|
g¨vc 2 : K…wlwecø‡ei mgq I ¯ vb¸‡jv wPwýZ Kiv Av‡Q| Z_¨¸‡jv ZK©mv‡cÿ

Avi gvbwPÎUv wbZ¨w`bB e`jv‡”Q bZzb bZzb cÖZœZvwË¡K Avwe®‥v‡ii Kvi‡Y|1
K‡qK hyM AvM ch©šÍ †ewkifvM gvbylB GUvB g‡b KiZ|

GgbwK AvRI hviv AvaywbK weÁv‡bi AMÖmiZv m¤ú‡K© Lye †ewk
Lei iv‡Lb bv Zviv GB MíB wek^vm K‡i e‡mb| wKš‧ GB M‡íi
cy‡ivUvB Avm‡j GKUv KíKvwnwb Qvov Avi wKQz bq| Avgiv
GL‡bv Ggb †Kv‡bv AKvU¨ cÖgvY Lyu‡R cvBwb, †hUv †`‡L ejv
hv‡e, K…wlwecø‡ei mgq gvbyl Av‡iv eyw×gvb n‡q D‡VwQj| eis
mwZ¨ n‡jv, wkKvwi-msMÖvn‡Kiv K…wlwecø‡ei Av‡iv A‡bK Av‡M
†_‡KB Dw™¢` I cÖvYx‡ì cÖRbb c×wZ m¤^‡Ü RvbZ| wU‡K
_vKvi ¯^v‡_©B Zv‡ì G¸‡jv Rvb‡Z n‡Zv| KviY, †m mg‡q
wkKvi I djg~j msMÖ‡ni Rb¨ mswkøó cÖvYx I Dw™¢` m¤ú‡K©
wbweo Áv‡bi IciB Zv‡ì cy‡ivcywi wbf©i Ki‡Z n‡Zv| †Kvb
RvqMvq †Kvb Dw™¢` Rb¥vq, †Kvb cÖvYx †Kvb mg‡q eske„w×
K‡iÑ G¸‡jv bv Rvb‡j Zv‡ì Lvevi msMÖn wb‡qB mgm¨vq
co‡Z n‡Zv| myZivs Avgiv hw` GUv g‡b Kwi †h, gvby‡li
134
eyw×gËvi e„w× Ges cÖvYx I Dw™¢` m¤ú‡K© bZzb bZzb Ávb
K…wlwecø‡ei m~Pbv K‡iwQj Zvn‡j †mUv m¤ú~Y© fzj aviYv n‡e|
GKBfv‡e, wkKvwi-msMÖvnK mgv‡Ri K…wlwfwËK mgv‡R iƒcvšÍi
gvby‡li RxebhvÎvi gv‡bi weivU DbœwZ mvab K‡iÑ GgbUv fvev
n‡e Av‡iv e‡ov fzj| †gvÏv K_v n‡jv, K…l‡Kiv †h Zv‡ì
c~em© ~wi wkKvwi‡ì †P‡q DbœZ Rxeb hvcb KiZ, GUv fvev
†bnvZB †evKvwg| KviY, †ewkifvM K…l‡Ki Zzjbvq Zv‡ì
c~em© ~wi wkKvwi-msMÖvn‡Kiv A‡cÿvK…Z DbœZ Rxeb hvcb KiZ|
Zviv mylg Lvevi †LZ, A‡cÿvK…Z Kg mgq KvR KiZ Ges
Zviv K…lK‡ì Zzjbvq A‡bK †ewk mgq gRvi gRvi KvR K‡i
KvUvZ| Zv Qvov Zv‡ì m¤¢eZ `ywf©ÿ, †ivM-RxevYy Ges gvby‡li
cÖwZwnsmvi g‡Zv welq¸‡jvi m¤§yLxb n‡Z nqwb| K…wlwecøe
AeavwiZfv‡eB gvbeRvwZi cy‡iv Lv‡`ï gRyZ A‡bKvs‡k
evwo‡q w`‡qwQj| wKš‧ AwZwi³ Lvevi †Kv‡bvfv‡eB gvbyl‡K
DbœZ Lv`¨vf¨vm ev AwaK Aemi w`‡Z cv‡iwb| GB AwZwi³
Lvevi eis mvnvh¨ K‡i‡Q RbmsL¨vi we‡ùviY NUv‡Z Avi Zvi
d‡j •Zwi n‡q‡Q wKQz Amr I abx ivRv, wKQz cy‡ivwnZ I
†kvlK‡kÖwY| Drcvw`Z mKj AwZwi³ Lvevi GB †kÖwYB mvevo
K‡i †d‡j| d‡j, GKRb mvaviY K…lK‡K nvRvi eQi Av‡Mi
GKRb mvaviY wkKvwii †P‡q †Xi †ewk KvR Ki‡Z n‡jv| A_P
Zvi e`‡j †m †cj A‡cÿvK…Z ev‡R Lvevi| GB `„wó‡KvY †_‡K
we‡ePbv Ki‡j ej‡ZB nq †h, K…wlwecøe n‡jv BwZnv‡mi
me‡P‡q e‡ov †auvKv|2
cÖkœ n‡jv, GB †auvKvi Rb¨ `vqx †K? ivRv, cy‡ivwnZ,
GgbwK eëmvqx‡ìI GB †auvKvi Rb¨ `vqx Kiv hvq bv| Zvn‡j
GZme n‡jv Kx K‡i, Kvi Pµv‡šÍ? Avm‡j GB mewKQzi g~j
†nvZv n‡jv Mg, avb Avi Avjyi g‡Zv Aí wKQz Dw™¢` cÖRvwZ|
Awek^vm¨ †kvbv‡jI GB Dw™¢`¸‡jvB Avm‡j †nv‡gv †mwc‡qÝ‡K
†cvl gvwb‡qwQj, Dj‡UvUv bq!
135
K_vUv D™¢U †kvbv‡Z cv‡i, wKš‧ gv_v VvÛv K‡i cy‡iv
e¨vcviUv‡K gvby‡li `„wó‡KvY †_‡K bv †`‡L Mg, Avjy wKsev
av‡bi `„wó‡KvY †_‡K †`Lvi †Póv Kiæb| M‡gi K_vB aiv hvK,
10 nvRvi eQi Av‡MI Mg wQj GKUv ey‡bv AvMvQv, †gv‡UB
¸iæZ¡c~Y© wKQz bq| GUv wQj ga¨cÖv‡Pï AmsL¨ ey‡bv AvMvQvi
g‡a¨ GKwU| nVvr K‡i K‡qK mnmªv‡ãi g‡a¨B †`Lv †Mj,
ga¨cÖv‡Pï Aí wKQz wbw`©ó GjvKv †_‡K Mg Lye `ªæZ Qwo‡q
c‡o‡Q mviv we‡k^Ñ Av‡gwiKv, A‡÷ªwjqv, BD‡ivc, Avwd«Kv Ges
Av‡iv A‡bK RvqMvq| wU‡K _vKv Ges cÖRbb‡K hw` mdj
weeZ©‡bi cÖv_wgK gvb`Ð wn‡m‡e aiv nq, Zvn‡j ¯^xKvi Ki‡ZB
n‡e, MZ 10 nvRvi eQ‡i Mg GKwU AZ¨šÍ Zz”Q AvMvQv †_‡K
c„w_exi BwZnv‡mi Ab¨Zg mdj Dw™¢‡` iƒcvšÍwiZ n‡q‡Q|
D`vniY¯îƒc, Avcwb hw` 10 nvRvi eQi Av‡Mi DËi Av‡gwiKv
ev KvbvWvi we¯ÍxY© f‚wg‡Z hvb wKsev Kvbmvm, AvBIqv A_ev
KvbvWvi g¨vwb‡Uvev‡Z hvb, †mLv‡b †Kv‡bv M‡gi MvQ †`L‡Z
cv‡eb bv| wKš‧ Avcwb hw` AvR‡K GB GKzk kZ‡Ki DËi
Av‡gwiKv wKsev KvbvWv‡Z hvb, Avcwb wK‡jvwgUv‡ii ci
wK‡jvwgUvi †nu‡U †h‡Z cvi‡eb †hLv‡b Mg Qvov Avi †Kv‡bv
wKQz Avcbvi †Pv‡LB co‡e bv| Ab¨ †Kv‡bv MvQ †bB, †Kv‡bv
cÖvYx †bB GgbwK †bB †Kv‡bv NievwoI, gv‡Vi ci gvV Ry‡o ïay
Mg Avi Mg| GB NUbvUv wVK Kxfv‡e NUj? Kxfv‡e Mg GLb
f‚c„‡ôi cÖvq †mvqv 2 jvL eM©wK‡jvwgUvi `Lj K‡i †djj, hv
wKbv AvKv‡i cy‡iv weª‡U‡bi †P‡q cÖvq 10 ¸Y? †hLv‡b 10
nvRvi eQi Av‡M GUv ga¨cÖv‡Pï Aí wKQz RvqMvq ïay Rb¥vZ,
Kxfv‡e Mg †mB GKUv Zz”Q AvMvQv †_‡K hÎZÎ, me©Î Rb¥v‡bv
GKUv Dw™¢‡` cwiYZ n‡jv?
Mg GB KvRUv K‡iwQj Avm‡j †nv‡gv †mwc‡qÝ‡K eënvi
K‡i! GB bievbi †MvÎxq gvby‡liv 10 nvRvi eQi AvM ch©šÍ
†ek Aviv‡gi Rxeb hvcb KiwQj| wKš‧ Zvici Zviv nVvr
K‡iB Mg Pv‡l †ewk †ewk mgq e¨q Kiv ïiæ Kij| gvÎ 200
136
wKsev e‡ov‡Rvi 1 nvRvi eQ‡ii g‡a¨, c„w_exi wewfbœ cÖv‡šÍi
gvbyl m~‡h©v`q †_‡K m~hv© ¯Í ch©šÍ cy‡ivUv mgq M‡gi †`Lv‡kvbv
Avi we¯Ív‡ii Rb¨B cy‡ivcywi AvZ¥wb‡qvM Kij! GKUv D`vniY
†Ìqv hvK| Avgiv Rvwb, M‡gi MvQ cv_i ev bywocv_i GK`g
cQ›` K‡i bv, KviY G¸‡jv Zvi e„w×‡K e¨vnZ K‡i| ZvB gvbyl
nvofvOv cwikÖg K‡i †mBme bywocv_i gvV †_‡K miv‡Z jvMj
hv‡Z Mg wbwe©‡Nœ evo‡Z cv‡i| GKBfv‡e, Mg Ab¨ Dw™¢‡ì
m‡½ Rwg‡Z Zvi cvwb, Lvevi ev LwbR c`v_© fvMvfvwM KivI
cQ›` K‡i bv| ZvB me cyiæl I gwnjv wg‡j w`‡bi ci w`b,
mßv‡ni ci mßvn K‡Vvi cwikÖg K‡i †mBme AvMvQv ev Dw™¢`
Rwg †_‡K mwi‡q †dj‡Z jvMj hv‡Z Mg GKvB Rwgi me cvwb,
cywó Dcv`vb Ges †mBm‡½ m~hv© ‡jvK †fvM Ki‡Z cv‡i| wewfbœ
ÿwZKviK KxUcZ½ ev cÖvYx †hgb †Ku‡Pv, Nvmdwos, Li‡Mvk
wKsev nwiY †_‡K wb‡R‡K iÿv Kivi †Zgb †Kv‡bv ÿgZv M‡gi
wQj bv| myZivs gvbyl Mg †_‡K G‡ì‡K `~‡i ivLvi Rb¨ bvbv
KmiZ Ki‡Z jvMj| Zviv †eov w`j Rwg‡Z, Li‡Mvk¸‡jv
gvi‡Z ïiæ Kij| Zviv †Ku‡Pv Avi Nvmdwos¸‡jv Qz‡o †dj‡Z
jvMj Mg‡K iÿv Kivi Rb¨| GZ wKQzi ciI cvwb Ges cywói
Rb¨ Z…òvZ© wQj Mg| ZvB gvbyl cÖwZw`b Av‡iv A‡bK A‡bK
NÈv KvR Ki‡Z jvMj ïay wKQz Sibv I cÖevn †_‡K Rwg‡Z
cvwb e‡q Avbvi Rb¨| wKsev nq‡Zv Kzqv †Luvovi Rb¨ †hUv †_‡K
cvwb G‡b †mP †Ìqv hv‡e M‡gi †L‡Z| GgbwK Zviv wewfbœ
cÖvYxi eR©¨ c`v_© ch©šÍ Rwg‡Z Qwo‡q w`‡Z jvMj Rwg‡K De©i
Kivi Rb¨|
wKš‧ GZKvj a‡i †nv‡gv †mwc‡q‡Ýi kixi Gme Kv‡Ri Rb¨
weewZ©Z nqwb| †nv‡gv †mwc‡qÝ Ges mg‡MvÎxq Ab¨vb¨ gvby‡li
kixi jvL jvL eQi a‡i Mv‡Q Pov, dj cvov wKsev R½‡j nwiY
ev Li‡Mvk‡K Zvov Kivi Rb¨B Awf‡hvwRZ n‡q G‡m‡Q| GB
kixi cv_i Kzov‡bv, AvMvQv cwi®‥vi Kiv, b`x †_‡K cvwb e‡q
Rwg‡Z wb‡q hvIqvi g‡Zv †KvgifvOv LvUzwbi Rb¨ †gv‡UB cÖ¯Z ‧
137
wQj bv| Gi †LmviZ w`‡Z n‡q‡Q gvby‡li †giæ`Ð, nuvUz I
Nvo‡K| A‡bK cÖvPxb K¼vj Avgv‡ì wbwðZfv‡e mvÿ¨ †`q †h,
wkKvwi-msMÖvn‡Ki Rxeb †_‡K K…wlRxe‡bi GB cwieZ©b gvby‡li
Rb¨ A‡bK bZzb bZzb mgm¨v nvwRi K‡i, †hgbÑ K‡kiæKvi
¯ vbPz¨wZ, wcV ev †Kvgie¨_v, Avi_ªvBwUm, nvwb©qv GiKg Av‡iv
A‡bK wKQz| me wgwj‡q Gme K…wlwbf©i KvRKg©, †hgbÑ Rwg‡Z
cvwb †Ìqv, Rwg cwi®‥vi Kiv ev iÿv KivÑ Gme gvby‡li GZ
GZ mgq wb‡q wbj †h gvbyl eva¨ n‡jv M‡gi Rwgi KvQvKvwQ
emwZ Mo‡Z| ¯^vfvweKfv‡eB GUv Zv‡ì Rxebaviv m¤ú~Y© e`‡j
†djj| hvhvei wkKvwi †_‡K Zviv GK mvaviY K…l‡K cwiYZ
n‡jv, hviv GKwU wbw`©ó RvqMvq emevm K‡i| Avgiv cÖvqB ewj
†h, Avgiv gvby‡liv Mg‡K †cvl gvwb‡qwQ| GLb GKUz †Lqvj K‡i
†`LybÑ Bs‡iwR ÔDomesticateÕ kãUv G‡m‡Q j¨vwUb kã
ÔDomusÕ †_‡K, hvi gv‡b n‡jv Ni| myZivs KvD‡K Domesticate
Kiv gv‡b n‡jv Zv‡K N‡i _vK‡Z eva¨ Kiv| GLb, †K N‡i
emevm Ki‡Q? Aek¨B Mg bq; KviY, Mg †Zv GL‡bv Rwg‡Z
Rb¥v‡”Q| †mwc‡qÝB eis GLb N‡i _v‡K, myZivs †mwc‡qÝB
Avm‡j M„ncvwjZ n‡q‡Q!
Mg Kxfv‡e GB KvRUv Ki‡Z cvij? Kxfv‡e Mg gvbyl‡K
A‡cÿvK…Z kvwšÍi wkKvwi-msMÖvnK Rxeb †_‡K K…l‡Ki KwVb
Rxe‡b cÖ‡ek Ki‡Z cÖ‡ivwPZ Kij? Gi cÖwZ`vb wn‡m‡e Mg
gvbyl‡K Kx w`j? A‡cÿvK…Z DbœZ Lv`¨vf¨vm †Zv †`qwb| g‡b
ivL‡Z n‡e, gvbyl me©fzK cÖvYxÑ hviv bvbv •ewPÎ¨c~Y© Lvevi
†L‡q †eu‡P _v‡K| K…wlwecø‡ei Av‡M avb-MgRvZxq Lv`¨km¨
gvby‡li Lv`¨ZvwjKvi GKUv †Qv‡Uv Ask wQj gvÎ| Gw`‡K, avb-
MgRvZxq Lv`¨k‡mï Ici cy‡ivcywi wbf©ikxj GKUv Lv`¨vf¨v‡m
LwbR I wfUvwg‡bi NvUwZ †_‡K hvq, I¸‡jv nRg KivI Kó
Ges I¸‡jv Avgv‡ì ùvZ Avi gvwoi RbÏ †ek ÿwZKi|
Mg wKš‧ gvbyl‡K A_©‣bwZK wbivcËvI †`qwb| GKRb MÖvg¨
K…l‡Ki Rxeb wKš‧ GKRb wkKvwi-msMÖvn‡Ki Rxe‡bi †_‡K Kg
138
wbivc`| Gi KviY n‡jv, AšÍZ kLv‡bK ev nvRviLv‡bK eQi
Av‡MI K…l‡Kiv GK, `yB wKsev wZb ai‡bi km¨ Pvlvev` KiZ
Ges †m¸‡jv †L‡qB Rxeb aviY KiZ| †hgb, Px‡b Zviv ïay
fvZB †LZ| ga¨cÖv‡P¨ Zviv ïay evwj© Avi Mg †LZ| ga¨
Av‡gwiKvq †ewkifvM gvbylB ïay fzÆv †LZ| GB `y-GKUv
k‡mï Ici wbf©ikxjZv wKš‧ e¨w³MZ ev mgwóMZ A_©bxwZi
†ÿ‡ÎI †ek SzuwKc~Y©| KviY, nVvr hw` Liv wKsev eb¨vi g‡Zv
†Kv‡bv `y‡h©vM Av‡m A_ev hw` †Kv‡bv ciRxex RxevYyi Avµg‡Y
me Mg‡LZ aŸsm n‡q hvq, Zvn‡j K…lK‡ì LvIqvi g‡Zv wKQzB
Aewkó _vKZ bv| hvi d‡j nvRv‡i nvRv‡i K…lK gviv †hZ|
Ab¨w`‡K, wkKvwi-msMÖvn‡Kiv DbœZ A_©‣bwZK wbivcËv Dc‡fvM
KiZ| KviY, Zviv wewfbœ •ewPÎ¨gq Dw™¢` msMÖn KiZ Avi
bvbvb iKg cÖvYx wkKvi K‡i †LZ| †Kv‡bv GKUv wbw`©ó Lvev‡ii
Dr‡mi Ici Zv‡ì AZUv wbf©ikxjZv wQj bv| †m Kvi‡Y,
†Kv‡bv eQi †Kv‡bv `y‡h©v‡Mi Kvi‡Y hw` wbw`©ó †Kv‡bv Lvevi bvI
cvIqv †hZ, Zvn‡j Zviv Ab¨ ai‡bi Lvevi¸‡jv †ewk †ewk K‡i
msMÖn Ki‡Z cviZ| myZivs GUzKz wbwðZ †h, Mg gvbyl‡K
A‡cÿvK…Z fv‡jv A_©‣bwZK wbivcËv w`‡Z cv‡iwb|
Gici Avwm cÖwZwnsmvi e¨vcv‡i| Mg gvby‡l-gvby‡l
cÖwZwnsmv Kgv‡bvi †P‡q eis evov‡bvi †ÿ‡Î A‡bK †ewk
Ae`vb †i‡L‡Q| g‡b ivLv cÖ‡qvRb, cÖ_g w`KKvi MÖvg¨ K…lKiv
m¤¢eZ Zv‡ì wkKvwi c~e©cyiæl‡ì mgvb A_ev Zvi †P‡q †ewk
wnsmª wQj| K…lK‡ì Kv‡Q Zzjbvg~jK A‡bK †ewk gRyZ Kiv
wRwbmcÎ _vKZ| Pvlvev‡ì Rb¨ RwgI AvM‡j ivL‡Z n‡Zv|
cÖwZ‡ekx †Kv‡bv `‡ji nvgjvq cï Piv‡bvi gvV nviv‡bvUv
Zv‡ì Rb¨ wQj Rxeb-gi‡Yi e¨vcvi| myZivs gxgvsmv ev
mg‡SvZv Kivi †Zgb †Kv‡bv my‡hvMB wQj bv| Ab¨w`‡K
wkKvwi-msMÖvnK †Kv‡bv †Mvôx Ab¨ †Mvôxi nvgjvi wkKvi n‡j
IB GjvKv †_‡K P‡j hvIqvi wm×všÍ wb‡Z cviZ| †mUv KwVb
Avi wec¾bK wQj e‡U, wKš‧ GKBm‡½ hyw³msMZI wQj|
139
Gw`‡K, †Kv‡bv K…wlwfwËK MÖv‡g †Kv‡bv kw³kvjx kÎæi AvµgY
n‡jI, wcQz nUvi †Zgb †Kv‡bv Dcvq wQj bv| KviY, wcQz nUvi
gv‡b ùvovZ dm‡ji Rwg, Nievwo, gRyZ km¨ meB nviv‡bv|
†ewkifvM †ÿ‡ÎB GiKg n‡j bv †L‡Z †c‡q giv Qvov Avi
†Kv‡bv MwZ wQj bv Zv‡ì| †mBRb¨B K…l‡Kiv eva¨ n‡qB
GK‡RvU n‡q †kl ch©šÍ jovB K‡i †hZ|
12| wbD wMwb‡Z `y‡Uv K…lK m¤cÖ`v‡qi g‡a¨ jovB‡qi `„k¨ (1960)| m¤¢eZ,
K…wlwecø‡ei ci nvRvi eQi a‡i GiKg `„k¨ LyeB ¯^vfvweK GKUv e¨vcvi n‡q
ùvwo‡q‡Q|
wewfbœ b„ZvwË¡K I cÖZœZvwË¡K M‡elYv †_‡K Rvbv hvq †h, Lye

mvaviY K…wlwfwËK mgv‡RI gvbeg„Zzï cÖvq 15 kZvs‡ki Rb¨
`vqx wQj gvby‡l gvby‡l cÖwZwnsmv| hvi g‡a¨ Avevi 25 kZvskB
ïay cyiæ‡li g„Zz¨| GLbKvi wbD wMwb‡Z, Ô`vwbÕ (Dani) bvgK
GKwU K…wlwfwËK m¤cÖ`v‡qi kZKiv cÖvq 30 fvM cyiæ‡li g„Zz¨
nq cÖwZwnsmvekZ| Avevi Ab¨ GKwU m¤cÖ`vq, ÔG½vÕ‡Z
(Enga) GB nvi 35 kZvsk| Gw`‡K BKz‡qW‡i, I‡qivwb
(Waorani) m¤cÖ`v‡qi cÖvßeq¯‥‡ì kZKiv cÖvq 50 fvMB
140
b„ksmfv‡e Ab¨ †Kv‡bv gvby‡li nv‡Z g„ZzëiY K‡i| myZivs
Gme cwimsL¨vb †_‡K ejv hvq, Mg gvbyl‡K Ab¨ gvby‡li
cÖwZwnsmv †_‡K †Kv‡bv wbivcËv †Zv †`qBwb eis Dj‡Uv Av‡iv
cÖwZwnsmv Qwo‡q‡Q| cÖwZwnsmv wRwbmUv cieZ©x mg‡q A‡bKUv
K‡g G‡m‡Q kni wKsev mvgªv‡Rï g‡Zv Av‡iv e‡ov mvgvwRK
KvVv‡gv •Zwii ci| wKš‧ GZ e‡ov Ges Kvh©Ki ivR‣bwZK
KvVv‡gv •Zwi Ki‡Z gvby‡li nvRvi nvRvi eQi mgq †j‡M
†M‡Q|
MÖvg¨ Rxebhvcb K…lK‡ì‡K cÖ_gw`‡K wKQz my‡hvM-myweav
w`‡qwQj| eb¨ Rš‧, e„wó Avi VvÛv †_‡K GKUz fv‡jvfv‡e iÿv
†cZ Zviv| Zvi ciI GKRb mvaviY K…l‡Ki Rb¨ myweavi †P‡q
AmyweavUvB †ewk wQj| wKš‧ GB Z_Üv AvaywbK mgv‡Ri
gvby‡liv Lye mn‡R nRg Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| †h‡nZz Avgiv GLb
Lvev‡ii cÖvPzh© Avi wbivcËv Dc‡fvM KiwQ Avi G¸‡jv
K…wlwecø‡ei d‡jB m¤¢e n‡q‡Q, ZvB Avgiv a‡iB wbB K…wlwecøe
Aek¨B gvbemf¨Zvi AMÖMwZi GKwU cÖavb avc| wKš‧ ïay GB
AvR‡Ki `„wófw½ w`‡q wPšÍv K‡i nvRvi eQ‡ii BwZnvm‡K
cy‡ivcywi A¯^xKvi Kiv Avgv‡ì G‡Kev‡iB DwPZ n‡e bv| Gi
†P‡q cy‡iv e¨vcviUv‡K eis cÖ_g kZ‡Ki Pxb †`‡ki wZb eQi
eqwm Acywó‡Z †fvMv, g„ZcÖvq, ÿzavZ© GKwU wkïi `„wófw½ †_‡K
†`Lv DwPZ| Zvi evevi Pvlvev‡ì fivWzwei Kvi‡YB nq‡Zv Zvi
GB Ae¯ v| Gi ciI wK †m Gfv‡e ej‡e †h, ÔAvwg Acywó‡Z
gi‡Z e‡mwQ, wKš‧ Zv‡Z Kx, AvMvgx `yB nvRvi eQ‡ii g‡a¨
gvby‡li Lvev‡ii Avi †Kv‡bv Afve †Zv n‡eB bv, eis Zviv e‡ov
e‡ov kxZvZcwbqwš¿Z N‡i A‡bK Aviv‡g _vK‡Z cvi‡e| myZivs
Avgvi AvR‡Ki Kó fwel¨‡Zi gvby‡li Rb¨ GK gnvb AvZ¥Z¨vM
n‡q _vK‡e!Õ
Zv-B hw` nq, Zvn‡j cÖkœ DV‡e †h Mg †mBme K…lK,
w`bgRyi wKsev †mB Acywó‡Z †fvMv Pxbv wkïwU‡K Kx Ggb
w`‡qwQj †h gvbyl K…wlKv‡Ri IB KwVb Rxeb †e‡Q wbj? DËiUv
n‡jv, Mg †Kv‡bv GKRb wbw`©ó gvbyl‡K †Zgb wKQzB †`qwb|
141
wKš‧ †nv‡gv †mwc‡q‡Ýi cy‡iv cÖRvwZ‡K mvgwMÖKfv‡e GKUv
wRwbm w`‡qwQj| Mg Pv‡li d‡j †Kv‡bv wbw`©ó GjvKvq Av‡Mi
†P‡q A‡bK †ewk Lvevi Drcv`b m¤¢e n‡qwQj| †nv‡gv
†mwc‡qÝ A‡bK †ewk cwigv‡Y Lvevi †c‡qwQj K…wli gva¨‡g,
†hUv Zviv wkKvwi-msMÖvnK Rxe‡b cÖvK…wZKfv‡e †e‡o IVv Dw™¢`
ev cÖvYx †_‡K cvqwb| Avi GB AwZwi³ Lvevi Lye `ªæZMwZ‡Z
†nv‡gv †mwc‡q‡Ýi msL¨v evwo‡q Zzj‡Z mvnvh¨ Kij| Gi d‡j
GKB GjvKvq Av‡iv A‡bK †ewk gvby‡li emevm Kiv m¤¢e
n‡jv| D`vniY¯îƒc, †Rwi‡Kvi giƒ`¨v‡bi K_vB aiv hvK, nv‡j
hvi bvg c¨v‡j÷vBb| †R‡b ivLv fv‡jv, BwZnv‡mi cÖ_g MÖvgwU
M‡o D‡VwQj cÖvq 9 nvRvi eQi Av‡M| myZivs Avgiv hw` 13
nvRvi eQi Av‡Mi †Rwi‡Kvi giƒ`¨v‡b wd‡i hvB, hLb gvbyl
ey‡bv jZvcvZv msMÖn K‡i Avi cï wkKvi K‡i †eu‡P _vKZ,
Zvn‡j †`L‡Z cve †h, †Rwi‡Kvi giƒ`¨vb I Zvi Avkcv‡ki
GjvKvq mvKz‡j¨ nq‡Zv 100 Rb ¯^v¯ ëvb gvby‡li GKUv
feNy‡i †Mvôxi wVKg‡Zv LvIqvcivi my‡hvM wQj| GLb, Avgiv
hw` Av‡iv mvg‡b GwM‡q 8 nvRvi wLªóc~e©v‡ãi w`‡K hvB, Zvn‡j
†`L‡Z cve †h †Rwi‡Kvi D`¨v‡bi ey‡bv jZvcvZv¸‡jv m‡i wM‡q
M‡gi Rb¨ RvqMv K‡i w`‡q‡Q| †Rwi‡Kv GLb Av‡iv A‡bK
†ewk gvby‡li Lvev‡ii †RvMvb w`‡Z cvi‡Q| GgbwK GLb cÖvq 1
nvRvi †jv‡Ki GKwU MÖvg wU‡K Av‡Q| Aek¨, †mB MÖv‡gi
gvby‡liv †ewkifvM mgqB †ivM‡kvK Avi Acywó‡Z fzM‡Q!
`yf©vM¨RbKfv‡e weeZ©bxq `„wófw½‡Z †Kv‡bv GKUv cÖRvwZi
mvd‡jï g~j¨vqb ÿzav, hš¿Yv, myL wKsev `y`©kv w`‡q nq bv, nq
ïay wWGbGi Abywjwci msL¨vi wePv‡i| wVK †hgb GKwU
†Kv¤úvwbi A_©‣bwZK mvdj¨ ïay Zvi A¨vKvD‡›U KZ UvKv Av‡Q
†mUv w`‡q gvcv nq, Zvi Kg©Pvixiv myLx wK bv †mUv w`‡q bq,
GKBfv‡e GKwU cÖRvwZi weeZ©bxq mvdj¨ gvcv nq Zvi
KZ¸‡jv wWGbG Abywjwc wU‡K Av‡Q †mUv w`‡q| hw` †Kv‡bv
GKwU cÖRvwZi †Kv‡bv wWGbG AbywjwcB wU‡K bv _v‡K, Zvi
gv‡b †mUv wejyß n‡q †M‡Q Ges †mUv‡K GKwU weeZ©bxq
142
hvÎvc‡_i mgvwß ev e¨_©Zv wn‡m‡e †`Lv nq| Avi hw` †Kv‡bv
GKwU cÖRvwZi AmsL¨ wWGbG Abywjwc c„w_exi me©Î we¯Ívi jvf
K‡i, Zvn‡j GUv‡K weeZ©bxq `„wófw½ Abyhvqx GKwU mvdj¨
wnmv‡e we‡ePbv Kiv nq| GB `„wófw½ Abyhvqx 1 nvRviUv
Abywjwc me mgqB 100Uv Abywjwc †_‡K fv‡jv| Avi GUvB
n‡jv K…wlwecø‡ei g~j mv_©KZvÑ †h-†Kv‡bv Dcv‡q Av‡iv †ewk
†ewk †jvK‡K euvwP‡q ivLv!
Zvi ciI, †Kv‡bv GKRb e¨w³gvby‡li K_v hw` fvwe, †m
†Kb GBme weeZ©‡bi wnmvewbKvk wPšÍv Ki‡Z hv‡e? †Kb
GKRb my¯  gw¯Í‡®‥i gvbyl Zvi wb‡Ri Rxeb hvc‡bi gvb Kwg‡q
†`‡e ïay hv‡Z †ewk †ewk gvbyl wU‡K _vK‡Z cv‡i? DËiUv
AbvKvw•ÿZÑ †KD Avm‡j GB Pzw³ †g‡b †bqwb| K…wlwecøe wQj
Avm‡j GKUv duv`!
wejvwmZvi duv`
wkKvwiRxeb †_‡K K…wlRxe‡b cwieZ©‡bi wm×všÍUv †Kv‡bv
mywPwšÍZ wm×všÍ wQj bv| A‡bK †Qv‡Uv †Qv‡Uv c`‡ÿ‡ci mgwó
wQj GUv| e¨v‡Oi QvZv ev ev`vg msMÖn wKsev nwiY wkKvi K‡i
†eov‡bv †nv‡gv †mwc‡q‡Ýi †Kv‡bv GKUv †Mvôx nVvr K‡iB
GKw`b ¯ vqxfv‡e MÖv‡g emevm ïiæ K‡iwb| Pv‡li Rwg cÖ¯‧Z
Kiv, M‡gi Pviv †evbv wKsev b`x †_‡K †m‡Pi cvwb e‡q AvbvÑ
†Kv‡bv wKQzB nVvr K‡i ïiæ nqwb| cÖ‡Z¨KUv cwieZ©bB Avm‡j
†Qv‡Uv †Qv‡Uv G‡KKUv av‡c n‡q‡Q, Avi †mB cÖ‡Z¨KUv av‡c
•`bw›`b Rxe‡bi †QvÆ †Kv‡bv GKUv cwieZ©b n‡q‡Q gvÎ|
†nv‡gv †mwc‡qÝ ga¨cÖv‡P¨ †cu․Qvq cÖvq 70 nvRvi eQi
Av‡M| Gi c‡ii 50 nvRvi eQi hver Avgv‡ì c~e©cyiæ‡liv
K…wli mvnvh¨ Qvov ïay wU‡KB wQj bv, Pviw`‡K Qwo‡qI
c‡owQj| IB GjvKvq †mB RbmsL¨vi fiY‡cvl‡Yi Rb¨ h‡_ó
cÖvK…wZK m¤úÌ wQj| hLb †Xi Lvev‡ii †RvMvb n‡Zv, ZLb
Zviv nq‡Zv GKUz †ewk mšÍvb wbZ, Avevi hLb Lvev‡ii msKU
143
n‡Zv ZLb Kg wbZ| Ab¨ A‡bK ¯Íb¨cvqx cÖvYxi g‡ZvB gvby‡li
eske„w×i Ic‡iI wRb I ni‡gv‡bi wbqš¿Y Av‡Q| AbyK‚j mg‡q
†g‡qiv `ªæZ cÖvßeq¯‥ nq Avi Zv‡ì AšÍtmË¡v nIqvi m¤¢vebv
†ewk _v‡K| cÖwZK‚j mg‡q Avevi cÖvßeq¯‥ n‡Z †hgb †`wi nq
†Zgwb AšÍtmË¡v nIqvi m¤¢vebvI Kg _v‡K|
GBme cÖvK…wZK Rb¥wbqš¿‡Yi m‡½ m‡½ wKQz mvs¯‥…wZK
e¨vcvim¨vcviI RwoZ wQj| hviv beRvZK wKsev GK`g †Qv‡Uv
Zviv nuvUZ Lye Av‡¯Í, Avevi Avjv`v K‡i Zv‡ì †LqvjI ivL‡Z
n‡Zv| †mBme hvhvei †Mvôxi Rb¨ ZvB GB wkï¸‡jv wQj GKUv
†evSv| GB Kvi‡YB ZLbKvi gvbyl cici `y‡Uv mšÍv‡bi g‡a¨
AšÍZ wZb-Pvi eQi weiwZ PvBZ| GUvi GKUv cÖvK…wZK Dcvq
Zv‡ì Rvbv wQj| †mUv n‡jv, gv‡qiv Zv‡ì wkï‡ì mviv w`b
a‡iB Ges Zzjbvg~jK †ewk eqm ch©šÍ ey‡Ki `ya LvIqvZ (mviv
w`b a‡i ey‡Ki `ya LvIqv‡j gv‡qi Mf©avi‡Yi SzuwK Lye Kg
_v‡K)| G QvovI, Ab¨ Dcvq¸‡jvi g‡a¨ wQj †h․b m¤úK© †_‡K
weiZ _vKv, Mf©cvZ Avi wkï nZ¨v|4
GBfv‡e P‡j Avmv nvRvi nvRvi eQi mg‡q gvbyl gv‡S
gv‡SB M‡gi `vbv †LZ, wKš‧ GUv wQj Zv‡ì Lvev‡ii ZvwjKvi
bMY¨ GKUv Ask| cÖvq 18 nvRvi eQi Av‡M, †kl eidhyM m‡i
wM‡q c„w_exi ZvcgvÎv evo‡Z ïiæ K‡i (Global Warming)|
ZvcgvÎv hZ evoj, e„wócvZI evo‡Z _vKj| GB AvenvIqvUv
ga¨cÖv‡Pï Mg Avi Ab¨vb¨ k‡mï Rb¨ Lye AbyK‚j wQj| d‡j
Zviv Lye `ªæZ Qov‡Z jvMj Pviw`‡K| gvbyl Av‡iv †ewk †ewk
Mg †L‡Z _vKj Avi Zvi d‡j Zviv M‡gi eske„w×i Av‡iv
my‡hvM K‡i w`j| GBme ey‡bv km¨¸‡jv gvovB-evQvB‡qi ci
ivbœv K‡i †L‡Z n‡Zv| †mB Rb¨B hviv I¸‡jv msMÖn KiZ,
ZvivB Avevi †m¸‡jv Zv‡ì A¯ vqx N‡i e‡q wb‡q †hZ| M‡gi
`vbv¸‡jv †Qv‡Uv nIqvq wKQz wKQz `vbv wbðqB †divi c‡_ c‡o
nvwi‡q †hZ| Avi †mBme c‡o hvIqv `vbv †_‡K Avevi M‡gi
MvQ Rb¥vZ| Gi d‡j Kx n‡jv? gvby‡li emev‡mi RvqMvi
Avkcv‡k Av‡iv †ewk †ewk Mg Rb¥v‡Z _vKj!
144
gvbyl ebR½j mvd K‡i †dj‡Z ïiæ Ki‡j †mUv M‡gi
we¯Ív‡ii Rb¨ †ek mnvqK n‡jv| Av¸‡b hLb e‡ov e‡ov MvQ,
¸j¥ me g‡i †Mj, ZLb Mg GKvB cy‡ivUv m~h©v‡jvK, f‚Mf©¯ 
cvwb I cywó †c‡Z _vKj| Gi d‡j M‡gi †RvMvb evoj, m‡½
Ab¨vb¨ Lvev‡ii DrmI wQj wKQz| Avi GBevi gvbyl Zv‡ì
hvhvei Rxeb †Q‡o †g․mywg wKsev ¯ vqx Avevmb •Zwi K‡i
emevm ïiæ K‡i w`j|
cÖ_gw`‡K nq‡Zv Zviv dmj KvUvi mgq gvmLv‡b‡Ki Rb¨
Avevm MvoZ| cÖRb¥ †_‡K cÖRb¥všÍ‡i ZLb M‡gi Drcv`b
evo‡Z _vKj, Av‡¯Í Av‡¯Í GK gv‡mi RvqMvq †ò wK `ygv‡mi
emwZ n‡Z _vKj| Zvici GKmgq †mUv GKUv ¯ vqx MÖv‡g
cwiYZ n‡jv| GBiKg emwZi cÖgvY cvIqv hvq cÖvq cy‡iv
ga¨cÖvP¨ Ry‡oB| Gi g‡a¨ we‡kl K‡i D‡jøL Kiv hvq †jfv‡šÍi
(Levant) bvg| mv‡o 12 nvRvi †_‡K mv‡o 9 nvRvi
wLªóc~e©v‡ãi gvSvgvwS mg‡q †mLv‡b bvZzwdqvb (Natufian)
ms¯‥…wZ weKwkZ nq| bvZzwdqvbiv g~jZ wkKvwi-msMÖvnK
wn‡m‡eB Rxeb hvcb KiZ| Zviv WRbLv‡bK wewfbœ cÖRvwZi
eb¨ cÖvYx wkKvi K‡i †L‡Zv| wKš‧ ZvivB Avevi ¯ vqx MÖv‡g
emevm KiZ Avi †ewkifvM mgq e¨q KiZ ey‡bv Lv`¨km¨
†RvMvo Kiv Ges †m¸‡jv LvIqvi Rb¨ cÖ¯‧Z Kivi Kv‡R| Zviv
cv_‡ii Ni evwb‡qwQj, GgbwK dm‡ji †MvjvI evwb‡qwQj|
†mBme †Mvjvq Zviv cÖ‡qvR‡bi mg‡qi Rb¨ Lv`¨km¨ Rgv K‡i
ivLZ| Zviv bZzb bZzb nvwZqviI evwb‡qwQj, †hgbÑ cv_‡ii
Kv‡¯Í I RuvZvKj| G¸‡jv dmj KvUv Avi gvovB‡qi Kv‡R
eëüZ n‡Zv|
mv‡o 9 nvRvi wLªóc~e©v‡ãi cieZ©x eQi¸‡jv‡Z
bvZzwdqvb‡ì eska‡iiv bvbv iKg Lv`¨km¨ msMÖn Kiv Ae¨vnZ
ivLj, wKš‧ GKB m‡½ Zviv †m¸‡jv‡K bvbvb iKg bZzb Dcv‡q
Pvl KivI wk‡L †djj| ey‡bv km¨`vbv msMÖn Kivi mgq Zviv
B‡”Q K‡iB wKQz Ask msMÖn bv K‡i †i‡L w`Z c‡ii evi ec‡bi
Rb¨| Zviv Avwe®‥vi K‡i †d‡jwQj †h k‡mï exR
145
G‡jv‡g‡jvfv‡e gvwUi Ic‡i †d‡j ivLvi †P‡q Mfx‡i MZ© K‡i
cyu‡Z ivL‡j †ewk dmj cvIqv hvq| GiciB Zviv Rwg‡Z
wbovwb †Ìqv Avi nvjPvl Kiv ïiæ K‡i w`j| Av‡¯Í Av‡¯Í Zviv
AvMvQv cwi®‥vi Kiv, †mP †Ìqv Avi •Re mv‡ii eënviI wk‡L
†djj| Gi d‡j †hUv n‡jv, km¨ Pv‡l †ewk mgq †Ìqvi d‡j
ey‡bv Rš‧ wkKvi Kiv ev Lvevi msMÖn Kivi Avi mgq _vKj bv|
GBfv‡eB wkKvwi-msMÖvnK †_‡K K…l‡Ki Rb¥ n‡jv|
†Kv‡bv GKUv wbw`©ó c`‡ÿ‡ci Kvi‡YB †h ZLbKvi gvbyl
nVvr K‡i ey‡bv Mg msMÖn Kivi RvqMvq M‡gi Pvlvev` ïiæ
K‡iwQj GgbUv fvevi †Kv‡bv KviY †bB| Avi †mB Kvi‡YB wVK
†Kvb mgq K…wli w`‡K GB cwieZ©bUv n‡jv †mUv ejvI Lye
gykwKj| Z‡e mv‡o 8 nvRvi wLªóc~e©vã bvMv` mviv ga¨cÖvP¨
Ry‡o M‡o D‡VwQj †Rwi‡Kvi g‡Zv A‡bK †Qv‡Uv †Qv‡Uv ¯ vqx
MÖvg| †mme MÖv‡gi Awaevmx‡ì cÖavb KvR wQj cïcvjb|
Gw`‡K ¯ vqx MÖv‡g emevm Kiv I h‡_ó Lvev‡ii gRy‡Zi
Kvi‡Y RbmsL¨v `ªæZ evo‡Z jvMj| hvhvei Rxeb Z¨vM Kivi
d‡j GKRb bvix GLb cÖvq cÖwZeQiB GKwU mšÍvb Rb¥ w`‡Z
cviZ| Lye Aí eqm †_‡KB wkï‡ì‡K gv‡qi ey‡Ki `ya QvovI
RvD‡qi g‡Zv Ab¨vb¨ Lvevi LvIqv‡bv n‡Zv| bZzb wkï‡ì GB
bZzb nvZ‡Rvov e‡ov ìKvi wQj dm‡ji Rwg‡Z| wKš‧ Iw`‡K
bZzb gyL¸‡jv gRyZ Lvevi `ªæZ †L‡q †dj‡Z jvMj| ZvB Av‡iv
†ewk †ewk Rwg Pvl Kiv ìKvi n‡q coj| Gw`‡K Av‡iv GKUv
NUbv NUj, gvbyl ZLb ¯ vqx NiemwZ‡Z emevm ïiæ Kivq
†ivMRxevYyI Qov‡Z _vKj, Avevi wkïiv gv‡qi `ya ev` w`‡q
†ewk †ewk Lv`¨km¨ †L‡Z jvMj| †mBme Lv`¨kmÏ KvovKvwo
K‡iB †L‡Z n‡Zv Zv‡ì| GBme Kvi‡Y wkïg„Zz¨nvi A‡bK
†e‡o †Mj| †mB mg‡q †ewkifvM K…wlwfwËK mgv‡R cÖvq cÖwZ
wZb Rb wkïi g‡a¨ GKRb gviv †hZ 20 eQ‡i †cu․Qv‡bvi
Av‡MB|5 wKš‧ GZ wKQzi ciI Rb¥nvi g„Zz¨nvi‡KI Qvwc‡q
†Mj! Avi gvbyl †ewk †ewk wkï Rb¥ w`‡Z jvMj|
146
mg‡qi m‡½ m‡½ M‡gi Ici GB Av¯ v Av‡¯Í Av‡¯Í GKUv
†evSv n‡q ùvov‡Z jvMj| GKbvMv‡o wkï gi‡Z _vKj Avi
cÖvßeq¯‥‡ìI Nvg S‡i †hZ ïay `y‡Uv iæwU †RvMvo Kivi Rb¨|
mv‡o 8 nvRvi wLªóc~e©v‡ãi †Rwi‡Kvi GKRb mvaviY gvbyl,
mv‡o 9 nvRvi wKsev 13 nvRvi wLªóc~e©v‡ãi GKRb mvaviY
gvby‡li Zzjbvq †Xi †ewk KwVb Rxeb hvcb KiZ| wKš‧ †KD
eyS‡Z cv‡iwb Avm‡j Kx nw”Qj| KviY GUv GK w`‡b nw”Qj bv
eis cÖRb¥ †_‡K cÖR‡b¥ cÖevwnZ nw”Qj| cÖwZwU cÖRb¥B Zv‡ì
c~e©cyiæl‡ì g‡ZvB Rxeb hvcb KiZ, ïay GKUz †ewk `ÿZvi
m‡½ GB hv| Zviv ïay Aí wKQz †ewk wRwbm Avwe®‥vi K‡iwQj
Zv‡ì K…wlKv‡R myweavi Rb¨| ¯^we‡ivax †kvbv‡jI †mBme
G‡KKUv †Qv‡Uv †Qv‡Uv DbœwZ, †h¸‡jvi Rxeb‡K Av‡iv mnR
Kivi K_v wQj, †m¸‡jvB Mjvi KuvUv n‡q weua‡Z jvMj K…lK‡ì
Rxe‡b|
Zvn‡j Kx Kvi‡Y gvbyl GiKg `yf©vM¨RbK fzj Kij? †h
Kvi‡Y gvbyl †MvUv BwZnvm Ry‡oB fzj K‡i G‡m‡Q, wVK †mB
GKB Kvi‡Y| gvbyl †gv‡UB eyS‡Z cv‡iwb Zv‡ì wm×všÍ¸‡jvi
djvdj Kx n‡Z hv‡”Q| hLbB Zviv GKUv evowZ KvR Ki‡Z
D`¨Z n‡Zv, †hgb exR¸‡jv G‡jv‡g‡jvfv‡e bv †d‡j wbovwb
w`‡q Zvici †djvÑ ZLbB Zviv g‡b KiZÑ Ônu¨v, Avgv‡ì
nq‡Zv GKUz †ewk cwikÖg n‡e, wKš‧ Gi d‡j dmjI n‡e A‡bK
†ewk! Avgv‡ì Avi Acqv eQi¸‡jvi Rb¨ `ywðšÍv Ki‡Z n‡e
bv| Avgv‡ì mšÍvb‡ì Avi KL‡bv ÿzav wb‡q Nygv‡Z †h‡Z n‡e
bv|Õ K_vq hyw³ wQj| †ewk cwikÖg Ki‡j my›ì Rxeb cvIqv
hv‡eÑ GUvB wQj g~j cwiKíbv|
GB cwiKíbvi cÖ_g fvMUv †ek fv‡jvfv‡eB G‡Mvw”Qj|
gvbyl Avm‡jB Av‡Mi †P‡q A‡bK †ewk LvUvLvUwb KiwQj| wKš‧
Zviv G‡Kev‡iB †Lqvj K‡iwb †h, AwZwi³ Lv‡`ï m‡½ m‡½
†Q‡j‡g‡qi msL¨vI evo‡Z _vK‡e| Zvi d‡j, Pvlvev` Av‡iv
fv‡jv n‡jI, A‡bK †ewk Mg gRyZ _vK‡jI, GB †ewk Mg wKš‧
†ewk †ewk †Q‡j‡g‡q‡ì g‡a¨ fvM Ki‡Z n‡e| myZivs gv_vwcQz
147
Lvev‡ii cwigvY Ggb Avnvgwi wKQz evo‡e bv| †mB mgqKvi
K…l‡Kiv Av‡M †f‡e †`‡Lwb †h, †Qv‡Uv †Qv‡Uv †Q‡j‡g‡q‡ì
gv‡qi `y‡ai e`‡j †ewk †ewk K‡i RvD LvIqv‡bvi d‡j Zv‡ì
†ivMcÖwZ‡iva-ÿgZv K‡g hv‡e| Zv Qvov GKB RvqMvq emevm
Kivi d‡j †mBme K…wlwfwËK mgv‡R wkï‡ì wewfbœ †ivM-
RxevYy‡Z AvµvšÍ nIqvi m¤¢vebvI †e‡o wM‡qwQj| Gm‡ei d‡j
A‡bK †ewk †ewk wkï gviv hvw”Qj| Av‡iv †h e¨vcviUv Zv‡ì
fvebvq Av‡mwb †mUv n‡jv, †Kej M‡gi Ici AwZgvÎvq
wbf©ikxj n‡q _vKvi Kvi‡Y Livi g‡Zv `y‡h©v‡Mi mg‡q Zv‡ì
wU‡K _vKv Av‡Mi †P‡qI KwVb n‡q hv‡e| Av‡iv Av‡Q,
†Mvjvfiv dmj ïay wb‡R‡ì Rb¨B fv‡jv Zv bq, †Pv‡ii RbÏ
†mUv AZ¨šÍ †jvfbxq| myZivs dmj euvPv‡Z fv‡jv †g․my‡gI
Zv‡ì †eov w`‡Z n‡Zv, cvnviv w`‡Z n‡Zv Avi bvbv iKg hy×
Ki‡Z n‡Zv, †h¸‡jv Zv‡ì Av‡M KL‡bv Ki‡Z nqwb| ¯úóZB
†`Lv hv‡”Q, GBmg¯Í AbvKvw•ÿZ e¨vcvi¸‡jv Zv‡ì cÖv_wgK
cwiKíbvUv‡K †f‡¯Í w`j| GKUv my›ì Rxeb cvIqvi Rb¨ KóUv
GKUz †ewkB n‡q †Mj|
Zvn‡j ¯^vfvweKfv‡eB GKUv cÖkœ Av‡m †h, hLb Zviv
†`LjB †h cwiKíbvUv KvR Ki‡Q bv ZLb †Kb Zviv Avevi
Zv‡ì cy‡iv‡bv Rxe‡b wd‡i †Mj bv? GKUv KviY n‡jv,
cwiKíbvUv †h wVKg‡Zv KvR Ki‡Q bv †mUv eyS‡Z eyS‡ZB
Zv‡ì cÖR‡b¥i ci cÖRb¥ †K‡U †M‡Q| myZivs †mUv evwZj K‡i
cy‡iv‡bv Rxe‡b †divi Rb¨ Zv‡ì A‡bK †`wi n‡q wM‡qwQj
Avm‡j| ZZw`‡b Zviv cÖvq fz‡jB wM‡qwQj Kxfv‡e Zviv Av‡M
Ab¨fv‡e Rxeb aviY KiZ| e‡ov‡Rvi Zviv Zv‡ì mšÍvb‡ì
nq‡Zv Mí †kvbvZ †h Zviv hLb †Qv‡Uv wQj ev Zv‡ì evev
wKsev `v`v hLb †Qv‡Uv wQj ZLb †L‡Z KZ Kg Mg n‡Zv|
nq‡Zv ej‡Zv †h Zv‡ì fve‡Z AevK jv‡M Kxfv‡e AZ Aí
Mg w`‡q Zv‡ì c~e©cyiæliv †L‡q c‡i †eu‡P _vKZ| GBUvB
Avm‡j ZLbKvi gvbyl g‡b †i‡LwQj †h K‡qK cÖRb¥ Av‡M
Zv‡ì A‡bK Kg Lvevi wQj| Av‡Mi Rxe‡b wd‡i bv hvIqvi
148
Av‡iKUv KviY n‡jv, RbmsL¨v `y`©všÍ MwZ‡Z †e‡oB PjwQj Avi
Zvi d‡j Av‡Mi Rxe‡b wd‡i hvIqvi Rb¨ †mUv GKUv e‡ov
mgm¨v n‡q ùvwo‡qwQj| Zv‡ì c~e©cyiæl‡ì mg‡q †hLv‡b GKUv
MÖv‡g nq‡Zv †gvU 100 Rb gvbyl _vKZ, GLb †mLv‡b nq‡Zv
150 Rb _v‡K| GLb hw` Zviv Av‡Mi †mB Rxe‡b wd‡i †h‡Z
Pvq †hLv‡b 100 Rb wVKg‡Zv †L‡qc‡i euvP‡Z cvi‡e, Zvn‡j
†Kvb 50 Rb GLb bv †L‡q gi‡Z PvB‡e? †KDB ¯^Ztù‚Zf © v‡e
GUv Ki‡Z ivwR wQj bv| Av‡Mi Rxe‡b wd‡i hvIqvi Avm‡j
Avi †Kv‡bv Dcvq wQj bv| duv‡` c‡o †mB c_ eÜ n‡q †M‡Q
Av‡MB|
Gfv‡eB GKUv A‡cÿvK…Z mnR Ges DbœZ Rxe‡bi Avkv
gvbyl‡K Av‡iv KwVb Rxeb ev¯ÍeZvi w`‡K †V‡j w`j| A™¢zZ
†kvbv‡jI Ggb NUbv wKš‧ IUvB †kl bq, eis gvby‡li cy‡iv
BwZnvm Ry‡o GB NUbviB cybive„wË †`Lv hvq| GgbwK AvRI
†mB GKB NUbv N‡U P‡j‡Q! A‡bK gvbyl Av‡Q, hviv †Qv‡Uv
cwim‡i n‡jI wb‡Ri Rxeb †_‡KB eyS‡Z cvi‡e K…wlwecø‡ei
mgq Kx n‡qwQj| †hgb aiæb, GKRb K‡jR ev wek^we`¨vj‡qi
Qv‡Îi K_v| Ggb mvaviYZ †kvbv hvq bv †h GKRb K‡jRQvÎ
e‡ov n‡q GKRb msMxZwkíx n‡Z Pvq| eis GUvB †ewk †kvbv
hvq †h msMxZwkíx n‡q GZ UvKv Kvgv‡bv hvq bv, †hUv w`‡q
wb‡Ri LiP Pvjv‡bv hv‡e| myZivs GKRb mvaviY K‡jRQvÎ
nq‡Zv A_©bxwZ wKsev Kw¤úDUvi-weÁvb A_ev Ab¨ Ggb GKUv
wKQz co‡e, †hUv nq‡Zv Avm‡j Zvi fv‡jv jv‡M bv| Zvi ciI
†m A‡bK cwikÖg Ki‡e| nq‡Zv GKUv Kw¤úDUvi-msµvšÍ
†Kv¤úvwb ùvo Kiv‡e, cÖ_g K‡qK eQi Lye cwikÖg Ki‡e Avi
A‡bK cqmv Kvgv‡e| Avi Zvici hLb Zvi eqm 30 ev 35-
Gi KvQvKvwQ †cu․Qv‡e ZLb †mB me UvKvcqmv wb‡q †m Aem‡i
hv‡e| Avi ZLb †m mwZ¨Kvi A‡_© wb‡Ri B‡”Qg‡Zv Rxeb
hvcb Ki‡e, B‡”Q n‡j msMxZwkíx n‡e| hwÌ †KD nq‡Zv
Zv‡K Gi Rb¨ UvKvcqmv †`‡e bv, wKš‧ Zvi ZLb †mUv ìKviI
n‡e bv| GLv‡bI GB K‡jRQv‡Îi m‡½ †mB GKB NUbv NU‡Q,
149
hv N‡UwQj Avgv‡ì c~e©cyiæl‡ì m‡½ K…wlwecø‡ei mg‡q|
A‡bK K‡jRQvÎB Avm‡j IiKg Kíbv K‡i| Zviv Avm‡j fz‡j
hvq †h A‡bK iKg AbvKvw•ÿZ NUbv Zvi Rxe‡b Avm‡e, hvi
d‡j kZKiv 99 fvM †ÿ‡ÎB Zvi cwiKíbvUv †f‡¯Í hv‡e| nu¨v,
GUv wVK †h Zvi Kv‡Q nq‡Zv h‡_ó cwigvY UvKvcqmv _vK‡e
30 eQi eq‡m, wKš‧ GKB m‡½ Zv‡ì A‡bK `vwqZ¡ wKsev
Af¨vmI _vK‡e, †hUv †m GLb fve‡ZB cvi‡Q bv| nq‡Zv ZLb
Zvi ¯¿x-mšÍvb _vK‡e hv‡ì †`Lv‡kvbv Ki‡Z n‡e| mšÍvb‡ì
†jLvcovi eë¯ v Ki‡Z n‡e| nq‡Zv GKUv evwo evbv‡bvi Rb¨
Zv‡K †Kv‡bv wKQz eÜK ivL‡Z n‡e ev e¨vsK †_‡K UvKv avi
wb‡Z n‡e| Zvi nq‡Zv GKvwaK Mvwo _vK‡e ev QzwU‡Z
†`kwe‡`k Nyi‡Z hvIqvi g‡Zv wejvwmZv _vK‡e| myZivs 30
eQi eq‡m Zvi Kv‡Q Av‡Mi †P‡q A‡bK †ewk UvKv _vK‡e wKš‧
Zvi A‡bK evaëvaKZvI _vK‡e| 30 eQ‡i G‡m †ewkifvM
gvbylB GUv fve‡e bv †h A‡bK n‡q‡Q, GLb Avwg GBme eD
†Q‡j‡g‡q Nimsmvi †Q‡o Qz‡o P‡j hve Avi msMxZwkíx ne|
Ggb K‡i †Zv †KD fv‡eB bv, eis Zviv †mB `vm‡Z¡i Rxe‡bB
Pj‡Z _v‡K, KviY Zviv Zv‡ì ¯^cœ c~iY Kivi Rb¨ Avi wd‡i
†h‡Z cv‡i bv| Zviv wØ¸Y Drmv‡n `vm‡Z¡ wbgMœ _v‡K| Avi wVK
GB NUbvUvB N‡UwQj Avgv‡ì c~e©cyiæl K…lK‡ì †ÿ‡Î cÖvq 10
nvRvi eQi Av‡M|
GUv Avm‡j BwZnv‡mi wPišÍb weavb¸‡jvi (Iron Law)
GKwU| BwZnv‡mi wKQz ixwZ Av‡Q, †h¸‡jv me mgqB mwZ¨|
wKš‧ †hUv me‡P‡q †ewk mwZ¨ Zv n‡jvÑ wejvwmZv Av‡¯Í Av‡¯Í
cÖ‡qvR‡b cwiYZ nq! hLbB gvbyl †Kv‡bv GKUv wbw`©ó Af¨v‡m
Af¨¯Í n‡q hvq, Zviv †mUv‡KB ¯^vfvweK g‡b Ki‡Z _v‡K|
Zvici GKmgq Zviv Ggb GKUv Ae¯ vq †cu․‡Q hvq †h Zviv
Avi I¸‡jv Qvov Pj‡Z cv‡i bv| Avgv‡ì mg‡qiB GKUv
D`vniY w`‡q Avgiv e¨vcviUv †evSvi †Póv Kwi| MZ K‡qK hyM
a‡i Avgiv gvby‡liv ARmª iK‡gi hš¿cvwZ evwb‡qwQ mgq
euvPv‡bv Ges Av‡iv Kvh©Ki Rxeb hvc‡bi Rb¨| GB hš¿¸‡jvi
150
Avgv‡ì Rxeb‡K Av‡iv mnR Kivi K_v, KviY G¸‡jv Avgv‡ì
A‡bK mgq euvwP‡q w`‡”Q| GB hš¿¸‡jv, †hgb aiæbÑ Iqvwks
†gwkb, f¨vKzqvg wK¬bvi, wWk Iqvkvi, †Uwj‡dvb, †gvevBj
†dvb, Kw¤úDUvi Avi B‡gBjÑ Avgiv †ewkifvM mgqB g‡b
Kwi, G¸‡jv Avgv‡ì Rxeb mnR K‡i w`‡”Q KviY G¸‡jv
Avgv‡ì A‡bK mgq euvwP‡q w`‡”Q| †hgb aiæb B‡gBj| Av‡M
Avgiv hLb Ab¨ †Kv‡bv kn‡i wKsev †`‡k KvD‡K GKUv wPwV
wjLZvg, wPwVUv †jLv †_‡K ïiæ K‡i Zvi nv‡Z †cu․Qv‡bv ch©šÍ
A‡bK KvR Ki‡Z n‡Zv| wPwVUv wjL‡Z n‡Zv, GKUv Lvg wKb‡Z
n‡Zv, GKUv WvKwUwKUI| Zvici wPwVUv Lv‡g f‡i WvKwUwKUUv
Lv‡gi Ici jvMv‡Z n‡Zv| Zvici Lv‡gi Ici wVKvbv wjL‡Z
n‡Zv Ges WvKev‡· wKsev †cv÷ Awd‡m wb‡q †h‡Z n‡Zv Avi
UvKv w`‡Z n‡Zv| Zvici wPwVUv †cu․Qv‡Z Avi Zvi DËi †c‡Z
K‡qK w`b ev mßvn GgbwK gvmI †j‡M †hZ| Avgiv GLb GB
mg¯Í wKQz Ki‡Z cvwi gvÎ K‡qK †m‡KÛ wKsev wgwb‡Ui g‡a¨|
Avgiv GKUv wPwV wjL‡Z cvwi, c„w_exi Ab¨cÖv‡šÍ Kv‡iv Kv‡Q
cvVv‡Z cvwi Avi gvÎ K‡qK wgwbU, NÈv wKsev w`‡bi g‡a¨B
DËi †c‡q †h‡Z cvwi| GLb, hwÌ B‡gBj Avgv‡ì A‡bK
mgq Ges cwikÖg euvwP‡q w`‡q‡Q wKš‧ GKevi wb‡R‡K cÖkœ Kiæb
†Zv, B‡gBj wK Avgv‡ì A‡cÿvK…Z mnR Rxeb w`‡q‡Q?
GKUz wPšÍv ïiæ K‡iB †h DËiUv †ewkifvM gvbyl †`q Zv
n‡jv, bv, Zv KLbB bq| nu¨v, GUv mwZ¨ †h Bmiv‡qj †_‡K
Av‡gwiKvq GKUv B‡gBj cvVv‡bv, GKUv wPwV cvVv‡bvi †P‡q
A‡bK †mvRv GLb| wKš‧ wVK †mB Kvi‡YB AvR Avgiv w`‡b
K‡qK WRb B‡gBj cwo Avi DËi w`B| Avi cÖ‡Z¨‡KB Avkv
K‡i Avwg Zvi B‡gB‡ji DËi w`‡q †è `y-GK w`‡bi g‡a¨B|
Avwg hw` GK mßv‡ni g‡a¨ DËi bv w`B Zviv gb Lvivc Ki‡e
wKsev †i‡M hv‡e| †Zv †`Lv hv‡”Q, 50 eQi Av‡M Avgvi †hLv‡b
mßv‡n GKwU wK e‡ov‡Rvi `ywUv wPwV mvgjv‡Z n‡Zv, †mLv‡b
AvR Avgv‡K cÖwZw`b A‡bK †ewk mgq w`‡Z n‡”Q GKMv`v
B‡gB‡ji †cQ‡b| myZivs hwÌ B‡gBj wPwVi †P‡q A‡bK mnR
151
wKš‧ †hme gvbyl B‡gBj eënvi K‡i Zv‡ì Rxeb †mBme wPwV
eënviKvix‡ì †P‡q †gv‡UB mnR bq| eis A‡bK †ewk DrKÉv
Avi weiw³‡Z ficyi|
Avgiv Avgv‡ì Avkcv‡k Ggb gvbylI cve hviv B‡gBj
A¨vKvD›U Lyj‡Z †gv‡UB AvMÖnx bq, KviY Zviv GB B‡gB‡ji
Bu`yi-†`․‡o Ask wb‡Z Pvq bv| GUv †gv‡UB bZzb wKQz bq|
Avgiv hw` nvRvi nvRvi eQi Av‡M wd‡i hvB, wVK K…wlwecø‡ei
mg‡q, Zvn‡jI Avgiv †`L‡Z †cZvg †h, me gvbe‡MvôxB wKš‧
wkKvwiRxeb †_‡K K…wlRxe‡b cv w`‡Z cÖ¯‧Z wQj bv| Zviv †m
c‡_ cv evovqIwb| Ggb A‡bK †MvôxB wQj hviv Zv‡ì Av‡Mi
Rxeb †Q‡o Mg Avjy wKsev av‡bi Pvl Ki‡Z Pvqwb| wKš‧ Avmj
NUbv n‡jv, K…wlwecøeUv mdj nIqvi Rb¨ me †MvôxiB Mg Pvl
ïiæ Kivi †Kv‡bv ìKvi wQj bv| GKUv GjvKvq gvÎ GKUv
†Mvôx ïiæ Ki‡jB PjZ| hLbB GKUv gvbyl AvUNvU †eu‡a Mg
Pv‡li Rb¨ †LZ •Zwi‡Z †b‡g coj, †mUv ga¨cÖv‡P¨B †nvK ev
ga¨ Av‡gwiKv, IB GjvKvq K…wli AMÖMwZ Avi †VKv‡bv m¤¢e
wQj bv| KviY n‡jv, K…wlKv‡Ri d‡j Lye `ªæZ RbmsL¨vi e„w×
n‡Z _vKj Avi Zvi d‡j K…l‡Ki msL¨v, wkKvwi‡ì †P‡q
A‡bK `ªæZ evo‡Z _vKj| Avi hLbB GB `yB `j ci¯ú‡ii
gy‡LvgywL ùvovj †Kv‡bv Ø‡›Ø, ¯^vfvweKfv‡eB K…l‡Kiv ïay
msL¨vMZ Kvi‡YB wR‡Z †Mj| myZivs wkKvwiiv nq Ab¨ †Kv_vI
cvwj‡q †h‡Z cviZ, bq‡Zv kÎæ‡ì wec‡ÿ k³ Ae¯ vb
†bIqvi Rb¨ wb‡RivI K…wlKvR ïiæ Ki‡Z cviZ| †h-†Kv‡bv
w`K †_‡K wPšÍv Ki‡jB †`Lv hvq, Av‡MKvi †mB wkKvwi-
msMÖvnKRxeb wU‡K _vKvi Avi †Kv‡bv m¤¢vebv wQj bv|
Zvn‡j Avgiv †`L‡Z cvw”Q †h, wejvwmZvi duv‡ì GB
MíUvÑ ÔRxeb‡K DbœZ Kivi GKUv †Póv †h †kl‡gk Rxeb‡K
KwVb K‡i †d‡jÕÑ GUv gvbeRvwZ‡K GKUv Lye ¸iæZ¡c~Y© wkÿv
†`q| Av‡iKUz mnR Rxe‡bi Rb¨ gvbeRvwZi wbqZ AbymÜvb
Pvicv‡ki cÖK…wZ‡Z GKUv weivU cwieZ©b NUvq, †hUv mg¯Í
c„w_ex‡K Ggbfv‡e e`‡j †`q, hv †KD KL‡bv KíbvI K‡iwb|
152
K…wlwecøeUvI †KD Avm‡j Kíbv K‡iwb| GUv N‡UwQj Avm‡j
gvby‡li G‡K G‡K †bIqv †ek wKQz wbZvšÍ mvaviY wm×v‡šÍi
d‡j, †h¸‡jvi g~j D‡Ïk¨ wQj mvgvb¨ KUv gvby‡li †cU fiv‡bv
Avi GKUzLvwb wbivcËv wbwðZ Kiv| wKš‧ GB wm×všÍ¸‡jv
mvgwMÖKfv‡e Avgv‡ì c~e©cyiæl‡ì m¤ú~Y© e`‡j w`‡qwQj|
Zv‡ì‡K wkKvwi †_‡K K…lK evwb‡qwQj, hviv `ycy‡ii Kov †iv‡`
b`x †_‡K evjwZ‡Z K‡i cvwb e‡q wb‡q †hZ M‡gi †L‡Z|
†e‡nkwZ Bkviv
GZÿY †h eY©bvUv Avgiv †`Ljvg †mUv †_‡K g‡b nq †h,
K…wlwecøe Avm‡j †bnvZB GKUv fzj wnmve wbKv‡ki djvdj
wQj| e¨vL¨vUv G‡Kev‡i g›` bq| BwZnvm Ry‡o Gi †P‡q A™¢zZ
me wnmv‡ei Miwg‡ji bgybv Avgiv †`L‡Z cve| wKš‧ Zvi
ciI, K…wlwecøe‡K ïayB GKUv wnmv‡ei Miwgj wn‡m‡e bv †`‡L
Ab¨ `„wó‡KvY †_‡K †`LviI my‡hvM Av‡Q| †Kej Av‡iKUz mnR
Rxe‡bi AvkvB nq‡Zv gvby‡li Rxe‡bi HiKg iƒcvšÍi NUvqwb|
nq‡Zv †mwc‡q‡Ýi Ab¨ †Kv‡bv D‡Ïk¨ wQj, hvi Rb¨ Zviv
m‡PZbfv‡eB K‡Vvi cwikÖ‡gi Rxeb †e‡Q wb‡qwQj|
weÁvbxiv mvaviYZ Avgv‡ì BwZnv‡mi AMÖMwZ‡K e¨vL¨v
Ki‡Z A_©‣bwZK I RbwgwZK KviY¸‡jv‡KB mvg‡b wb‡q
Avm‡Z Pvb| KviY, GUv Zv‡ì wnmve wbKv‡ki c×wZi m‡½
A‡bKUvB mvgÄm¨c~Y©| Ab¨w`‡K, AvaywbK BwZnv‡mi M‡elYvi
†ÿ‡Î, we‡klÁ‡ì Kv‡Q `k©b ev ms¯‥…wZi g‡Zv Ae¯‧MZ
Dcv`vb¸‡jv‡K AMÖvn¨ Kivi my‡hvM _v‡K bv| wjwLZ cÖgvY¸‡jv
eis Zv‡ì Av‡iv mvnvh¨ K‡i| †hgb aiæb, wØZxq wek^hy× †h
†bnvZB Lv‡`ï Afv‡e wKsev RbmsL¨vi Pv‡c nqwb GUv cÖgvY
Kivi g‡Zv h‡_ó `wjjcÎ, wPwV, ¯§„wZK_v Avgv‡ì msMÖ‡n
Av‡Q| wKš‧ Avgiv hw` cÖvPxb bvZzwdqvb ms¯‥…wZi K_v fvwe,
Zvn‡j Avgv‡ì m¤ú~Y© wbf©i Ki‡Z nq e¯‧MZ Dcv`v‡bi Ici|
KviY Avgv‡ì nv‡Z †mB mgqKvi †Kv‡bv `wjj-`¯Ív‡eR †bB|
153
myZivs †mB mg‡qi gvbylRb A_©‣bwZK KviY bvwK wek^vm
†KvbUv Øviv †ewk cwiPvwjZ n‡Zv †mUv wbw`©ó K‡i ejv Lye
gykwKj|
†m․fvMëkZ, wKQz wKQz weij †ÿ‡Î Avgiv RjR¨všÍ wKQz
cÖgvY †c‡qwQ| 1995 mv‡j cÖZZ œ Ë¡we‡ìv `wÿYc~e© Zzi‡¯‥i
†Mv‡eKwj †Z‡c (Gobekli Tepe) bv‡gi GKUv RvqMvq
LbbKvR ïiæ K‡ib| ILvbKvi GK`g wb‡Pi cy‡iv‡bv
¯Íi¸‡jv‡Z Zuviv †Kv‡bv evwoNi wKsev †Kv‡bv cÖvZ¨wnK Kv‡Ri
wRwbmc‡Îi wb`k©b cvbwb| Zuviv eis KviæKvh©LwPZ wekvj
wekvj ¯Í¤¢ I wKQz fv¯‥‡h©i wb`k©b †c‡q‡Qb| GiKg cÖwZUv
¯Í‡¤¢i IRb cÖvq mvZ Ub ch©šÍ Avi Gi D”PZv cuvP wgUvi
ch©šÍ| KvQvKvwQ GKUv Kz‡qv‡Z Zuviv Avav‡Lv`vB GKUv ¯Í¤¢
†c‡q‡Qb, †hUvi IRb cÖvq 50 Ub| me wgwj‡q Zviv cÖvq 10Uv
fv¯‥h© Avwe®‥vi K‡i‡Qb, hvi g‡a¨ me‡P‡q eoUv cÖvq 30 wgUvi
PIov|
cÖZZ œ Ë¡we‡ìv Aek¨ GiKg fv¯‥‡hi© m‡½ †ek cwiwPZ|
mviv c„w_ex‡ZB Zuviv G¸‡jv †`‡L‡Qb| D`vniY wn‡m‡e ejv
hvq weª‡U‡bi †÷vb‡n‡Äi (Stone Henge) K_v| Zvi ciI,
†Mv‡eKwj †Z‡c wb‡q cov‡kvbvi mgq Zviv `viæY wKQz e¨vcvi
Avwe®‥vi K‡ib| †÷vb‡nÄ AvbygvwbK AvovB nvRvi wLªóc~e©v‡ãi
mgqKvi Ges GUv evwb‡qwQj †gvUvgywU DbœZ K…wlwbf©i mgvR|
wKš‧ †Mv‡eKwj †Z‡ci wb`k©b¸‡jv cÖvq mv‡o 9 nvRvi
wLªóc~e©v‡ãi| G QvovI Avi †h mg¯Í cÖgvY cvIqv hvq Zv †_‡K
Rvbv hvq GB fv¯‥h¸ © ‡jv evwb‡qwQj wkKvwi-msMÖvnK †Mvôx|
cÖ_g cÖ_g cÖZZ œ Ë¡ m¤cÖ`vq GB Avwe®‥vi‡K †Zgb GKUv cvËv
w`‡Z Pvqwb, wKš‧ hZB cixÿv-wbixÿv n‡Z _vKj, ZZB Gi
cy‡iv‡bv mgq Avi K…wlc~e© mgv‡Ri KvwiM‡ii e¨vcviUv wbwðZ
nIqv †Mj| Avi GLvb †_‡KB †evSv †Mj, wkKvwi-msMÖvnK
mgv‡Ri gvbyl‡ì `ÿZv, ÿgZv Avi Zv‡ì ms¯‥…wZi RwUjZv
m¤ú‡K© Avgiv hv fvwe e¨vcvi¸‡jv †gv‡UB AZUv mnR bq|
154
13. euv‡q: †Mv‡eKwj †Z‡ci GKwU fv¯‥‡hi© wKQz Ask| Wv‡b: GKwU
KviæKvh©LwPZ cv_‡ii ¯Í¤¢ (cÖvq cuvP wgUvi j¤^v)
Gme †`‡L cÖkœ RvM‡ZB cv‡i, GKUv wkKvwi-msMÖvnK

mgvR †Kb IB iKg GKUv wRwbm •Zwi Ki‡Z hv‡e? wbðqB
Zv‡ì •`bw›`b Kv‡R Im‡ei †Zgb †Kv‡bv ìKvi wQj bv| IB
KvVv‡gv¸‡jv wekvj RxeRš‧ aivi †Kv‡bv duvÌ wQj bv wKsev
e„wó ev wms‡ni nvZ †_‡K euvPvi AvkÖqI wQj bv| me iKg
m¤¢ve¨ w`K †_‡KB g‡b nq, GB KvVv‡gv ev fv¯‥h©¸‡jvi m‡½
†Kv‡bv bv †Kv‡bv ag©xq ev mvs¯‥…wZK D‡Ïk¨ RwoZ|
cÖZZœ Ë¡we‡ìv †mUvi A_© GL‡bv cy‡ivcywi D×vi Ki‡Z
cv‡ibwb| Gi A_© D×vi Kivi †cQ‡b Zv‡ì A‡bK KvVLo
†cvov‡Z n‡q‡Q, KviY Zv‡ì nv‡Z h‡_ó Z_¨ DcvË wQj bv|
†mBme ag©xq ev mvs¯‥…wZK D‡Ïk¨¸‡jv hv-B †nvK bv †Kb,
wkKvwi-msMÖvnK mgv‡Ri gvby‡liv †m¸‡jv‡Z GZUvB wek^vm
KiZ †h Zviv GKUv wekvj mgq Ges cwikÖg w`‡q †Mv‡eKwj
†Z‡ci g‡Zv KvVv‡gv wbg©vY K‡iwQj| †Mv‡eKwj †Z‡c wbg©vY
Kivi GKgvÎ Dcvq wQj wewfbœ †Mvôx ev †Mv‡Îi nvRvi nvRvi
wkKvwi-msMÖvn‡Ki `xN© mgq a‡i GK‡Î KvR Kiv| ïay Lye m~²
ag©xq ev Av`k©MZ PP©vi gva¨‡gB GiKg GKUv cÖ‡Póv‡K wUwK‡q
ivLv Ges Gi †cQ‡b †cÖiYv †RvMv‡bv m¤¢e|
155
Gme ev` w`‡jI, †Mv‡eKwj †Z‡ci †fZ‡i Av‡iv GKUv
`y`©všÍ PvÂj¨Ki Z_¨ jyKv‡bv Av‡Q, hvi m‡½ K…wl ev K…wlwfwËK
mgv‡R iƒcvšÍwiZ nIqvi GKUv m¤úK© Av‡Q| †hme
wRbZË¡we‡ìv Pvl‡hvM¨ M‡gi wWGbG wb‡q M‡elYv K‡ib, Zuviv
eû eQi a‡i Rvbvi †Póv Ki‡Qb †Kv_vq Ges K‡e cÖ_g Mg Pvl
ïiæ nq| me ai‡bi M‡gi m‡½ Pvl‡hvM¨ M‡gi Zzjbv K‡i
mv¤cÖwZK M‡elYvq †`Lv †M‡Q †h Pvl‡hvM¨ M‡gi cÖRvwZ¸‡jvi
g‡a¨ AšÍZ GKUvi (Einkorn Wheat) Avwef©ve n‡qwQj c~e©-
`wÿY Zzi‡¯‥i GKUv cvnvwo GjvKvq, †hUv wK bv †Mv‡eKwj
†Z‡c †_‡K gvÎ 30 wK‡jvwgUvi `~‡i|6
GB †h gvbyl M‡gi Pvl ïiæ Kij, wKsev MgB gvbyl‡K
ÔM„ncvwjZÕ K‡i †djjÑ GB NUbvi m‡½ †Mv‡eKwj †Z‡ci
mvs¯‥…wZK †K‡›`ªi wbðqB †Kv‡bv GKUv m¤úK© Av‡Q| KviY G
`y‡Uv NUbvi GKm‡½ NUv‡K †mªd KvKZvjxq e¨vcvi ejv hvq
bv| †hB gvbyl¸‡jv †Mv‡eKwj †Z‡c •Zwi K‡iwQj Ges c‡i
eënvi KiZ Zv‡ì LvIqv`vIqvi Rb¨ A‡bK †ewk Lvev‡ii
cÖ‡qvRb wQj| GLb Avgiv GiKg GKUv aviYv cvw”Q †h,
`wÿY-c~e© Zzi‡¯‥i wkKvwi-msMÖvn‡Kiv mv‡o 9 nvRvi
wLªóc~e©v‡ãi w`‡K cÖ_gev‡ii g‡Zv ey‡bv Mg msMÖn Kiv †Q‡o
e‡ov cwim‡i M‡gi Pvl Kiv ïiæ Kij| Avi †mUv †gv‡UB
Zv‡ì Rxeb‡K mnRZi Kivi j‡ÿ¨ bq wKsev Lvev‡ii †RvMvb
evov‡bvi RbÏ bq eis Zv‡ì †mB mvs¯‥…wZK †K›`ª ev gw›ì
•Zwi Ges Zvi †`Lv‡kvbvi Rb¨| mvaviYfv‡e Avgiv fvwe
A‡bKUv GiKgÑ c„ô‡cvl‡Kiv cÖ_‡g GKUv MÖvg •Zwi K‡i Avi
Zvici hLb MÖvgUv †ek fv‡jvg‡Zv Pj‡Z _v‡K ZLb Zviv
GKUv gw›ì ¯ vcb K‡i| MÖvgevmxiv gw›`‡i Av‡m cÖv_©bvi Rb¨|
wKš‧ †Mv‡eKwj †Z‡c Avgv‡ì Rvbvq †h AšÍZ wKQz †ÿ‡Î MÖvg
•Zwi nIqvi Av‡MB gw›ì •Zwi n‡qwQj Avi Gi c‡iB MÖvg
wKsev MÖvgevmxiv GUv‡K wN‡i R‡ov n‡qwQj| myZivs K…wli
Avwef©ve n‡qwQj †Kv‡bv ag©xq wKsev mvs¯‥…wZK Kvi‡Y, †Kv‡bv
A_©‣bwZK Kvi‡Y bq| Aek¨ GUv Avgiv GK`g wbwðZ K‡i
156
ej‡Z cvwi bv, KviY Avgv‡ì nv‡Z h‡_ó Z_¨-DcvË †bB|
cÖZZœ Ë¡we‡ìv GL‡bv †Mv‡eKwj †Z‡c‡Z LbbKvR Pvwj‡q
hv‡”Qb Ges Avgiv Avkv Kwi, AvMvgx wKQz eQ‡ii g‡a¨B Avgiv
G e¨vcv‡i Av‡iv cwi®‥vi GKUv aviYv cve|
wecø‡ei ewj
gvbyl I k‡mï ga¨Kvi †h fqsKi Pzw³, †mUvB Avgv‡ì
c~e©cyiæl‡ì Kiv GKgvÎ Pzw³ bq| Av‡iv GKUv Pzw³ n‡qwQj,
†hUv Ab¨vb¨ cÖvYx, †hgbÑ †fov, QvMj, ï‡qvi Avi gyiwMi fvM¨
e`‡j w`‡qwQj| †h hvhvei †Mvôx ey‡bv †fov wkKvi K‡i †eovZ,
ZvivB wKš‧ cÖRb¥všÍ‡i †mBme †fovi kvixwiK MV‡bi cwieZ©‡b
cÖfve †d‡jwQj| GUv m¤¢eZ ïiæ n‡qwQj †e‡Q †e‡Q wkKvi
Kivi gva¨‡g| Zviv ev”Pv †Ìqvi g‡Zv e‡ov ¯¿x †fov¸‡jv Avi
GK`g ev”Pv †fov¸‡jv‡K wkKvi KiZ bv, hv‡Z Zv‡ì
fwel¨‡Zi Rb¨ Lvevi wbwðZ _v‡K| Gi c‡ii avcUv m¤¢eZ
†mBme †fovi cvj‡K Ab¨vb¨ wnsmª cï, †hgbÑ wmsn, †bK‡o
wKsev Ab¨ wkKvwi-msMÖvnK m¤cÖ`vq †_‡K iÿv Kiv| Gici
Zviv nq‡Zv †fovi cvj¸‡jv‡K wb‡R‡ì ZË¡veav‡b Pwi‡q
†eov‡bv ïiæ Kij, hv‡Z Zv‡ì fv‡jvfv‡e wbqš¿Y Kiv hvq|
Avi †kl‡gk, gvbyl Av‡iv fv‡jv K‡i †Lqvj K‡i †fovi cvj
evQvB Ki‡Z jvMj, hv‡Z †mUv gvby‡li Pvwn`v fv‡jvg‡Zv c~iY
Ki‡Z cv‡i| †hme †fov †ewk eb¨ ¯^fv‡ei wQj Avi wKQz‡ZB
gvby‡li wbqš¿‡Y _vK‡Z PvBZ bv Zv‡ì‡K mevi cÖ_‡g nZ¨v
Kiv n‡Zv (ivLv‡jiv mvaviYZ GKUz †ewk †K․Z‚njx cï cQ›`
K‡i bv, KviY Zviv mn‡RB cvj †_‡K `~‡i P‡j hvq)|
GKBfv‡e me‡P‡q wPKb Avi fMœ¯^v‡¯ ï ¯¿x †fov¸‡jv‡KI
euvwP‡q ivLvi †Kv‡bv gv‡b wQj bv| Gfv‡e A‡bK¸‡jv cÖRb¥
cvi nIqvi ci Av‡iv †gvUvZvRv, Av‡iv bigmig Avi Kg
†K․Z‚njx †fovi cvj •Zwi n‡jv| GB †Zv PvB! GZw`‡b ivLvj
157
Ggb †fovi cvj †cj, hviv Zvi euvwki †cQb †cQb Zv‡K
AbymiY K‡i Pj‡e|
Ab¨fv‡e ej‡Z †M‡j, wkKvwiiv nq‡Zv †fov aiZ Avi
Zv‡K e‡ov KiZ| hLb Lvev‡ii Afve n‡Zv bv ZLb Zv‡K
LvB‡q †gvUvZvRv evwb‡q †djZ, Avevi hLb Lvev‡ii msKU
ZLb a‡i †L‡q †djZ| GiKg Ki‡Z Ki‡Z †Kv‡bv GK mgq
Zviv Av‡iv †ewk msL¨vq †fov a‡i ivL‡Z ïiæ Kij| G‡ì
g‡a¨B †KD †KD cÖvßeq¯‥ n‡jv Avi ev”Pv Drcv`b ïiæ Kij|
Iw`‡K, †hme †fov Lye †eqvov wQj Zv‡ì‡K cÖ_‡gB mvevo
K‡i †djv n‡Zv| Avi hviv me‡P‡q kvšÍwkó Avi üócyó
Zv‡ì‡KB euvwP‡q ivLv n‡jv, hv‡Z Zviv Av‡iv ev”Pv Drcv`b
K‡i| Avi Gfv‡e GKcvj M„ncvwjZ I AbyMZ †fov •Zwi
n‡jv|
GBme M„ncvwjZ cÖvYx (†fov, gyiwM, Mvav I Ab¨vb¨) †_‡K
gvbyl A‡bK Lvevi (gvsm, `ya, wWg) I KuvPvgvj (Pvgov, Dj)
†c‡Z ïiæ Kij| cvkvcvwk G‡ì‡K bvbvfv‡e LvwU‡qI †bIqv
†hZ| wRwbmcÎ Avbv †bIqv, Rwg Pvl, km¨ gvovB‡qi g‡Zv †h
KvR¸‡jv Gi AvM ch©šÍ gvbyl‡KB Ki‡Z n‡Zv, †m¸‡jv ZLb
Zviv IBme cÖvYx‡K w`‡q Kiv‡Z jvMj| K…wlwfwËK
mgvR¸‡jv‡Z gvbyl g~jZ Pvlvev` wb‡qB e¨¯Í _vKZ, cïcvjb
wQj evowZ GKUv e¨vcvi| wKš‧ GB mg‡qB GKUv bZzb ai‡bi
mgvReë¯ v Av‡¯Í Av‡¯Í M‡o DV‡Z jvMj, †hUv cÖavbZ wbf©i
KiZ bvbvb iKg M„ncvwjZ cÖvYxi Ici| GB bZzb ai‡bi
mgv‡Ri bvg †Ìqv †h‡Z cv‡i Ôcïcvjb mgvRÕ|
gvbyl hZB mviv c„w_ex‡Z Qwo‡q co‡Z jvMj, m‡½ Zv‡ì
M„ncvwjZ cï¸‡jvI †h‡Z _vKj| 10 nvRvi eQi Av‡MI, me
wgwj‡q gvÎ Aí K‡qK jvL †fov, †Mviæ, QvMj, ey‡bv ï‡qvi
Avi gyiwM ïay Av‡d«v-Gwkqvb GjvKvq †`Lv †hZ| AvR‡Ki
`ywbqvq, 100 †KvwU †fov, 100 †KvwU ï‡qvi, 100 †KvwUiI
†ewk †Mviæ Avi cÖvq 250 †KvwU gyiwM Av‡Q! Avi Giv c„w_ex
Ry‡oB Av‡Q| M„ncvwjZ gyiwMB n‡jv me‡P‡q †ewk GjvKv Ry‡o
158
_vKv cvwL †hUv gvbyl gvsm Avi wW‡gi Rb¨ eënvi K‡i _v‡K|
GLb GB c„w_ex‡Z RbmsL¨vi w`K †_‡K gvby‡li c‡i wØZxq,
Z…Zxq I PZz_© eûj we¯Í…Z e‡ov AvKv‡ii ¯Íb¨cvqx cÖvYx¸‡jv
n‡jv h_vµ‡g M„ncvwjZ †Mviæ, ï‡qvi Avi †fov! Lye m~²
weeZ©bxq `„wófw½ †_‡K †`L‡j (†hUv mvdj¨ ej‡Z ïay wWGbG
cÖwZwjwci msL¨v‡KB †ev‡S) K…wlwecøe Avm‡j gyiwM, †Mviæ,
ï‡qvi Avi †fovi Rb¨ wekvj GK Avkxe©v` wn‡m‡eB G‡mwQj!
`yf©vMëkZ, GB weeZ©bxq `„wófw½ Avm‡j mvd‡jï msÁvUv
m¤ú~Y©fv‡e w`‡Z cv‡i bv| GB `„wófw½ mewKQz wePvi K‡i ïay
wU‡K _vKv Avi eskwe¯Ívi w`‡q, e¨w³MZ hš¿Yv ev my‡Li †Kv‡bv
g~j¨B †bB GLv‡b| gyiwM wKsev †Mviæi M„ncvwjZ nIqvUv nq‡Zv
GKUv mvd‡jï Mí, wKš‧ ZvivB Avevi G hverKv‡ji me cÖvYxi
g‡a¨ me‡P‡q nZfvMv| M„ncvj‡bi cÖ_vUv ïiæ n‡qwQj Lye
b„ksm wKQz PP©vi ga¨ w`‡q, †hUv cÖRb¥všÍ‡i Av‡iv wbôziB
n‡q‡Q|
ey‡bv gyiwMi mvaviY RxebKvj †gvUvgywU mvZ †_‡K 12
eQi, Avi ey‡bv †Mviæi 20-25 eQi| wKš‧ mwZ¨Kvi eb¨
cwi‡e‡k †ewkifvM gyiwM wKsev †Mviæ Avm‡j Gi †P‡q †ek Kg
eq‡mB gviv †hZ| Zvi ciI AšÍZ †ek KUv eQi †eu‡P _vKvi
Zv‡ì fv‡jvB m¤¢vebv wQj| Ab¨w`‡K, †ewkifvM M„ncvwjZ
gyiwM Avi †MviæB Avm‡j K‡qK mßvn †_‡K K‡qK gv‡mi g‡a¨
gvby‡li Lvev‡i cwiYZ nq| KviY A_©‣bwZK w`K we‡ePbvq GB
eqmUvB Zv‡ì nZ¨v Kivi Rb¨ Dchy³| (wZb gv‡mB hw`
GKUv †gviM Zvi m‡e©v”P IR‡b †cu․‡Q hvq, Zvn‡j †Kvb `yt‡L
gvbyl Zv‡K wZb eQi a‡i LvIqv‡Z hv‡e?)
wWg †Ìqv gyiwM, `y‡aj Mvwf Avi fvievnx cï‡ì gv‡S
gv‡S A‡bK eQi euvP‡Z †Ìqv nq| wKš‧ GB ewa©Z Rxe‡bi
Rb¨ Zv‡ì g~jÏ w`‡Z nq| Zviv Ggb GK Rxeb cvq, †hUv
Zv‡ì Avkv wKsev cÖ‡qvR‡bi m‡½ G‡Kev‡iB †g‡j bv|
†h․w³Kfv‡eB GUv a‡i †bIqv hvq †h, GKUv luvo wbðq mviv
w`b Nvmfiv gv‡V Ab¨ luvo‡ì m‡½ P‡i †eov‡ZB cQ›` Ki‡e,
159
†m KL‡bvB GKUv bievb‡ii Pvey‡Ki evwo †L‡Z †L‡Z Zvi
†evSv eB‡Z wKsev nvj Pvl Ki‡Z PvB‡e bv|
luvo, †Nvov, Mvav Avi DU‡K AbyMZ fvievnx cï‡Z cwiYZ
Kivi Rb¨ Zv‡ì cÖvK…wZK cÖe„wË Avi mvgvwRK eÜb †f‡O w`‡Z
n‡q‡Q, wbqš¿Y Ki‡Z n‡q‡Q Zv‡ì wnsmªZv Avi †h․bZv‡K,
GgbwK iwnZ Kiv n‡q‡Q Zv‡ì Ny‡i †eov‡bvi ÿgZvI| G Kv‡Ri
Rb¨ K…lKiv bvbvb iKg Dcvq †ei K‡iwQj; †hgbÑ †Luvqvo ev
LuvPvq cï‡ì AvU‡K ivLv, `wo w`‡q †eu‡a ivLv, PveyK w`‡q wcwU‡q
ev Qu¨vKv w`‡q KvR Kiv‡bv‡Z Af¨¯Í Kiv| Avi cyiæl cÖvYx‡ì
bcysmKiY †Zv LyeB ¯^vfvweK GKUv NUbv| Gm‡ei d‡j cyiæl
cÖvYx‡ì AvMÖvmb K‡g †Mj Avi gvbyl Av‡iv fv‡jvg‡Zv hvPvB-
evQvB K‡i wb‡Ri B”Qvg‡Zv †mBme cÖvYxi cybiærcv`b wbqš¿Y
Ki‡Z _vKj|
wbD wMwbi A‡bK mgv‡R GKRb gvby‡li m¤ú` ej‡Z Zvi
KZ¸‡jv ï‡qvi Av‡Q †mUv †evSv‡bv nq| ï‡qvi †hb cvwj‡q
†h‡Z bv cv‡i †mRb¨ Zviv ï‡qv‡ii bvKUv †K‡U w`Z| Gi d‡j
†hUv n‡Zv, ï‡qvi hLbB MÜ ïuK‡Z †hZ Zvi cÖPÐ e¨_v KiZ|
GLb †h‡nZz MÜ bv ïuK‡Z cvi‡j ï‡qvi Lvevi wKsev c_ wKQzB
Lyu‡R cv‡e bv myZivs Zviv cy‡ivcywi Zv‡ì gvbyl cÖfz‡ì Ici
wbf©ikxj n‡q †Mj| wbD wMwbi Ab¨ GK GjvKvq Avevi
ï‡qv‡ii †PvL Dc‡o †djv Lye ¯^vfvweK GKUv e¨vcvi| Gi d‡j
ï‡qvi †Kvb w`‡K hv‡”Q ZvI †`L‡Z cvq bv|7
160
14. GB wPÎwU cvIqv †M‡Q AvbygvwbK 1200 wLªóc~e©v‡ãi GKwU wgkixq
mgvwa‡Z| GLv‡b †`Lv hv‡”Q, GK †Rvov luvo‡K w`‡q nvj Pvl Kiv‡bv n‡”Q|
Ggwb‡Z eb¨ cwi‡e‡k †eu‡P _vKv GKwU †Mviæ Zvi cv‡ji m‡½ B”Qvg‡Zv wePiY
K‡i †eovZ| Zv‡ì wb‡R‡ì g‡a¨ GKUv RwUj mvgvwRK m¤úK©I wQj|
Ab¨w`‡K bcysmK…Z Avi M„ncvwjZ GKwU luvo Zvi Rxe‡bi cÖvq cy‡ivUv mgqB
bó K‡i Pvey‡Ki evwo †L‡q, GKv wKsev Av‡iKR‡bi m‡½ nvj P‡l Avi GKUv
†QvÆ KzVzwii †fZi emevm K‡i| GB Rxeb Zvi kvixwiK wKsev gvbwmK †Kv‡bv
cÖ‡qvRbB †gUv‡Z cv‡i bv| Zvici, hLbB †Kv‡bv GKUv luvo Avi Rwg Pl‡Z
cv‡i bv ZLbB Zv‡K nZ¨v Kiv nq| (Qwei IB wgkixq K…l‡Ki ùvovevi fw½UvI
fv‡jv K‡i †Lqvj Kiæb, †m mvg‡bi w`‡K Szu‡K Av‡Q, †hUv Zvi kix‡ii Rb¨
†gv‡UB fv‡jv bq| mwZ¨ ej‡Z wK, GB gvbylUvI luvoUvi g‡ZvB wb‡Ri kixi,
gb Avi mvgvwRK Rxeb †_‡K ewÂZ n‡q GK hš¿Yvgq Ae¯ vq w`b KvUv‡”Q|)
`y»Lvgvi¸‡jv‡Z GKUz AbïKg Dcv‡q cï‡ì‡K

B‡”Qg‡Zv eënvi Kiv nq| mvaviYZ Mvwf, QvMx wKsev †fwo
ïay evQzi ev ev”Pv R‡b¥i ciB `ya Drcv`b K‡i, ZvI ZZÿY
ch©šÍB hZÿY Zv‡ì mšÍvb‡ì †mUv ìKvi nq| GLb, Lvgv‡i
`y‡ai †RvMvb Ae¨vnZ ivLvi Rb¨ †hUv Kiv nq †mUv n‡jv
†mme evQzi, QvM‡ji ev”Pv wKsev †fovi ev”Pv‡ì R‡b¥i
ciciB nZ¨v Kiv nq| Avi Zvici hZw`b m¤¢e ZZw`b a‡i
Zv‡ì gv‡q‡ì `ya †`vqv‡bv nq| Zvici Avevi Zv‡ì
161
AšÍtmË¡v evbv‡bv nq| GUv GL‡bv LyeB cÖPwjZ GKUv cš v|
GLbKvi A‡bK AvaywbK `y»Lvgv‡i GKUv `ya †Ìqv Mvwf‡K
nZ¨v Kivi Av‡M †mUv †gvUvgywU eQi cuv‡PK euv‡P| GB cuvP eQi
mg‡qi cÖvq cy‡ivUv Ry‡oB †m AšÍtmË¡v _v‡K| Zv‡K cÖwZ 60 wK
120 w`b cici wbwl³ Kiv nq hv‡Z m‡e©v”P `ya Drcv`b
wbwðZ Kiv hvq| Zvi mšÍvb‡K R‡b¥i ciciB Zvi KvQ †_‡K
Avjv`v K‡i †djv nq| Mvwf¸‡jv‡K jvjbcvjb Kiv nq c‡ii
cÖR‡b¥i `ya Drcv`bKvix wn‡m‡e Avi luvo¸‡jv cvwV‡q †Ìqv
nq gvs‡mi Lvgv‡i|8
Ab¨ Av‡iKUv cš v n‡jv, evQzi wKsev ev”Pv¸‡jv‡K Zv‡ì
gv‡q‡ì KvQvKvwQ ivLv wKš‧ Ggb wKQz eë¯ v Kiv, hv‡Z Zviv
Lye †ewk gv‡qi `ya †L‡Z bv cv‡i| GUvi GKUv Lye mnR Dcvq
n‡jv evQziUv‡K cÖ_‡g Zvi gv‡qi `ya †L‡Z †Ìqv n‡e, Zvici
hLbB `ya cy‡iv gvÎvq cvIqv hv‡e, ZLwb evQziUv‡K mwi‡q
†bIqv n‡e| GB cš v Aej¤^b Ki‡Z wM‡q mvaviYZ evQzi Avi
Mvwf `yR‡bi KvQ †_‡KB †ek cÖwZ‡iv‡ai gy‡L co‡Z nq| ZvB
wKQz wKQz ivLvj †hUv KiZ Zv n‡jv, evQziUv‡K †g‡i Zvi gvsm
†L‡q †djZ wKš‧ Zvi PvgovUv w`‡q GKUv evQz‡ii g‡Zv †`L‡Z
cyZjz •Zwi KiZ| Zvici †mUv MvwfUvi mvg‡b ivLZ, hv‡Z
Mvwfi `ya Drcv`b †e‡o hvq| my`v‡bi bqvi (Nuer) DcRvwZi
†jvKRb †Zv Av‡iK avc GwM‡q †mB bKj evQz‡ii Mv‡q Zvi
gv‡qi g~Î †X‡j w`Z hv‡Z gv †mB cyZzjUv‡K Av‡iv †ewk Avcb
fve‡Z cv‡i! bqvi‡ì Av‡iKUv c×wZ wQj, evQz‡ii gy‡L
KuvUvIqvjv GKUv AvsUv cwi‡q †Ìqv| Gi d‡j evQzi `ya †L‡Z
†M‡j Mvwfi Mv‡q KuvUv dzUZ Avi Mvwf ZLb wb‡RB evQzi‡K `ya
†L‡Z w`Z bv|9 Iw`‡K, mvnvivi Zzqv‡iM (Tuareg) DU
cÖRbbKvixiv DUkveK‡ì bv‡Ki evB‡ii Ask Avi †Vuv‡Ui
Ic‡ii AskUv †K‡U w`Z, hv‡Z Zv‡ì Pzl‡Z Kó nq| Gfv‡eB
Zviv kveK‡ì †ewk `ya LvIqv †_‡K weiZ ivLZ|10
me K…wlwfwËK mgvRB †h Zv‡ì †cvl¨ cÖvYx¸‡jvi cÖwZ
Ggb AvPiY KiZ, Zv bq| wKQz wKQz M„ncvwjZ cÖvYxi Rxeb
162
nq‡Zv †ek fv‡jvB wQj| D‡ji Rb¨ †cvlv †fovUv, †cvlv
KzKziUv Avi †eovjUv †ek Aviv‡gB _vKZ| hy‡× wKsev
cÖwZ‡hvwMZvq jovB Kivi †Nvov¸‡jvI Aviv‡g _vKZ| †ivgvb
mgªvU K¨vwj¸jv (Caligula) m‡PZbfv‡eB Zuvi me‡P‡q wcÖq
†Nvov BbwKZvZzm‡K (Incitatus) Zuvi DwRi wn‡m‡e wb‡qvM
Kivi cwiKíbv K‡iwQ‡jb! ivLvj Avi K…l‡Kiv cy‡iv BwZnvm
Ry‡oB Zv‡ì cvwjZ cÖvYx‡ì †ek †Lqvj †i‡L‡Q, wVK †hgb
`vmcÖfziv Zv‡ì `vm‡ì cÖwZ `qv †`wL‡q‡Q| BwZnv‡mi w`‡K
ZvKv‡j Avgiv †`L‡Z cvB, hy‡M hy‡M A‡bK ivRv I ag©cÖPviK
wb‡R‡ì ivLv‡ji †e‡k Dc¯ vcb K‡i‡Qb| Avi Zviv Zv‡ì
cÖRv‡ì †mfv‡eB †Lqvj †i‡L‡Qb, †hfv‡e ivLv‡jiv †Lqvj
ivLZ Zv‡ì cïcv‡ji Ici| GLb wbðqB †evSv hv‡”Q GUv
†Kv‡bv KvKZvj wQj bv!
15. AvaywbK gvsm KviLvbvi GKwU mvaviY evQzi| R‡b¥i ciciB evQziwU‡K
Zvi gv‡qi †_‡K Avjv`v K‡i GKUv †Qv‡Uv †Lv‡ci †fZi AvU‡K ivLv nq †hUvi
AvKvi Zvi kix‡ii AvKv‡ii †_‡K Lye GKUv e‡ov bq| †mLv‡bB evQziwU Zvi
163
cy‡iv Rxeb KvUvq, M‡o gvm Pv‡iK n‡e| Zv‡K IB †Lvc †_‡K †ei n‡Z †Ìqv
nq bv, †m Ab¨ evQzi‡ì m‡½ †Lj‡ZI cv‡i bv| GgbwK Zv‡K nuvU‡ZI †Ìqv
nq bv| Avi GBmeB Kiv nq hv‡Z Zvi †cwk¸‡jv k³ bv n‡q hvq| big big
†cwki gv‡bB n‡jv Lye big Avi my¯^v`y gvsm (Steak)| cÖ_g hLb evQziUv
nuvU‡Z cv‡i, Zvi †cwk¸‡jv GKUz cÖmvwiZ Ki‡Z cv‡i wKsev Ab¨ evQzi‡ì Qzu‡Z
cv‡i, †mUv n‡jv Zvi KmvBLvbvq hvIqvi c‡_| weeZ©‡bi fvlvq ej‡Z †M‡j,
c„w_ex‡Z emevmKvix me cÖvYxi g‡a¨ †Mviæ n‡jv Ab¨Zg mdj cÖvYx| Avevi
GKBm‡½ †mB GKB †Mviæ c„w_exi me‡P‡q nZfvMv cÖvYxI|
ivLvj ev cïcvj‡Ki `„wófw½ †_‡K bv †`‡L cï‡ì `„wófw½

†_‡K †`L‡j G K_v gvb‡ZB nq †h, †ewkifvM M„ncvwjZ cïi
Rb¨B K…wlwecøe GKUv fqvbK wech©q wn‡m‡eB G‡mwQj| Zv‡ì
IB weeZ©bxq Ômvdj¨Õ Avm‡j A_©nxb| GKUv weij ey‡bv MÛvi
hvi m¤ú~Y© cÖRvwZ wbwðý n‡q hvIqvi k¼vi g‡a¨ Av‡Q, †mI
IB evQz‡ii †P‡q A‡bK kvwšÍ‡Z Av‡Q, †h wKbv Zvi †QvÆ
RxebUv KvwU‡q w`‡”Q GKUv †QvÆ ev‡·i †fZ‡i, †gvUvZvRv
n‡”Q wKQz my¯v^ `y gvs‡mi UzK‡ivq cwiYZ nIqvi Rb¨| weij
†mB MÛviwU Zvi cÖRvwZi †kl KRb m`m¨ nIqvi Kvi‡Y Ggb
wKQz Kg myLx bq| Avevi msL¨vi weivU mvdjÏ wKš‧ †mBme
evQzi‡ì e¨w³MZ hš¿Yvi Rb¨ †Kv‡bv mvšÍ¡bv n‡Z cv‡i bv|
weeZ©bxq mvdj¨ Avi e¨w³MZ hš¿Yvi g‡aï GB Ø›ØUvB
K…wlwecøe †_‡K Avgv‡ì cvIqv me‡P‡q ¸iæZ¡c~Y© wkÿv| hLb
Avgiv Mg wKsev fzÆvi g‡Zv wewfbœ Dw™¢‡ì HwZnvwmK Ae¯ vi
cwieZ©b we‡ePbv Kwi, ZLb nq‡Zv-ev weeZ©bxq `„wófw½Uv †g‡b
†bIqv hvq| wKš‧ †Mviæ, †fov wKsev gvby‡li g‡Zv e‡ov
cÖvYxÑhv‡ì Abyf‚wZ I ms‡e`‡bi GK RwUj RMr i‡q‡QÑ
Zv‡ì †ÿ‡Î weeZ©bxq mvdj¨ Kxfv‡e e¨w³MZ AwfÁZvq
iƒcvšÍwiZ nq, †mUv Avgv‡ì Av‡M eyS‡Z n‡e| mvg‡bi Aa¨v‡q
Avgiv †`Le Kxfv‡e mg‡qi m‡½ m‡½ bvUKxqfv‡e Avgv‡ì
cÖRvwZi mw¤§wjZ ÿgZv evo‡Z _v‡K, Avi Kxfv‡e †mUv
Avgv‡ì e¨w³MZ hš¿Yvi KviY n‡q ùvovq|
164
Aa¨vq 6
Kíbvi KvivMvi
gvbe-BwZnv‡mi Ab¨Zg weZwK©Z welq n‡jv K…wlwecøe| †KD †KD
g‡b K‡i, GB K…wlwecøe gvbeRvwZi cÖMwZ I mg„w×i `yqvi Ly‡j
w`‡qwQj, Avevi Kv‡iv g‡Z gvby‡li me `yM©wZi ïiæ †mLv‡bB|
GB wØZxq `‡ji g‡Z, BwZnv‡mi †gvo Nywi‡q †Ìqvi †mB
mgqUv‡ZB cÖK…wZi m‡½ gvby‡li wbweo m¤ú‡K©i my‡ZvUv wQuo‡Z
ïiæ K‡i, ïiæ nq wew”QbœZv Avi †jv‡fi AvwacZ¨| †mLvb †_‡K
Av‡Mi Rxe‡b wd‡i hvIqviI Avi †Kv‡bv c_ wQj bv, KviY
K…wlKv‡Ri d‡j gvby‡li msL¨v GZ `ªæZ †e‡o †Mj †h, Av‡Mi
g‡Zv Lv`¨ msMÖn wKsev wkKvi K‡i Abœms¯ vb KivUv Zv‡ì Rb¨
Am¤¢e n‡q coj| 10 nvRvi wLªóc~e©v‡ãi w`‡K GB c„w_ex‡Z cÖvq
50 †_‡K 80 jvL hvhvei wkKvwi gvby‡li emevm wQj| wLªóxq
cÖ_g kZK cvi n‡Z bv n‡ZB Zv‡ì msL¨v K‡g n‡q †Mj 10
†_‡K 20 jv‡Li g‡Zv (hv‡ì AwaKvskB wQj A‡÷ªwjqv,
Av‡gwiKv I Avwd«Kvq)| kZKiv wn‡m‡e †mUv LyeB mvgvb¨, KviY
ZLb c„w_ex‡Z gvby‡li msL¨v wQj 25 †KvwU|
Gici †ewkifvM K…lKB ¯ vqx emwZ †M‡o emevm Kiv ïiæ
K‡i w`j; Aí wKQz cïcvjKB †Kej hvhvei †_‡K †Mj| ¯ vqx
emwZ •Zwi Kivi m‡½ m‡½ gvbe‡Mvôx¸‡jvi AvKvi A‡bKUv
†Qv‡Uv n‡q G‡jv| cÖvPxb wkKvwi gvby‡liv wekvj GjvKv Ry‡o
_vKZ, †ÿÎwe‡k‡l hvi AvKvi n‡Zv K‡qK k eM©wK‡jvwgUvi|
ÔevmvÕ ej‡Z Zviv eySZ †mB cy‡iv GjvKvUv‡KBÑ †mLvbKvi
cvnvo, b`x, eb, AvKvkÑ mewKQzB| Ab¨w`‡K K…lK‡ì w`‡bi
†ewkifvMB KvUZ GK UzK‡iv Rwg‡Z KvR K‡i, Avi evwK mgqUv
165
KvUZ KvV, cv_i Avi gvwUi •Zwi †QvÆ N‡i| wb‡Ri N‡ii cÖwZ
K…lK gvby‡li †mB †h cÖej AvKl©Y Rb¥vj ZviB my`~icÖmvix cÖfve
c‡o‡Q gvby‡li ¯ vcZ¨ I gb¯Í‡Ë¡| Ôwb‡Ri evmvÕi cÖwZ AvKl©Y
Avi cÖwZ‡ekx‡ì m‡½ µgea©gvb `~iZ¡ †mB cÖv‣MwZnvwmK
AvZ¥‡Kw›`ªKZviB Qvc|
K…lK gvby‡li emwZ¸‡jv cÖvPxb wkKvwi gvbyl‡ì GjvKv
†_‡K †hgb wQj A‡bK †Qv‡Uv, †Zgwb wQj bvbv iKg K…wÎgZvq
c~Y©| wkKvwi gvby‡liv Zv‡ì _vKvi RvqMv‡Z †Zgb †Kv‡bv
cwieZ©b K‡iwbÑ GK Av¸b R¡vjv‡bv Qvov| wKš‧ K…lK gvbyl
wecyj kÖg e¨q K‡i †mB ey‡bv cwi‡e‡ki g‡a¨ Øx‡ci g‡Zv K‡i
•Zwi K‡i wb‡jv wb‡R‡ì Avevm| Zviv e‡bi MvQ †K‡U, Lvj
†K‡U, gvV cwi®‥vi K‡i evbvj wb‡R‡ì Ni, Pv‡li Rwg Avi
d‡ji evMvb| GB RvqMvi †fZ‡i emev‡mi AwaKvi wQj †Kej
gvby‡li, Avi gvby‡li ÔAby‡gvw`ZÕ cÖvYx I Dw™¢‡ì| †mUv
wbwðZ Ki‡Z gvbyl‡K Zv‡ì GjvKvi Pviw`‡K †eovI w`‡Z
n‡jv| K…lK gvby‡li A‡bKUv mgq †j‡M †hZ wewfbœ
AbvKvw•ÿZ AvMvQv Avi ey‡bv cÖvYx `~i Ki‡Z| G‡ì †KD
avIqv †L‡q cvwj‡q euvPZ, Avi †KD †MuvqvZzw© g Ki‡Z wM‡q gviv
coZ gvby‡li nv‡Z| †mB K…wlhy‡Mi Avi‡¤¢ hvi ïiæ, ZviB †ik
a‡i AvR‡Ki w`‡bI c„w_exi jvL jvL gvbyl jvwV, Pàj wKsev
KxUbvkK wb‡q wcucov, †Zjv‡cvKv Avi gvKomvi weiæ‡× Pvwj‡q
hv‡”Q †mB GKB hy×|
A‡bKw`b ch©šÍ gvby‡li emev‡mi GjvKv¸‡jv wQj Lye
†Qv‡Uv †Qv‡Uv| c„w_ex‡Z †gvU RvqMv Av‡Q 51 †KvwU
eM©wK‡jvwgUvi, hvi g‡a¨ WvOv cÖvq mv‡o 15 †KvwU
eM©wK‡jvwgUvi| 1400 wLªóv‡ãI c„w_exi K…l‡Kiv Zv‡ì hveZxq
MvQcvjv Avi cïcvwL wb‡q gvÎ 1.1 †KvwU eM©wK‡jvwgUvi RvqMv
Ry‡o wQj, hv wKbv cy‡iv c„w_exi gvÎ 2 kZvsk|2 evwK
RvqMv¸‡jv wQj Lye Mig, Lye VvÛv ev Ab¨ †Kv‡bv Kvi‡Y
K…wlKv‡Ri Abyc‡hvMx| Avi †mB 2 kZvsk RvqMv †_‡KB
BwZnv‡mi hvÎv ïiæ nq|
166
wb‡Ri •Zwi emwZ †Q‡o P‡j hvIqvUv µ‡gB gvby‡li Rb¨
KwVb n‡q coj| wb‡R‡ì Nievwo, dm‡ji †LZ Avi Lvev‡ii
†Mvjv Z¨vM Kivi SzuwK gvbyl †bqwb| Avi GKB RvqMvq
A‡bKw`b evm Ki‡Z Ki‡Z gvby‡li ¯ vei m¤ú‡ì cwigvYI
evo‡Z jvMj| †mB m¤ú‡ì g‡a¨ euvav coj hvhvei gvbyl|
K…lK mgvR m¤ú‡` Lye mg„× g‡b bv n‡jI GKUv K…lK
cwiev‡ii †gvU m¤ú` wQj cy‡iv GKUv wkKvwi-msMÖvnK mgv‡Ri
†gvU m¤ú‡ì †P‡qI †ewk|
fwel¨‡Zi nvZQvwb
K…wlwfwËK mgv‡R gvby‡li wePiY‡ÿÎ K‡g †Mj, wKš‧
K…wlKv‡Ri Rb¨ Av‡Mi †P‡q †ewk mgq e¨q Ki‡Z n‡jv
Zv‡ì| mvg‡bi gv‡m, GgbwK mvg‡bi mßv‡n Kx LveÑ Ggb
wPšÍv wkKvwi gvby‡li gv_vq KL‡bv Av‡mBwb| wKš‧ K…lK gvby‡li
fwel¨r wPšÍvi mxgv‡iLv w`b, mßvn, gvm Qvwo‡q eQ‡ii †KvVvI
†cwi‡q †Mj|
wkKvwi gvbyl wQj w`b G‡b w`b LvIqv gvbyl, cieZ©x
mg‡qi Rb¨ wKQz euvwP‡q ivLvUv Zv‡ì Rb¨ KwVb wQj|
fwel¨‡Zi wPšÍv ZvB Zv‡ì Lye GKUv wQj bv| Z‡e fwel¨r
wb‡q Zviv †h G‡Kev‡iB wPšÍv KiZ bv, GgbUv fvev wVK n‡e
bv| k‡f (Chauvet), jv‡¯‥v (Lascaux) Avi AvjZvwgivi
(Altamira) ¸nvi †Ìqv‡ji Qwe¸‡jv hviv Gu‡KwQj, ZvivI
wbðqB †P‡qwQj Qwe¸‡jv cÖRb¥ †_‡K cÖRb¥všÍ‡i Qwo‡q hvK|
wewfbœ mvgvwRK I ivR‣bwZK we‡iva Avi mwÜ¸‡jvI wQj
`xN©‡gqvw`| †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv FY †kvaiv‡Z wKsev †Kv‡bv Ab¨v‡qi
cÖwZ‡kva wb‡ZI A‡bK mgq K‡qK eQi †j‡M †hZ| Zvi
c‡iI, wkKvi wKsev msMÖn K‡i Lvevi †RvUv‡bv GB gvbyl¸‡jvi
c‡ÿ fwel¨r wb‡q †ewk`~i wPšÍv Kiv m¤¢e wQj bv| gRvi e¨vcvi
n‡jv, GB AcviMZv Zv‡ì fwel¨rmsµvšÍ gvbwmK `ywðšÍv
A‡bKUvB Kwg‡q w`‡qwQj| †h fwel¨‡Zi Ici Avgvi †Kv‡bv
wbqš¿Y †bB Zv‡K wb‡q wPšÍv K‡i Avgvi Kx jvf?
167
K…wlwecøe gvby‡li Kv‡Q fwel¨‡Zi ¸iæZ¡ Av‡iv evwo‡q
w`j| K…lK‡ì me mgq fwel¨‡Zi wPšÍv gv_vq †i‡L KvR
Ki‡Z n‡Zv| K…wlwfwËK A_©bxwZ wQj FZzP‡µi cvjve`‡ji
Ici A‡bKvs‡kB wbf©ikxjÑ `xN© mgq Drcv`b Avi ¯^í mgq
dmj msMÖ‡ni P‡µ eQi †K‡U †hZ| gvVfiv dmj N‡i Zz‡j †h
K…lK AvR iv‡Z gË n‡”Q Drm‡e, Kvj †fv‡iB Zv‡K Avevi
QzU‡Z n‡e gv‡VÑ KviY Zvi N‡i AvMvgx w`b, AvMvgx mßvn,
GgbwK AvMvgx gv‡mi Lvevi _vK‡jI Zv‡K GLb c‡ii eQ‡ii
K_vI fve‡Z nq|
GB fwel¨r wPšÍvi g~j KviY wQj FZzP‡µi Ici wbf©ikxjZv,
Avi dmj djvi wPišÍb AwbðqZv| †hme MÖv‡g Aí wKQz dmj Pvl
Avi cïcvjb Kiv n‡Zv, Liv, eb¨v Avi gnvgvwii fq Zv‡ì wcQz
QvoZ bv| Kv‡RB K…lK‡ì me mgq wb‡Ri cÖ‡qvR‡bi †P‡q †ewk
Lvevi gRyZ K‡i ivL‡Z n‡Zv| Av‡M †nvK ev c‡i, †Kv‡bv bv
†Kv‡bv eQi Lvivc mgq Avm‡eBÑ Avi †mB Lvivc mgqUv‡Z ch©vß
Lvev‡ii gRyZ bv _vK‡j bv †L‡q _vK‡Z n‡e| GB `~i`wk©Zvi
Afv‡e A‡bK K…lK‡KB AKv‡j gi‡Z n‡q‡Q|
†mB K…wlhy‡Mi ïiæ †_‡KB AbvMZ fwel¨‡Zi Rb¨ `ywðšÍv
n‡q †Mj gvby‡li wPim½x| †hme K…lK dm‡ji †L‡Z cvwbi
Rb¨ e„wói Ici wbf©i KiZ, Zv‡ì cÖwZ el©vKvj ïiæ n‡Zv bZzb
`ywðšÍv wb‡q| Zv‡ì A‡bKUv mgq †hZ AvKv‡ki w`‡K ZvwK‡q
Avi evZv‡mi MÜ ïu‡K| mgqg‡Zv e„wó n‡e wK bv, n‡jI
cwigvYgZ n‡e wK bv, So G‡m dmj Dwo‡q wb‡q hv‡e wK bvÑ
GmeB wQj Zv‡ì wbZ¨w`‡bi wPšÍv| Avevi BD‡d«wUm, wmÜz Avi
†nvqvs‡nv b`xi AeevwnKvi K…lK‡ì wPšÍvi welq wQj b`xi
cvwbi D”PZv| Gme b`xi cvwb †e‡o `yK‚j fvwm‡q w`Z eb¨vq;
Zv‡Z me dm‡ji †L‡Z †cu․QZ cvwb, Avi Ic‡i RgZ De©i
cwjgvwUi ¯Íi| wKš‧ KL‡bv eb¨vUv mgqg‡Zv bv n‡j, wKsev Lye
†ewk n‡jB n‡Zv me©bvk|
ïay GUzKzB bq, †Kv‡bv `y‡h©vM G‡j Kxfv‡e †mUv mvgvj
†Ìqv hv‡e, †mB `ywðšÍvI K…lK‡ì w`‡knviv K‡i †djZ|
†mRb¨B Zviv Av‡iv †ewk Rwg Pvl KiZ, Lvj KvUZ Avi †ewk
168
†ewk exR eybZ| MÖx®§Kv‡ji Kg©x wcuc‡oi g‡ZvB D`qv¯Í cwikÖg
KiZ GKRb K…lK| †N‡g-†b‡q GKvKvi n‡q †m RjcvBMvQ
jvMvZ gv‡V, Avi †mB RjcvB wc‡l †Zj †ei KiZ Zvi
†Q‡jcy‡j Avi bvwZ-bvZwbiv| †mB Rwg‡q ivLv RjcvB‡qi
†Zj Kv‡R jvMZ kxZKv‡j wKsev c‡ii eQ‡i|
gvby‡li GB K…wlKv‡Ri cÖfve wQj e¨vcK| GLvb †_‡KB
e‡ov AvKv‡ii mvgvwRK I ivR‣bwZK eë¯ vi cËb nq| Z‡e
`yt‡Li welq n‡jv, GB cwikÖgx K…l‡Kiv KL‡bvB Zv‡ì
AvKvw•ÿZ A_©‣bwZK mg„w×i †`Lv cvqwb| me RvqMv‡ZB †`Lv
†M‡Q K…l‡Ki DØ„Ë dmj †fvM Ki‡Z Avwef‚Z © n‡q‡Q bvbvb
†kvlK I AwfRvZ‡Mvôx, Avi K…lK AvUKv c‡o‡Q Zvi wPišÍb
`ywðšÍvi Ave‡Z©|
GB DØ„Ë dmjB cieZ©xKv‡j ivRbxwZ, hy×, wkíKjv I
`k©‡bi weKv‡k BÜb †RvMvq| ax‡i ax‡i M‡o DV‡Z _v‡K cÖvmv`,
`yM©, †m․a Avi gw›ì| GB AvaywbK hy‡Mi ïiæi w`‡KI gvby‡li 90
kZvskB wQj K…lK, hv‡ì mviv w`‡bi nvofvOv LvUzwbi dj †fvM
K‡i‡Q evwK 10 kZvskÑ ivRv, ivRKg©Pvix, •mb¨, hvRK, wkíx I
`vk©wb‡Ki g‡Zv AwfRvZ †kÖwY| GivB f‡i‡Q BwZnv‡mi cvZv,
Avi evwK‡ì Rxeb †K‡U †M‡Q dm‡ji gv‡V|
KvíwbK KvVv‡gv
K…l‡Ki djv‡bv AwZwi³ Lvevi Avi Avwe®‥…Z bZzb
cwienYeë¯ vÑ G `yB‡qi d‡j A‡bK gvbyl GKm‡½ e‡ov
AvKv‡ii MÖvg •Zwi K‡i emevm Ki‡Z ïiæ Kij| Kvjµ‡g
e‡ov MÖvg †_‡K kni, kni †_‡K bMi, Avi G mewKQz wg‡j
•Zwi n‡jv wekvj me ivR¨ Avi eëmvq-evwY‡Rï †K›`ª|
Gme e‡ov bMi I ivR¨ cÖwZôvi ci †hme bZzb m¤¢vebvi
Øvi Db¥y³ n‡jv, Zvi m¤ú~Y© mØënvi gvbyl Ki‡Z cv‡iwb|
KviY ïay DØ„Ë Lv`¨ I cwienYeë¯ vB Gi Rb¨ h‡_ó wQj bv|
GKUv iv‡Rï jvL jvL gvby‡li Rb¨ h‡_ó cwigvY Lvevi
_vK‡jI Zv‡Z Rwg I cvwbi eÈb, bvbv iKg we‡iva wb®úwË
169
wKsev hy×Kvjxb KZ©‡eï g‡Zv welq¸‡jv‡Z gvbyl HKg‡Z¨
†cu․Qv‡Z cv‡iwb| Lv‡`ï Afv‡e bq, eis GB H‡Kï Afv‡eB
gvby‡li g‡a¨ bvbv iKg Ø›Ø ïiæ nq| divwm wecø‡ei ïiæ
K‡iwQj abvX¨ DwK‡jiv, ÿzavZ© K…lK bq| f‚ga¨mvM‡ii Pviw`K
†_‡K m¤ú` msMÖn K‡i wLªóxq cÖ_g kZ‡K †ivgvb mvgªvR¨
KíbvZxZ A_© I ÿgZvi AwaKvix nq, A_P wVK †mB mg‡qB
†mLvbKvi ivR‣bwZK KvVv‡gv‡Z fvOb aiwQj bvbv iKg
AšÍN©v‡Z| 1991 mv‡ji hy‡Mv¯øvwfqv‡ZI Lv`¨vfve wQj bv, Zey
GK i³ÿqx hy‡× †`kwU UzK‡iv UzK‡iv n‡q hvq|
Gme Ab‡_©i g~‡j wQj gvby‡li h_vh_ weeZ©‡bi Rb¨
cÖ‡qvRbxq mg‡qi Afve| gvby‡li jvL jvL eQ‡ii weeZ©b
n‡q‡Q †Qv‡Uv †Qv‡Uv †Mvôx‡Z| K…wlKvR ïiæ Kivi ci †_‡K
ivR¨ MVb ch©šÍ weeZ©‡bi Rb¨ †h K‡qK nvRvi eQ‡ii mgq
gvbyl †c‡q‡Q †mUv GZ e‡ov †Mvôx MVb Kivi gvbwmKZv •Zwii
Rb¨ h‡_ó wQj bv|
†mB Lvevi msMÖn Kivi hy‡M K‡qK k AcwiwPZ gvbyl
†Kv‡bv iKg •RweK Zvobv QvovB `j euva‡Z cviZ| Avi GUv
m¤¢e n‡Zv wKQz wg‡_ (cÖPwjZ M‡í) Zv‡ì wek^v‡mi d‡j|
Aek¨ GB ai‡bi †Mvôx‡Z cvi¯úwiK mn‡hvwMZvi my‡hvM Lye
†ewk wQj bv| GB †Qv‡Uv AvKv‡ii gvbe‡Mvôx¸‡jv wQj
¯^qsm¤ú~Y©, wb‡R‡ì cÖvq me cÖ‡qvRb Zviv wb‡RivB †gUvZ|
K…wlwecøe cieZ©x mgqUv‡K bv Rvbv 20 nvRvi eQi Av‡Mi
†Kv‡bv mgvRZvwË¡K nq‡Zv ej‡Zb wg‡_i ÿgZv Lye †ewk bqÑ
GB e‡ov‡Rvi k-cuv‡PK gvbyl wg‡_i cÖfv‡e Kwo wewbgq Ki‡Z,
A™¢zZ wKQz Drm‡e Ask wb‡Z wKsev wbqvÛv_©vj‡ì GKUv `j‡K
a‡i †cUv‡Z cv‡i, Gi †ewk wKQz bq| ZvB e‡j jvL jvL
gvbyl‡K w`‡q GKB iKg wPšÍv ev KvR Kwi‡q †bIqvUv wg‡_i
c‡ÿ Am¤¢e|
wKš‧ BwZnvm †ZgbUv e‡j bv| gvby‡li g‡a¨ GKevi
fv‡jvg‡Zv Qwo‡q co‡Z cvi‡j wg‡_i ÿgZv n‡q hvq AKíbxq|
K…wlwecø‡ei ci hLb bMi Avi ivR¨ cÖwZôvi Dcµg nw”Q‡jv, †m
170
mg‡qB gvby‡li g‡a¨ ÿgZvai †è‡èx wKsev gvZ…fw‚ gi g‡Zv
welq¸‡jv wb‡q bvbv iKg Mí-Kvwnwb •Zwi nq| GB Mí¸‡jvB
gvby‡li ga¨Kvi mvgvwRK m¤úK©‡K Av‡iv `„p K‡i| weeZ©b
G‡Mvw”Q‡jv Av‡Mi g‡ZvB Lye ax‡i, wKš‧ gvby‡li Kíbvi †`․o
Gev‡i Zv‡K nvwi‡q w`j| GB Kíbvkw³i †Rv‡iB c„w_exi
BwZnv‡m cÖ_gev‡ii g‡Zv GZ GZ gvbyl mn‡hvwMZvi m¤ú‡K©
Ave× n‡jv|
8500 wLªóc~e©v‡ãi w`‡K c„w_exi me‡P‡q e‡ov gvbeemwZ
wQj †Rwi‡Kv MÖvg, hvi †jvKmsL¨v wQj K‡qK k| 7000
wLªóc~e©v‡ã Avbv‡Zvwjqvi PvZvwjqyK kn‡ii RbmsL¨v wQj 5
†_‡K 10 nvRv‡ii g‡a¨| †mUvI wQj ZLbKvi c„w_exi e„nËg
emwZ| wLªóc~e© cÂg I PZz_© mnmªv‡ã bxj b‡ì AeevwnKv I
eØx‡ci De©if‚wg‡Z †h kni M‡o D‡VwQj Zvi †jvKmsL¨v wQj
Av‡iv †ewk, Avi †m kn‡ii AvIZvq wQj Avkcv‡ki A‡bK
MÖvg| 3100 wLªóc~e©v‡ãi g‡a¨B m¤ú~Y© bxj b` AeevwnKv cÖ_g
wgkixq mvgªv‡Rï Aaxb nq| ZLbKvi dvivIiv kvmb Ki‡Zb
nvRvi nvRvi eM©wK‡jvwgUvi GjvKvi jvL jvL gvbyl‡K| 2250
wLªóc~e©v‡ãi w`‡K gnvb mvM©b cËb K‡ib c„w_exi cÖ_g
mvgªv‡RïÑ Av°v`xq mvgªvR¨| †m mvgªv‡R¨ cÖRvi msL¨v wQj
wbhy‡Zi N‡i, Avi †mbvevwnbx‡Z ¯ vqx m`m¨ wQj 5 nvRvi 400
Rb| Avi 1000 †_‡K 500 wLªóc~e©v‡ãi g‡a¨ ga¨cÖv‡P¨ e„nr
mvgªv‡Rï D™¢e nq, hvi g‡a¨ wQj Avwmixq, e¨vwejbxq I cvim¨
mvgªvR¨| Gme mvgªv‡R¨ cÖRvi msL¨v wQj †KvwUi KvQvKvwQ, Avi
•mb¨ wQj 10 nvRv‡ii g‡Zv|
171
16| 1776 wLªóc~e©v‡ã wkjvwjwc‡Z †Lv`vB Kiv nvgyivwei AvBb
221 wLªóc~e©v‡ã mgMÖ Pxb Ry‡o MwVZ nq Pxb (Qin) mvgªvR¨,

Avi Zvi wKQzKvj c‡iB †ivgvb mvgªv‡Rï Aax‡b Av‡m
f‚ga¨mvMixq AÂj| Pxb mvgªv‡Rï nvRvi nvRvi ¯ vqx •mb¨ Avi
jÿvwaK ivRKg©Pvixi †eZb AvmZ cÖvq 4 †KvwU cÖRvi †Ìqv
Ki †_‡K| Iw`‡K †ivgvb mvgªv‡Rï ¯^Y©hy‡M cÖvq 10 †KvwU
cÖRvi KvQ †_‡K Ki Av`vq Kiv n‡Zv| †mB K‡ii A_©B
GKw`‡K AvovB †_‡K 5 jvL •m‡bï †LvivK †RvMvZ, Ab¨w`‡K
†mB A‡_©B •Zwi nq cÖvq 1 nvRvi 500 eQi a‡i eëüZ iv¯Ív|
AvR Avgiv ILv‡b †hme w_‡qUvi Avi A¨vwçw_‡qUvi †`L‡Z
cvB, †m¸‡jvI •Zwi n‡q‡Q ZLbB|
cÖvPxb wgkixq Avi †ivgvb mvgªv‡Rï jvL jvL gvby‡li
mn‡hvwMZvq Mov mgv‡Ri MíUv hZUv `viæY g‡b nq, Avm‡j
e¨vcviUv †Zgb bq| Ômn‡hvwMZvÕ kãUv A‡bKUv wbt¯^v_© †kvbv‡jI
172
†mUv me mgq ¯^vaxbZv I mv‡gï K_v e‡j bv| gvby‡li e‡ov e‡ov
msMV‡bi †ewkifvMB GK mgq AZ¨vPvi Avi †kvl‡Yi c‡_ GwM‡q
†M‡Q| Ggb msMVb Movi g~j¨ K…l‡Kiv PzwK‡q‡Qb Zv‡ì DØ„Ë
Lv`ÜzKz w`‡q| Ki msMÖvn‡Ki Kj‡gi GKwU †LuvPvq K…lK‡K Zvi
mviv eQ‡ii K‡Vvi cwikÖ‡gi dmjUzKz nviv‡Z n‡Zv| †ivgvb
mvgªv‡Rï weL¨vZ A¨vwçw_‡qUvi M‡owQj †h µxZ`v‡mi `j,
mgv‡Ri Ajm abx‡ì Avb›` w`‡Z †mB µxZ`v‡mivB †mLv‡b
jovB K‡i giZ Mø¨vwW‡qUi iƒ‡c| †RjLvbv Avi
ew›`wkwei¸‡jv‡KI GK ai‡bi mn‡hvwMZvi mgvR ejv hvq, KviY
†mLv‡bI A‡bK¸‡jv ARvbv-A‡Pbv gvbyl cvi¯úwiK mn‡hvwMZvq
GKm‡½ GKB iKg Rxeb hvcb K‡i|
17| hy³iv‡óªi ¯^vaxbZvi †NvlYvcÎ, 4 RyjvB 1776

†mB cÖvPxb †g‡mvc‡Ugxq kni †_‡K Pxb ev †ivgvb mvgªvR¨Ñ
GB me¸‡jvB ùvwo‡q wQj GK KvíwbK KvVv‡gvi Ici| †hme
173
mvgvwRK ixwZbxwZ †mme RvqMvq Pvjy wQj Zv gvby‡li †fZi †_‡K
¯^Ztù‚Z©fv‡e Av‡mwb, G‡m‡Q †mLv‡b cÖPwjZ wg_¸‡jvi Ici
gvby‡li mw¤§wjZ wek^vm †_‡K|
wg_ Kxfv‡e cy‡iv GKUv mvgªvR¨‡K a‡i iv‡L? Ggb GKUv
D`vniY Avgiv BwZg‡a¨B †c‡qwQÑ wcD‡Rv| BwZnv‡mi me‡P‡q
†ewk cwiwPZ `y‡Uv wg_ †_‡K Gi DËi †LuvRv hvK| GKUv n‡jv
nvgyivwei AvBb, †hUv cÖvPxb e¨vwej‡b †mB 1776 wLªóc~e©v‡ã
jv‡Lv gvby‡li mgvR M‡owQj, Avi AbÜv n‡jv 1776 wLªóv‡ã
¯^vÿwiZ Av‡gwiKvi ¯^vaxbZvi †NvlYv, hv AvRI jvL jvL
Av‡gwiKv‡bi cvi¯úwiK mnvqZvi wfwË wn‡m‡e wU‡K Av‡Q|
1776 wLªóc~e©v‡ã e¨vwejbB wQj c„w_exi e„nËg bMi| Avi
e¨vwejbxq mvgªvR¨ wQj c„w_exi me‡P‡q e‡ov mvgªvR¨, hvi
†jvKmsL¨v wQj 10 jv‡LiI Ic‡i| GjvKvUv wQj
†g‡mvc‡Uwgqv, hvi g‡a¨ wQj AvR‡Ki wmwiqv Avi Biv‡bi wKQz
Ask Avi Biv‡Ki cÖvq cy‡ivUvB| e¨vwej‡bi ivRv‡ì g‡a¨
me‡P‡q †ewk hvi bvg †kvbv hvq, wZwb nvgyivwe| Zuvi GB
L¨vwZi g~j KviY n‡jv Zuvi cÖYxZ AvBb| GB AvBb¸‡jvi g~j
D‡Ïk¨ wQj nvgyivwe‡K GKRb Av`k© ivRv wn‡m‡e cÖwZwôZ
Kiv, e¨vwejbxq mvgªv‡R¨ AvBbMZ mgZv Avbv Avi fwel¨‡Zi
ivRv‡ì Rb¨ GKUv `„óvšÍ †i‡L hvIqv|
D‡Ïk¨ c~iY n‡qwQj| cieZ©x cÖR‡b¥i eyw×Rxex I AwfRvZ
mgvR GUv‡K MÖnY K‡iwQj cÖvq •èevYxi g‡ZvB, Avi Zv‡ì
Abymvixiv nvgyivwei g„Zzï ciI hZw`b mvgªvR¨ wU‡K wQj
ZZw`b GB AvB‡bi Abywjwc •Zwi K‡i †M‡Q| ZvB
†g‡mvc‡Uwgqvi gvby‡li mvgvwRK ixwZbxwZ †evSvi Rb¨
nvgyivwei AvBb GKUv PgrKvi DcKiY|3
nvgyivwei AvB‡bi fvl¨ ïiæ n‡q‡Q †g‡mvc‡Uwgqvi gw›`‡ii
cÖavb †èZv Avby, Gbwjj I gviWy‡Ki (Anu, Enlil and
Marduk) bv‡g, huviv nvgyivwe‡K wbhy³ K‡i‡Qb ÔwePvi cÖwZôv,
`y‡ói `gb I `ye©‡ji Ici me‡ji AZ¨vPvi‡K cÖwZnZ
Ki‡ZÕ|4 Gi c‡iB Av‡Q cÖvq 300wU AvB‡bi ZvwjKv, hvi
174
cÖ‡Z¨KwU‡Z †Kvb Kv‡Ri Rb¨ †Kgb wePvi n‡e Zv wjwce× Kiv
n‡q‡Q| Ggb K‡qKUv AvBb †`Lv hvK :
196| hw` †Kv‡bv DuPz †kÖwYi gvbyl Av‡iK DuPz †kÖwYi gvbyl‡K AÜ K‡i
†`q, Z‡e Zv‡KI AÜ K‡i †Ìqv n‡e|
197| †m hw` †Kv‡bv DuPz †kÖwYi gvby‡li nvo †f‡O †`q, Z‡e ZviI nvo
†f‡O †Ìqv n‡e|
198| †m hw` †Kv‡bv mvaviY gvby‡li †PvL AÜ K‡i †`q ev nvo †f‡O
†`q, Z‡e Zv‡K 60 †k‡Kj iæcv Rwigvbv w`‡Z n‡e|
199| †m hw` Av‡iKRb DuPz †kÖwYi gvby‡li †Kv‡bv `v‡mi †PvL AÜ K‡i
†`q ev nvo †f‡O †`q, Z‡e Zv‡K IB `v‡mi g~‡jï A‡a©‡Ki
mgvb iæcv w`‡Z n‡e|5
209| hw` †Kv‡bv DuPz †kÖwYi gvbyl DuPz †kÖwYi †Kv‡bv bvix‡K AvNvZ K‡i
Ges G‡Z IB bvixi Mf©¯  åƒ‡Yi g„Zz¨ nq, Z‡e Zv‡K 10 †k‡Kj
iæcv ÿwZc~iY w`‡Z n‡e|
210| G‡Z hw` IB bvixi g„Zz¨ nq, Zvn‡j Zvi Kb¨v‡K nZ¨v Kiv n‡e|
211| †m hw` mvaviY †kÖwYi †Kv‡bv bvix‡K AvNvZ K‡i Ges G‡Z IB
bvixi Mf©¯  åƒ‡Yi g„Zz¨ nq, Zvn‡j Zv‡K cuvP †k‡Kj iæcv
ÿwZc~iY w`‡Z n‡e|
212| G‡Z IB bvixi g„Zz¨ n‡j Zv‡K 30 †k‡Kj iæcv Rwigvbv w`‡Z
n‡e|
213| †m hw` †Kv‡bv DuPz †kÖwYi gvby‡li `vmx‡K AvNvZ K‡i Ges G‡Z
IB `vmxi Mf©¯  åƒ‡Yi g„Zz¨ nq, Z‡e Zv‡K 2 †k‡Kj iæcv
ÿwZc~iY w`‡Z n‡e|
214| G‡Z IB `vmxi g„Zz¨ n‡j Zv‡K 20 †k‡Kj iæcv Rwigvbv w`‡Z
n‡e|6
GB ZvwjKvi c‡i nvgyivwe e‡j‡Qb,

ÔG¸‡jvB n‡jv Rxe‡b mZ¨ I mwVK c‡_ Pjvi Rb¨ ivRv
nvgyivwei cÖwZwôZ b¨vqmsMZ wm×všÍ Avwg, gnvb ivRv nvgyivwe,
†mme gvby‡li cÖwZ D`vmxb bB, hv‡ì‡K Avgvi `vwq‡Z¡ †mvc`©
K‡i‡Qb †èZv Gbwjj, Avi hv‡ì c_ †`Lvevi `vwqZ¡ Avgv‡K
w`‡q‡Qb †èZv gviWyK|Õ7
175
nvgyivwei AvBb Abyhvqx e¨vwej‡bi mgvReë¯ v ùvwo‡q
Av‡Q me©Rbxb I wPišÍb Ckîwb‡`©wkZ b¨vqwePv‡ii Ici|
mvgvwRK ¯Íiweb¨vm G AvB‡bi me‡P‡q ¸iæZ¡c~Y© welq| GB
AvBb Abyhvqx gvbyl `yB wj½ I wZb †kÖwY‡Z wef³| †kÖwY wZbwU
n‡jv DuPz †kÖwYi gvbyl, mvaviY gvbyl Avi `vm| wfbœ wfbœ wj½ I
†kÖwYi gvby‡li g~jÏ wfbœ| GKRb mvaviY bvixi Rxe‡bi g~j¨
†hLv‡b 30 †k‡Kj iƒcv, †mLv‡b GKRb `vmxi Rxe‡bi g~j¨ 20
†k‡Kj iæcv| Avevi GKRb mvaviY cyiæ‡li †Pv‡Li g~j¨B 60
†k‡Kj iæcv|
GB AvBb cwiev‡ii †fZ‡iI gvby‡li AwaKviµg wbw`©ó
K‡i †`q| GLv‡b mšÍvb‡ì Avjv`v gvbyl wn‡m‡e bq, eis
Zv‡ì gv-evevi m¤úwË wn‡m‡e we‡ePbv Kiv n‡Zv| G Kvi‡YB,
†Kv‡bv D”PZi gvbyl Av‡iKRb D”PZi gvby‡li †g‡q‡K nZ¨v
Ki‡j kvw¯Í¯îƒc Zvi †g‡q‡KI nZ¨v Kiv n‡Zv| nZ¨vKvix‡K
kvw¯Í bv w`‡q Zvi wbiciva Kb¨v‡K nZ¨v KivUv Avgv‡ì Kv‡Q
LvcQvov g‡b n‡jI nvgyivwe I e¨vwej‡bi evwm›`v‡ì Kv‡Q
GUvB wQj b¨vqmsMZ| nvgyivwei AvBb cÖYq‡bi Av‡M a‡i
†bIqv n‡qwQj †h cÖRviv mevB hw` hvi hvi mvgvwRK Ae¯ vb
†g‡b †bq, Zvn‡jB mvgªv‡Rï jvL jvL Awaevmx‡ì g‡a¨ GKUv
mn‡hvwMZvi m¤úK© •Zwi n‡e| ZLb mgv‡R Lv‡`ï Drcv`b I
eÈb myôz n‡e, kÎæi weiæ‡× cÖwZ‡iva M‡o †Zvjv hv‡e Ges
mvgªvR¨‡K Av‡iv we¯Í…Z K‡i Av‡iv †ewk m¤ú` I wbivcËv
wbwðZ Kiv hv‡e|
nvgyivwei g„Zzï cÖvq 3 nvRvi 500 eQi c‡i, DËi
Av‡gwiKvq weªwUk‡ì †Z‡ivwU Dcwb‡e‡ki gvbyl‡ì g‡b n‡Z
jvMj †h, weªwUk ivRv Zv‡ì cÖwZ mywePvi Ki‡Qb bv| GBme
gvby‡li K‡qKRb gyLcvÎ wdjv‡Wjwdqvq GKÎ n‡jb, Avi
1776 Gi RyjvB‡qi 4 Zvwi‡L †NvlYv Ki‡jb †h GB 13wU
Dcwb‡e‡ki gvbyl Avi weªwUk iv‡Rï cÖRv bq| Zv‡ì
¯^vaxbZvi GB †NvlYv‡ZI wQj me©Rbxb I wPišÍb b¨vqwePv‡ii
K_v, Avi wVK nvgyivwei AvB‡bi g‡ZvB †m¸‡jvI wQj
176
Ckîwb‡`©wkZ| Z‡e Av‡gwiKvi Ck^‡ii cÖ`Ë bxwZ¸‡jv
e¨vwej‡bi Ck^‡ii bxwZ †_‡K wQj wfbœ| Av‡gwiKvi ¯^vaxbZvi
†NvlYv e‡j :
ÔG K_v Avgiv ¯^Ztwm× mZ¨ e‡j a‡i wbw”Q †h, me
gvbyl‡KB m„wó Kiv n‡q‡Q mgvbfv‡e Ges cÖ‡Z¨‡KB m„wóKZ©vi
KvQ †_‡K jvf K‡i‡Q wKQz Awe‡”Q`¨ AwaKvi, hvi g‡a¨ Av‡Q
Rxeb, ¯^vaxbZv Avi my‡Li mvabv|Õ
nvgyivwei AvB‡bi g‡Zv Av‡gwiKvi ¯^vaxbZvi GB
†NvlYvcÎI e‡j †h, GB cweÎ bxwZgvjv †g‡b Pj‡j jv‡Lv
gvby‡li g‡a¨ M‡o DV‡e mn‡hvwMZvi m¤úK©, GKwU b¨vqmsMZ
I cÖMwZkxj mgv‡R Zviv cv‡e wbivc` I kvwšÍc~Y© Rxeb|
nvgyivwei AvB‡bi g‡Zv Av‡gwiKvi ¯^vaxbZvi †NvlYvI ¯ vb-
Kv‡ji mxgv AwZµg K‡i‡QÑ cieZ©x cÖRb¥¸‡jvi Kv‡QI Zv
mgvb MÖnY‡hvM¨| 200 eQ‡iiI †ewk mgq a‡i Av‡gwiKvi
¯‥j
z Mvgx QvÎQvÎxiv GUv wkL‡Q|
cvkvcvwk Zzjbv K‡i †`L‡j GB `y‡Uv wbqgbxwZ Avgv‡ì
wØavq †d‡j †`q| nvgyivwei AvBb I Av‡gwiKvi ¯^vaxbZvi
†NvlYvÑ `y‡UvB wb‡R‡K me©Rbxb I wPišÍb b¨v‡qi c_ e‡j `vwe
K‡i| A_P †hLv‡b Av‡gwiKvi gvby‡liv e‡j me gvbylB mgvb,
†mLv‡b e¨vwej‡bi gvby‡liv Av‡MB ¯^xKvi K‡i wb‡”Q †h me
gvbyl mgvb bq| G‡ÿ‡Î Av‡gwiKvbiv Aek¨B ej‡e ZvivB
wVK, nvgyivwei AvBb wVK bq| GKBfv‡e nvgyivweI ej‡eb
wZwbB wVK, Av‡gwiKvbiv bq| Avm‡j Df‡qB fzj| nvgyivwe I
Av‡gwiKvi cÖwZôvZviv b¨v‡qi me©Rbxb I AcwieZ©bxq wfwË
wn‡m‡e `y‡Uv KvíwbK ev¯ÍeZvi K_v Kíbv K‡iwQ‡jb, hvi
GKwUi wfwË wQj AvwacZ¨ Avi Ab¨wUi wfwË wQj mgZv| wKš‧
ev¯Í‡e GB `yB iKg me©Rbxb bxwZ gvby‡liB gw¯Í®‥cÖm~Z, Gi
m~Pbv nq Zv‡ì Kíbvq, Avi Gme †eu‡P _v‡K Zv‡ì evwb‡q
†Zvjv bvbv KvíwbK MíMv_vi gva¨‡g| Gme ixwZbxwZi Avm‡j
†Kv‡bv e¯‧MZ wfwË †bB|
177
gvbyl‡K D”PZi I mvaviY †kÖwY‡Z fvM Kivi aviYvUv †h
KíbvcÖm~Z, †mUv bv-nq mn‡RB †g‡b †bIqv hvq| wKš‧ Ôme
gvbylB mgvbÕÑ GB K_vUv? Avm‡jB wK me gvbyl mgvb?
gvby‡li Kíbvi evB‡i G‡m †Kv‡bv wbi‡cÿ ev¯Íe wfwËi Ici
me gvbyl‡K mgvb e‡j `vwe Kiv hvq? kvixwiKfv‡eI wK me
gvbyl mgvb nq? Avmyb, Avgiv Av‡gwiKvi ¯^vaxbZvi †NvlYvi
me‡P‡q weL¨vZ jvBbwU‡K RxeweÁv‡bi fvlvq cÖKvk Kivi †Póv
Kwi :
ÔG K_v Avgiv ¯^Ztwm× mZ¨ e‡j a‡i wbw”Q †h, me
gvbyl‡KB m„wó Kiv n‡q‡Q mgvbfv‡e Ges cÖ‡Z¨‡KB m„wóKZ©vi
KvQ †_‡K jvf K‡i‡Q wKQz Awe‡”Q`¨ AwaKvi, hvi g‡a¨ Av‡Q
Rxeb, ¯^vaxbZv Avi myLx nIqvi cÖ‡Póv|Õ
RxeweÁvb e‡j gvby‡li Ôm„wóÕ nqwb, ÔweeZ©bÕ n‡q‡Q| Avi
weeZ©b †gv‡UB mevi Rb¨ mgvb nq bv| mgZvi aviYv m„wóZ‡Ë¡i
m‡½ Awe‡”Q`¨fv‡e Rwo‡q Av‡Q| Av‡gwiKvbiv GB aviYv
†c‡q‡Q wLªóag© †_‡KÑ †hLv‡b ejv nq cÖ‡Z¨K gvbyl cweÎ
AvZ¥vi AwaKvix Ges Ck^‡ii †Pv‡L me AvZ¥vB mgvb| GLb,
Avgiv hw` Ckî, m„wó, AvZ¥vÑ GB wLªóag©xq kã¸‡jv‡K ev`
w`‡q wPšÍv Kwi, Zvn‡j Ôme gvbyl mgvbÕÑ G K_vi A_© Kx
ùvovq? weeZ©b cv_©K¨ •Zwi K‡i, mgZv bq| cÖ‡Z¨K gvby‡li
wfbœ wfbœ wRb ms‡KZ Av‡Q, hv R‡b¥i ci †_‡KB cwi‡e‡ki
Øviv bvbvfv‡e cÖfvweZ nq| Gfv‡eB gvby‡li g‡a¨ bvbv iKg
•ewk‡óï weKvk N‡U Avi Zvi d‡j wU‡K _vKvi m¤¢vebvI nq
G‡KKR‡bi GK G‡KiKg| Kv‡RB Ôme gvbyl‡KB m„wó Kiv
n‡q‡Q mgvbfv‡eÕ bv e‡j ejv DwPZ Ôgvbyl wfbœ wfbœfv‡e
weewZ©Z n‡q‡QÕ|
RxeweÁv‡b †hgb gvby‡li Ôm„wó nIqviÕ K_v †Kv_vI ejv
nqwb, †Zgwb ejv nqwb †Kv‡bv ÔCkîÕ Ges Ck^‡ii KvQ †_‡K
†Kv‡bv wKQz Ôjvf KiviÕ K_vI| †mLv‡b gvbeR‡b¥i †cQ‡b ïay
GKUv cÖwµqvB Pjgvb Av‡Q, Zv n‡jv AÜ-D‡Ïk¨nxb weeZ©b|
178
ZvB Ôm„wóKZ©vi KvQ †_‡K jvf K‡i‡QÕ bv e‡j ejv DwPZ gvbyl
ÔR‡b¥‡QÕ|
GKBfv‡e ejv hvq, RxeweÁv‡b ÔAwaKviÕ e‡jI wKQz †bB|
Av‡Q ïay A½cÖZ¨½, `ÿZv I •ewkó¨| cvwLi Iovi AwaKvi
Av‡Q e‡j †m I‡o bv, cvwL I‡o Zvi Wvbv Av‡Q ZvB| Avi
Gme A½cÖZ¨½, `ÿZv I •ewkóÏ ÔAwe‡”Q`¨Õ bq, KviY
G¸‡jviI cwie¨w³ N‡U, d‡j G‡ì cwieZ©b nq, Avevi KL‡bv
nvwi‡qI hvq, †hgb DUcvwL nvwi‡q‡Q Zvi Iovi ÿgZv|
Kv‡RB ÔAwe‡”Q`¨ AwaKviÕ Gi RvqMvq ejv DwPZ
ÔcwieZ©bkxj •ewkó¨Õ|
GLb, weeZ©‡bi gva¨‡g D™¢‚Z •ewkó¨¸‡jvi w`‡K bRi
†Ìqv hvK| ÔRxebÕ e¨vcviUv wVK Av‡Q, wKš‧ Ô¯^vaxbZvÕ?
RxeweÁv‡b ¯^vaxbZv e‡jI wKQz †bB| mgZv I AwaKv‡ii g‡Zv
¯^vaxbZvI gvby‡li KíbvcÖm~Z GKUv aviYv| RxeweÁv‡bi
`„wó‡Z †`L‡j MYZvwš¿K mgv‡Ri gvby‡liv ¯^vaxb Avi •¯îkvm‡b
_vKv gvby‡liv civaxbÑ GiKg wKQz ejv hvq bv| Avi ÔmyL?Õ
AvR ch©šÍ †Kv‡bv •eÁvwbK M‡elYv my‡Li GKUv cwi®‥vi msÁv
w`‡Z cv‡iwb, wKsev my‡Li Kg‡ewk wba©vi‡Yi †Kv‡bv DcvqI
Lyu‡R cvqwb| M‡elYvq hv cvIqv †M‡Q Zv n‡jv Avb›`, hv‡K
Av‡iv mn‡R msÁvwqZ ev cwigvc Kiv hvq| Kv‡RB ÔRxeb,
¯^vaxbZv Avi myLx nIqvi cÖ‡PóvÕ-Gi e`‡j Avgiv ej‡Z cvwi
ÔRxeb I Avb›`jvfÕ|
Zvn‡j RxeweÁv‡bi †Pv‡L Av‡gwiKvi ¯^vaxbZvi †NvlYvi
Av‡jvP¨ jvBbwU ùvov‡”Q Ggb :
ÔG K_v Avgiv ¯^Ztwm× mZ¨ e‡j a‡i wbw”Q †h, me gvbylB
wfbœ wfbœfv‡e weewZ©Z n‡q‡Q Ges cÖ‡Z¨‡KB R‡b¥‡Q wKQz
cwieZ©bkxj •ewkó¨ wb‡q, hvi g‡a¨ Av‡Q Rxeb I Avb›`jv‡fi
†Póv|Õ
welqwU‡K Gfv‡e †`L‡j mgZv I mgvbvwaKv‡ii c‡ÿi
†jv‡Kiv nq‡Zv †L‡c hv‡eb| ej‡eb, Ôme gvbyl †h
kvixwiKfv‡e mgvb bq Zv †Zv Avgv‡ì RvbvB Av‡Q, wKš‧
179
Avgiv hw` †g‡b wbB †h †fZ‡i †fZ‡i mevB mgvb, Zvn‡j
mevB wg‡j GKUv w¯ wZkxj mgvR M‡o †Zvjv hvq|Õ †m‡ÿ‡Î
Avm‡j Avi wKQz ejvi †bB| GUvB n‡jv GKUz Av‡M ejv †mB
ÔKvíwbK wfwËÕ| ÔmevB mgvbÕÑ GUv a‡i †bIqvi KviY GB bq
†h Zv mZ¨, eis KviYUv n‡jv GB †h GUv †g‡b wb‡j gvby‡li
g‡a¨ mn‡hvwMZvi m¤úK©Uv Av‡iv `„p nq, hv w`‡q GKUv my›ì
mgvR M‡o †Zvjv hvq| GB KvíwbK wfwË †Kv‡bv lohš¿ wKsev
wg‡_¨ †gvn bq, GUv n‡jv A‡bK gvbyl‡K mn‡hvwMZvi m¤ú‡K©
Ave× Kivi GKUv Kvh©Ki Dcvq| Z‡e GUvI g‡b ivL‡Z n‡e
†h, GB GKB iKg hyw³ wKš‧ nvgyivweI Zuvi †kÖwYwef³
mgvReë¯ v‡K mwVK cÖgvY Ki‡Z eënvi Ki‡Z cvi‡Zb|
cÖK…Z wek^vmx
G ch©šÍ c‡o wKQz cvVK wbðqB GKUz b‡oP‡o e‡m‡Qb| GUvB
¯^vfvweK, KviY Avgv‡ì wkÿvB Avgv‡ì Gfv‡e •Zwi K‡i‡Q|
nvgyivwei AvBb‡K wg_ e‡j †g‡b wb‡Z Avgv‡ì †Kv‡bv AvcwË
†bB, wKš‧ me gvby‡li mgvbvwaKvi‡K wg_ wn‡m‡e †g‡b wb‡Z
cvwi bv Avgiv| Avm‡jB, gvbyl hw` eyS‡Z cv‡i †h gvby‡li
mgvbvwaKv‡ii e¨vcviUv Ggb K…wÎg Avi KvíwbK, Zvn‡j †mUv
wK Avgv‡ì GB mgvRKvVv‡gvi cÖwZ GKUv ûgwK n‡q ùvov‡e
bv? Ckî m¤ú‡K© fj‡Zqvi e‡j‡Qb, ÔCkî e‡j †KD †bB, wKš‧
Avgvi PvKi‡K Avevi K_vUv ej‡Z †h‡qv bv, iv‡Zi †ejvq I
e¨vUv hw` Avgv‡K Lyb K‡i †d‡j|Õ wVK GKB iKg K_v nq‡Zv
nvgyivweI ej‡Zb Zuvi †kÖwYwef³ mgvR wb‡q, Avi Av‡gwiKvi
msweav‡bi †jLK _gvm †Rdvimb ej‡Zb gvbevwaKvi wb‡q|
gvKomv, nv‡qbv wKsev wk¤úvwÄi g‡Zv †nv‡gv †mwc‡qÝ
cÖvYxwUiI cÖvK…wZKfv‡e cÖvß we‡kl †Kv‡bv AwaKvi †bB| wKš‧
G K_v †Zv AÜwek^vmx‡ì ejv hv‡e bv, cv‡Q iv‡Z Lyb n‡q
hvB|
180
GiKg Avk¼v Ag~jK bq| cÖvK…wZK m¤úK© n‡jv GKUv
w¯ wZkxj m¤úK©| gvbyl hw` gva¨vKl©‡Yi Aw¯Í‡Z¡ Avi wek^vm bv
K‡i, Zvn‡j Kvj mKvj †_‡K gva¨vKl©Y DavI n‡q hv‡e bv|
Ab¨w`‡K, GKUv K…wÎg k„•Ljve× m¤úK© me mgq †f‡O covi
SzuwKi g‡a¨ _v‡K| KviY, GiKg m¤úK©¸‡jv ùvwo‡q _v‡K wKQz
wg‡_i Ici, Avi wg_¸‡jv wU‡K _v‡K gvby‡li wek^v‡m| G
ai‡bi k„•Ljv wUwK‡q ivLv ixwZg‡Zv kÖgmva¨ KvR| GB k„•Ljv
wUwK‡q ivLvi Rb¨ gvbyl A‡bK mgq mwnsmZvi c_I †e‡Q
†bq| †mbvevwnbx, cywjk, Av`vjZ Avi †RjLvbv¸‡jv gvbyl‡K
GB k„•Ljvq †eu‡a ivL‡Z KvR K‡i hvq wbišÍi| cÖvPxb
e¨vwej‡b †KD KvD‡K AÜ K‡i w`‡j Ô†Pv‡Li e`jv †PvLÕ
bxwZ‡Z Zvi kvw¯Íweavb n‡Zv| Avevi 1860 mv‡j hLb
Av‡gwiKvi †ewkifvM gvbyl eyS‡Z cvij Zv‡ì Avwd«Kvb
`v‡mivI gvbyl Ges gvby‡li me ¯^vaxbZv Zv‡ì RbÏ cÖ‡hvR¨,
ZLb evwK‡ì‡K †mUv †evSv‡Z †Zv ixwZg‡Zv M„nhy×B †e‡a
†Mj|
Z‡e Ggb KvíwbK k„•Ljv wUwK‡q ivL‡Z ïay mwnsmZvB
h‡_ó bq| Gi m‡½ cÖ‡qvRb nq GB k„•Ljvi aviYvq wek^vmx
wKQz AvšÍwiK Abymvix| wcÖÝ U¨vwji¨v‡Ûi K_v aiv hvK| wZwb
Zuvi eY©vX¨ ivR‣bwZK Rxe‡b KvR K‡i‡Qb ivRv †lvok jyB‡qi
Aax‡b, Ask wQ‡jb divwm wecø‡ei, KvR K‡i‡Qb †b‡cvwjq‡bi
Aax‡bI| †kl Rxe‡b Zuvi AvbyMZÜv cybtcÖwZwôZ ivRZ‡š¿i
w`‡KB wQj| K‡qK `kK a‡i miKv‡ii m‡½ Zuvi Kv‡Ri
AwfÁZvi cwiPq cvIqv hvq ZuviB GKwU Dw³ †_‡K,
Ô†e‡qv‡bU w`‡q A‡bK wKQzB Kiv hvq, Z‡e IUvi Ici e‡m
covUv Lye myLKi bq|Õ A‡bK mgq 100 •mwb‡Ki KvR GKRb
hvRK K‡i †dj‡Z cv‡ib A‡bK m¯Ívq Avi mn‡R| Avi
†e‡qv‡bU hZB Kvh©Ki †nvK bv †Kb, IUv eënv‡ii Rb¨ gvbylI
†Zv PvB| •mwbK, Kviviÿx, wePviK Avi cywj‡kiv wK GKUv
KvíwbK k„•Ljv a‡i ivL‡Z †Póv Ki‡e, hw` Zviv wb‡RivB †mUv
wek^vm bv K‡i? gvby‡li hZ iKg †h․_ Kg©KvÐ Av‡Q Zvi g‡a¨
181
me‡P‡q KwVb n‡jv mš¿vm| hw` ewj mgvR‡K k„•Ljve× K‡i
iv‡L †mbvevwnbx, Z‡e m‡½ m‡½B cÖkœ I‡V, †mbvevwnbxi k„•Ljv
wbwðZ K‡i †K? ïay fqfxwZ †`wL‡q cy‡iv GKUv †mbvevwnbx‡K
wbqš¿Y Kiv hvq bv| †mbvevwnbx‡Z k„•Ljv Avb‡Z n‡j evwnbxi
mevB bv †nvK, AšÍZ D”Pc`¯  •mwbK‡ì GKUv wKQzi Ic‡i
wek^vm ivL‡Z nqÑ †mB GKUv wKQz n‡Z cv‡i Ckî, n‡Z cv‡i
gh©v`v, n‡Z cv‡i gvZ…f‚wg, †c․iæl wKsev A_©|
GB mvgvwRK wcivwg‡Wi IciZjvq _vKv †jvK‡ì wb‡q
Av‡iKUv cÖkœ P‡j Av‡m| Zviv wK Ggb GKUv k„•Ljv cÖwZôv
Ki‡Z PvBZ, hw` Zviv wb‡RivB †mUv wek^vm bv KiZ? mevi
cÖ_‡g †h DËiUv gv_vq Av‡m †mUv n‡jv, Zviv Zv‡ì D`vmxb
g‡bi wbZvšÍ e¨w³MZ AvKv•ÿv ev †Lqvj †_‡KB Ggb KvR
K‡i| hwÌ GKRb Awek^vmx, hvi †Kv‡bv wKQz‡ZB wek^vm †bB,
†Kv‡bv wKQzi Rb¨B Zvi e¨w³MZ †Kv‡bv AvKv•ÿv ev †jvf
_vKvi K_v bq| Rxebavi‡Yi Rb¨ Acwinvh© •RweK Pvwn`v¸‡jv
c~iY Kivi Rb¨ GKRb gvby‡li Lye †ewk Kó Kivi ìKvi c‡o
bv| †mme Pvwn`v c~iY n‡j gvbyl UvKv LiP K‡i wcivwgW
evbvq, QzwU‡Z wek^åg‡Y †ei nq, wbe©vPbx cÖPviYvq UvKv Xv‡j,
wcÖq mš¿vmx msMVb‡K UvKv cvVvq, †kqvievRv‡i wewb‡qvM K‡i
Ges Av‡iv Av‡iv UvKv KvgvqÑ G mewKQzB GKRb cÖK…Z †Lqvwj
ev •bivkëv`x gvby‡li Kv‡Q cy‡ivcywi A_©nxb KvR| •bivkëv`x
`k©‡bi RbK weL¨vZ wMÖK `vk©wbK Wv‡qvwRwbm GKwU Kv‡Vi
•Zwi wc‡ci †fZi emevm Ki‡Zb| GKw`b Wv‡qvwRwbm hLb
m~‡h©i Av‡jvq wekÖvg wbw”Q‡jb, weL¨vZ mgªvU Av‡jKRvÛvi Zuvi
Kv‡Q G‡m Dcw¯ Z n‡jb Ges Zuv‡K wRÁvmv Ki‡jb, wZwb
†Kv‡bvfv‡e Wv‡qvwRwb‡mi DcKv‡i Avm‡Z cv‡ib wK bv| DË‡i
•bivkëv`x Wv‡qvwRwbm gnvb mgªvU Av‡jKRvÛvi‡K ej‡jb,
ÔAek¨B cv‡ib| GKUz cv‡k m‡i ùvovb| Avcwb mvg‡b G‡m
ùvov‡bvi Kvi‡Y mKv‡ji †ivÙv wVKg‡Zv Mv‡q jvM‡Q bv|Õ
GB Kvi‡YB A‡bK¸‡jv •bivkëv`x †jvK KL‡bv GKwU
mvgªvR¨ M‡o Zzj‡Z cv‡i bv| mvgvwRK KvVv‡gv ev mvgvwRK
182
¯Íiweb¨vm †Kej ZLbB M‡o I‡V hLb mgv‡Ri AwaKvsk †jvK,
we‡kl K‡i AwfRvZ m¤cÖ`vq Ges wbivcËv iÿvKvix‡ì
AwaKvsk gvbyl †mB ¯Íiweb¨v‡mi KvíwbK ev¯ÍeZvq wek^vm
K‡i| wLªóag© 2 nvRvi eQi wU‡K _vKZ bv hw` AwaKvsk wekc
I ag©hvRK whïwLªó‡K wek^vm bv Ki‡Zb, Av‡gwiKvi MYZš¿
250 eQi a‡i wU‡K _vKZ bv hw` AwaKvsk †cÖwm‡W›U I mvsm`
gvby‡li mgvbvwaKv‡i wek^vm bv Ki‡Zb| eZ©gvb we‡kî
A_©‣bwZK Ae¯ v GK w`bI wUKZ bv, hw` †ewkifvM
wewb‡qvMKvix Ges e¨vsKviiv K¨vwcUvwjRg ev abZ‡š¿ wek^vm bv
Ki‡Zb|
G LuvPv fvOe Avwg †Kgb K‡i

gvbyl‡K Ggb GKUv KvíwbK k„•Ljvq †eu‡a †djvi Dcvq Kx?
Kxfv‡e wLªóag©, MYZš¿ wKsev cyuwRev` mdj n‡jv G Kv‡R?
cÖ_g kZ© n‡jv †Kv‡bvfv‡eB ¯^xKvi Kiv hv‡e bv †h e¨vcviUv
KvíwbK ev Av‡ivwcZ| gvbyl‡K †evSv‡Z n‡e †h, mgvR‡K
wUwK‡q ivLvi Rb¨ Acwinvh© G wbqg¸‡jv gvby‡li •Zwi bq eis
Ckîm„ó cÖvK…wZK wbqg| me gvbyl †h mgvb bq, Zvi KviY GB
bq †h, nvgyivwe Zv e‡j‡Qb, eis Gi KviY n‡jv GUv †èZv
Gbwjj I gviWz‡Ki K_v| Avevi me gvbylB †h mgvb, †mUv
_gvm †Rdvim‡bi K_v bq, Gi KviY Ckî Zv‡ì mgvb K‡iB
m„wó K‡i‡Qb| A¨vWvg w¯§‡_i K_vq gy³evRvi †miv A_©‣bwZK
eë¯ v nqwb, n‡q‡Q cÖK…wZi AcwieZ©bxq wbq‡g|
k„•Ljv •Zwi Kiv Ges eRvq ivLvi Rb¨ Gme k„•Ljvi m‡½
Ckî ev AwZcÖvK…Z kw³‡K m¤ú„³ Kivi cvkvcvwk Gme wbq‡gi
e¨vcv‡i gvbyl‡K wkÿv †ÌqvI cÖ‡qvRb| R‡b¥i cigyn~Z© †_‡K
cÖwZwU e¯‧, cÖwZwU NUbvi g‡a¨ GKRb gvbyl‡K GBme wbq‡gi
K_vUv g‡b Kwi‡q †Ìqv nq| cÖ‡Z¨K iƒcK_vq, bvU‡K, Qwe‡Z,
Mv‡b, mvgvwRK AvPi‡Y, ivR‣bwZK e³…Zvq, ¯ vc‡Z¨,
iÜbc×wZ‡Z, †cvkv‡Ki bKkvq wg‡k _v‡K GB KvíwbK
183
mvgvwRK k„•Ljvi Dcv`vb| †hgbÑ AvR‡Ki w`‡b gvbyl mgZvq
wek^vm K‡i, ZvB kÖwgK‡ì †cvkvK wRbm AvR abx‡ì RbÏ
†KZv`yi¯Í| ga¨hy‡Mi gvbemgvR wQj †kÖwYwef³, ZvB AwfRvZ
cwiev‡ii m`m¨‡ì Mv‡q K…l‡Ki AvjLvjøv DVZ bv KL‡bvB|
†m mgq Ôm¨viÕ wKsev Ôg¨vWvgÕ m‡¤^vab D”Peskxq gvbyl‡ì
Rb¨B eivÏ wQj| AvR †h-†Kv‡bv AvbyôvwbK †hvMv‡hvM ïiæ nq
†mB GKB m‡¤^va‡b|
GB KvíwbK k„•Ljv Kxfv‡e mgv‡Ri me©Î wg‡k Av‡Q,
gvbweK I mvgvwRK weÁv‡bi GKUv e‡ov Ask Ry‡o Av‡Q ZviB
e¨vL¨v| Lye Aí K_vq ej‡Z †M‡j, gvbyl †Kb e¨vcviUv‡K
KvíwbK e‡j ai‡Z cv‡i bv Zvi wZbUv KviY cvIqv hvq|
K| KvíwbK k„•Ljv Avgv‡ì Pvicv‡ki e¯‧MZ c„w_exi i‡Ü«
i‡Ü« wg‡k _v‡K| wRwbmUv KvíwbK Avi Zvi Aw¯ÍZ¡ †Kej
Avgv‡ì Kíbvq, wKš‧ Zvi c‡iI †mUv me e¯‧i g‡a¨ Lye
fv‡jvfv‡e wg‡k †h‡Z cv‡i| eZ©gvb cwðgv †`k¸‡jvi gvbyl
e¨w³¯^vZ‡š¿¨ wek^vmx| Zv‡ì Kv‡Q cÖ‡Z¨K gvbyl †KejB GKRb
¯^Zš¿ e¨w³, hvi mvgvwRK g~j¨ wba©viY K‡i †m wb‡RB| Abïv
Zvi wel‡q Kx fve‡Q Zvi †Kv‡bv f‚wgKv †mLv‡b †bB| cÖwZwU
gvby‡li Kv‡Q Rxe‡bi A_© Zvi wb‡Ri g‡Zv K‡i msÁvwqZ|
cwðgv †`‡ki ¯‥j z ¸‡jvI GKUv wkï‡K †kLvq Zv‡K wb‡q
mncvVx‡ì nvwm-Zvgvkvq Kvb bv w`‡Z|
GB e¨w³¯^vZ‡š¿ï wg_Uv Avgv‡ì Kíbv †_‡K †ewi‡q G‡m
ev¯Íe iƒc wb‡q‡Q Avgv‡ì N‡ii bKkvq| AvR‡Ki w`‡b GKUv
evwo‡Z A‡bK †Qv‡Uv †Qv‡Uv Ni _v‡K| cwiev‡ii cÖ‡Z¨K
wkïm`m¨ wb‡Ri GKUv K‡i Ni cvq †hLv‡b Zvi GK”QÎ
ivRZ¡| A‡bK evwo‡Z Ggb GKUv wkïi c‡ÿ Zvi N‡ii
ìRvUv AvU‡K †Ìqv, GgbwK †fZi †_‡K wQUwKwb jvwM‡q
†ÌqvUvI A¯^vfvweK bq| A‡bK †ÿ‡Î Zvi evev-gv‡KI
ìRvq †UvKv w`‡q AbygwZ wb‡q Zvi N‡i XzK‡Z nq| Ni
mvRv‡bvI nq IB wkïwUi cQ›`g‡Zv| GiKg evwo‡Z Ggb
184
cwi‡e‡k †e‡o IVv †h-†Kv‡bv gvbylB e¨w³mËv-m‡PZb n‡e,
GUvB ¯^vfvweK| Zvi mvgvwRK g~jÏ wbiƒcY Ki‡e †m wb‡RB|
ga¨hy‡Mi AwfRvZ mgv‡R GB e¨w³¯^vZ‡š¿ï aviYvUv wQj
bv| gvby‡li mvgvwRK g~j¨ wba©vwiZ n‡Zv mgv‡R Zvi Ae¯ vb
Avi Zvi m¤ú‡K© Ab¨‡ì aviYv †_‡K| gvby‡li nvwmi cvÎ
nIqvUv wQj Pig AcgvbRbK e¨vcvi| †h-†Kv‡bv g~‡j¨
cwiev‡ii gvb ivL‡Z n‡eÑ GUvB wQj Zv‡ì cvwievwiK wkÿv|
GLbKvi g‡Zv ZL‡bv GB g~j¨‡ev‡ai wb`k©b †`Lv †hZ Zv‡ì
evm¯ vb `yM©¸‡jv‡Z| †mLv‡b †Kv‡bv wkïi GKvi GKUv Ni
_vKvUv wQj weij NUbv| ga¨hy‡Mi †Kv‡bv e¨vi‡bi wK‡kvi †Q‡j
evev-gv‡qi cÖ‡ekvwaKviwenxb wb‡Ri g‡Zv K‡i mvRv‡bv wb‡Ri
N‡ii K_v KíbvI Ki‡Z cviZ bv| Zv‡K _vK‡Z n‡Zv Zvi
mgeqwm †Q‡j‡ì m‡½ †Kv‡bv GKUv e‡ov njN‡i| GKvšÍ
e¨w³MZ ¯ vb ev mgq †Kv‡bvUvB Zvi wQj bv, mviv w`b Zvi
IVvemv wQj Avi `kR‡bi m‡½B| ZvB ïay wb‡Ri K_v fve‡jB
PjZ bv, Abïv Kx †`L‡Q Kx fve‡Q †mUvI Zv‡K gv_vq ivL‡Z
n‡Zv| Gfv‡e †e‡o IVvi Kvi‡YB gvby‡li mvgvwRK g~j¨
wba©vwiZ n‡Zv Zvi mvgvwRK Ae¯ vb I Ab¨‡ì Kv‡Q Zvi
fveg~wZ© †_‡K|8
L| Avgv‡ì Avkv-AvKv•ÿv¸‡jvI •Zwi nq GB KvíwbK
mvgvwRK k„•Ljvi ga¨ w`‡q| †ewkifvM gvbylB Zvi AuvK‡o aiv
wek^vm¸‡jv‡K KvíwbK e‡j gvb‡Z Pvq bv, wKš‧ Zv‡ì Rb¥B nq
GKUv cÖwZwôZ Kíbvi Dcw¯ wZ‡Z| Zvi me Avkv-AvKv•ÿv
M‡o I‡V GB wg_¸‡jv‡K wN‡i| Zvici GKmgq gvby‡li
e¨w³MZ AvKv•ÿv¸‡jvB mgv‡Ri KvíwbK wfwËi iÿK n‡q
ùvovq|
AvR‡Ki cwðgv †`k¸‡jvi gvby‡li g‡bi B”Qv¸‡jv †hfv‡e
M‡o D‡V‡Q Zvi †cQ‡b Av‡Q Zv‡ì K‡qK kZvãx Av‡M †_‡K
•Zwi nIqv •ewPÎ¨wcqvmx, RvZxqZvev`x, cyuwRev`x I gvbweK
wKQz wg_| †hgb, A‡b‡KB Zvi eÜz‡K civgk© †`q, Ôgb hv Pvq
Zv-B K‡ivÕ| wKš‧ Kx PvB‡Z n‡e, Avgv‡ì gb †mB wb‡`©kbv
185
cvq cÖPwjZ kw³kvjx wg_¸‡jvi KvQ †_‡KB| Ôgb hv Pvq Zv-B
K‡ivÕÑ GiKg GKUv wPšÍv Avgv‡ì g‡b †Mu‡_ w`‡q‡Q Ebwesk
kZ‡Ki wKQz •ewPÎ¨wccvmy Avi wesk kZ‡Ki wKQz †fvMev`x
wg_| ÔWv‡qU †KvK LvI| hv gb Pvq K‡ivÕÑ GB †¯øvMvb m‡½
wb‡q †KvKv‡Kvjv †Kv¤úvwb mviv c„w_ex‡Z evRviRvZ K‡i‡Q
Zv‡ì cY¨|
gvby‡li GKvšÍ e¨w³MZ PvIqv¸‡jvI wVK K‡i †`q
Avgv‡ì mgv‡Ri AšÍwb©wnZ GB KvíwbK wfwË| B`vbxs QzwU
KvUv‡bvi GKUv RbwcÖq Dcvq n‡jv †`‡ki evB‡i †Kv_vI
†eov‡Z hvIqv| GUv‡K ¯^vfvweK ev cÖvK…wZK Kg©KvÐ ejvi
†Kv‡bv my‡hvM †bB| GKUv wk¤úvwÄ †Mvôxi cÖavb KL‡bvB
Av‡iKwU †Mvôx‡Z wM‡q Zvi Aemi mgq KvUv‡Z PvB‡e bv|
cÖvPxb wgk‡ii AwfRvZ mgv‡Ri gvbyl wcivwgW evwb‡q wKsev
gwg K‡i g„Z‡`n msiÿ‡Y cÖPzi A_©e¨q K‡i‡Q, wKš‧ †KbvKvUv
Ki‡Z e¨vwej‡b ev w¯‥ Ki‡Z wdwbwkqvq hvqwb| AvR‡Ki w`‡b
gvbyl †h QzwU‡Z cÖPiz UvKv LiP K‡i we‡`k hv‡”Q, Zvi †cQ‡b
Av‡Q •ewPÎ¨wcqvmx, †fvMev`x wg_|
•ewPÎ¨cÖeY GB wg_ gvbyl‡K †evSvq †h Rxeb‡K m¤ú~Y©

Dc‡fvM Ki‡Z PvB‡j Zv‡K hZ †ewk m¤¢e •ewP‡Îï ¯^v` wb‡Z
n‡e| †Lvjv g‡b Zv‡K MÖnY Ki‡Z n‡e me iKg gvbexq
Av‡eM-Abyf‚wZ, •ewPÎ¨gq me m¤úK©, bvbv ¯^v‡ì Lvevi, wewfbœ
my‡ii Mvb| †mUv Kivi GKUv fv‡jv Dcvq n‡jv `~‡i Ggb
†Kv_vI P‡j hvIqvÑ †hLvbKvi ms¯‥…wZ, is-iƒc-¯^v`-MÜ Avi
mvgvwRK ixwZbxwZ euvavaiv Rxeb I cwiwPZ cwi‡ek †_‡K
cy‡ivcywi Avjv`v| ågY †k‡l ÔKxfv‡e GB ågY Rxeb‡K e`‡j
w`jÕÑ GB wk‡ivbv‡gi MíUvI hy³ n‡e •ewPÎ¨cÖeYZvi GB
wg‡_i m‡½|
Gw`‡K †fvMev`x wPšÍvaviv Avgv‡ì †kLvq myLx n‡Z n‡j
Avgv‡ì h_vm¤¢e †ewk cY¨ I †mev †fvM Ki‡Z n‡e| hLbB
†Kv‡bv wKQzi Afve †eva n‡e, ev g‡b n‡e wKQz GKUv wVKg‡Zv
186
Pj‡Q bv, †mUv c~iY Ki‡Z n‡e †Kv‡bv cY¨ ev †mev wK‡b|
†fvM¨cY¨¸‡jv Kxfv‡e Avgv‡ì Rxeb‡K Av‡iv DbœZ K‡i Zvi
eY©bv †Zv †Uwjwfk‡bi c`©vq cÖ‡Z¨K weÁvc‡bB Avgiv †`L‡Z
cvB|
wewPÎ wRwb‡mi ¯^v` MÖn‡Yi cÖ‡qvRbxqZvi GB aviYvi m‡½
Lye PgrKvifv‡e wg‡k hvq †fvMev`x `k©b| •ewPÎ¨cÖeYZv I
†fvMevw`Zv wg‡j m„wó K‡i‡Q GK ÔAwfÁZvi evRviÕ, Avi Zvi
Ic‡i ùvwo‡q Av‡Q eZ©gvb c„w_exi ch©Ubwkí| ch©Ubwkí
wUwKU wewµ K‡i bv, †nv‡U‡ji NiI fvov †`q bv, wewµ K‡i
wbZ¨ bZzb AwfÁZv| G wk‡í c¨vwim †Kv‡bv kni bq, fviZI
†Kv‡bv †`k bq, †KejB AwfÁZvi fvÛvi| AwfÁZv Ggb GK
cY¨, hv †fvM K‡i gvby‡li `„wó cÖmvwiZ nq, gvbyl myLx nq|
GKRb †KvwUcwZ hLb Zvi ¯¿xi m‡½ SMov wgwU‡q †dj‡Z
Zv‡K wb‡q c¨vwi‡m hvq, †m Avm‡j Zvi e¨w³MZ ¯^vaxb
AvKv•ÿv †_‡K hvq bv, hvq GB •ewPÎ¨cÖeYZv I †fvMevw`Zvi
wg‡_i Ici wek^vm †i‡L| Ggb cwiw¯ wZ‡Z cÖvPxb wgk‡ii
†Kv‡bv abx e¨w³ †eov‡Z hvIqvi K_v wPšÍvI KiZ bv, eis
nq‡Zv Zvi ¯¿xi B”Qvbymv‡i Zvi Rb¨ •Zwi KiZ GK weivU
mgvwa¯Í¤¢|
187
18| wMRvi wekvj wcivwgW| cÖvPxb wgk‡ii abx‡ì A_©e¨‡qi GKwU LvZ
wgkixqiv †hgb wcivwgW evwb‡q‡Q, †Zgwb Ab¨vb¨ A‡bK

mf¨Zvi gvbylI Zv‡ì Rxeb DrmM© K‡i‡Q wcivwg‡Wi g‡Zv
wKQz GKUv Mo‡Z| ms¯‥…wZ‡f‡` ïay Zv‡ì bvg, AvKvi Avi
†PnvivB e`jvq| Kv‡iv Rb¨ †mUv nq weivU wcivwgW, Kv‡iv Rb¨
myBwgscyj Avi DVvbmn kn‡i GKUv †QvÆ evwo| wKš‧ mf¨Zvi
Mfx‡i †cÖvw_Z †Kvb wg‡_i cÖfv‡e †mUv Ki‡Q gvbyl, Zvi K_v
KRb Rvb‡Z Pvq?
M| mgv‡Ri GB KvíwbK wfwË wU‡K Av‡Q eû gvby‡li
mvgwóK wek^v‡mi wfwË‡Z| ûU K‡i GKRb cwÐZ gvbyl hw` Lye
†Póv K‡i e¨w³MZfv‡e GBme KvíwbK aviYv †_‡K †ei n‡q
Avm‡ZI cv‡i, Zv‡Z mgv‡Ri wKQzB Avm‡e-hv‡e bv| e‡ov
†Kv‡bv cwieZ©b Avb‡Z n‡j Av‡iv jvL jvL gvbyl‡K †mUv
†evSv‡Z n‡e| G Kvi‡YB GB KvíwbK wfwË †Kv‡bv e¨w³MZ
welq bq, eis GKwU AvšÍe©¨w³K welq|
188
e¨vcviUv fv‡jvfv‡e eyS‡Z n‡j Av‡M Avgv‡ì Ô‣be©¨w³KÕ
(Objective), Ôe¨w³KÕ (Subjective) I ÔAvšÍe©¨w³KÕ (Inter-
subjective)Ñ GB wZbwU kã I Zv‡ì cv_©K¨ Rvb‡Z n‡e|
•be©¨w³K NUbv¸‡jv gvby‡li wPšÍv ev wek^v‡mi Ici
wbf©ikxj bq| D`vniY wn‡m‡e †ZRw¯…qZvi K_v ejv hvq|
†ZRw¯…qZv †Kv‡bv wg_ bq| gvbyl †ZRw¯…qZv Avwe®‥v‡ii
Av‡MI †ZRw¯…q wewKiY wQj| GB wewKiY gvby‡li Rb¨ †ek
wec¾bK, gvbyl †mUv RvbyK ev bv-B RvbyK| †ZRw¯…qZvi
Avwe®‥viK †gwi Kzwi my`xN© mgq †ZRw¯…q c`v_© wb‡q KvR
Ki‡jI wZwb Rvb‡Zb bv GUv Zuvi kvixwiK ÿwZi KviY n‡Z
cv‡i| †ZRw¯…qZv g„Zz¨ NUv‡Z cv‡iÑ G K_vq wZwb wek^vm bv
Ki‡jI Zuvi g„Zz¨ nq A¨vcøvw÷K A¨vwbwgqv †iv‡M, hvi KviY
wQj AwZwi³ †ZRw¯…q wewKiY|
e¨w³K welq¸‡jv e¨w³wbf©i| G¸‡jv wbf©i K‡i GKRb
e¨w³i wPšÍvaviv I wek^v‡mi Ici| wek^vm cwieZ©b n‡j GB
e¨w³K aviYv¸‡jvI wejyß nq| A‡bK wkïi gy‡LB KvíwbK
eÜzi K_v †kvbv hvq †h eÜz Zvi m‡½ †L‡j wKsev K_v e‡j|
evwK me gvby‡li Kv‡Q Zvi †Kv‡bv Aw¯ÍZ¡ †bB| KviY †mB eÜzi
Aw¯ÍZ¡ Av‡Q †Kej IB wkïwUi Kíbvi RM‡Z, †h RMr Zvi
GKvšÍB e¨w³MZ| wkïwU e‡ov nIqvi m‡½ m‡½ Zvi GB
wek^vmI nvwi‡q hvq, m‡½ nvwi‡q hvq †mB KvíwbK eÜzI|
AvšÍe¨© w³K welq¸‡jvI wek^vmwbf©i, wKš‧ GKRb e¨w³i
Ici wbf©ikxj bq| G¸‡jv wU‡K _v‡K GKB m‡½ A‡bK
gvby‡li wek^v‡m I Zv‡ì m¤ú‡K©| G‡ÿ‡Î hw` †mB A‡bK
gvby‡li GKR‡bi wek^vm cwieZ©b nq, wKsev GKRb hw` gvivI
hvq, Zey Zv‡Z IB mw¤§wjZ wek^v‡mi wKQz hvq-Av‡m bv, †mUv
wU‡K _v‡K Av‡Mi g‡ZvB| wKš‧ hw` IB wek^v‡mi Abymvix
†ewkifvM †jvK gviv hvq ev wek^vm cwieZ©b K‡i, Z‡e IB
aviYvq cwieZ©b Avm‡Z cv‡i, GgbwK †mUv wejyßI n‡q †h‡Z
cv‡i| G¸‡jv †Kv‡bv ¯^v_© nvwm‡ji Rb¨ ejv wg‡_¨ ev iƒcK_vi
g‡Zv wKQz bq| G¸‡jvi Aw¯ÍZ¡ wVK •be©¨w³K aviYv¸‡jvi g‡Zv
189
¯úó bv n‡jI gvbemgv‡R G¸‡jvi cÖfve e¨vcK|
gvbemgvR‡K GwM‡q †bIqvi c‡_ hv-wKQz PvwjKvkw³ wn‡m‡e
KvR K‡i‡Q, Zvi g‡a¨ A‡bK¸‡jvB AvšÍe¨© w³K| AvBb, A_©,
Ckî I RvwZi g‡Zv aviYv¸‡jv Gi g‡a¨B c‡o|
AveviI wcD‡Rvi D`vni‡Y wd‡i hvB| wcD‡Rv ïay Zvi
cÖavb wbe©vnx Kg©KZ©vi Kíbvi dmj bq| wcD‡Rvi Aw¯ÍZ¡ wU‡K
Av‡Q AmsL¨ gvby‡li Kíbvq| GB cÖwZôvbwUi Aw¯Í‡Z¡ wek^vm
K‡ib Zvi cÖavb wbe©vnx Kg©KZ©v| wZwb wek^vm K‡ib KviY Zuvi
m‡½ GB aviYvq wek^vm K‡i G cÖwZôv‡bi cwiPvjbv cl©`,
cÖwZôv‡bi DwKj, e¨vs‡Ki Kg©Pvixiv, †kqvievRv‡ii †jv‡Kiv
Avi d«vÝ †_‡K A‡÷ªwjqv ch©šÍ bvbvb †`‡ki Mvwo eëmvqxiv|
GKw`b nVvr K‡iB hw` cÖavb wbe©vnx Kg©KZ©v e‡j e‡mb †h
wcD‡Rvi Aw¯Í‡Z¡ wZwb Avi wek^vm K‡ib bv, m¤¢eZ ciw`bB
wZwb wb‡R‡K †`L‡eb wbKU¯  cvMjvMvi‡`, Avi Zuvi Awd‡mi
†Pqv‡i †`L‡eb Ab¨ KvD‡K|
GKBfv‡e ejv hvq, Wjvi, gvbevwaKvi Ges Av‡gwiKv
hy³iv‡óªi Aw¯ÍZ¡ Av‡Q †KvwU †KvwU gvby‡li wek^v‡m| †m Kvi‡Y
†Kv‡bv GKRb gvby‡li Awek^v‡m Gm‡ei Aw¯ÍZ¡ wejxb nIqvi
m¤¢vebv †bB| G¸‡jv AvšÍe¨© w³K welq, ZvB G¸‡jv‡K cvj‡U
w`‡Z n‡j AmsL¨ gvby‡li wek^vm I wPšÍvavivq cwieZ©b Avb‡Z
n‡e| e¨vcviUv †gv‡UB mnR bq, Avi GKRb e¨w³i c‡ÿ Zv
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ai‡bi cÖwZôvb Mo‡Z n‡j A‡bKRb gvbyl‡K GB cwieZ©‡bi
Rb¨ ci¯úi‡K mn‡hvwMZv Ki‡Z DØy× Ki‡Z n‡e| Avi †mUv
ZLbB m¤¢e n‡e hLb Zviv bZzb †Kv‡bv wg‡_i Ici Zv‡ì
mw¤§wjZ wek^vm ¯ vcb Ki‡e| Zvn‡j e¨vcviUv ùvov‡”Q Ggb,
mgv‡Ri GKUv KvíwbK wfwË cvj‡U w`‡Z n‡j †mLv‡b Av‡iKUv
KvíwbK wfwË cÖwZôv Ki‡Z n‡e|
190
wcD‡Rv‡K wbg©~j Ki‡Z n‡j Zvi †P‡q kw³kvjx wKQz
cÖ‡qvRb, †mUv n‡Z cv‡i d«v‡Ýi AvBbeë¯ v| d«v‡Ýi AvBb‡K
AKvh©Ki Ki‡Z cv‡i Av‡iv e‡ov wKQz, †hgb d«vÝ ivóªwU ¯^qs|
Avi d«vÝ bvgK ivóªwU‡KB Avgiv hw` A¯^xKvi Ki‡Z PvB?
Zvn‡j Avgv‡ì wek^vm Ki‡Z n‡e Av‡iv e‡ov, Av‡iv kw³kvjx
†Kv‡bv aviYvq|
GB mw¤§wjZ Kíbv I wek^v‡mi nvZ †_‡K gvby‡li gyw³
†bB| GB wek^v‡mi LuvPvi Miv` †K‡U hZeviB Avgiv Qz‡U hve
gyw³i Avkvq, ZZeviB Avgv‡ì c_‡iva Ki‡e Av‡iv e‡ov
†Kv‡bv LuvPvi A`„k¨ †Ìqvj|
191
Aa¨vq 7
¯§„wZ DcPv‡bv Z_¨
cÖvK…wZK weeZ©b GKRb gvbyl‡K Rb¥ †_‡K dzUejvi K‡i M‡o
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•Zwi K‡i weeZ©b| †h KbyB w`‡q cÖwZc‡ÿi †L‡jvqvo‡K ¸u‡Zv
†g‡i Avcwb njy` KvW© cvb †m k³ KbyB‡qi †cQ‡b Ae`vb
weeZ©‡bi| †h gyL w`‡q Ab¨ †L‡jvqvo‡K Mvwj †`b weeZ©bB Zv
ax‡i ax‡i •Zwi K‡i‡Q| wKš‧ weeZ©‡bi GZme Dcnvi
e‡ov‡Rvi Avgv‡ì GKv GKv duvKv GKUv †Mvjev‡i †cbvwë
wKK Kivi my‡hvMUzKzB K‡i w`‡Z cv‡i| GKUv mwZ¨Kv‡ii
dzUej g¨vP †Lj‡Z n‡j Avcbv‡K we‡Kj‡ejv ¯‥‡z ji gv‡V
A‡Pbv wKQz gvbyl‡K †Ljvi m½x K‡i wb‡Z n‡e| cvkvcvwk
GUvI wbwðZ Ki‡Z n‡e †h `yB c‡ÿi me †L‡jvqv‡oB †hb
GKB wbqg †g‡b P‡j| †hme wnsmª cÖvYx A‡Pbv wKQz †`L‡jB
AvµgYvZ¥K fw½‡Z †Z‡o Av‡m, Zviv Zv‡ì Rb¥MZ ¯^fve
†_‡KB †mUv K‡i| KzKz‡ii Qvbv me †`‡kB me RvqMv‡ZB GKB
Kvq`vq wb‡R‡ì g‡a¨ gvivgvwi, LybmywU Ki‡Z _v‡KÑ KviY
†mUv Zv‡ì wRbMZ ms‡K‡Z wjwce× Kiv _v‡K| wKš‧ wK‡kvi
GKUv †Q‡ji wR‡b dzUej †Ljvi wbqgKvbyb wjwce× _v‡K bv|
Zvi ciI Zviv A‡Pbv †Q‡j‡ì m‡½ dzUej †Lj‡Z cv‡i, KviY
Zviv mevB dzUej †Ljvi GKB wbqgKvbyb wk‡L‡Q|
wbqgKvby‡bi cy‡ivUvB gvby‡li Kíbv †_‡K evbv‡bv, wKš‧ †mUv
mevB Rv‡b Ges gv‡b e‡jB mK‡j wg‡j GKm‡½ †Ljvayjv Kiv
m¤¢e nq|
192
ïay GKUv ¸iæZ¡c~Y© ZdvZ ev` w`‡j dzUej `‡ji g‡Zv
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e‡ov e‡ov gvbemsMV‡bi †ÿ‡ÎI cÖ‡hvR¨| Avgv‡ì wkKvwi
c~e©cyiæl‡ì †hgb GKwU †Mvôx‡Z ev †Qv‡Uv GKwU MÖv‡g evm
Ki‡Z Aí wKQz mij Ges mywbw`©ó wbqg gvb‡Z n‡Zv, dzUej
†Ljvi wbqg¸‡jvI A‡bKUv Zvi mgZzj¨| cÖ‡Z¨K †L‡jvqvoB
†Ljvi me¸‡jv wbqg g‡b ivLvi cvkvcvwk Mvb, Qwe ev evRv‡ii
d`©I g‡b ivL‡Z cv‡i| wKš‧ e‡ov e‡ov gvbe-cÖwZôvb¸‡jv‡K
nvRvi nvRvi GgbwK jvL jvL gvbyl‡K GKm‡½ wb‡q KvR
Ki‡Z nq| Zv‡ì‡K A‡bK A‡bK Z_¨ Ges wbqgKvbyb Rgv
ivL‡Z nq| GZ Z_¨ Ges wbqgKvbyb g‡b ivLv Ges †mme
cÖ‡qvM Kivi g‡Zv ÿgZv GKRb gvby‡li gw¯Í‡®‥ _v‡K bv|
gvbyl Qvov Ab¨ †hme cÖvYx e‡ov e‡ov `j †eu‡a _v‡K
(†hgb, wcucov I †g․gvwQ), Zv‡ì `j¸‡jv A‡cÿvK…Z ¯ vqx I
bgbxq| Gi KviY n‡jv `je× n‡q _vKevi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq me
wbqgKvbyb mivmwi Zv‡ì wR‡bv‡g wjwce× Kiv Av‡Q|
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†Ìqv n‡”Q, Zvi Ici| e‡ov nIqvi ci mgv‡R `vwqZ¡ Abyhvqx
Zvi AvPvi-AvPiY †Kgb n‡e †mmeI Zvi wWGbG‡ZB mivmwi
†jLv _v‡K| †g․gvwQ‡ì mvgvwRK KvVv‡gvI gvby‡li g‡ZvB †ek
RwUj n‡Z cv‡i| †mLv‡b bvbv ai‡bi Kg©x †g․gvwQ _vK‡Z
cv‡iÑ Lv`¨ msMÖvnK Kg©x, †mweKv Kg©x, cwi”QbœZv Kg©x BZ¨vw`|
wKš‧, M‡elKiv †g․gvwQ mgv‡R GLb ch©šÍ †Kv‡bv ÔAvBbRxexÕ
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`vwqZ¡ me wWGbG‡Z †jLv _v‡K, †g․gvwQ‡ì mgv‡R DwK‡ji
ìKvi †bB| Zv‡ì mgv‡R Kv‡iv Ô†g․gvwQ msweavbÕ fz‡j
hvIqvi ev Agvb¨ Kivi m¤¢vebvI †bB| ivwb †g․gvwQiv KL‡bv
cwi”QbœZvi Kv‡R wb‡qvwRZ †g․gvwQi KvQ †_‡K lohš¿ K‡i
Lvevi †K‡o †bq bv Ges Kg©x †g․gvwQivI KL‡bv †eZb
evov‡bvi Rb¨ niZvj Ae‡iva K‡i bv|
193
gRvi e¨vcvi n‡jv, gvby‡li mgv‡R wKš‧ GiKg Awbqg
AninB N‡U _v‡K| KviY wn‡m‡e ejv hvq, gvbyl Zv‡ì
KíbvcÖm~Z Gme mvgvwRK KvVv‡gvi aviYv PvB‡jB Zv‡ì
wWGbG‡Z wjwce× K‡i cvKvcvwKfv‡e Zv‡ì cieZ©x cÖR‡b¥
¯ vbvšÍi Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| gvby‡li mgv‡Ri AvBbKvbyb, mvgvwRK
AvPiY, wewaweav‡bi meUzKzB cÖ‡Z¨K gvbewkï‡K R‡b¥i ci
†_‡KB GKwU m‡PZb cÖ‡Póvi ga¨ w`‡q wkL‡Z nq| G †kLvi
e¨vcviUv bv _vK‡j gvby‡li †h-†Kv‡bv mvgvwRK KvVv‡gv †f‡O
co‡Z eva¨| D`vniY¯îƒc, e¨vwej‡bi ivRv nvgyivwei
(kvmbKvj AvbygvwbK wLªóc~e© 1792 mvj †_‡K 1750) K_v aiv
hvK| Zvi Rvwi Kiv weavb Abyhvqx, mgv‡Ri gvbyl wZbwU ¯Í‡i
wef³Ñ AwfRvZ gvbyl, mvaviY gvbyl I `vm| †g․gvwQi
mgv‡Ri ¯Íiweb¨v‡mi g‡Zv GB ¯Íiweb¨vm cÖvK…wZKfv‡e m„ó bq
A_©vr gvby‡li wR‡b GiKg †Kv‡bv ¯Íiweb¨v‡mi K_v †jLv †bB|
hw` e¨vwej‡bi †jvKRb wb‡R †_‡K GB ¯Íiweb¨v‡mi wbqg g‡b bv
ivLZ, Zvn‡j Zv‡ì ZrKvjxb mvgvwRK KvVv‡gv wU‡K _vKvB
Am¤¢e n‡q †hZ| hLb ivRv nvgyivwei wWGbG Zvi cieZ©x
cÖR‡b¥i Kv‡Q †Mj, Zv‡ZI wKš‧ ivRv nvgyivwei iv‡Rï wewaweavb
wjwce× wQj bv| Ôhw` GKRb AwfRvZ †kÖwYi gvbyl GKRb
mvaviY †kÖwYi bvix‡K nZ¨v K‡ib, Zvn‡j nZ¨vKvix‡K 30wU
iæcvi gy`ªv Rwigvbv wn‡m‡e w`‡Z n‡eÕÑ GiKg AvBb wWGbG‡Z
wjwce× Kiv m¤¢e wQj bv| nvgyivwe‡K Kó K‡i Gme AvBbKvbyb
Zvi †Q‡j‡g‡q‡ì †kLv‡Z n‡q‡Q, Zviv Avevi wkwL‡q‡Q Zv‡ì
mšÍvb‡ì| AvBbKvbyb¸‡jv wUwK‡q ivLvi Rb¨ Zvi
eskai‡ì‡KI cÖRb¥ †_‡K cÖR‡b¥ GB †kLv‡bvi cÖwµqv Pvwj‡q
†h‡Z n‡q‡Q|
GKUv mvgªvR¨‡K wU‡K _vK‡Z n‡j, Zvi A‡bK iKg Z‡_ï
ìKvi nq| AvBbKvbyb QvovI, mvgªvR¨¸‡jv‡K mevi
UvKvcqmvi †jb‡`b, LvRbv, cÖwZiÿv evwnbxi A¯¿ I
†Mvjveviæ‡ì gRyZ, ewYK‡ì RvnvR, Drme-cve©Y I hy× R‡qi
w`bÿ‡Yi wnmve ivL‡Z nq| jvL jvL eQi a‡i gvbyl Zvi
194
gw¯Í‡®‥ Gme Z_¨ Rgv ivLZ| `ytLRbK e¨vcvi n‡jv, cÖavbZ
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Z_¨ Rgv ivLvi Rb¨ Dchy³ bq|
cÖ_gZ, gw¯Í‡®‥i aviYÿgZv mxgve×| G K_v mwZ¨, wKQz
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†f․‡MvwjK LyuwUbvwU Ges iv‡Rï mg¯Í iKg AvBbKvbyb
wbLyuZfv‡e g‡b ivLevi Rb¨B PvKwi‡Z wb‡qvM †Ìqv n‡Zv|
wKš‧, AmvaviY ¯§„wZkw³avix gvbyl‡ìI g‡b ivLvi GKUv
m‡e©v”P mxgv Av‡Q| GKRb AvBbRxexi c‡ÿ nq‡Zv
g¨vmvPz‡mUm iv‡Rï eZ©gvb me AvBbKvbyb gyL¯  ivLv m¤¢e,
wKš‧ 1692-1693 mv‡j NUv mv‡j‡gi WvwKbx‡ì wePv‡ii
(Salem Witch Trial) ci †_‡K my`xN© wZb kZvãx a‡i
g¨vmvPz‡mUm iv‡óª †Kvb AvBb Kx Ae¯ vq cÖYxZ n‡q‡Q ev †Kvb
AvBb cÖeZ©‡bi cwi‡cÖwÿZ Kx wQj †mm‡ei mg¯Í LyuwUbvwU g‡b
ivLv Zvi c‡ÿ G‡Kev‡iB Am¤¢e|
wØZxqZ, gvbyl giYkxj| gvbyl gviv hvIqvi m‡½ m‡½ Zvi
gw¯Í‡®‥iI g„Zz¨ N‡U| GKUv gvby‡li Mo Avqy †h‡nZz 100
eQ‡iiI Kg, myZivs GKUv gw¯Í‡®‥ Rgv ivLv me Z_¨ 100
eQ‡ii Av‡MB gy‡Q hv‡e, GUv †gvUvgywU wbwðZ| G K_v wVK,
gvbyl Zvi gw¯Í‡®‥ Rgv‡bv Z_¨ K_vevZ©v, AvKvi-Bw½Z ev
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ejvi ÎæwU, †kvbvi ÎæwU, Awfb‡qi ÎæwU, Awfb‡qi A_© †evSvi
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gw¯Í‡®‥ Z_¨ cvVv‡j Zvi A_© A‡bKUvB cvj‡U hvq Ges A‡bK
mgqB g~j A_© cy‡ivcywi nvwi‡q hvq|
Z…Zxq Ges me‡P‡q ¸iæZ¡c~Y© KviYwU n‡jv, gvby‡li gw¯Í®‥
†Kej wKQz we‡kl ai‡bi Z_¨ Rgv Kiv Ges †mme wb‡q KvR
Kivi Rb¨B hyM hyM a‡i weewZ©Z n‡q‡Q| gvby‡li c~e©cyiæl‡ì‡K
195
Zv‡ì Aw¯Í‡Z¡i AwaKvsk mgq KvUv‡Z n‡q‡Q wkKvwi-msMÖvnK
wn‡m‡e| GB cy‡iv mgqUv‡Z wU‡K _vKvi Rb¨ Zv‡ì‡K nvRvi
nvRvi MvQcvjv Ges cÖvYxi AvKvi-AvK…wZ, •ewkó¨ I
¸Yv¸YwelqK Z_¨ g‡b ivL‡Z n‡q‡Q| Zv‡ì g‡b ivL‡Z n‡q‡Q,
†ngšÍKv‡j Gjg (Elm) Mv‡Qi wb‡P Rb¥v‡bv †KuvKov‡bv njy`
i‡Oi gvkiæg welv³ nIqvi Avk¼v †ewk Ges kxZKv‡j IK
(Oak) Mv‡Qi wb‡P Rb¥v‡bv IB GKB ai‡bi gvkiæg †cUe¨_vi
g‡n․la| wkKvwi-msMÖvnK‡ì‡K Zv‡ì †Mv‡Îi Ab¨vb¨
gvbyl¸‡jvi wPšÍvfvebv Ges Zv‡ì cvi¯úwiK m¤ú‡K©i e¨vcviUvI
me mgq gv_vq ivL‡Z n‡Zv| iv¾vK hw` kvevbv‡K Lye DË¨³
KiZ Ges iv¾v‡Ki weiw³Ki AvPiY †_‡K gyw³ cvIqvi Rb¨
kvevbvi hw` Z…Zxq Kv‡iv mvnv‡hï ìKvi coZ, Zvn‡j kvevbvi
Rb¨ GB K_vUv Rvbv Riæwi wQj †h, iv¾v‡Ki m‡½ MZ mßvn
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iv¾vK‡K jvB‡b Avbvi e¨vcv‡i kvevbv‡K mvnvh¨ Ki‡Z mvb‡›`
Ges Drmv‡ni m‡½ ivwR n‡Zv| GK K_vq ejv hvq, weeZ©bxq
PvcB gvbyl‡K Dw™¢`, cÖvYx, Pvicv‡ki cÖK…wZ Ges mvgvwRK m¤úK©
Gme m¤^‡Ü wecyj cwigvY Z_¨ Zvi gw¯Í‡®‥ Rgv ivL‡Z eva¨
K‡iwQj|
K…wlwfwËK wecø‡ei ci †_‡K gvbyl A‡cÿvK…Z e‡ov Ges
RwUj ai‡bi mgvR MVb Ki‡Z ïiæ Kij Ges GB bZzb ai‡bi
mgv‡R m¤ú~Y© bZzb GKai‡bi Z_¨ Rgv ivLv gvby‡li Rb¨
AZ¨šÍ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© n‡q DVj| †mUv n‡jv ÔmsL¨vÕ| wkKvwi-
msMÖvnK‡ì KL‡bvB MvwYwZK Z_¨ Rgv ivLvi †Zgb ìKvi
c‡owb| D`vniY¯îƒc, †Kvb Mv‡Q KqUv Avg aij Zvi
wnmvewbKvk †Kv‡bv wkKvwi-msMÖvnKB ivLZ bv| GBme Kvi‡Y
GZKvj a‡i gvby‡li gw¯Í®‥ KL‡bvB MvwYwZK Z_¨ g‡b ivLv ev
m~² wnmvewbKvk Kivi Rb¨ weewZ©Z nqwb| A_P, GKwU e‡ov
ivR¨ cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ MvwYwZK Z_¨ wQj Acwinvh©| ïay
AvBbKvbyb cÖYqb Ges †è‡èx‡ì M‡í gvby‡li wek^vm •Zwi
KivB GKwU ivR¨ kvm‡bi Rb¨ h‡_ó wQj bv| ivR¨ Pvjv‡Z
196
†M‡j Ki Av`vq Ki‡Z n‡Zv| iv‡Rï nvRvi nvRvi gvby‡li
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mevi †eZb Ges m¤úwËi cwigvY, iv‡Rï LiPvcvwZ, Rwigvbv,
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Z_¨vw` Rgv ivLvi ìKvi n‡Zv| GKUv iv‡Rï wU‡K _vKvi
Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq GBme Z‡_ï cwigvY wQj wekvj| GB wekvj
cwigvY Z_¨ Rgv ivL‡Z bv cvi‡j Ges †mme wb‡q KvR Ki‡Z
bv cvi‡j GKUv iv‡Rï c‡ÿ †Kv‡bvfv‡eB Rvbv m¤¢e wQj bv †h
Zvi Kx Kx m¤ú` Av‡Q Ges fwel¨‡Z Zvi c‡ÿ Av‡iv Kx Kx
m¤ú` AvniY Kiv m¤¢e| gvby‡li gw¯Í®‥ GZme msL¨vm~PK Z_¨
g‡b ivLvi Dc‡hvMx wQj bv| wKš‧ GKmgq nVvr K‡iB Gme
Z_¨ gyL¯  Kiv, g‡b ivLv Ges •`bw›`b Rxe‡b eënvi Kiv
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GB wekvj cwigvY msL¨vwbf©i Z_¨ †hb cÖev‡ì †mB KuvKz‡oi
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msL¨vm~PK Z_¨ g‡b ivLvi e¨vcv‡i gvby‡li gw¯Í‡®‥i GB
mxgve×Zv `xN©Kvj gvbyl‡K A‡bK e‡ov Ges RwUj ai‡bi †Kv‡bv
gvbemsMVb MVb Ki‡Z †`qwb| gvby‡li †Kv‡bv GKwU we‡kl `j
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ch©v‡jvPbv Kivi ìKvi coZ| †h‡nZz gvby‡li gw¯Í®‥ GB KvRUv
Ki‡Z cviZ bv, myZivs †mB we‡kl `j ev †Mvôx GKmgq †f‡O
coZ| †mB Kvi‡YB, K…wlwecø‡ei nvRvi nvRvi eQi c‡iI
gvby‡li mvgvwRK cÖwZôvb¸‡jvi AvKvi wQj A‡cÿvK…Z †Qv‡Uv
Ges mij|
GB mgm¨vi cÖ_g mgvavb †ei K‡iwQj `wÿY
†g‡mvc‡Uwgqvi Awaevmx cÖvPxb my‡gixqiv| †mLv‡b De©i
Kv`vgvwU‡K wP‡i †djv Zß m~‡h©i Av‡jv e‡q AvbZ ch©vß
dm‡ji mgv‡ivn| Avi GB dm‡ji mgv‡ivn †mLv‡b •Zwi Kij
mg„× bMi| bMievmxi msL¨v hZB evo‡Z _vKj, Zv‡ì
197
•`bw›`b Kvh©Kjvc myôzfv‡e cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq MvwYwZK
Z‡_ï cwigvYI evo‡Z _vKj| GB mgm¨vi mgvavb Ki‡Z
AvbygvwbK wLªóc~e© 3500 †_‡K 3000 A‡ãi g‡a¨ wKQz bvg-bv-
Rvbv my‡gixq cwÐZ MvwYwZK Z_¨ Rgv ivLvi GKUv Dcvq †ei
Ki‡jb| Zuv‡ì wb‡R‡ì D™¢vweZ GB c×wZi g~j jÿ¨ wQj
A‡bK †ewk cwigvY MvwYwZK Z_¨ msiÿY Ki‡Z cviv| Gi
gva¨‡g my‡gixqiv cÖ_g e‡ov e‡ov mgvRKvVv‡gv •Zwii e¨vcv‡i
gvbegw¯Í‡®‥i Z_¨ Rgv ivLvi mxgve×Zv †_‡K gy³ n‡jv| •Zwi
n‡Z jvMj kni, ivR¨ I mvgªvR¨| gvbegw¯Í‡®‥i evB‡i Z_¨
msMÖn I ch©v‡jvPbvi Rb¨ my‡gixqiv †h c×wZi D™¢e NUvq, Zvi
bvg wQjÑ Ô†jLbxÕ|
mZ¨vwqZ, ÔKzwkgÕ
†jLbx n‡jv e¯‧RM‡Zi wKQz cÖZxK ev wP‡ýi gva¨‡g Z_¨ Rgv
ivLvi GKwU c×wZ| my‡gixqiv Kv`vgvwUi dj‡K Zv‡ì
cÖ‡qvRbxq Z_¨vw` wjwce× K‡i ivLZ| Zv‡ì eY©gvjv •Zwi
n‡qwQj `yB ai‡bi cÖZxK ev wP‡ýi mgš^‡q| GKai‡bi wPý
msL¨v †evSv‡Z eëüZ n‡Zv| 1, 10, 60, 600, 3600 GB
msL¨v¸‡jvi Rb¨ Zv‡ì eY©gvjvq Avjv`v Avjv`v cÖZxK ev wPý
wQj (GLv‡b Rvwb‡q ivLv ìKvi, my‡gixqiv 6wfwËK Ges
10wfwËK msL¨vi mgwš^Z GKUv msL¨vc×wZ eënvi KiZ|
m¤¢eZ Zv‡ì 6wfwËK msL¨v eë¯ v †_‡K AbycvÖ wYZ n‡q
cieZ©xKv‡ji gvbylRb GKwU w`b‡K 24 NÈvq fvM Kivi ev
GKwU e„Ë‡K 360 wWwMÖ‡Z fvM Kivi aviYv cvq)| Ab¨ Av‡iK
ai‡bi cÖZxK ev wPý w`‡q Zviv gvbyl, cïcvwL, †Kbv‡ePvi
cY¨, iv‡Rï mxgvbv, w`b-ZvwiL Gme Z_¨ Rgv ivLZ| GB `yB
ai‡bi wPý w`‡q •Zwi Kiv wjLb c×wZi mvnv‡h¨ my‡gixqiv †h-
†Kv‡bv gvbegw¯Í®‥ ev †h-†Kv‡bv gvby‡li wWGbGi †_‡K A‡bK
†ewk cwigvY Z_¨ Rgv Ki‡Z mÿg n‡qwQj|
198
†jLbx Avwe®‥v‡ii Avw`c‡e© Zv ïay msL¨vwelqK Z_¨ ev
•`bw›`b Rxe‡bi NUbv wjwce× Kivi Kv‡RB eëüZ n‡Zv|
gvwUi dj‡K †jLv Ôgnvb my‡gixq Dcb¨vmÕ ev GRvZxq †Kv‡bv
MÖ‡š i Aw¯ÍZ¡ †_‡K _vK‡jI Zvi †Kv‡bv bgybv G ch©šÍ cvIqv
hvqwb| gvwUi dj‡K †jLv‡jwLi e¨vcviwU wQj mgqmv‡cÿ Ges
cvVKI wQj nv‡Z-†Mvbv| †mRb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq Z_¨vw` wjwce×
Kivi Kv‡RB g~jZ †jLbxi eënvi n‡Zv| cÖvq 5 nvRvi eQi
Av‡M Avgv‡ì c~e©cyiæliv Avgv‡ì Rb¨ †Kv‡bv gnvb evYx
wjwce× K‡i †M‡Qb wK bv, Zv LyuR‡Z †M‡j Avgv‡ì GKiKg
nZvkB n‡Z n‡e| KviY, Avgv‡ì D‡Ï‡k †i‡L hvIqv Avgv‡ì
c~e©cyiæl‡ì cÖ_g wjwLZ evK¨wU wQj A‡bKUv GiKgÑ ÔmvBwÎk
gv‡m DbwÎk nvRvi wQqvwk GKK evwj© ÑKzwkgÕ|
G K_vi m¤¢ve¨ gv‡b n‡Z cv‡i GiKgÑ ÔmvBwÎk gv‡m
†gvU DbwÎk nvRvi wQqvwk e¯Ív evwj© ivRvi msMÖnkvjvq Rgv
n‡q‡Q| ¯^vÿi ÑKzwkgÕ| nvq, BwZnv‡m cvIqv gvby‡li
wjLbc×wZi cÖ_g wb`k©b Avgv‡ì w`j bv †Kv‡bv cÖvPxb
`vk©wbK cÖÁvi Lei, †Kv‡bv gnr Kve¨ wKsev exiMv_v, †kLvj bv
†Kv‡bv AvBbKvbyb, GgbwK †kvbvj bv †Kv‡bv gnvivRvi w`M&weR‡qi
PgKcÖ` Kvwnwb! †m¸‡jvi cy‡ivUv Ry‡o _vKj †Kej Mreuvav-
GK‡N‡q e¨vemvwqK bw_, Ki Av`vq msµvšÍ Z_¨, †gvU F‡Yi wnmve
Ges RwgRgvi gvwjKvbv welqK `wjj|
199
19| DiæK kn‡ii cÖkvmwbK wnmvemsewjZ gvwUi cvÎ| ÔKzwkgÕ †Kv‡bv GKK
e¨w³i bvg ev Awd‡mi †Kv‡bv Kg©Pvix ev Kg©KZ©vi c`weI n‡Z cv‡i| hw`
ÔKzwkgÕ bvgwU †Kv‡bv we‡kl e¨w³i nq, Zvn‡j BwZnv‡m wZwbB m¤¢eZ cÖ_g
gvbyl wQ‡jb, hvi mwZ¨Kvi bvg Avgiv Rvwb! Gi Av‡Mi mgqKvi BwZnv‡m
Avgiv hZwKQzi bvg ï‡bwQ, †hgbÑ wbqvÛv_©vj, bvUzwdqvbm, k‡f ¸nv,
†Mv‡eKwj †Z‡cÑ me¸‡jvB AvaywbK gvby‡li bZzb K‡i †Ìqv bvg| Avgiv
†Kv‡bvfv‡eB Rvwb bv †h, †Mv‡eKwj †Z‡ci wbg©vZviv IB RvqMvwU‡K wVK Kx
bv‡g WvK‡Zb| †jLbxi Avwe®‥v‡ii ci †_‡K Avgiv BwZnv‡mi mwZ¨Kvi
bvqK‡ì Kvb n‡q †m mgqKvi Mí ïb‡Z ïiæ Kijvg| Kzwkg‡K WvKvi mgq
nq‡Zv cÖwZ‡ekxiv wVK ÔKzwkg!Õ GB bvgwUB wPrKvi K‡i D”PviY KiZ! ÔKzwkgÕ
m¤ú‡K© †h K_vUv bv ej‡j MíUv Am¤ú~Y©B †_‡K hv‡e †mUv n‡jvÑ BwZnv‡m
cÖ_g Agi n‡q iBj ÔKzwkgÕ bv‡g †h e¨w³wUi bvg A_ev ÔKzwkgÕ c`weavix †h
gvbylwU, wZwb wKš‧ †Kv‡bv Kwe wQ‡jb bv, gnvb bwe wQ‡jb bv, wQ‡jb bv †Kv‡bv
w`M&weRqx exi| ÔKzwkgÕ wQ‡jb GKRb ÔwnmveiÿKÕ!
hwÌ G K_v wVK, Lyu‡R cvIqv Aí wKQz gvwUi dj‡K wjwLZ

Z_¨ †_‡K †mKv‡ji gvby‡li fvlvi AvIZv m¤ú‡K© aviYv Kiv
KwVb| gy‡L gy‡L gvbyl KZiKg welq wb‡q Avjvc-Av‡jvPbv
Ki‡Z cviZ, †m aviYv KivI mnR bq| wKš‧, gvwUi djK †_‡K
cvIqv Z_¨vbyhvqx GUzKz AšÍZ Abygvb Kiv hvq, †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv
wRwbm ZLb gvby‡li fvlvi AvIZvaxb wQj bv| my‡gixq‡ì GB
AvswkK eY©gvjv ev MvwYwZK ms‡KZ¸‡jv w`‡q KweZv †jLv ev
200
mvwnZ¨ iPbv Kiv †gv‡UB m¤¢e wQj bv| wKš‧ †m¸‡jv w`‡q †ek
mdjZvi m‡½B Ki Av`vqmsµvšÍ wnmvewbKvk wjwce× K‡i ivLv
m¤¢e wQj|
cÖvPxbKv‡ji Av‡iK ai‡bi †jLv‡jwLi Aw¯ÍZ¡ Avgiv Rvb‡Z
cvwi, hvi Ae¯ v Av‡iv nZvkve¨ÄK| †mUv n‡jv, KZ¸‡jv k‡ãi
GKUv †c․btcywbK ZvwjKv, †h¸‡jv †Kv‡bv wkÿvbwek QvÎ Zvi
Abykxj‡bi Ask wn‡m‡e evievi wj‡L‡Q e‡j g‡b Kiv nq|
ZLbKvi w`‡b hLb GKRb QvÎ wnmve †jLvi Kv‡R wei³ n‡q
†cÖ‡gi KweZv wjL‡ZI PvBZ, †mUv Zvi c‡ÿ †Kv‡bvfv‡eB m¤¢e
wQj bv| my‡gixq‡ì cÖvPxb eY©gvjv‡K ejv †h‡Z cv‡i AvswkK
wjwc, GUv c~Y©v½ †Kv‡bv wjwc wQj bv| c~Y©v½ wjwc ej‡Z Kx eywS?
c~Y©v½ wjwc n‡jv e¯‧MZ wP‡ýi mgš^‡q MwVZ Ggb GKwU eY©gvjv,
hv w`‡q gvby‡li K_¨fvlvi cÖvq mewKQzB GgbwK KweZvI wj‡L
†djv hvq| Ab¨w`‡K, AvswkK wjwc n‡jv Ggb GK eY©gvjv, hv
w`‡q †Kej we‡kl ai‡bi wKQz Z_¨B wjwce× Kiv m¤¢e| j¨vwUb
wjwc, cÖvPxb wgkixq wjwc Ges GKv‡ji †eªBj wjwc n‡jv c~Y©v½
wjwci D`vniY| GB me¸‡jv wjwc w`‡qB Avcwb Ki Av`v‡qi
wnmvewbKvk †hgb wj‡L ivL‡Z cvi‡eb, †Zgwb wjL‡Z cvi‡eb
†cÖ‡gi KweZv, BwZnv‡mi eB, Lvev‡ii †iwmwc ev eëmv‡qi
wbqgKvbyb| Ab¨w`‡K cÖvPxb my‡gixq wjwc, eZ©gv‡bi MvwYwZK
wjwc ev msMx‡Zi ¯îwjwcÑ G¸‡jv n‡jv AvswkK wjwci D`vniY|
MvwYwZK wjwc w`‡q wnmvewbKv‡ki Rb¨ MwY‡Zi bvbv mgxKiY
†jLv m¤¢e, wKš‧ KweZv †jLv m¤¢e bq| Ab¨vb¨ AvswkK wjwç‡jvi
†ÿ‡ÎI GKB ai‡bi mxgve×Zv we`¨gvb|
my‡gixqiv wKš‧ Zv‡ì eY©gvjv w`‡q †h KweZv †jLv hvq bv
GUv wb‡q †gv‡UI wPwšÍZ wQj bv| Zviv gy‡Li me K_v wjwce×
Kivi Rb¨ Zv‡ì fvlv •Zwi K‡iwb, eis gy‡Li fvlv †hme
wRwbm mn‡R cÖKvk Ki‡Z cv‡i bv †mBme msL¨v ev
wnmvewbKvk-msµvšÍ Z_¨ wjwce× Kivi Rb¨B Zv‡ì fvlv •Zwi
K‡iwQj| GiKg wKQz mf¨Zvi mÜvb cvIqv hvq, hviv BwZnv‡mi
cy‡ivUv mgq Ry‡o AvswkK wjwc eënvi K‡iB KvR Pvwj‡q‡Q
201
Ges KL‡bv c~Y©v½ wjwc •Zwii †PóvI K‡iwb| D`vniY¯îƒc,
cÖvK-Kjw¤^qvb hy‡M Av‡›`R ce©Z AÂ‡j M‡o IVv GKai‡bi
wjwci K_v Avgiv we‡ePbv Ki‡Z cvwi| GB wjwc my‡gixq‡ì
wjwc †_‡K A‡bKUvB Avjv`v wQj| GUv Ab¨vb¨ cÖPwjZ
wjwç‡jv †_‡KI GZUvB Avjv`v †h, A‡b‡K GUv‡K Av‡`․
†Kv‡bv wjwc ejv hvq wK bv, †mUv wb‡qI m‡›`n cÖKvk K‡i‡Qb|
GB wjwc †Kv‡bv gvwUi dj‡K ev KvM‡R wjwce× Kiv n‡Zv bv|
eis, bvbv i‡Oi `wo‡Z wewfbœ ai‡bi wMuU †eu‡a GB wjwc •Zwi
Kiv n‡Zv| GB bvbv i‡Oi `wo¸‡jv‡K GKm‡½ ejv n‡Zv ÔwKcyÕ
(Quipu)| cÖwZUv `woi wewfbœ Ae¯ v‡b bvbv iKg wMuU euvav
_vKZ| G‡KKUv wKcy‡Z kZ kZ `wo Ges nvRvi nvRvi wMuU
_vK‡Z cviZ| GB wMuU¸‡jvi msL¨v, wMu‡Ui aib Ges `wo‡Z
wMu‡Ui Ae¯ v‡bi Ici wfwË K‡i †m¸‡jv bvbv msL¨v cÖKvk
KiZ| GBfv‡e bvbv i‡Oi `wo Ges `wo‡Z bvbv ai‡bi wMuU
†Ìqvi gva¨‡g Zviv Ki Av`vq ev m¤úwËi wnmvmsµvšÍ wecyj
cwigvY MvwYwZK Z_¨ Rgv ivL‡Z cviZ|2
202
20| GKRb gvbyl nv‡Z GKwU wKcy a‡i Av‡Q| BbKv mf¨Zvi mgvwßi ci
wKcyi K_v Gfv‡eB ewY©Z n‡qwQj GKwU ¯ú¨vwbk wjwc‡Z
kZ kZ eQi, m¤¢eZ nvRvi nvRvi eQi a‡i GB wKcy wQj

A‡bK bMi, ivR¨ Ges mvgªv‡Rï eëmvq-evwY‡Rï GKwU
Acwinvh© Ask|3 wKcyÕi me‡P‡q mdj eënvi n‡qwQj weL¨vZ
ÔBbKvÕ mf¨Zvi Avg‡j| ÔBbKvÕ k‡ãi A_© n‡jv Ôm~‡h©i
mšÍvbÕ| 1 †KvwU ev Zvi †P‡q wKQz †ewk gvbyl wb‡q M‡o D‡VwQj
GB BbKv‡ì ivR¨ Ges Gi †f․‡MvwjK we¯Í…wZ wQj AvR‡Ki
†ciæ, BKz‡qWi, ewjwfqv, Av‡R©w›Ubv, Kjw¤^qv Avi wPwji wKQz
Ask Ry‡o| wKcyi Kvi‡YB Zviv wekvj cwigvY Z_¨ Rgv ivLv
203
Ges Zv w`‡q bvbv iKg wnmve-wbKvk Ki‡Z mÿg n‡qwQj,
GKwU e‡ov AvKv‡ii ivR¨ Pvjv‡bvi Rb¨ hv wQj Acwinvh©|
GgbwK wKcy w`‡q Kiv wnmvewbKvk GZUvB Kvh©Ki Ges
wbfzj
© wQj †h, `wÿY Av‡gwiKv R‡qi c‡i ¯ú¨vwbqvW©iv
cÖ_gw`‡K Zv‡ì ivR¨ cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ wKcy eënvi Kiv ïiæ
K‡iwQj| wKš‧, Gi d‡j `y‡Uv mgm¨v †`Lv w`j| cÖ_gZ,
¯ú¨vwbqvW©iv wb‡Riv wKcy •Zwi Ki‡Z Ges †mUv co‡Z RvbZ
bv| wKcy •Zwii Rb¨ Zv‡ì‡K ¯ vbxq we‡klÁ‡ì IciB wbf©i
Ki‡Z n‡Zv| wØZxqZ, ¯ú¨vwbqvW©iv GUv eyS‡Z †c‡iwQj †h,
¯ vbxq wKcy we‡klÁiv Zv‡ì wb‡R‡ì myweavi Rb¨
B”QvK…Zfv‡e wKcy‡Z fzj Z_¨ ivL‡Z cv‡i Ges Zv‡ì
¯ú¨vwbqvW© cÖfz‡ì weåvšÍ Ki‡Z cv‡i| Gme Kvi‡Y `wÿY
Av‡gwiKvq hLb cvKvcvwKfv‡e †¯ú‡bi AvwacZ¨ ¯ vwcZ n‡jv,
ZLb wKcy evwZj K‡i Zviv Zv‡ì me wnmvewbKvk j¨vwUb wjwc
I msL¨vi gva¨‡g ivL‡Z ïiæ Kij| mnRfv‡e ej‡Z †M‡j
†¯ú‡bi ivRZ¡ Kv‡qg nIqvi c‡i wKcy GKiKg wejyßB n‡q
hvq| †h‡nZz, wKcy covi g‡Zv we‡klÁ †jvKRbI Avi Aewkó
wQj bv, †m Kvi‡Y †h `y-GKUv wKcy wU‡K _vKj, †m¸‡jvi
cv‡Vv×vi KivI †gvUvgywU Am¤¢e n‡q coj|
AvgjvZ‡š¿i we¯§q
G ch©šÍ gvby‡li †jLv‡jwLi †hme wb`k©b Avgiv †`Ljvg
†m¸‡jv g~jZ †jb‡`b, Avq-e¨‡qi wnmve ivLvi Kv‡RB eëüZ
n‡q‡Q| Kvjµ‡g †g‡mvc‡Uwgqvi Awaevmxiv KvV‡LvÆv Avq-
e¨‡qi wnmve ivLvi cvkvcvwk Ab¨vb¨ wRwbmI wjwce× Ki‡Z
ïiæ K‡i| wLªóc~e© 3000 Aã †_‡K wLªóc~e© 2500 Aã ch©šÍ
my‡gixq wjwc‡Z G‡Ki ci GK eY© I wPý hy³ n‡Z _v‡K| Gi
d‡j my‡gixq‡ì wjwc GKmgq c~Y©v½ wjwc n‡q I‡V, †h wjwci
AvaywbK bvg ÔwKDwbdg©Õ (Cuneiform)| wLªóc~e© 2500 A‡ãi
g‡a¨B wKDwbdg© wjwc eënvi K‡i ivRviv mgb Rvwi Ki‡Z ïiæ
204
K‡ib, ag©hvR‡Kiv Ck^‡ii weavb wjwce× Kivi `vwqZ¡ †bb Avi
mvaviY gvbylRb wjL‡Z ïiæ K‡ib e¨w³MZ wPwVcÎ| †gvUvgywU
GKB mg‡q wgk‡ii Awaevmxiv Ônvqv‡ivwMøwdKmÕ
(Hieroglyphics) bv‡g Av‡iKwU c~Y©v½ wjwc •Zwi K‡i| wLªóc~e©
1200 A‡ãi w`‡K Px‡b Ges wLªóc~e© 1000 †_‡K wLªóc~e© 500
A‡ãi w`‡K ga¨ Av‡gwiKvq Av‡iv wKQz c~Y©v½ wjwci DrcwË
nq|
Gme GjvKv †_‡K Kvjµ‡g GB c~Y©v½ wjwç‡jv `~i`~iv‡šÍ
Qwo‡q c‡o| wewfbœ GjvKvq wjwç‡jv bvbvfv‡e cwiewZ©Z nq,
bZzb AvKvi aviY K‡i Ges we¯Í…Z nq G‡ì Kvh©cwiwa| gvbyl
KweZv wjL‡Z ïiæ K‡i, †jLv ïiæ nq BwZnvm, †cÖ‡gi AvL¨vb,
bvUK, fwel¨ØvYx Ges ivbœvi eB| GZ wKQzi ciI wjwLZ fvlvi
cÖavb KvR GKMv`v MvwYwZK Z_¨ Rgv ivLv Ges †m¸‡jv w`‡q
wnmvewbKvk Kivi g‡a¨B mxgve× _v‡K| AvswkK wjwç‡jvB
Av‡Mi g‡Zv GB Kv‡Ri `vwqZ¡ cvjb Ki‡Z _v‡K| wneªæ‡ì
evB‡ej, wMÖK‡ì BwjqW, wn›`y‡ì gnvfviZ wKsev †e․×‡ì
wÎwcUK cÖv_wgKfv‡e †g․wLK fvlvi gva¨‡g m„wó n‡qwQj|
wjwLZ fvlv Avwe®‥vi bv nIqvq m¤¢eZ gvby‡li gy‡L gy‡LB GB
MÖš ¸‡jv wU‡K _vKZ| Gw`‡K LvRbvi wnmve Avi AvgjvZvwš¿K
mgv‡Ri Rb¥B n‡q‡Q AvswkK wjwç‡jvi R‡b¥i m‡½ m‡½|
Giv A‡bKUv gv‡qi †c‡U _vK‡ZB †Rvov †j‡M hvIqv hgR `yB
fvB‡qi g‡Zv| GKwU‡K Av‡iKwUi †_‡K Avjv`v K‡i fvev
Am¤¢e| `y‡e©va¨ wKQz ms‡KZgvjv w`‡q •Zwi AvR‡Ki w`‡bi
Kw¤úDUvivBRW †WUv‡em ev `¯Ív‡eR¸‡jv †`L‡jI G K_v
mn‡RB †evSv hvq| Kw¤úDUv‡ii fvlv c~Y©v½ fvlv bq Ges
gvby‡li c‡ÿ Zv cvV Kiv gykwKj| Kw¤úDUv‡i Z_¨ Rgv ivL‡Z
bv cvi‡j GZ wekvjmsL¨K gvby‡li GZ wel‡qi Z_¨ Rgv ivLv
gvby‡li Rb¨ Am¤¢e n‡Zv| †mB wnmv‡e ejvB hvq †h, GZ
gvby‡li wnmvewbKvk ivLvi Rb¨B Kw¤úDUv‡ii AvswkK wjwci
D™¢e n‡q‡Q| Avevi G K_vI mwZ¨ †h, GB AvswkK wjwc
205
Avwe®‥v‡ii d‡jB gvbyl GZ Z_¨ ivL‡Z cvi‡Q Avi Z‡_ï
gvwjK •Zwi Ki‡Z cvi‡Q GKwU AvgjvZvwš¿K mgvR|
wjwLZ `wjj-`¯Ív‡e‡Ri cwigvY hLb evo‡Z _vKj, we‡kl
K‡i AvBbKvbyb-cÖkvmbmsµvšÍ `wjjcÎ hLb A‡bK †ewk n‡q
†Mj, ZLb bZzb GKwU mgm¨v †`Lv w`j| GZ `wjj-`¯Ív‡eR
†_‡K †Kv‡bv GKwU we‡kl Z_¨ Lyu‡R †ei Kivi e¨vcviwU G
ch©v‡q †ek KwVb n‡q coj| gvby‡li ¯§„wZ‡Z _vKv †Kv‡bv Z_¨
Lyu‡R †ei Kiv A‡bK mnR| Avgvi gw¯Í‡®‥ jvL jvL, †KvwU
†KvwU bvbv iK‡gi Z_¨ Av‡Q, Zvi ciI Avwg ej‡Z †M‡j GK
gyn~‡Zi© g‡a¨B g‡b Ki‡Z cvwi BZvwji ivRavbxi bvg Kx,
ZviciB Avgvi gv_vq fvm‡Z _v‡K 2001 mv‡ji 11 †m‡Þ¤î
Avwg Kx K‡iwQjvg Zvi ¯§„wZ Ges ZviciB Avwg g‡b Ki‡Z
_vwK Avgvi evmv †_‡K wek^we`¨vj‡q hvIqvi iv¯Ívi K_v|
GZ¸‡jv wfbœ ai‡bi Z_¨ Avwg g‡b Ki‡Z cvwi gyn~‡Zi© g‡a¨B|
Kxfv‡e gw¯Í®‥ Z_¨ †LuvRvi GB KvRwU GZ wbLyuZfv‡e, GZ Kg
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gw¯Í‡®‥i Z_¨ †LuvRvi ÿgZv we¯§qKi| e¨wZµg GKUvB,
cÖwZw`b Awdm hvIqvi Av‡M hLb Avcwb Pkgv, gvwbe¨vM ev
evmvi Pvwe †LuvRvi †Póv K‡ib ZLbB †m ixwZg‡Zv bvKvj n‡q
hvq! wKQz‡ZB g‡b Ki‡Z cv‡i bv wKQzÿY Av‡Mi mvgvb¨ GB
Z_ÜzK!z
Avgiv Rvbjvg, gw¯Í‡®‥i Z_¨ †LuvRvi ÿgZv AmvaviY Ges
gw¯Í®‥ G KvRwU A‡bK `ªæZZvi m‡½ K‡i| Gev‡i `wo‡Z wMuU
w`‡q evbv‡bv wKcy †_‡K ev gvwUi dj‡K †Lv`vB Kiv wjwci
e¨vcv‡i wd‡i Avwm| Gme †_‡K Kxfv‡e Avcwb †Kv‡bv Z_¨
LyuR‡eb Ges Zvi cv‡Vv×vi Ki‡eb? nu¨v, wKcy ev dj‡Ki msL¨v
hw` Aí nq, Zvn‡j nq‡Zv Lyu‡R †ei KivUv †Zgb †Kv‡bv KwVb
KvR n‡e bv| wKš‧ ivRv nvgyivwei mgmvgwqK gvwii ivRv
wRgwiwj‡gi (King Zimrilim of Mari) K_v fveyb| ivRKvh©
cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ Zv‡ì GiKg nvRvi nvRvi djK ev wjwc •Zwi
206
Ki‡Z n‡qwQj| myZivs †mLvb †_‡K †Kv‡bv Z_¨ Lyu‡R †ei Kiv
†h fqven Kómva¨ GKwU KvR wQj, †m K_v ejvB evûj¨|
aiv hvK, GUv wLªóc~e© 1776 A‡ãi †Kv‡bv `ycyi| gvwi
iv‡Rï `yB cÖRvi g‡a¨ GKwU Mg‡L‡Zi gvwjKvbv wb‡q Ø›Ø
†e‡a‡Q| Avjv‡ji `vwe, †m GB Rwg 30 eQi Av‡M `yjv‡ji
†_‡K wK‡b‡Q| `yjvj ej‡Q, Rwg †m †gv‡UB wewµ K‡iwb, UvKvi
cÖ‡qvR‡b 30 eQ‡ii Rb¨ Avjvj‡K fvov w`‡qwQj| GLb fvovi
mgqmxgv †kl, ZvB †m Rwg Avjv‡ji KvQ †_‡K †diZ wb‡Z
Pvq| G wb‡q A‡bKÿY wPrKvi-Pu¨vPv‡gwP n‡jv, Avkcv‡k gRv
†`Lvi Rb¨ †jvKRb R‡g †Mj, `yR‡bi cÖvq nvZvnvwZ nIqvi
Dcµg| GKmgq `yR‡biB †Lqvj n‡jv, Zviv kvwn `ßiLvbvq
wM‡q mn‡RB G weev‡ì gxgvsmv Ki‡Z cv‡i| KviY, †mLv‡bB
iv‡Rï RwgmsµvšÍ †Kbv‡ePvi mg¯Í `wjj msiÿY Kiv Av‡Q|
†hB fvev †mB KvR| Zviv `yBRb kvwn `ßiLvbvq wM‡q nvwRi
n‡jv| Gjvwn Kvievi| †`‡L `yR‡biB gv_v Ny‡i hvIqvi
Dcµg| Kvi Kv‡Q †M‡j Zv‡ì `wjj cvIqv hv‡e, GUv Rvb‡Z
Rvb‡ZB Zv‡ì A‡bKUv mgq P‡j †Mj, Nyi‡Z n‡jv GK †Uwej
†_‡K Av‡iK †Uwe‡j| hLb Zviv mwVK †jv‡Ki Kv‡Q †cu․Qvj,
ZZÿ‡Y mÜ¨v n‡q †M‡Q| ivRvi wnmveiÿK f`ªfv‡e Rvbv‡jb,
ÔKvj Avmyb|Õ Kx Avi Kiv! Zviv c‡ii w`b mKvj mKvj
wnmveiÿ‡Ki Kv‡Q wM‡q †cu․Qvj| wnmveiÿK GKRb
mnKvix‡K `wjj Lyu‡R †ei Kivi `vwqZ¡ w`‡jb| mnKvix Zv‡ì
`yRb‡K wekvj AvKv‡ii `¯Ív‡eRK‡ÿ wb‡q †Mj| GB K‡ÿi
GK`g †g‡S †_‡K DuPz Qv` ch©šÍ gvwUi dj‡K VvmvVvwm| ZiæY
mnKvixi gyL ïwK‡q KvV! GB dj‡Ki ¯Íc ‚ †_‡K Kxfv‡e 30
eQi Av‡Mi GKwU `wjj Lyu‡R †ei Ki‡e †m? hwÌ-ev GKUv
`wjj cvq Avjvj I `yjv‡ji bv‡g, Kx K‡i eyS‡e GUvB Avjvj
Ges `yjv‡ji RwgmsµvšÍ me©‡kl `wjj? Gi c‡i Zviv
RwgmsµvšÍ †Kv‡bv `wjj cwieZ©b ev evwZj K‡iwb Zvi Kx
wbðqZv? Avi Avjvj-`yjv‡ji †Kv‡bv `wjj hw` Av‡`․ cvIqv bv
hvq, Zvn‡j wK GUv †evSv hv‡e †h, Avjvj Avi `yjv‡ji g‡a¨
207
RwgmsµvšÍ †Kv‡bv `wjjB nqwb? `wj‡ji wjwci djKUv †Zv
†f‡O wM‡qI _vK‡Z cv‡i| A_ev, MZ el©vq `¯Ív‡eR‡ÿi GK
†Kvbvq †h KqUv gvwUi djK GK`g gvwUi m‡½ wg‡k †M‡Q
I‡ì `wjjUvI †h Zvi g‡a¨ †bB, †mUvB ev Kx K‡i †evSv
hv‡e?
myZivs, GUv GK`g ¯úó †h, †Kv‡bv Z_¨ gvwUi dj‡K wj‡L
ivL‡Z cvi‡jB †h †mUv cÖ‡qvR‡bi mgq mn‡R, wbfzj © fv‡e Ges
`ªæZZvi m‡½ Lyu‡R cvIqv hv‡e GgbUv bq| †mUv Kivi Rb¨ wj‡L
ivLv Z_¨¸‡jv‡K mwVKfv‡e web¨¯Í K‡i GKUv m~wPcÎ •Zwi Kiv
ìKvi, d‡UvKwc †gwk‡bi g‡Zv mn‡RB Z‡_ï Abywjwc •Zwi
Kivi Rb¨ GKUv eë¯ v _vKv ìKvi| m‡e©vcwi `ªæZZvi m‡½ Z_¨
Lyu‡R †ei Kivi Rb¨ Kw¤úDUvi A¨vjMwi`‡gi g‡Zv †Kv‡bv DbœZ
†K․kj _vKv ìKvi| cvkvcvwk Svby (m‡½ GKUz nvwmLywk n‡j
fv‡jv nq) jvB‡eªwiqv‡bi g‡Zv wKQz gvbyl _vKv ìKvi, hviv Gme
†K․kj I hš¿cvwZ mwVKfv‡e cÖ‡qvM I eënvi Ki‡Z cv‡i|
GBme Kivi †Póv Ki‡Z wM‡q gvbyl eyS‡Z cvij,
wjLbc×wZ Avwe®‥v‡ii †_‡K Z_¨ mvRv‡bv, Abywjwc •Zwi Ges
Z_¨ †LuvRvi KvR¸‡jv †ewk KwVb| gvby‡li BwZnv‡mi wewfbœ
mg‡q c„w_exi wewfbœ RvqMvq ¯^vaxbfv‡e bvbv iKg wjLb c×wZ
weKvk jvf K‡i‡Q| cÖZZ œ vwË¡‡Kiv GL‡bv M‡o cÖwZ 10 eQ‡i
K‡qKwU K‡i nvwi‡q hvIqv wjLbc×wZ Avwe®‥vi K‡ib| Gi
g‡a¨ K‡qKwU my‡gixq‡ì Kv`vgvwUi dj‡K †jLv wjwci †P‡qI
cyivZb n‡Z cv‡i| wKš‧ Gme wjwci AwaKvskB AvR †Kej
gvby‡li †K․Z‚n‡ji Dcv`vb n‡q wU‡K Av‡Q| Gi KviY n‡jv,
AwaKvsk †jL¨ fvlvi †ÿ‡ÎB gvbyl †m fvlvq †jLv Z_¨¸‡jv‡K
ZvwjKve× Kiv, Abywjwc •Zwi Kiv Ges `ªæZ Lyu‡R †ei Kivi
†K․kj Avwe®‥vi Ki‡Z e¨_© n‡q‡Q| Ab¨w`‡K, my‡gixq, wgkixq
Ges BbKv mf¨Zvi gvbylRb GB KvR¸‡jv mdjZvi m‡½ Ki‡Z
mÿg n‡qwQj| GgbwK Zviv bKjbwek, †Kivwb, MÖš vMvwiK Ges
wnmveiÿK •Zwi Kivi ¯‥‡z ji Rb¨ iv‡Rï †KvlvMvi †_‡K A_©I
eivÏ KiZ|
208
GiKg GKwU ¯‥‡z ji GKRb Qv‡Îi †jLv‡jwL PP©vi mgqKvi
GKUv wjwc AvaywbK cÖZZ
œ vwË¡‡Kiv D×vi Ki‡Z mÿg n‡q‡Qb|
GB wjwcwU cÖvPxb †g‡mvc‡Uwgqv †_‡K Avwe®‥…Z n‡q‡Q Ges
aviYv Kiv nq, GwU cÖvq 4 nvRvi eQ‡ii cy‡iv‡bv| wjwcwU
A‡bKUv GiKgÑ
Avwg N‡ii †fZi XzKjvg Ges e‡m cojvg, Ges Avgvi
wkÿK Avgvi dj‡K †Lv`vB Kiv †jLvwU co‡jb| wZwb
ej‡jb, Ôbv, wKQz GKUv Moeo Av‡Q|Õ
Ges wZwb Zvi Qwo w`‡q Avgv‡K kvw¯Í w`‡jb|
`vwqZ¡iZ GKRb Kg©x Avgv‡K ej‡jb, ÔZzwg Avgvi AbygwZ
Qvov †Kb gyL Ly‡jQ?Õ
AvBbk„•Ljvi `vwq‡Z¡ _vKv GKRb ej‡jb, ÔAvgvi AbygwZ
Qvov Zzwg †Kb D‡VQ?Õ
`v‡ivqvb ejj, ÔZzwg †Kb Avgvi AbygwZ Qvov evB‡i †ei
n”Q?Õ
Ges †m Zvi Qwo w`‡q Avgv‡K gvij|
weqv‡ii R‡Mi `vwq‡Z¡ _vKv †jvKwU ejj, Ô†Kb Zzwg Avgvi
AbygwZ Qvov weqvi wb‡j?Õ
Ges †m Zvi Qwo w`‡q Avgv‡K gvij|
my‡gixq wkÿK ej‡jb, Ô†Kb Zzwg Av°vw`qvb fvlvq K_v
ej‡j?Õ*
Avgvi wkÿK ej‡jb, Ô†Zvgvi nv‡Zi †jLv my›ì bq!Õ
Ges wZwb Zvi Qwo w`‡q Avgv‡K kvw¯Í w`‡jb|4
*
Av°vw`qvb gy‡Li fvlv wn‡m‡e Pvjy nIqvi c‡iI eëmvq, evwYR¨,
`wjj, `¯Ív‡eR Z_v `vßwiK Kv‡R my‡gixq fvlvB eënvi Kiv n‡Zv| †m
Kvi‡Y bKjbwe‡ki g‡Zv `vßwiK c‡ì Rb¨ wbe©vwPZ GKRb Qv‡Îi
RbÏ my‡gixq fvlvq K_v ejvB wQj `¯‧i|
209
cÖvPxbKv‡ji bKjbwekiv ïay †h co‡Z Ges wjL‡Z wkLZ
Zv bq, eis Zv‡ì‡K ZvwjKv, Awfavb, w`bcwÄ, dg©, †Uwej
Gm‡ei eënviI †kLv‡bv n‡Zv| ZvwjKv ev m~wP •Zwi Kiv, Z_¨
`ªæZ Lyu‡R †ei Kiv Ges †mme wb‡q KvR Kivi †K․kj¸‡jv Zviv
wkLZ Ges AvZ¥¯  KiZ| GB †K․kj¸‡jv gw¯Í‡®‥i ¯^vfvweK
Z_¨ Rgv ivLv Ges Lyu‡R †ei Kivi c×wZi †_‡K G‡Kev‡iB
Avjv`v| gw¯Í‡®‥ bvbv iKg Z_¨ ¯^vaxbfv‡e Rgv _v‡K, ZvwjKvi
g‡Zv welq Abyhvqx ev mgq Abyhvqx mvRv‡bv _v‡K bv| hLb
Avwg Avgvi m½x‡K wb‡q wKw¯Í‡Z bZzb evwo †Kbvi Rb¨
Pzw³c‡Î ¯^vÿi Ki‡Z e¨vs‡K hvB, ûU K‡i Avgvi g‡b c‡o hvq
Avgv‡ì †mB †QvÆ evwoUvi K_v, †hLv‡b Avgiv cÖ_g GKm‡½
emevm ïiæ K‡iwQjvg| msmv‡ii K_v fve‡Z wM‡qB Avgvi g‡b
c‡o wbD Aiwjqb‡m KvUv‡bv Avgv‡ì gayPw›`ªgvi my›ì
gyn~Z¸
© ‡jv, Aiwjqb‡mi K_v fve‡ZB g‡b c‡o gayPw›`ªgvq
ILvbKvi wmwU cv‡K© wM‡q †`Lv Kzwg‡ii K_v, Kzwg‡ii e‡ov
e‡ov gyL Avi ùvZ Avgv‡K g‡b Kwi‡q †`q Av¸‡bi njKv †ei
Kiv fqsKi W«vM‡bi K_v, W«vMb Avgv‡K g‡b Kwi‡q †`q
W«vM‡bi Rb¨ Kiv IqvMbv‡ii †jU‡gvwUd (msMx‡Zi GKwU
Ask, hv †Kv‡bv Kvwnwb, M‡íi PwiÎ, ¯ vb ev wel‡qi m‡½
m¤úK©hy³| PwiÎwU M‡í hLb hLb Dcw¯ Z nq, Zvi †jU‡gvwUd
evR‡Z _v‡K| nwjD‡Wi weL¨vZ Pjw”PÎ wmwiR ÔStar WarsÕ G
†jU‡gvwU‡di A‡bK eënvi †`Lv hvq), GB †jU‡gvwUd Avgv‡K
g‡b Kwi‡q †`q Zvi m„wó Kiv weL¨vZ MxwZbvU¨ ÔThe Ring of
the NibelungenÕ Gi K_v hvi msMx‡Zi ¯îwjwc •Zwi Ki‡Z
IqvMbv‡ii cÖvq QvweŸk eQi mgq †j‡MwQj! GZme mvZ-cuvP
fve‡Z fve‡ZB ûU K‡i †Lqvj nq, Avwg e¨vs‡K e‡m wkm w`‡q
IqvMbv‡ii †mB weL¨vZ MxwZbv‡Uï wmMwd«W PwiÎwUi Rb¨ Kiv
†jU‡gvwUd evRv‡bvi †Póv KiwQ Ges e¨vs‡Ki †Kivwb nZf¤^
n‡q Avgvi w`‡K ZvwK‡q Av‡Qb! ivóª cwiPvjbvi Rb¨
cÖ‡qvRbxq Z_¨¸‡jv Gfv‡e GKm‡½ ivL‡j P‡j bv, ivL‡Z nq
Avjv`v Avjv`vfv‡e| evwo eÜwKi KvMRcÎ _vK‡e GKUv
210
Wªqv‡i, Av‡iKUv Wªqv‡i _vK‡e we‡qi mb`cÎ, Avjv`v Wªqv‡i
ivLv n‡e LvRbvmsµvšÍ KvMRcÎ, wfbœ Av‡iKwU Wªqv‡i ivLv
n‡e gvgjv-†gvKÏgvmsµvšÍ Z_¨| Gfv‡e welq Abyhvqx Avjv`v
Avjv`v K‡i bv ivL‡j c‡i Avgv‡ì c‡ÿ Z_¨ Lyu‡R cvIqv †ek
KwVb n‡q hv‡e| wKš‧ hLb †Kv‡bv Z_¨ GKm‡½ GKvwaK
wel‡qi m‡½ m¤úwK©Z nq, ZLb †mUv †Kvb Wªqv‡i ivLv n‡e
†mUv wb‡q GKUv mgm¨v †`Lv †`q| IqvMbv‡ii MxwZbv‡Uï
K_vB aiv hvK| Avwg wK GUv‡K m½x‡Zi Wªqv‡i ivLe, bvwK
bvU‡Ki Wªqv‡i ivLe, bvwK IqvMbv‡ii MxwZbv‡Uï Rb¨ bZzb
GKUv WªqviB •Zwi Kie? gvbyl‡K Zvi gw¯Í‡®‥ Gfv‡e Z_¨ Rgv
Ki‡Z n‡j Zv Zvi gv_ve¨_vi GKUv Kvi‡Y cwiYZ n‡Zv|
KviY, †m †ÿ‡Î Rxebfi Zv‡K Zvi gv_vq bZzb Wªqvi evbv‡Z
n‡e, Av‡Mi A‡bK Wªqvi mwi‡q †dj‡Z n‡e ev †X‡j bZzb K‡i
mvRv‡Z n‡e| gw¯Í‡®‥i Rb¨ GUv KwVb KvR, wKš‧ ivóª
cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ ìKvwi Z_¨ mvwR‡q ivLvi Rb¨ Gi †_‡K
Kvh©Kix †Kv‡bv c×wZI gvby‡li Rvbv †bB|
ivóª cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ welq Abyhvqx Avjv`v Avjv`v Wªqv‡i
Z_¨ ivLvi †K․kjwU ZLbB mdjfv‡e Kiv m¤¢e n‡e hLb wKQz
†jvK Zv‡ì gw¯Í‡®‥i wPšÍv Kivi aib cvj‡U †dj‡e, Zviv
mvaviY gvby‡li g‡Zv wPšÍv Kivi e`‡j †Kivwb ev wnmveiÿ‡Ki
g‡Zv K‡i wPšÍv Ki‡Z ïiæ Ki‡e| G K_v Avgiv mevB Kg‡ewk
Rvwb †h, †Kivwb ev wnmveiÿ‡Kiv wVK mvaviY gvby‡li g‡Zv
K‡i wPšÍv K‡i bv| Zv‡ì wPšÍvi aib A‡bKUv welq Abyhvqx
Wªqvi wbe©vPb K‡i Wªqvi fivi g‡Zv| Aek¨ Gfv‡e wPšÍv Kivi
Rb¨ Zv‡ì †`vlx KivUv DwPZ n‡e bv| KviY, Gfv‡e wPšÍv
Ki‡Z bv cvi‡j Zviv iv‡óªi Rb¨ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© me Z_¨ c×wZ
Abyhvqx ¸wQ‡q ivL‡Z cviZ bv, ivLZ G‡jv‡g‡jvfv‡e| d‡j
Zviv ivóª, †Kv¤úvwb ev Ab¨ †Kv‡bv ms¯ v‡K Zv‡ì c` Abyhvqx
h_vh_ †mev w`‡Z e¨_© n‡Zv| gvby‡li BwZnv‡m wjLbc×wZ
Avwe®‥v‡ii me‡P‡q e‡ov cÖfve m¤¢eZ GUvB †h, GwU ax‡i ax‡i
Avgv‡ì wPšÍv Kivi Ges `ywbqv‡K †`Levi c×wZB cvj‡U
211
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†Kv‡bv NUbv‡K wePvi Kivi e`‡j Avgiv Af¨¯Í nw”Q NUbvwU‡K
Zvi mvgwMÖKZv †_‡K wew”Qbœ K‡i c„_K GKwU NUbv wn‡m‡e
wePvi Ki‡Z Ges Gi d‡j DrcwË NU‡Q AvgjvZ‡š¿i|
msL¨vi fvlv
mg‡qi AMÖMwZi m‡½ m‡½ gvby‡li wjwLZ Z_¨ cÖwµqvKi‡Yi
GBme AvgjvZvwš¿K c×wZi m‡½ gvby‡li gw¯Í‡®‥i Z_¨
cÖwµqvKi‡Yi ¯^vfvweK c×wZi ZdvZ evo‡Z jvMj Ges w`b‡K
w`b mgvR I ivóª cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ Gme c×wZ AwaKZi
¸iæZ¡c~Y© n‡q DVj| me‡P‡q e‡ov cwieZ©bUv G‡jv wLªóc~e© beg
kZ‡Ki w`‡K| G mgq gvbyl GKcÖKvi AvswkK wjwc Avwe®‥vi
Kij, hv msL¨vwfwËK †h-†Kv‡bv Z_¨‡K AZ¨šÍ wbLyuZfv‡e Rgv
ivL‡Z I cÖwµqvKiY Ki‡Z mÿg| GB AvswkK wjwcwU 10wU
wP‡ýi mgš^‡q MwVZ wQj| wPý¸‡jv wQj 0 †_‡K 9| gRvi
e¨vcvi n‡jv, wn›`yiv cÖ_‡g GB wjwc D™¢veb Ki‡jI, eZ©gv‡b
GwU Aviexq wjwc bv‡gB AwaK cwiwPZ (Av‡iv A™¢Z z e¨vcvi
n‡jv, cwðgv †`k¸‡jv‡Z eëüZ wPý¸‡jv GKv‡ji Avieiv
msL¨v cÖKv‡ki Rb¨ †hme wPý eënvi K‡i Zvi †_‡K Avjv`v
n‡jI †m¸‡jvI Aviexq wjwc bv‡gB cwiwPZ)| Avieiv GB
wjwc D™¢veb bv Ki‡jI GB wjwci cÖmvi I DbœwZi †ÿ‡Î
Zv‡ì Ae`vb †Qv‡Uv K‡i †`Lvi †Kv‡bv Dcvq †bB| Avieiv
fviZxq Dcgnv‡`k AwaKvi Kivi mgq GB wjwci mÜvb cvq
Ges Gi ¸iæZ¡ Abyaveb K‡i wb‡Riv Gi eënvi ïiæ K‡i|
cieZ©xKv‡j Zviv GB wjwci DbœwZmvab K‡i Ges Zv‡ì
Kj¨v‡YB GB wjwc ga¨ Gwkqv I BD‡iv‡c Qwo‡q c‡o| Gici
Zviv GB AvswkK wjwc‡Z Av‡iv wKQz wPý (†hgb, Ô+Õ, Ô-Õ, Ô×Õ)
†hvM Ki‡j Zv AvaywbK MvwYwZK fvlvi wfwË ¯ vcb K‡i|
hwÌ msL¨v wb‡q KvR Kivi Rb¨ D™¢vweZ GB wjwcwU GKwU
AvswkK wjwc, GwUB eZ©gv‡b c„w_exi me †_‡K †ewk eëüZ
212
fvlv| †h-†Kv‡bv ivóª, †Kv¤úvwb, msMVb Ges cÖwZôvb, †m Zviv
Aviwe, wnw›`, Bs‡iwR, biI‡qwRqvb †h fvlv‡ZB K_v ejyK bv
†Kb, Zv‡ì cÖvq mevB ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Z_¨ Rgv ivLv I cÖwµqvKi‡Yi
Rb¨ GB MvwYwZK wjwcB eënvi K‡i| Gi KviY n‡jv, †Kv‡bv
Z_¨‡K MvwYwZK wjwc‡Z iƒcvšÍi Kiv m¤¢e n‡j Zv mn‡RB Rgv
ivLv hvq, `ªæZ Qwo‡q †Ìqv hvq Ges Awek^vm¨ `ªæZMwZ‡Z Ges
wbfzj
© fv‡e †mme Z_¨ cÖwµqvKiY Kiv hvq|
eZ©gvbKv‡j GKRb e¨w³ hw` miKvi, †Kv‡bv cÖwZôvb ev
†Kv‡bv †Kv¤úvwbi wm×všÍ‡K cÖfvweZ Ki‡Z Pvq, Zvn‡j Zv‡K
cÖ_‡g GB MvwYwZK wjwc AvqË Ki‡Z n‡e| we‡klÁiv
Ô`vwi`ª¨Õ, ÔmyLÕ Ges ÔmZZvÕi g‡Zv weg~Z© aviYv¸‡jv‡KI
msL¨vq iƒcvšÍwiZ Kivi Rb¨ h_vmva¨ †Póv Ki‡Qb|
Ô`vwi`ª¨mxgvÕ, Ôgvby‡li myLx nIqvi cwigvYÕ, Ôevm‡hvM¨ bMixi
wn‡m‡e Ae¯ vbÕÑ GB cwigvYm~PK aviYv¸‡jvi m„wó Zv-B cÖgvY
K‡i| GKBfv‡e, Áv‡bi Ab¨ A‡bK kvLv, †hgb c`v_©weÁvb ev
cÖ‡K․kjwe`¨vi PP©v †gvUvgywUfv‡e gvby‡li gy‡Li fvlvi m‡½
m¤úK© GKiKg nvwi‡qB †d‡j‡Q| eZ©gv‡b Gme e¨vcv‡i
M‡elYv g~jZ msL¨v, wPý wKsev mgxKi‡Yi g‡Zv MvwYwZK
wjwci mvnv‡h¨B PvwjZ n‡”Q|
Av‡cwÿK ZË¡ Abyhvqx AwfK‡l©i cÖfv‡e fi ÔiÕ-Gi Z¡iY
wnmve Kivi Rb¨ GKwU mgxKiY| hLb †ewkifvM mvaviY gvbyl
G ai‡bi wnwRwewR †Kv‡bv mgxKiY †`‡L, f‡q Zv‡ì †PvLgyL
ïwK‡q Av‡m| iv‡Zi iv¯Ív w`‡q nwi‡Yi †Pv‡L nVvr K‡i PjšÍ
wR‡ci †nWjvB‡Ui Av‡jv co‡j f‡q Zvi Ae¯ v †hiKg nq,
A‡bKUv †miKg| GiKg nIqvB wKš‧ ¯^vfvweK| Ges GiKg
nIqvi gv‡b GB bq †h, †h gvbylwU mgxKiYwU eyS‡Z cvi‡Q bv
Zvi eyw×gËv Kg ev †m †evKv| wKQz e¨wZµgx gvby‡li K_v ev`
w`‡j, gvby‡li gw¯Í®‥ ÔAv‡cwÿKZvÕ ev Ô†Kvqv›Uvg †gKvwbKmÕ-
Gi g‡Zv c`v_©weÁv‡bi KwVb KwVb welq wb‡q wPšÍv Ki‡Z
G‡Kev‡iB AcviM| c`v_©weÁvbxiv Gme wb‡q wPšÍv Ki‡Z
cv‡ib, KviY Zuviv gvby‡li g‡Zv wPšÍv Kiv fz‡j wM‡q wKQz Z_¨
213
cÖwµqvKiY hš¿cvwZi (†hgb Kw¤úDUvi) mvnv‡h¨ bZzbfv‡e
wPšÍv Ki‡Z wk‡L‡Qb| gRvi e¨vcvi n‡jv, Zuv‡ì wPšÍvfvebvi
¸iæZ¡c~Y© AskUzKz N‡U Zv‡ì gw¯Í‡®‥i evB‡iÑ Kw¤úDUv‡ii
gwbU‡ii c`©vq A_ev †kÖwYK‡ÿi eø¨vK‡ev‡W©|
mv¤cÖwZK Kv‡j, MvwYwZK wjwc gvÎ `ywU wP‡ýi mgš^‡q

Av‡iKwU •ecøweK wjwci Rb¥ w`‡q‡Q| g~jZ Kw¤úDUv‡i ivLv
Z_¨vw`‡K GB wjwc‡Z iƒcvšÍi K‡i Rgv ivLv nq| GB wjwc
wØwgK ev evBbvwi wjwc bv‡g cwiwPZ| GB wØwgK wjwc‡Z †Kej
0 I 1 GB `ywU wP‡ýi Aw¯ÍZ¡ we`¨gvb| GB GLb Avwg
Kw¤úDUv‡i hv-wKQz wjLwQ, Zvi meB Kw¤úDUv‡ii nvW©wW‡¯‥ 0
Ges 1-Gi wg‡k‡j •Zwi bvbv iKg msL¨vi mvnv‡h¨ Rgv n‡”Q|
GZÿY Avgiv gvby‡li D™¢vweZ bvbv iKg wjwc m¤ú‡K©
Rvbjvg| gvbyl‡K bvbv Kv‡R mvnvh¨ Kivi Rb¨B GB
wjwç‡jvi D™¢e n‡qwQj| wKš‧, ax‡i ax‡i GB wjwLZ Z_¨vw`B
gvby‡li cÖfz n‡q DV‡Q| Avgv‡ì Kw¤úDUv‡ii c‡ÿ gvby‡li
fvlv, Abyf‚wZ wKsev ¯^cœ †evSv KwVb| †m Kvi‡Y, AvgivB
Avgv‡ì‡K MwY‡Zi fvlvq K_v ej‡Z, myL-`ytL Abyfe Ki‡Z
Ges ¯^cœ eyb‡Z †kLvw”Q, hv‡Z Avgiv Kw¤úDUv‡ii Kv‡Q
†evaMg¨ n‡Z cvwi| †K Kvi cÖfz?
GLv‡bB wKš‧ †kl bq| Áv‡bi ÔK…wÎg eyw×gËvÕ bvgK
kvLvwU GB wØwgK wjwc eënvi K‡i Kw¤úDUv‡ii mvnv‡h¨
hš¿wbf©i eyw×gËv wbg©v‡Yi †Póvq A‡bK`~i GwM‡q †M‡Q| ZvB
eyw× †Kej Avi gvby‡li _vK‡Q bv, hš¿ivI n‡q DV‡Q eyw×gvb|
g¨vwUª· ev Uvwg©‡bUi-Gi g‡Zv mv‡qÝ wdKkb wm‡bgv¸‡jv‡Z
Avgiv †`L‡Z cvB, eyw×gvb h‡š¿iv gvbeRvwZi ÿgZv Le© K‡i
wb‡Riv c„w_exi Aaxkî n‡q IVvi †Póv Ki‡Q| gvbyl hLb
Zv‡ì weiƒ‡× hy× †NvlYv K‡i h‡š¿i Ici Zv‡ì cÖfzZ¡ wd‡i
cvIqvi †Póv ïiæ K‡i, ZZÿ‡Y A‡bK †`wi n‡q †M‡Q| gvby‡li
†P‡q eû¸Y ÿgZvai I eyw×gvb h‡š¿iv mgMÖ gvbe-cÖRvwZ‡K
aŸsm Ki‡Z D`¨Z n‡q‡Q|
214
Aa¨vq 8
BwZnvm b¨vqwePv‡ii cÖwZ”Qwe bq
GKUv cÖ‡kœi DËi wVKVvK Rvb‡Z cvi‡jB K…wlwecø‡ei ci †_‡K
eZ©gvbKvj ch©šÍ gvbeRvwZi BwZnvm †gvUvgywUfv‡e †evSv
m¤¢e| †mUv n‡jvÑ wRbMZfv‡e gvbyl GKm‡½ wg‡jwg‡k _vKvi
Rb¨ Dchy³ bv n‡jI Kxfv‡e Zviv GZ e‡ov e‡ov †Mvôx ev
msMVb MVb K‡i emevm Ki‡Z wkLj? G cÖ‡kœi †mvRvmvcUv
DËi n‡jv, gvbyl bvbv iKg KvíwbK aviYv •Zwi Ki‡Z cv‡i
Ges mevB wg‡j Zv wek^vmI Ki‡Z cv‡i| cvkvcvwk gvbyl Zvi
AwfÁZv‡K wjwLZiƒ‡c msiÿY Ki‡Z cv‡i| GB `yB iKg
ÿgZv wRbMZ mxgve×Zv KvwU‡q gvbyl‡K e‡ov e‡ov †Mvôx ev
msMVb •Zwi Kivi †ÿ‡Î `viæYfv‡e mnvqZv K‡i‡Q|
hwÌ A‡b‡KB GBme e‡ov AvKv‡ii `j ev †Mvôxi
Dc‡hvwMZv wb‡q mw›`nvb| cÖ_g KviY, gvby‡li wek^v‡mi wfwË‡Z
M‡o IVv Gme †Mvôx ev msMVb b¨vqwePvi ev mgZvi wfwË‡Z M‡o
I‡Vwb| wØZxqZ, bvbv gvby‡li bvbv iKg KvíwbK ev¯ÍeZvq wek^vm
gvbyl‡K wfbœ wfbœ `‡j wef³ K‡i †d‡j‡Q Ges †ewkifvM †ÿ‡ÎB
mgv‡R •Zwi n‡q‡Q bvbv iKg ¯Íiweb¨vm| Ic‡ii ¯Í‡ii †jv‡Kiv
me mgq my‡hvM-myweav Ges ÿgZv †fvM K‡i G‡m‡Q, Ab¨w`‡K
wb‡Pi ¯Í‡i emevmKvix gvby‡liv n‡q‡Q •elg¨ I eÂbvi wkKvi|
D`vniY wn‡m‡e ivRv nvgyivwei cÖYqb Kiv AvB‡bi K_v ejv
†h‡Z cv‡i| GB AvBb Abyhvqx mgv‡Ri gvbyl‡ì wZb †kÖwY‡Z
fvM Kiv n‡qwQjÑ AwfRvZ †kÖwY, mvaviY bvMwiK I `vm|
AwfRvZ †kÖwYi gvby‡liv B”Qvg‡Zv me ai‡bi mvgvwRK my‡hvM-
215
myweav †fvM Ki‡Z cviZ| Zv‡ì †fvMwejv‡mi ci hv evwK _vKZ
Zv eivÏ n‡Zv mvaviY bvMwiK‡ì Rb¨| `vm‡ì Rb¨ cÖvq wKQzB
Aewkó _vKZ bv, Dciš‧ †Kv‡bv wKQz wb‡q Awf‡hvM Ki‡j Zv‡ì
Kcv‡j RyUZ wbh©vZb|
1776 mv‡j me gvby‡li mgZvi A½xKvi wb‡q Av‡gwiKvi
hvÎv ïiæ n‡jI, Av‡gwiKvb‡ì mgv‡Ri ev¯ÍeZv Zv‡ì g‡aÏ
GKUv ¯Íiweb¨v‡mi m~Pbv K‡i| G ¯Íiweb¨v‡mi myweav cvq cyiæl
Avi ewÂZ nq bvix| †kÖwYwe‡f` •Zwi nq mv`v, Kv‡jv Avi
Avwèvmx Av‡gwiKvb‡ì g‡a¨| mv`viv Dc‡fvM K‡i ¯^vaxbZvi
¯^v`, Avi Kv‡jviv gvby‡li gh©v`vUzKzI cvq bv| mgvR Zv‡ì‡K
we‡ePbv K‡i wbPz ¯Í‡ii gvbyl wn‡m‡e| †m Kvi‡Y, Ôme gvby‡li
mgvb AwaKviÕÑ GB aviYvwU Kv‡jv‡ì Rb¨ cÖ‡hvR¨ nqwb| huviv
Av‡gwiKvi ¯^vaxbZvi †NvlYvc‡Î ¯^vÿi K‡iwQ‡jb Zuv‡ì
A‡b‡KB wQ‡jb `vmgvwjK| gvby‡li mgZvi GB †NvlYvc‡Î
¯^vÿi Kivi ciI Zuviv Zuv‡ì Aaxb¯  `vm‡ì gyw³I †`bwb ev
†mUvi Rb¨ Zuv‡ì wb‡R‡ì g‡a¨ †Kv‡bv Aciva‡evaI KvR
K‡iwb| KviY, Ôgvby‡li mgvb AwaKviÕÑ GB e¨vcviwUi m‡½
Kv‡jv wb‡MÖv‡ì Rxe‡bi †Kv‡bv m¤úK© Av‡Q e‡jB Zuviv g‡b
Ki‡Zb bv|
Av‡gwiKvb mgvR Zvi cÖwZôvj‡Mœ abx-Mwi‡ei g‡a¨ cv_©K¨
`~i Kivi †NvlYvI w`‡qwQj| †m mgq AwaKvsk Av‡gwiKvbB
DËivwaKvim~‡Î Zv‡ì abx evev-gv‡qi abm¤úwË I eëmvq-
evwY‡Rï gvwjK n‡Zv| †m Kvi‡Y abx-Mwi‡ei †f`v‡f` wb‡q
Zv‡ì †Zgb †Kv‡bv gv_ve¨_v wQj bv| Zv‡ì Kv‡Q A_©‣bwZK
mgZv gv‡b wQj abx-Mwi‡ei Rb¨ GKB AvBb envj ivLv| Gi
m‡½ †eKvi fvZv, mgvb wkÿv I ¯^v¯ ¨‡mevi myweavi †h-†Kv‡bv
m¤úK© _vK‡Z cv‡i Zv Zv‡ì KL‡bv g‡b nqwb| GgbwK, †m
mgq Ô¯^vaxbZvÕ kãwUI AvR‡Ki †_‡K m¤ú~Y© wfbœ A‡_© eëüZ
n‡Zv| 1776 mv‡j †Kv‡bv bvix ev †Kv‡bv K…òv½ ev †Kv‡bv
Avwèvmx Av‡gwiKvi ivóªÿgZvi AwaKvix n‡e, GgbUv fvev
wQj KíbviI AZxZ| †m mgq Ô¯^vaxbZvÕ ej‡Z mv`vgvUvfv‡e
216
†evSvZ ivóª Lye †ewk Riæwi ìKvi bv co‡j Kv‡iv e¨w³MZ
m¤úwË ev‡Rqvß Ki‡Z cvi‡e bv wKsev †mB m¤úwË iv‡óªi
B”Qvg‡Zv †Kv‡bv Kv‡R eënvi Ki‡Z cvi‡e bv| †m wn‡m‡e,
Av‡gwiKvb mgvR Rb¥jMœ †_‡KB e¨w³MZ m¤úwËi wfwË‡Z
gvby‡li ¯Íiweb¨v‡mi e¨vcviwU mg_©b K‡i G‡m‡Q| A‡b‡K
†evSv‡bvi †Póv K‡i‡Qb gvby‡l gvby‡l m¤úwËi GB †h ZviZg¨Ñ
GUv mªóvi B”Qv, Zvi jxjv gvÎ| Avevi A‡b‡K fv‡eb,
A_©‣bwZK GB •elg¨ Abvw`Kvj †_‡K P‡j Avmv cÖK…wZi GK
AcwieZ©bxq weavb| Zuv‡ì g‡Z, cÖK…wZB wKQz gvbyl‡K †gavex
wn‡m‡e •Zwi K‡i, hv‡Z Zviv AMva abm¤úwËi gvwjK n‡Z
cv‡i| Avi †mB cÖK…wZB evwK †jvK‡ì •Zwi K‡i †gavnxb,
kÖgwegyL, Ajm wn‡m‡e, d‡j Zviv abm¤ú` AR©‡bi my‡hvM
†_‡K ewÂZ nq|
G ch©šÍ Av‡jvPbv Kiv me¸‡jv •el‡gïB g~‡j Av‡Q

gvby‡li mvgwóK Kíbv| †mUv ¯^vaxb gvbyl I `v‡mi g‡aï
•elg¨ †nvK, mv`v Pvgov I Kv‡jv Pvgovi ga¨Kvi •elg¨ †nvK
wKsev abx I Mwi‡ei •elg¨B †nvK (bvix I cyiæ‡li g‡aï
•el‡gï e¨vcviwU Avgiv c‡i Av‡jvPbv Kie)| gvby‡li
BwZnv‡mi GK A‡gvN wbqg n‡jvÑ GKmg‡qi mvgwóK
Kíbv‡KB gvbyl cieZ©x mg‡q cÖvK…wZK mZ¨ Ges Awbevh© e‡j
`vwe Ki‡Z ïiæ K‡i| D`vniY¯îƒc, hviv gvbyl I `vm‡ì g‡a¨
•elg¨‡K cÖvK…wZK Ges mwVK e‡j g‡b KiZ, Zviv `vwe KiZÑ
`vmcÖ_v gvby‡li •Zwi Kiv †Kv‡bv cÖ_v bq, GUv AbšÍKvj a‡i
Gfv‡eB P‡j Avm‡Q| ivRv nvgyivwe Zuvi iv‡R¨ cÖPwjZ
AwfRvZ, mvaviY I `v‡mi †kÖwYwefvM‡K mªóvi weavb e‡j
gvb‡Zb| A¨vwi÷Uj `vwe Ki‡Zb, `vm‡ì Rb¥ †_‡KB GKUv
Ô`vm g‡bve„wËÕ Av‡Q, wVK GKBfv‡e ¯^vaxb gvby‡li Rb¥ †_‡KB
Av‡Q Ô¯^vaxb g‡bve„wËÕ| mgv‡R Zv‡ì Ae¯ vb Zv‡ì mnRvZ
gvbecÖK…wZi ewntcÖKvk gvÎ|
217
GKRb mv`v Pvgovi eY©ev`x gvbyl‡K eY©‣el‡gï e¨vcv‡i
wR‡M¨m Kiæb, wZwb bvbv iKg •eÁvwbK k‡ãi †auvqvkvq fiv
evnvwi Mí e‡j Avcbv‡K †evSv‡bvi †Póv Ki‡eb †h, wewfbœ
RvwZi gvby‡li g‡a¨ cÖvK…wZKfv‡eB bvbv iKg kvixie„Ëxq
cv_©K¨ we`¨gvb| wZwb m¤¢eZ ej‡eb, K‡Kwkqvb‡ì i‡³ ev
wR‡bB Ggb wKQz we‡kl •ewkó¨ Av‡Q, hvi d‡j Zviv
cÖvK…wZKfv‡eB †ewk eyw×gvb, b¨vqcivqY I cwikÖgx| GKRb
†Muvov cyuwRev`x gvbyl‡K A_©‣bwZK •el‡gï wfwË‡Z mgv‡R m„wó
nIqv †kÖwYwefv‡Mi e¨vcv‡i wR‡M¨m Kiæb, wZwb ej‡eb wfbœ
wfbœ gvby‡li mvg_©¨, †gavi cwigvY wfbœ iKg, ZvB Zv‡ì
DcvR©‡bi cwigvYI wfbœ n‡e, GUvB ¯^vfvweK| Zuv‡ì g‡Z,
abx‡ì abm¤ú` †ewk nIqvi KviY n‡jv Ab¨‡ì †_‡K Zviv
†ewk `ÿ, KZ©e¨civqY I cwikÖgx| myZivs, abxiv hw` GKUz
†ewk ¯^v¯ ¨‡mev cvq, fv‡jv cÖwZôv‡b wkÿv`xÿv ev AwaK
cywóKi Lvevi cvq, G‡Z AevK nIqvi wKQz †bB| hZ iKg
my‡hvM-myweav Zviv cvq, Zviv †mm‡ei Rb¨ †hvM¨ e‡jB cvq|
wn›`y‡ì g‡a¨ hviv eªvþY, ÿwÎq, •ek¨, k~`ªÑ Gme eY© ev
†MvÎ‡f` gv‡b Zviv wek^vm K‡i †h, gnvRvMwZK †Kv‡bv kw³
GK RvZ‡K Ab¨ RvZ †_‡K †kÖôZi wn‡m‡e •Zwi K‡i‡Q|
wn›`y‡ì GKwU RbwcÖq m„wóZË¡ †_‡K Rvbv hvq, ÔcyiælÕ bvgK
GKwU Abvw` mËv †_‡K GB c„w_ex Ges me Rx‡ei m„wó| GB
ÔcyiælÕ-Gi †PvL †_‡K Rb¥ †bq m~h,© Zuvi gw¯Í®‥ †_‡K m„wó nq
Puv‡ì, gyL †_‡K Rb¥ jvf K‡i eªvþY (c~Rvwi ev mvay), nvZ
†_‡K m„wó nq ÿwÎ‡qi (†hv×v ev ivRcyiæl), Eiæ †_‡K Rb¥ †bq
•ek¨ (K…lK I eëmvqx) Avi cv †_‡K DrcwË jvf K‡i k~`ª
(PvKi, †Wvg, †g_i cÖf…wZ)| GB e¨vL¨v hw` †KD †g‡b †bq,
Zvn‡j Zvi Kv‡Q mgv‡R eªvþY I k~‡`ªi mvgvwRK Ae¯ v‡bi
cv_©KÜv Puv` Avi m~‡h©i ga¨Kvi cv_©‡Kï g‡Zv cÖvK…wZK ev
wPišÍb g‡b n‡e|1 cÖvPxbKv‡j Pxb‡`‡ki Awaevmxiv g‡b KiZ,
Zv‡ì †èx by Iqv gvbyl‡K m„wó K‡i‡Qb gvwU †_‡K, wZwb
218
AwfRvZ‡ì hZœ K‡i M‡o‡Qb njy` i‡Oi gvwU w`‡q Avi
mvaviY gvbyl‡ì M‡o‡Qb ev`vwg i‡Oi Kv`vgvwU w`‡q|2
21| eY©‣el‡gï mgq `wÿY Avwd«Kvi mgy`ª‣mK‡Zi Qwe, †hLvb ïay mv`v
Pvgovi gvbyl‡ì cÖ‡ekvwaKvi wQj| A_P, Mvp i‡Oi †P‡q nvjKv Pvgovi
gvby‡liB m~hv© ‡jv‡K Pvgov cy‡o hvIqvi m¤¢vebv †ewk _v‡K| Zvi ciI `wÿY
Avwd«Kvi mgy`ª‣mKZ¸‡jv‡Z GB wefw³i †cQ‡b †Kv‡bv •RweK KviY wQj bv|
e¨vcviUv Ggb wQj bv †h A‡cÿvK…Z Kg AwZ‡e¸wb iwk¥hy³ •mKZ¸‡jvB mv`v
Pvgovi †jv‡K‡ì Rb¨ Avjv`v K‡i ivLv wQj|
gvby‡l gvby‡l •el‡gï GZme Mí cÖPwjZ _vK‡jI GLb ch©šÍ

Avgiv hZUzKz Rvwb, †kÖwY‡f‡ì GB welq¸‡jvi m~Pbv n‡qwQj
gvby‡li Kíbv †_‡K| eªvþY I k~`ª Avm‡j †Kv‡bv cyiæl ev
eª‡þi kix‡ii A½cÖZ¨½ †_‡K DrcwË jvf K‡iwb| eis, GB
`yB †kÖwYi we‡f‡ì m~Pbv n‡qwQj cÖvq 3 nvRvi eQi Av‡M DËi
fvi‡Zi gvby‡li •Zwi Kiv AvBbKvbyb I mvgvwRK ixwZbxwZi
mvnv‡h¨| A¨vwi÷U‡ji aviYvI wVK wQj bv, ¯^vaxb gvbyl Ges
`v‡mi g‡a¨ Avm‡j †Kv‡bviKg kvixie„Ëxq cv_©K¨B †bB|
gvby‡li •Zwi Kiv AvBb I mvgvwRK cwiw¯ wZ KvD‡K evwb‡q‡Q
`vm Avi KvD‡K evwb‡q‡Q Zv‡ì cÖfz| mv`v I Kvj Pvgovi
gvbyl‡ì g‡a¨ wKQz evwn¨K •ewkó¨MZ kvixwiK cv_©K¨ Av‡Q,
219
†hgb Pvgov ev Pz‡ji is| wKš‧, GLb ch©šÍ Ggb †Kv‡bv Z_¨
cvIqv hvqwb, hv cÖgvY K‡i Zv‡ì g‡a¨ eyw×gËv ev gvbweK
g~j¨‡ev‡ai e¨vcv‡i †Kv‡bv iKg cv_©K¨ Av‡Q|
AwaKvsk gvbylB `vwe K‡i, Zv‡ì wb‡R‡ì mgv‡Ri
mvgvwRK ¯Íiweb¨vm cÖvK…wZK wbq‡gi wfwË‡Z •Zwi Ges
b¨vqmsMZ, Ab¨vb¨ mgv‡R we`¨gvb ¯Íiweb¨vm¸‡jv M‡o D‡V‡Q
wKQz wg_¨v wbqg Ges AvR¸we aviYvi Ici wfwË K‡i| GKwU
D`vniY †Ìqv hvK| B`vbxs cwðgv we‡k^ eY©‣elg¨‡K Dcnvm
Kiv nq Ges GUvi wec‡ÿ Ae¯ vb †bIqvi Rb¨ AbycÖvwYZ Kiv
nq| mv`v I Kv‡jv Pvgovi gvbyliv GK RvqMvq emevm Ki‡Z
bv cvi‡j, Kv‡jviv mv`v‡ì ¯‥‡z j †h‡Z bv cvi‡j, nvmcvZv‡j
mv`v I Kv‡jv‡ì mgvb myweav †Ìqv bv n‡j †mme †`‡ki
gvby‡liv cÖwZev` K‡i, ÿzä nq| A_P †mB cwðgv we‡kîB
AwaKvsk Av‡gwiKvb I BD‡ivcxqv‡bi Kv‡QB abx I Mwi‡ei
wefvRb ev •elgÜv AZ¨šÍ ¯^vfvweK I •bwZK| A_P, abx-
Mwi‡ei cv_©K¨ _vKvi A_©B n‡jv abxiv AwfRvZ GjvKvq
Avjv`vfv‡e wejvmeûj Rxeb hvcb Ki‡e, Zv‡ì mšÍvbiv
abx‡ì Rb¨ wbwg©Z AwfRvZ ¯‥j z -K‡jR-wek^we`¨vj‡q covi
my‡hvM cv‡e, Zv‡ì Rb¨ _vK‡e DbœZ wPwKrmv‡mev-msewjZ
nvmcvZvj| Mwieiv Gm‡ei †Kv‡bvUvB cv‡e bv, †hgbUv cvq bv
mv`v-Kv‡jv Pvgovi •el‡gï †`‡k Kv‡jv Pvgovi gvby‡liv|
A‡bK cwðgv RbMY abx-Mwi‡ei GB •elg¨‡K AZ¨šÍ ¯^vfvweK
ev cÖvK…wZK g‡b Ki‡jI AvR GUv cÖgvwYZ mZ¨ †h, abx ev
Mwie nIqv AwaKvsk †ÿ‡ÎB †gav ev †hvM¨Zvi Ici wbf©i K‡i
bv| †ewkifvM abx gvbyl abx cwiev‡i Rb¥v‡bvi Kvi‡Y abx,
Avi †ewkifvM Mwie gvbyl Mwie cwiev‡i Rb¥ †bIqvi d‡j
wPiKvj MwieB †_‡K hvq|
`ytLRbK n‡jI mwZ¨, A‡bK gvby‡li mgš^‡q MwVZ RwUj
GKwU mgvRKvVv‡gvi wU‡K _vKvi Rb¨ GBme KwíZ ¯Íiweb¨vm
Ges bxwZnxb •el‡gï cÖ‡qvRbxqZv A‡bK| Aek¨ me mgv‡Ri
¯Íiweb¨v‡mi bxwZMZ wfwË GK bq| †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv mgv‡Ri
220
gvbyl Ab¨ mgv‡Ri gvbyl‡ì †_‡K †ewk mvgvwRK •el‡gï
wkKvi nq| wKš‧ we‡klÁiv Ggb †Kv‡bv e‡ovm‡ov gvbe‡Mvôxi
mÜvb GL‡bv cvbwb †hLv‡b gvbyl‡ì g‡a¨ †Kv‡bv ¯Íiweb¨vm
wQj bv| wewfbœ mg‡q wewfbœfv‡e gvbyl wb‡R‡ì g‡a¨ bvbv
†kÖwYwefvRb •Zwi K‡i Zv‡ì mgvRKvVv‡gv M‡o Zz‡j‡Q| †mB
†kÖwYwe‡f` KL‡bv AwfRvZ, mvaviY Avi `v‡mi, KL‡bv mv`v
Avi Kv‡jvi, KL‡bv ivRv Avi cÖRvi, KL‡bv eªvþY Avi k~‡`ªi
Avi KL‡bv abx Avi Mwi‡ei| GB me ai‡bi †kÖwYwe‡f`
AmsL¨ gvby‡li m¤úK© I Kvh©cÖYvwj wbqš¿‡Yi gva¨‡g wKQz
†jvK‡K AvBbMZ, ivR‣bwZK I mvgvwRKfv‡e Ab¨‡ì †_‡K
e‡ov K‡i Zz‡j‡Q|
mgv‡R GBme †kÖwYwe‡f‡ì GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f‚wgKv Av‡Q|
Gi d‡j Avgiv e¨w³MZfv‡e †Kv‡bv gvbyl m¤ú‡K© GZUzKz bv
†R‡bI Zvi mvgvwRK Ae¯ vb Abyhvqx Zvi m‡½ KxiKg AvPiY
Ki‡Z n‡e †m m¤ú‡K© GKUv aviYv Ki‡Z cvwi| D`vniY¯îƒc,
RR© evb©vW© kÕ-Gi weL¨vZ wcMg¨vwjIb bvU‡K (cieZ©x mg‡q
GB bvU‡Ki Mí LvwbKUv A`j-e`j K‡i wbwg©Z nq weL¨vZ
wm‡bgvÑ My Fair Lady) †nbwi wnwMbm †Kv‡bv iKg cwiPq
QvovB ey‡S wM‡qwQ‡jb bvU‡Ki bvwqKv GwjRv WzwjU‡ji m‡½
Kxfv‡e K_v ej‡Z n‡e| GwjRv dz‡ji †`vKv‡b KvR KiZ|
GwjRvi K_v ï‡bB wnwMbm eyS‡Z cvi‡jb, †m mgv‡Ri wbPz
†kÖwYi GKRb †g‡q| myZivs, wZwb PvB‡jB Zv‡K wb‡Ri B”Qv
Abyhvqx Kv‡R jvMv‡Z cvi‡eb| aŸwbZvwË¡K wnwMb‡mi wek^vm
wQj, GKRb m¤£všÍ bvix I GKRb mvaviY bvixi cÖavb ZdvZ
gy‡Li K_vq| GUv cÖgvY Kivi Rb¨ wZwb evwR ai‡jb| Avi
evwRi ¸wU wn‡m‡e Kv‡R jvMv‡jb GwjRv‡K| wZwb GwjRv‡K
GZ wbLyuZfv‡e fvlv †kLv‡bv ïiæ Ki‡jb hv‡Z Zvi K_v ï‡b
Zv‡K GKRb m¤£všÍ es‡ki bvix e‡j g‡b nq| dz‡ji †`vKv‡b
Avmv GZ GZ gvby‡li Kvi m‡½ Kxfv‡e †Kvb K_v ej‡j
†`vKv‡bi †Mvjvc ev Mø¨vwWIjvm¸‡jv wewµ Kiv hv‡e, †mUv Rvbv
GwjRvi Rb¨ Riæwi wQj| GZ †jvKR‡bi mevB‡K e¨w³MZfv‡e
221
cÖkœ K‡i Zv‡ì cwiPq Rvbv ev dzj †Kbvi Rb¨ Zviv KxiKg
LiP Ki‡Z cv‡I, †m m¤ú‡K© wR‡M¨m Kiv Zvi c‡ÿ m¤¢e wQj
bv| GBRb¨ †mI mvgvwRK ¯Íiweb¨v‡mi jÿY¸‡jv‡K Kv‡R
jvwM‡q dz‡ji L‡Ïi‡ì †Pbvi †Póv KiZ| †`vKv‡b †KD G‡jB
GwjRv Zvi †cvkvK †Lqvj KiZ, Abygvb Kivi †Póv KiZ Zvi
eqm Ges jÿ KiZ Zvi Pvgovi is Ges cÖmvab| GBfv‡e †m
Av›`vR Ki‡Z cviZ, †K A¨vKvDw›Us dv‡g©i cvU©bvi Avi †K
wPwV e‡q †eov‡bv †QvKiv| GUv Zvi Rvbv wQj †h, cÖ_gR‡bi
`vwg †Mvjvc ev †ewk `vwg †Kv‡bv wKQz †Kbvi m¤¢vebv †ewk Avi
wØZxqR‡bi c‡ÿ m¯Ív †WBwR dzj Qvov Ab¨ wKQz †Kbv m¤¢e
bq|
GZÿY Avgiv mgv‡Ri gvby‡li g‡aï bvbv iKg ¯Íiweb¨vm
m¤ú‡K© Rvbjvg| GUvI Rvbjvg, gvby‡li mvgwóK Kíbv I wU‡K
_vKvi cÖ‡qvRbxqZvB Gme ¯Íiweb¨vm m„wói Rb¨ `vqx| Aek¨B
gvby‡li Rb¥MZ •ewkóÏ A‡bK mgq GKRb gvby‡li m‡½
Ab¨R‡bi cv_©K¨ •Zwii e¨vcv‡i f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i| wKš‧,
Rb¥MZ GB eyw×gËv I DbœZ PvwiwÎK •ewkó¨ mgv‡R †kl‡gk
KZUzKz f‚wgKv ivL‡Z cvi‡e Zv wbf©i K‡i g~jZ gvby‡li KwíZ
†mB ¯Íiweb¨v‡mi Ic‡iB| GUv `yfv‡e N‡U _v‡K| cÖ_gZ,
gvby‡li Rb¥MZ †h-†Kv‡bv cÖwZfvi hZœ †bIqv, PP©v Kiv Ges
†m¸‡jvi weKvk mvab cÖ‡qvRb| me gvbyl mgvbfv‡e Zvi †gavi
PP©v Kiv I weKvk mva‡bi my‡hvM cvq bv| GKRb gvbyl Zvi
cÖwZfv weKv‡ki my‡hvM cv‡e wK bv, ev †c‡j KZUzKz cv‡e Zv
A‡bKvs‡k wbf©i K‡i KwíZ mvgvwRK ¯Íiweb¨v‡mi †Kvb ¯Í‡i
Zvi Ae¯ vb, †mUvi Ici| G cÖm‡½ †R †K ivDwjs Gi m„ó
PwiÎ n¨vwi cUv‡ii D`vniY †Ìqv †h‡Z cv‡i| n¨vwi cUv‡ii
Rb¥ Rv`yKi cwiev‡i wKš‧ Zv‡K e‡ov n‡Z nq Rv`yi m‡½
†Kv‡bv iKg †hvMv‡hvM bv _vKv mvaviY GKwU cwiev‡i| hLb
†m cÖ_gevi Rv`yi ¯‥j
z nMIqv‡U© Av‡m, ZLb Zvi Rv`y-m¤úwK©Z
†Kv‡bv Ávb ev †hvM¨ZvB wQj bv| Rv`yi e¨vcv‡i Zvi Rb¥MZ
222
ÿgZv m¤ú‡K© aviYv jvf I Zvi Ici cy‡iv wbqš¿Y Avb‡Z
Zv‡K hv hv Ki‡Z n‡qwQj ZviB eY©bv Av‡Q mvZUv eB Ry‡o|
wØZxqZ, mvgvwRK ¯Íiweb¨v‡mi `y‡Uv wfbœ ¯Í‡i emevmKvix
gvbyl GKBiKg †hvM¨Zv ev ¸Yvewji AwaKvix n‡jI Zviv `yR‡bB
mgvb mdjZvi AwaKvix n‡eÑ G K_v wbwðZ K‡i ejv hvq bv|
KviY, †m †ÿ‡Î `yRb mgvb †hvM¨Zvi †L‡jvqvo‡K gv‡V Avjv`v
Avjv`v wbq‡g †Lj‡Z n‡e| fviZe‡l© weªwUk‡ì kvmbKv‡j
GKRb Kzj‡kÖô eªvþY, GKRb K¨v_wjK AvBwik Ges cÖ‡U÷¨v›U
Bs‡iR hw` GKBiKg e¨vemvwqK `ÿZvi AwaKvix n‡Zv, Zvi
c‡iI Zv‡ì mgvb abx nIqvi m¤¢vebv wQj LyeB Kg| KviY,
UvKvcqmvi GB †Ljvq KviPzwc n‡Zv cÖPzi, Avi Zvi my‡hvM K‡i
w`Z AvBbMZ evaëvaKZv Avi wewawb‡l‡ai A`„k¨ †Ìqvj|
`yó Pµ
GLb Avgiv Rvwb, GKB iKg bv n‡jI me mgv‡RB ¯Íiweb¨vm
we`¨gvb| wKš‧ wewfbœ mgv‡Ri ¯Íiweb¨v‡mi g‡a¨ GB †h cv_©K¨,
Zvi KviY Kx? †Kb cÖvPxb fviZxq mgvR †kÖwY ev eY©cÖ_vi
wfwË‡Z gvby‡li ¯Íiweb¨vm •Zwi Kij, A‡Uvgvbiv •Zwi Kij
a‡g©i wfwË‡Z Avi Av‡gwiKvbiv Pvgovi i‡Oi wfwË‡Z?
†ewkifvM †ÿ‡Î GBme ¯Íiweb¨v‡mi m~Pbv n‡qwQj wKQz
HwZnvwmK NUbvP‡µi djvdj wn‡m‡e| Zvici, eQ‡ii ci
eQi a‡i ms‡kvab Avi cwigvR©‡bi gva¨‡g GKmgq †mBme
¯Íiweb¨vm¸‡jv wPi¯ vqx iƒc jvf K‡i|
GKUv D`vniY †Ìqv hvK| A‡bK we‡klÁ‡ì aviYv, cÖvq
3 nvRvi eQi Av‡M hLb B‡›`v-Avh© m¤cÖ`vq fviZxq
Dcgnv‡`k AwaKvi K‡i ¯ vbxq †jvKR‡bi Ici KZ©…Z¡ ¯ vcb
K‡i, †m mg‡qB cÖ_g wn›`y‡ì eY© ev †kÖwYcÖ_v weKvk jvf
K‡i| weRqx B‡›`v-Avh©iv Zv‡ì cÖ‡qvR‡bB •elg¨wbf©i GKwU
mvgvwRK ¯Íiweb¨vm •Zwi K‡i| ¯^vfvweKfv‡eB GB ¯Íiweb¨v‡mi
me‡P‡q Ic‡i ¯ vb wQj Zv‡ì wb‡R‡ì (†hv×v I
223
cy‡ivwnZ‡ì)| Ab¨w`‡K ¯ vbxq RbMY‡K K…lK ev `vm wn‡m‡e
emevm Ki‡Z n‡Zv| ivR¨we‡RZviv msL¨vq wQj Aí, ZvB Zviv
me mgqB mgv‡R Zv‡ì cÖwZwbwaZ¡c~Y© I myweavRbK Ae¯ vb
nviv‡bvi f‡q _vKZ| GB fq †_‡K euvPvi Rb¨ Zviv mg¯Í
Rb‡Mvôx‡K wewfbœ e‡Y© wef³ K‡i †djj| cÖ‡Z¨K e‡Y©i
gvby‡li Rb¨ wba©vwiZ Kiv n‡jv wbw`©ó wKQz †ckv Ges cÖ‡Z¨‡Ki
Rb¨ wba©viY Kiv n‡jv bvbv iKg mvgvwRK Ae¯ vb| Gi d‡j
cÖ‡Z¨K e‡Y©i gvby‡li GKwU AvBbvbyM cwiwPwZ •Zwi n‡jv, •Zwi
n‡jv eY© Abyhvqx Zvi mvgvwRK Ae¯ vb Ges wba©vwiZ n‡jv
mgv‡Ri Rb¨ Zvi `vwqZ¡-KZ©e¨| `ywU wfbœ e‡Y©i gvby‡li g‡a¨
mvgvwRK †gjv‡gkv, we‡q, GgbwK GKcv‡Z LvIqv`vIqv KivI
wbwl× Kiv n‡jv| mevB‡K GKwU mvgvwRK Ae¯ vb †Ìqvi d‡j
`~i n‡jv ¯ vbxq RbM‡Yi Øviv we‡`ªv‡ni m¤¢vebv| GB ¯Íiweb¨vm
ïay †h AvBb Øviv wm× n‡jv Zv-B bq, GKmgq Gme ag©xq
cyivY Ges ag©xq AvPvi-Abyôv‡bi GK Acwinvh© As‡k cwiYZ
n‡jv|
cieZ©xKv‡j kvm‡Kiv GB †kÖwY ev eY©cÖ_v‡K BwZnv‡mi
GKwU Aa¨vq wn‡m‡e e¨vL¨v bv K‡i AbšÍKvj a‡i P‡j Avmv
GK gnvRvMwZK mZ¨ e‡j `vwe Ki‡Z _vK‡jb| ï× I Aï‡×i
aviYvwU cÖ_g †_‡KB wn›`y a‡g©i GKwU cÖ‡qvRbxq Dcv`vb wQj
Ges w`‡bi ci w`b GB ï×-Aï×, †k․P-A‡k․‡Pi aviYv¸‡jv‡K
hZœ K‡i jvjb Kiv n‡q‡Q| mvgvwRK bvbv AvPvi-Abyôvb I
Kg©c×wZi m‡½ G‡K Rwo‡q †djv n‡q‡Q hv‡Z †kÖwY ev eY©cÖ_v
bvgK mvgvwRK •el‡gï GB KvVv‡gvUv Av‡iv k³ wfwËi Ici
ùvov‡bvi my‡hvM cvq| hv‡Z Av‡iv mv_©Kfv‡e G‡K AbšÍKvj
a‡i P‡j Avmv †Kv‡bv eë¯ v wn‡m‡e wek^vm‡hvMïƒ‡c gvby‡li
Kv‡Q Zz‡j aiv hvq| avwg©K wn›`y‡ì †kLv‡bv n‡Z _v‡K, wfbœ eY©
ev †Mv‡Îi m‡½ †QuvqvQzuwq n‡j Zv †h †Kej GKRb e¨w³i ï×Zv
ev ïwPZv bó K‡i ZvB bq, Zv mgv‡Ri cweÎZvI bó K‡i| Avi
†mB Kvi‡YB wfbœ e‡Y©i gvby‡li m‡½ †QuvqvQzuwq †_‡K hZ `~‡i
_vKv hvq, mgv‡Ri Rb¨ ZZB g½j| Z‡e ï×-Aï×, weï×-
224
`~wlZÑ Gme aviYv †h †Kej wn›`y‡ì g‡a¨B cÖPwjZ, GgbUv
bq| BwZnv‡mi wewfbœ mg‡q, cÖvq me mgv‡RB, mvgvwRK I
ivR‣bwZK †kÖwYwe‡f` •Zwi Kivi Kv‡R weï×Zv, `~l‡Yi GB
aviYv¸‡jv ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i‡Q| mgv‡Ri kvmK‡kÖwY
Zv‡ì wb‡R‡ì KZ©…Z¡ I AvwfRvZ¨ eRvq ivLvq Rb¨ bvbvfv‡e
GB aviYv¸‡jv eënvi K‡i‡Qb| Z‡e gvby‡li g‡a¨ GB `~wlZ
nIqvi f‡qi aviYv •Zwii Rb¨ †Kej kvmK I ag©hvRKivB
`vqx bq| m¤¢eZ, Gi †kKo Qov‡bv Av‡Q Av‡iv Mfx‡i, gvby‡li
•RweK Aw¯ÍZ¡ iÿvi †K․kj¸‡jvi g‡a¨| GB ¯^fveRvZ
cÖeYZv¸‡jv gvbyl‡K m¤¢ve¨ †ivMRxevYy enbKvix Rxe, Amy¯ 
gvbyl ev g„Z‡`n †_‡K `~‡i _vKevi ZvwM` †`q| GB ¯^fveRvZ
cÖeYZv¸‡jv‡K Kv‡R jvwM‡q Avcwb hw` bvix, Bûw`, †ivgvb,
mgKvgx, K…òv½ Gme †kÖwYwe‡f` •Zwi K‡i mgv‡Ri Ab¨ mevi
†_‡K G‡ì Avjv`v ivL‡Z Pvb, †mUv Kivi †miv Dcvq n‡jv
mevB‡K †evSv‡bv †h Giv A¯ú„k¨, †bvsiv Ges AcweÎZvi
Drm|
wn›`y‡ì eY©cÖ_v Ges Gi m‡½ RwoZ A‡bK AvPvi-Abyôvb
fviZxq ms¯‥…wZi Acwinvh© As‡k cwiYZ n‡q‡Q| GgbwK
A‡bKw`b ci hLb gvbyl B‡›`v-Avh©‡ì fviZ `L‡ji KvwnwbI
fz‡j †Mj, eY©c_Ö v ZL‡bv wU‡K _vKj exi`‡c©| wn›`yiv mva¨g‡Zv
†Póv Kij †QuvqvQuzwq euvwP‡q wb‡R‡ì Rv‡Zi weï×Zv iÿv
Ki‡Z| Z‡e eY©cÖ_v AcwieZ©bxq wKQz wQj bv| mg‡qi m‡½
m‡½, G‡KKwU eY© Avevi KZ¸‡jv `j-Dc`‡j wef³ n‡Z ïiæ
Kij| Kvjµ‡g PviwU cÖavb eY© wef³ n‡jv cÖvq 3 nvRviwU
ÔRvwZÕ‡Z (†Lqvj Kiæb, AvÿwiK A‡_©B e¨vcviUv‡K ÔR‡b¥iÕ
m‡½ m¤úwK©Z K‡i †Ìqv n‡jv)| wKš‧, GZ¸‡jv eY© Ges RvwZ
•Zwi nIqvi c‡iI eY©cÖ_vi g~j wbqg wKš‧ GKB _vKj, Zv
n‡jv cÖ‡Z¨K gvbyl Rb¥ †_‡KB GKwU eY© ev †Mv‡Îi m`m¨ n‡e|
GK eY© ev †Mvôxi †jvKR‡bi m‡½ Ab¨ eY© ev †Mvôxi
†jvKR‡bi †QuvqvQuzwq n‡j ev Zviv weevneÜ‡b Ave× n‡j Zv
mswkøó e¨w³mn cy‡iv mgvR‡K `~wlZ Ki‡e| GKRb e¨w³i
225
ÔRvwZÕ wba©viY K‡i †m †Kvb †Kvb †ckvi Rb¨ Dchy³, Zvi Kx
ai‡bi Lvevi LvIqv DwPZ, †Kvb GjvKvq emevm Kiv DwPZ
Ges †Kvb ai‡bi gvbyl‡K Zvi Rxebm½x wn‡m‡e wbe©vPb Kiv
DwPZ| Avi AeavwiZfv‡eB wbR e‡Y©i Rxebm½x †e‡Q †bIqvi
d‡j Zv‡ì mšÍv‡biv Rb¥m~‡ÎB mgv‡Ri GKB ¯Í‡i ¯ vb cv‡e|
hLbB mgv‡R bZzb †Kv‡bv †ckv weKvk jvf KiZ ev
mgv‡R bZzb ai‡bi GK`j †jv‡Ki D™¢e n‡Zv, wn›`y mgv‡R
GKwU MÖnY‡hvM¨ Ae¯ vb jvf Kivi Rb¨ Zv‡ì‡K GKwU bZzb
ÔRvwZÕ MVb Ki‡Z n‡Zv| †Kv‡bv `j ev wKQz gvbyl hw` ÔRvwZÕ
wn‡m‡e mgv‡Ri Kv‡Q wb‡R‡ì cÖwZôv Ki‡Z e¨_© n‡Zv, Zvn‡j
Zv‡ì‡K AvÿwiK A‡_©B ÔRvZPz¨ZÕ, ÔA”QzrÕ ev ÔA¯ú„k¨Õ
wn‡m‡e †NvlYv Kiv n‡Zv Ges Zv‡ì Ae¯ vb n‡Zv mgv‡Ri me
RvwZi wb‡P| mgv‡Ri Avi me RvwZi m‡½ Zv‡ì IVv-emv ev
mvgvwRK Kvh©Kjvc n‡Zv wbwl×| Zv‡ì‡K Kvh©Z GKN‡i n‡q
mgv‡Ri Ab¨ †jvKRb †_‡K `~‡i AcgvbRbK I weiw³Ki
Rxeb hvcb †e‡Q wb‡Z n‡Zv| Zviv nq‡Zv †UvKvB‡qi g‡Zv
AveR©bvi ¯Íc ‚ †_‡K Dw”Qó msMÖn K‡i RxweKv wbe©vn KiZ|
GgbwK mgv‡Ri me‡P‡q wbPz RvwZi gvbylI Zv‡ì m‡½ wgk‡Z,
GKm‡½ LvIqv`vIqv Ki‡Z ev †QuvqvQuzwq †_‡K `~‡i _vKZ, we‡q-
kvw` †Zv A‡bK `~‡ii e¨vcvi| AvaywbKKv‡j fvi‡Zi MYZvwš¿K
miKvi eY©cÖ_vi bv‡g gvby‡li g‡aï GB †kÖwY‡f` `~i Kivi
†Póv Ki‡Q| wewfbœ e‡Y©i gvby‡li wgkÖ‡Y ev we‡q-kvw`‡Z †h
Avm‡j mgv‡Ri †Kv‡bv `~lY nq bv, GUv mevB‡K †evSv‡bvi
A‡bK †Póv Ki‡Q| Zv m‡Ë¡I AvaywbK fvi‡Z we‡q Ges †ckvi
e¨vcv‡i A‡bK †ÿ‡ÎB GB eY©cÖ_vi cÖfve GL‡bv jÿ Kiv
hvq|3
Av‡gwiKvq RvZcvZ
fviZxq‡ì g‡Zv AvaywbK Av‡gwiKvb‡ì g‡aÏ eY©‣el‡gï
GB `yóPµ A‡bK Kvj a‡i P‡j Avm‡Q| Av‡gwiKvi KqjvLwb
226
Ges †LZLvgv‡i KvR Kivi Rb¨ BD‡iv‡ci we‡RZvMY †lvok
kZvãx †_‡K Aóv`k kZvãx ch©šÍ jvL jvL Avwd«Kvb gvbyl‡K
`vm wn‡m‡e Av‡gwiKvq Avg`vwb K‡i| bvbv iKg cwiw¯ wZMZ
Kvi‡Y Zviv `vm Avg`vwbi †ÿ‡Î BD‡ivc ev c~e© Gwkqvi w`‡K
bRi bv w`‡q Avwd«Kvi w`‡K bRi w`‡qwQj| cÖ_gZ,
†f․‡MvwjKfv‡e Avwd«Kv wQj wbKUeZ©x, ZvB wf‡qZbvg †_‡K
`vm Avg`vwb Kivi †P‡q †m‡bMvj †_‡K Avg`vwb Kiv wQj
e¨qmvkÖqx|
wØZxqZ, hLb Av‡gwiKvbiv `vm Avg`vwbi K_v fvev ïiæ
Kij ZLb Avwd«Kvq `vm-eëmv‡qi evRvi wQj igigv| Avwd«Kv
†_‡K `vm‡ì ißvwb Kiv n‡Zv ga¨cÖv‡P¨| Ab¨w`‡K BD‡iv‡c
ZL‡bv `vm-eëmvq †mfv‡e ïiæ nqwb| BD‡iv‡c bZzb K‡i
`vm-eëmv‡qi evRvi •Zwi Kivi †P‡q Avwd«Kvi Pvjy evRvi
†_‡K `vm †Kbv Av‡gwiKvb‡ì Rb¨ A‡bK †ewk mnRmva¨
wQj|
Z…Zxq Ges me‡P‡q ¸iæZ¡c~Y© e¨vcvi n‡jvÑ †mmgq
Av‡gwiKvb‡ì cÖavb Dcwb‡ek¸‡jv‡Z fvwR©wbqv, nvBwZ I
eªvwR‡ji g‡Zv g¨v‡jwiqv Ges njy` R¡‡ii cÖv`yf©ve wQj Lye
†ewk| GB †ivM¸‡jvi DrcwË¯ j wQj Avwd«Kv| cÖRb¥ †_‡K
cÖRb¥všÍ‡i Avwd«Kvb‡ì g‡a¨ wRbMZfv‡eB Gme †iv‡Mi
weiæ‡× GKUv ¯^vfvweK cÖwZ‡iva eë¯ v M‡o D‡VwQj|
BD‡ivcxqvb‡ì g‡a¨ GiKg †Kv‡bv cÖwZ‡ivaeë¯ v M‡o bv
IVvq Gme †iv‡M Zv‡ì bvKvj nIqvi m¤¢vebv wQj A‡bK
†ewk| msMZ Kvi‡YB, GKRb gvwj‡Ki c‡ÿ mn‡RB †ivMvµvšÍ
nIqvi Avk¼vhy³ BD‡ivcxq `v‡mi †cQ‡b A_© wewb‡qvM Kivi
†P‡q †ivMcÖwZ‡iva-ÿgZvm¤úbœ Avwd«Kvb `v‡mi †cQ‡b A_©
wewb‡qvM Kiv †ewk jvfRbK wQj| Avðh©RbKfv‡e, GKUv
Dj‡Uv NUbv NUj| wRbMZ DbœwZ (†ivMcÖwZ‡iva-ÿgZvi
we‡ePbvq) cwiYZ n‡jv mvgvwRK Ae‡njvq! Avwd«Kvbiv µvšÍxq
AÂ‡ji Rjevqy‡Z wU‡K _vKvi e¨vcv‡i BD‡ivcxq‡ì †_‡K
†ewk `ÿ wQj, Avi GB Kvi‡YB Zviv GKmgq BD‡ivcxqvb
227
cÖfz‡ì `v‡m cwiYZ nq| GBme Ae¯ vi cwi‡cÖwÿ‡Z
Av‡gwiKvi mgv‡R `yB ¯Í‡ii ¯Íiweb¨vm cÖKU n‡q c‡o, GK`j
mv`v Pvgovi BD‡ivcxqvb kvmK‡kÖwY Avi GK`j Ae‡nwjZ
Kv‡jv Pvgovi Avwd«Kvb|
wKš‧ †Kej A_©‣bwZK jvfÿwZi K_v wPšÍv K‡i Avwd«Kvi
gvbylRb‡K `vm evbv‡bv n‡qwQj, G K_v ¯^xKvi K‡i †bIqv
gvwjK‡ì mvgvwRK gh©v`v ÿzYœ Ki‡Z cv‡i| Avi, fviZe‡l©i
Avh©‡ì g‡ZvB †Kej A_©‣bwZK ¯^v”Q›`¨ Av‡gwiKvq emevmiZ
mv`v Pvgovi BD‡ivcxqvb‡ìI cy‡ivcywi Z…ß Ki‡Z cv‡iwb|
mgv‡Ri Ab¨vb¨ RvZ‡Mvôxi Kv‡Q wb‡R‡ì‡K gh©v`vc~Y© K‡i
†Zvjv Z_v wb‡R‡ì‡K Ávbx, b¨vqcivqY I wbi‡cÿ wn‡m‡e
A‡bï Kv‡Q Zz‡j aivI Zv‡ì GKUv Ab¨Zg jÿ¨ wQj| Zv‡ì
GB jÿ¨ c~i‡Y Ab¨Zg mnvqK f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i ag©xq DcK_v
Ges weÁvb w`‡q †gvov‡bv KíKvwnwb¸‡jv| m„wóZ‡Ë¡i
e¨vL¨vKvixiv mv`v-Kv‡jvi •el‡gï e¨vL¨v w`‡jb Gfv‡eÑ
Avwd«Kvb‡ì Avw` wcZv n‡jb n¨vg| GB n¨vg b~‡ni cyÎ| b~n
Zvi cyÎ n¨vg‡K GB e‡j Awfkvc †`b †h, fwel¨‡Z Zvi
DËim~wiiv mevB `vm n‡q Rb¥ †b‡e| RxeweÁvbxiv `vwe
Ki‡jbÑ Kv‡jviv mv`v‡ì †_‡K Kg eyw×gvb Ges gvbweKZv,
g~j¨‡eva m¤ú‡K© Zv‡ì aviYvI mv`v‡ì †_‡K Kg| wPwKrmKiv
hyw³nxb Mí duv`‡jbÑ Kv‡jviv gqjv, AveR©bvi g‡a¨ emevm
K‡i Ges ZvivB bvbv iKg †ivMe¨vwa Qov‡bvi Rb¨ `vqx; GK
K_vq, Kv‡jviv `~l‡Yi GKwU Drm|
mg‡qi m‡½ m‡½ mv`v-Kv‡jvi we‡f‡ì GBme MíMv_v,
DcK_v¸‡jv cwðgv ms¯‥…wZi wkiv-Dcwkivq Qwo‡q c‡o| hvi
cÖwZdjb Avgiv †`L‡Z cvB Av‡gwiKvb ms¯‥…wZi g‡a¨, †`L‡Z
cvB Kg‡ewk me cwðgv ms¯‥…wZi g‡a¨B| Dwbk kZ‡Ki †Mvovi
w`‡K weªwUk mvgªv‡R¨ AvBb K‡i `vmcÖ_v wbwl× †NvlYv Kiv nq
Ges AvUjvw›UK mgy‡`ª me iKg `vm-eëmvq eÜ K‡i †Ìqv
nq| Gi cieZ©x K‡qK `k‡K Av‡gwiKvi cÖvq me Dcgnv‡`‡kB
`vmcÖ_v G‡K G‡K wbwl× †NvlYv Kiv n‡Z _v‡K| jÿYxq welq
228
n‡jv, GwUB wQj BwZnv‡m cÖ_gev‡ii g‡Zv Ges GLb ch©šÍ
GKgvÎ `vm-gvwjK‡ì wbR¯^ D‡`¨v‡M `vmcÖ_v eÜ nIqvi
NUbv| wKš‧ `vm‡ì gy³ Kiv n‡jI `vmcÖ_v‡K mgv‡R
hyw³msMZ wn‡m‡e cÖwZôv Kivi Rb¨ mgv‡R †h Mí, DcK_v,
gZvgZ Pvjy n‡qwQj †m¸‡jv GKiKg envj Zweq‡ZB wU‡K
_vKj| mgv‡R eY©‣elg¨g~jK bvbv AvBb I mvgvwRK cÖ_vi
gva¨‡g wfbœ e‡Y©i gvbyl‡K Avjv`v Avjv`v K‡i ivLv n‡jv|
Avi GB wfbœ e‡Y©i gvbyl‡K Avjv`v Avjv`v K‡i ivLvi
d‡jB m~Pbv n‡jv •el‡gï AšÍnxb GK `yóP‡µi| D`vniY
wn‡m‡e M„nhy‡×vËi `wÿY Av‡gwiKvi K_vB aiv hvK| 1865
mv‡j msweav‡bi Î‡qv`k ms‡kvabx‡Z Av‡gwiKvi msweav‡b
`vmcÖ_v wbwl× †NvlYv Kiv nq| PZz`©k ms‡kvabx‡Z ejv nq,
bvMwiKZ¡ Ges AvBbMZ †mev cÖ`v‡bi †ÿ‡Î eY©‣elg¨‡K KL‡bv
we‡ePbvq Avbv n‡e bv| wKš‧, ZZw`‡b 200 eQi a‡i P‡j Avmv
`vmcÖ_vi Kvi‡Y †ewkifvM Kv‡jv Pvgovi gvbyl n‡q c‡o‡Q
mv`v‡ì †P‡q `wi`ª Ges mv`v‡ì †P‡q Kg wkwÿZ| †m Kvi‡Y
1865 mv‡j Avjvevgvq Rb¥ †bIqv GKRb K…òv½ gvby‡li
wkÿvi my‡hvM jvf ev fv‡jv PvKwi cvIqvi m¤¢vebv GKRb
†k^Zv½ gvby‡li †P‡q A‡bKUvB Kg wQj| d‡j 1880 mvj I
1890 mv‡j Rb¥ †bIqv Zvi mšÍv‡biv †mB GKB mvgvwRK
•elg¨ wb‡qB Rxeb ïiæ K‡i‡Q| KviY, Zv‡ìI Rb¥ n‡q‡Q
GKwU AwkwÿZ, `wi`ª cwiev‡i! cy‡iv e¨vcviUv A‡bKUv
`vwi‡`ªï `yóP‡µi g‡ZvB|
wKš‧ †Kej A_©‣bwZK •elg¨B †h mv`v Avi Kv‡jv‡ì
Avjv`v K‡i †i‡LwQj Ggb bq| Avjvevgvq ZLb mv`v Pvgovi
A‡bK Mwie †jvKI evm KiZ, Mwie nIqvi Kvi‡Y Zv‡ì
A‡bK ÁvwZfvB mv`v Pvgovi abx gvbyl‡ì mgvb my‡hvM-myweav
†_‡K Zviv ewÂZ wQj| A_©vr, Zv‡ì A_©‣bwZK Ae¯ v wQj
Kv‡jv Pvgovi gvbylR‡bi g‡ZvB| wKš‧, mv`v Pvgovi gvbyl
nIqvi Kvi‡Y Zviv Kv‡jv‡ì m‡½ GKai‡bi mvgvwRK `~iZ¡
eRvq †i‡L PjZ| wkíwecø‡ei ci bvbv †`‡ki, bvbv eY©-†Mv‡Îi
229
gvbyl Av‡gwiKvq emwZ ¯ vbvšÍi Ki‡Z ïiæ K‡i| Av‡gwiKvb
mgv‡R I A_©bxwZ‡Z MwZkxjZvi m~Pbv nq| †h-†Kv‡bv eY© ev
†Mv‡Îi †jvK, abx ev Mwie gvbyl A_©‣bwZK fv‡e m”Qj ev
m¤úrkvjx nIqvi my‡hvM jvf K‡i| wKš‧, Gm‡ei c‡iI mgv‡R
wewfbœ e‡Y©i g‡a¨ ¯Íiweb¨v‡mi e¨vcviwU †_‡KB hvq| hw` †Kej
A_©‣bwZK KviYB GB •el‡gï Rb¨ `vqx n‡Zv, Zvn‡j
Av‡gwiKvb mgv‡R wewfbœ e‡Y©i gvby‡li g‡aï GB we‡f` wU‡K
_vKvi K_v bvq Avi †Kv‡bvfv‡e †nvK-bv-†nvK †Kej mv`v-
Kv‡jv Pvgovi gvby‡li g‡a¨ we‡q-kvwì gva¨‡gB GB we‡f` jyß
n‡q hvIqvi K_v wQj|
wKš‧ ev¯Í‡e †mUv nqwb| 1865 mv‡ji g‡a¨B, mv`viv †Zv
e‡UB GgbwK Kv‡jv‡ì A‡b‡KB wb‡R †_‡KB GKiKg ¯^xKvi
K‡i †bb †h, Rb¥MZfv‡eB Kv‡jviv mv`v‡ì †_‡K GKUz Kg
eyw×gvb, †ewk mwnsm, †h․bZvi e¨vcv‡i AwaKZi †¯^”QvPvix,
Ajm Ges e¨w³MZ cwi®‥vi-cwi”QbœZvi e¨vcv‡i Kg
g‡bv‡hvMx| Gme Kvi‡Y Zviv b„ksmZv, Pzwi, WvKvwZ, al©Y Ges
†ivMe¨vwai evnK wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i| GK K_vq, Zviv mgv‡Ri
me iKg `~l‡Yi Drm| 1895 mv‡j Avjvevgvi GKRb Kv‡jv
Pvgovi gvbyl h_vh_ wkÿv jvf K‡i e¨vs‡Ki GKwU m¤§vbRbK
c‡` PvKwii Rb¨ Av‡e`b Ki‡j Zv‡K PvKwi cvIqvi Rb¨
GKRb mv`v Pvgovi PvKwicÖv_©xi Zzjbvq A‡bK †ewk
cÖwZK‚jZvi m¤§yLxb n‡Z n‡Zv| Kv‡jviv Awek^¯Í, Ajm, Kg
eyw×gvbÑ Kv‡jv‡ì wb‡q mgv‡R cÖPwjZ GB mvaviY
aviYv¸‡jvB GBme cÖwZK‚jZv •Zwi‡Z cÖfve‡Ki f‚wgKv cvjb
KiZ|
Avcwb GZÿ‡Y wbðqB G K_v fve‡Z ïiæ K‡i‡Qb †h,
mg‡qi AMÖMwZi m‡½ m‡½ Kv‡jv Pvgovi gvbyl‡ì wb‡q cÖPwjZ
GB aviYv¸‡jv †h fzj, mevB †mUv GKw`b eyS‡Z cvi‡e| Kv‡jv
Pvgovi gvbyl¸‡jvI Zv‡ì Kv‡Ri gva¨‡g cÖgvY K‡i w`‡Z
cvi‡e †h, ZvivI mv`v‡ì mgvb `ÿ, AvB‡bi cÖwZ kÖ×vkxj
Ges cwi®‥vi-cwi”Qbœ| wKš‧, ev¯Í‡e Gi Dj‡UvUv N‡U‡Q|
230
mg‡qi m‡½ m‡½ mv`v Kv‡jvi ZdvZ wb‡q GBme aviYv, GBme
Kvwnwb Av‡iv Mfxifv‡e gvby‡li gb¯Í‡Ë¡ RvqMv `Lj K‡i
wb‡q‡Q| †h‡nZz me PvKwii me e‡ov e‡ov c` mv`v‡ì `L‡j,
gvbyl fve‡Z ïiæ K‡i‡Q Kv‡jv Pvgovi gvbyl‡ì †hvM¨Zv
Avm‡jB Kg| GKRb mv`v Pvgovi gvby‡li Lye cÖPwjZ hyw³wU
GiKgÑ Ôev¯Íe `ywbqvi w`‡K ZvKvb| Kv‡jviv K‡qK cÖRb¥
Av‡M gyw³ †c‡q‡Q `vmcÖ_v †_‡K, jvf K‡i‡Q ¯^vaxbZv| wKš‧,
GZw`‡bI mgv‡R Kv‡jv Pvgovi cÖ‡dmi, AvBbRxex, Wv³vi,
e¨vs‡Ki e‡ov Kg©KZ©v cÖvq bvB ej‡jB P‡j| Kv‡jv Pvgovi
gvbyl¸‡jv †h Avm‡jB we`¨veyw×‡Z Lv‡Uv Ges G‡Kev‡iB Ajm
cÖK…wZi GUv cÖgv‡Yi Rb¨ GB mgqUv wK h‡_ó bq?Õ w`‡bi ci
w`b Kv‡jv Pvgovi gvbyliv AvU‡K †M‡Q GB `yóP‡µ| †h‡nZz
mgvR Kv‡jv Pvgovi gvbyl‡ì Kg eyw×gvb, Ajm, AKg©Y¨
fv‡e, †m Kvi‡Y mvaviYZ Zv‡ì e‡ov e‡ov PvKwievKwi‡Z
my‡hvM †Ìqv nq bv| Avevi, mvgvwRK cÖwZôvb¸‡jvi w`‡K
ZvKv‡j †h‡nZz mevB †`‡L e‡ov e‡ov c‡` me mv`v Pvgovi
gvbyl, Zv‡ì g‡b GB K_v Av‡iv ¯ vqx Avmb †M‡o e‡m †h,
Kv‡jviv Avm‡jB AKg©Y¨, Ajm, `~l‡Yi Drm!
GLv‡bB GB `yóP‡µi †kl bq| mgv‡R Kv‡jv‡ì m¤ú‡K©
†bwZevPK aviYvi cvnvo Rg‡Z Rg‡Z GKmgq Zv Rb¥ w`‡q‡Q
eY©ev`x mvgvwRK AvB‡bi| GBme AvBb‡K hy³iv‡óªi
`wÿYvÂ‡j ÔwRg †µv AvBbÕ (Jim Crow Law) e‡jI WvKv
nq| GBme mvgvwRK AvBb I ixwZbxwZ M‡o I‡V eY©MZ
weï×Zv eRvq ivLvi D‡Ï‡k¨! Kv‡jv‡ì wbe©vP‡b †fvU †Ìqv
eviY, mv`v‡ì ¯‥‡z j cov eviY, mv`v‡ì †i÷y‡i‡›U LvIqv
eviY, mv`v‡ì †nv‡U‡j ivwÎhvcb eviY| GZme wewawb‡l‡ai
†cQ‡b mv`v‡ì hyw³ GKUvBÑ Kv‡jviv †bvsiv, Ajm, `yðwiÎ,
†evKvi nÏ, AuvUKz‡o Ges Awfkß| myZivs, mv`v Pvgovi
gvbyl‡ì‡K Kv‡jv‡ì †_‡K AvM‡j ivLv DwPZ, `~‡i ivLv
DwPZ| mv`viv Kv‡jv‡ì m‡½ GK †i‡¯Íviuvq †L‡Z PvBZ bv ev
GK †nv‡U‡j ivwÎ hvcb Ki‡Z PvBZ bv, cv‡Q Kv‡jv‡ì †_‡K
231
Zv‡ì g‡a¨ †ivMevjvB Xz‡K c‡o| Amr m½ Ges mwnsmZvi
f‡q mv`viv PvBZ bv Zv‡ì †Kv‡bv mšÍvb Kv‡jv‡ì ¯‥z‡j
cov‡kvbv KiæK| Kv‡jviv †h‡nZz AÁ Ges Zv‡ì g‡a¨
b¨vqbxwZi evjvB †bB, mv`viv PvBZ bv Kv‡jviv wbe©vP‡b Ask
wbK| weÁvb Kv‡jv‡ì m¤ú‡K© GBme fxwZKi a¨vbaviYvi wfZ
†cv³ K‡iwQj Ges cÖgvY K‡iwQj Kv‡jviv A‡cÿvK…Z Kg
eyw×gvb| Zv‡ì †ivMe¨vwa‡Z AvµvšÍ nIqvi m¤¢vebv †ewk Ges
Zv‡ì g‡a¨ bvbv iKg Aciv‡a wjß nIqvi NUbv †ewk N‡U
(GB M‡elYv¸‡jv GKUv welq Avg‡j Av‡bwb, †mUv n‡jv
M‡elYvq †`Lv‡bv msL¨v¸‡jv Kv‡jv‡ì cÖwZ mv`v‡ì `xN©w`‡bi
•elg¨g~jK AvPi‡Yi cwiYwZ gvÎ)|
wek kZ‡Ki gvSvgvwS mg‡qi g‡a¨ GKKv‡ji †h․_,
Kb‡dWv‡iU ivóª¸‡jv‡Z eY©ev‡ì wfwË‡Z •Zwi nIqv
•elg¨¸‡jv mvgvwRK I ivóªxq AvB‡bi Ask n‡q co‡j Ae¯ vi
Av‡iv AebwZ N‡U| 1958 mv‡j †K¬bb wKs (Clennon King)
bv‡gi GKRb Kv‡jv Pvgovi gvbyl‡K wgwmwmwc wek^we`¨vj‡q
fwZ©i Av‡e`b Kivi Rb¨ †Rvic~e©K gvbwmK nvmcvZv‡j cvVv‡bv
nq| Av`vjZ GB ivq †`q †h, †Kv‡bv my¯  gw¯Í‡®‥i Kv‡jv
Pvgovi gvby‡li c‡ÿ wgwmwmwc wek^we`¨vj‡q cov‡kvbv Kivi
K_v Kíbv KivB m¤¢e bq| myZivs, Avmvwg Aek¨B gvbwmK
weKviMÖ¯Í Ges gvbwmK nvmcvZvjB Zvi Avmj wVKvbv nIqv
DwPZ|
232
`yóPµ : †hfv‡e GKwU •è HwZnvwmK NUbv GKwU iÿYkxj mgvReë¯ vi Rb¥
w`j
GBmgq, `wÿ‡Y emevmiZ Av‡gwiKvb‡ì Kv‡Q, GgbwK DËi

Av‡gwiKvi A‡b‡Ki Kv‡QI Kv‡jv Pvgovi †Q‡j‡ì m‡½ mv`v
Pvgovi †g‡qi we‡q ev †h․b m¤úK© ¯ vcb wQj me‡P‡q Mwn©Z
KvR| mv`v I Kv‡jv gvbyl‡ì g‡a¨ †h-†Kv‡bv ai‡bi †h․b
m¤úK© ¯ vc‡bi welqwU wQj me‡P‡q wbwl× KvR, †h-†KD GB
KvR Ki‡j ev Kv‡iv g‡a¨ GiKg wKQz Kivi m¤¢vebv †`Lv w`‡j
Zv‡K ZvrÿwYKfv‡e Szwj‡q g„Zz¨`‡Ði g‡Zv KwVb kvw¯Í †Ìqv
n‡Zv| mv`v‡ì GKwU †Mvcb DMÖev`x msMVb Kz K¬v· K¬¨vb (Ku
Klux Klan) GiKg A‡bK¸‡jv nZ¨vKvÐ Pvwj‡qwQj| G‡ì
b„ksmZvi Kv‡Q wn›`y mgv‡Ri eY©cÖ_v j•N‡bi kvw¯Í ixwZg‡Zv
bMY¨|
mg‡qi m‡½ m‡½ GB eY©ev` ms¯‥…wZi bvbv ¯Í‡i Av‡iv †ewk
K‡i Qwo‡q co‡Z _v‡K| mv`v‡ì †m․›`‡h©i Av`k©B
Av‡gwiKvb‡ì †Pv‡L Av`k© †m․›`‡h©i gvcKvwV n‡q I‡V|
mv`v‡ì †`n-•ewkó¨, †hgbÑ mv`v Pvgov, †mvbvwj †mvRv Pzj,
GKUz Ic‡ii w`‡K euvKv‡bv bvKÑ G¸‡jv‡KB my›ì wn‡m‡e
msÁvwqZ Kiv n‡Z _v‡K| Ab¨w`‡K Kv‡jv Pvgov, †KuvKov Pzj,
†fuvZv bv‡Ki g‡Zv Kv‡jv‡ì mvaviY •ewkó¨¸‡jv‡K KzrwmZ
233
wn‡m‡e msÁvwqZ Kiv n‡Z _v‡K| eY©‣elg¨‡K wfwË K‡i
†m․›`‡h©i g‡Zv GiKg me©Rbxb wel‡qi aviYv weKwkZ nIqvi
d‡j wb‡Ri ARv‡šÍB eY©wfwËK ¯Íiweb¨vm Avgv‡ì †PZbvi
Av‡iv Mfx‡i wM‡q wkKo we¯Ívi K‡i|
mv`v-Kv‡jv Pvgovi •el‡gï g‡Zv ¯Íiweb¨v‡mi `yóPµ¸‡jv
Pj‡Z cv‡i kZvãxi ci kZvãx, †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv `yóP‡µi cÖfve
wU‡K _v‡K nvRvi nvRvi eQi| A_P Gm‡ei m~Pbv nq mvaviYZ
BwZnv‡m N‡U hvIqv AvKw¯§K †Kv‡bv NUbv, †Kv‡bv we‡kl
cwiw¯ wZ ev ZvrÿwYK †Kv‡bv cÖ‡qvRb †_‡K| gvby‡li m‡½
gvby‡li GB ai‡bi Ab¨vh¨ •elg¨ mg‡qi m‡½ m‡½ Av‡iv
fqven iƒc aviY K‡i, Mfxifv‡e †Mu‡_ hvq GKwU mgv‡Ri
ms¯‥…wZ‡Z| UvKvq UvKv Av‡b, `vwi`ª¨ Av‡b Av‡iv †ewk `wi`ªZv,
wkÿv c_ †`Lvq AwaKZi DbœZ wkÿvi, Avi AÁZv †_‡K ev‡o
AÁZv| GKBfv‡e, †hme mgvR NUbvµ‡g gvby‡li m‡½ gvby‡li
•elg¨g~jK AvPi‡Yi ms¯‥…wZi wkKvi nq, Zv‡ì AveviI GKB
ev wfbœ iKg •elg¨g~jK Ae¯ vi wkKvi nIqvi m¤¢vebv _v‡K|
gRvi e¨vcvi n‡jv, wVK GKB wbq‡g †hme mgvR GKevi
Ab¨‡ì †_‡K †ewk gh©v`vi ZKgv cvq, Zv‡ì m¤¢vebv _v‡K
AveviI †mBiKg ZKgv ev gh©v`vc~Y© Avmb cvIqvi!
†ewkifvM mvgvwRK ev ivR‣bwZK ¯Íiweb¨v‡mi g~‡jB
†Kv‡bv hyw³msMZ wfwË ev †Kv‡bv Awbevh© •RweK KviY KvR
K‡i bv| †m¸‡jvi wfwË AwaKvsk †ÿ‡ÎB AvKw¯§K NUbv,
AvKw¯§K cÖ‡qvRb Ges †mUv‡K hyw³msMZ ev cÖvK…wZK e‡j
AvL¨v †Ìqv †Kv‡bv wg_ ev †jvKMv_v| †m Kvi‡YB BwZnvm
Rvbv ìKvwi| hw` mv`v I Kv‡jvi wKsev eªvþY I k~‡`ªi ga¨Kvi
¯Íiweb¨vm †KejB •RweK †Kv‡bv e¨vcvi n‡Zv, Zvn‡j
RxeweÁvbB gvbemgvR‡K †evSvi Rb¨ h‡_ó n‡Zv| †h‡nZz
gvby‡li m‡½ gvby‡li •RweK cv_©KÜzKz LyeB bMY¨, †m Kvi‡Y
RxeweÁv‡bi GKvi c‡ÿ fviZ Dcgnv‡`‡ki eY©c_Ö v ev
Av‡gwiKvi mv`v-Kv‡jvi ga¨Kvi ¯Íiweb¨vm e¨vL¨v Kiv m¤¢e
bq| Avgiv Gme †kÖwYweb¨vm ev •elg¨ Rvb‡Z cvwi IB
234
mgqKvi NUbv Aa¨qb K‡i Ges ZrKvjxb mg‡qi ÿgZvi
gvwjK‡ì cvi¯úwiK m¤úK© we‡ePbv K‡i| GmeB mgv‡Ri
Zz”QvwZZz”Q †Kv‡bv NUbv, AvKw¯§K Ae¯ v ev Kíbv‡KI w`‡Z
cv‡i wekvjvKvi, wbg©g †Kv‡bv AvKvi-AvK…wZ| Avi AwcÖq
mZÜv n‡jv GBiKg wbg©g AvKvi-AvK…wZi GKwU KvVv‡gv‡KB
Avgiv ÔmvgvwRK KvVv‡gvÕ e‡j AwfwnZ K‡i _vwK|
bvix I cyiæl
G‡KKUv mgvR G‡KK iK‡gi KvíwbK ev¯ÍeZv •Zwi ev MÖnY
K‡i| †hgb, Mv‡qi is Av‡gwiKvb‡ì Kv‡Q hZUv ¸iæZ¡c~Y©
wQj, ga¨hy‡Mi gymjgvb‡ì Kv‡Q †gv‡UB †ZgbUv wQj bv|
eY©cÖ_v gya¨hy‡Mi fvi‡Z Rxeb-gi‡Yi GKUv e¨vcvi wQj A_P
AvaywbK BD‡iv‡c Gi Aw¯ÍZ¡B †bB| wKš‧ Ggb GKUv
†kÖwYwefvM Av‡Q, †hUv me mgv‡RB mgvbfv‡e weivRgvb| †mUv
n‡jv wj½‣elg¨| mg¯Í RvqMvqB gvbyl wb‡R‡ì‡K cyiæl Avi
¯¿x‡Z wef³ K‡i †d‡j‡Q| Avi Avðh©RbKfv‡e me †ÿ‡ÎB
cyiæ‡livB A‡cÿvK…Z †ewk my‡hvM myweav †c‡q G‡m‡Q| AšÍZ
K…wlwecø‡ei ci †_‡K †Zv e‡UB|
BwZnv‡mi GK`g cÖ_g w`KKvi Pxbv wjwç‡jv cvIqv hvq
K”Q‡ci †Lv‡ji Ici †Lv`vB Kiv IivK‡j (Oracle Bones),
†h¸‡jv cÖvq 1200 wLªóc~e©v‡ãi mgqKvi| GBme wjwc‡Z
fwel¨‡Zi K_v †jLv _vKZ| GiKg GKUv †Lv‡j †jLv wQj :
Ô†jwW nvI‡qi mšÍvbfvM¨ †Kgb n‡e?Õ IB †Lv‡j GB DËiI
†jLv wQj : Ôhw` ev”PvwU R‡b¥ ÒwWs †WÓ‡Z (Ding Day) Zvn‡j
me wVKVvK _vK‡e, Avi hw` Ò†Ms †WÓ‡Z (Geng Day) Rb¥vq,
Zvn‡j †Zv LyeB fv‡jvÕ| hvB †nvK, †jwW nvI‡qi mšÍvb cÖme
Kivi K_v wQj ÔwRqvBb †WÕ‡Z (Jiayin Day)| †mB wjwci
†klUv Lye †e`bv`vqK my‡i †jLv wQj : ÔwZb mßvn GK w`b ci,
wRqvBb †WÕ‡Z beRvZ‡Ki AvMgb n‡jv| fvM¨ LvivcÑ
Kb¨vmšÍvbÕ| GB NUbvi cÖvq 3 nvRvi eQi ciI hLb Px‡bi
235
mgvRZvwš¿K miKvieë¯ v e‡ov‡Rvi GKwU wkï †bIqvi AvBb
cvk Kij, ZL‡bv Pxbv cwievi¸‡jv Kb¨vwkï Rb¥v‡bv‡K GKUv
Lvivc fvM¨ e‡jB g‡b KiZ| wcZv-gvZviv cÖvqB Kb¨vwkï‡K
Z¨vR¨ KiZ wKsev nZ¨v KiZ, hv‡Z Zviv †Q‡j wkï †bIqvi
Rb¨ Av‡iKwU my‡hvM cvq|
A‡bK mgv‡RB bvix n‡jv cyiæ‡li m¤úwËi Ask, we‡kl
K‡i ej‡Z †M‡j evev, ¯^vgx wKsev fvB‡qi m¤úwËi Ask|
GgbwK A‡bK AvBwb eë¯ vq al©Y‡K m¤ú‡ì Ici AbwaKvi
n¯Í‡ÿc wn‡m‡e we‡ePbv Kiv nq| Zvi gv‡b n‡jv Aciv‡ai
wkKvi †mB bvix bq, hv‡K al©Y Kiv n‡q‡Q eis †mB cyiæl †h
IB bvixi gvwjK| GB Kvi‡YB IBme AvBwb eë¯ vq GB
Aciv‡ai kvw¯Í wQj Avw_©K ÿwZc~i‡Yi gva¨‡g m¤úwË n¯ÍvšÍi|
gv‡b, Acivax ev al©K IB bvixi wcZv ev fvB‡K Rwigvbv¯îƒc
wKQz A_© †`‡e, hvi d‡j IB bvixi wKsev Ôbvix-m¤úwËiÕ
gvwjKvbv n¯ÍvšÍi n‡q hv‡e Acivaxi Kv‡Q| evB‡e‡ji ûKzg :
Ôhw` †Kv‡bv cyiæl †Kv‡bv AweevwnZ Kzgvix bvixi m¤§yLxb nq
Ges †Rvic~e©K Zv‡K al©Y K‡i Ges †mUv cÖgvwYZ nq, Zvn‡j
cyiælwU IB bvixi wcZv‡K 50wU †i․c¨gy`ªv w`‡q IB bvix‡K
weevn Ki‡Z eva¨ _vK‡e| IB bvixB n‡e Zvi ¯¿x
(Deuteronomy 22:28–9)Õ| cÖvPxb wneªæivI GUv‡K GKUv
hyw³hy³ eë¯ v e‡jB g‡b KiZ|
Avi †h bvix †Kv‡bv cyiæ‡li Aaxb¯  bq, Zv‡K al©Y Kiv
†Kv‡bv iKg Ab¨vq e‡jB g‡b Kiv n‡Zv bv| wVK †hgb e¨¯Í
iv¯Ívq c‡o _vKv gy`ªv c‡K‡U f‡i †djvUv Pzwi bq| G Qvov,
GKRb ¯^vgx hw` Zvi ¯¿x‡K al©Y K‡I, †mUv‡KI †Kv‡bvfv‡eB
Aciva wn‡m‡e MY¨ Kiv n‡Zv bv| GgbwK GKRb ¯^vgx †h Zvi
¯¿x‡K al©Y Ki‡Z cv‡iÑ GB aviYvUvB AevšÍi wQj| ¯^vgx nIqv
gv‡bB n‡jv Zvi ¯¿xi †h․bZvi Ici m¤ú~Y© AwaKvi| ZvB
ÔGKRb ¯^vgx Zvi ¯¿x‡K al©Y K‡i‡QÕ GB K_vUv Ôwb‡Ri
gvwbe¨vM wb‡RB Pzwi KiviÕ g‡ZvB GK`g A‡h․w³K †kvbvZ|
GiKg wPšÍv ïay cÖvPxb ga¨cÖv‡P¨ mxgve× wQj, GgbUv fvevi
236
†Kv‡bv KviY †bB| me©‡kl †h Lei †bIqv n‡q‡Q Zv‡Z GB
2006 mvj ch©šÍI c„w_ex‡Z cÖvq 53Uv †`k Av‡Q †hLv‡b ¯¿x‡K
al©‡Yi `v‡q ¯^vgxi wePv‡ii †Kv‡bv weavb †bB| GgbwK AvaywbK
Rvg©vwb‡ZI al©Y AvBbwU e`‡j weevnfz³ al©Y‡K Aciv‡ai
KvZv‡i †djv n‡q‡Q Aí K-eQi Av‡M, 1997 mv‡j!5
cyiæl Avi bvixi GB wefvRb wK fvi‡Zi eY©cÖ_v wKsev
Av‡gwiKvi eY©ev‡ì g‡ZvB gvby‡li Kíbvkw³i GKUv `ytLRbK
cÖ‡qvM? bvwK GUv †bnvZB GKUv cÖvK…wZK †kÖwYwe‡f`, hvi †cQ‡b
†Kv‡bv Mfxi Rxe‣eÁvwbK KviY i‡q‡Q? Avi hw` GUv cÖvK…wZK
†kÖwYwefvMB n‡q _v‡K, Zvn‡jI GB cyiæ‡li †ewk †ewk myweav
†fv‡Mi Rxe‣eÁvwbK e¨vL¨v Kx?
Bvix-cyiæ‡li †ÿ‡Î wKQz wKQz mvs¯‥…wZK, AvBbMZ Avi
ivR‣bwZK •elg¨ Avm‡j Zv‡ì ga¨Kvi •RweK cv_©KÜv‡KB
cÖKvwkZ K‡i| mšÍvb Rb¥`vb, jvjb-cvjb me mgqB bvixi
KvR, KviY cyiæ‡li †Zv Avi Mf©vkq †bB| GB wRwbmUv‡K
cÖwZôv Kivi Rb¨ mg¯Í mgvReë¯ vB GKUvi Ici Av‡iKUv
mvs¯‥…wZK wKsev KvíwbK ZË¡ ùvo Kwi‡q‡Q, hvi m‡½
RxeweÁv‡bi †Zgb †Kv‡bv m¤úK© †bB| cyiælZ¡ Ges bvixZ¡
wb‡q mgvR¸‡jv bvbvb iKg msÁvqb, KZ©e¨ Ac©Y K‡i P‡j‡Q,
hvi †ewkifv‡Mi m‡½B RxeweÁv‡bi b~¨bZg m¤úK© Abycw¯ Z|
D`vniY¯îƒc, wLªóc~e© cÂg kZvãxi MYZvwš¿K wMÖ‡m,
Mf©aviY Ki‡Z cv‡i, Ggb GKRb gvby‡li †Kv‡bv ¯^vaxb
AvBbMZ Aw¯ÍZ¡ wQj bv| AvBbmfvq AskMÖnY wKsev wePviK
nIqvI Zvi Rb¨ wQj wbwl×| Aí wKQz e¨wZµg ev‡`, †m mgq
bvixiv gvbm¤§Z wkÿv jv‡fi my‡hvM †_‡K wQj ewÂZ|
evwYwR¨K Kg©KvÐ wKsev `k©bPP©vi AwaKviI wQj bv Zv‡ì|
A¨v‡_‡Ýi †Kv‡bv ivR‣bwZK †bZv, weL¨vZ `vk©wbK, wkíx wKsev
eëmvqx Kv‡iviB Mf©vkq wQj bv| Mf©vkq _vKvUv wK GKRb
gvbyl‡K GBmg¯Í †ckvq KvR Kivi Rb¨ •RweKfv‡e Abychy³
K‡i †d‡j? AšÍZ, ZLbKvi †mB cÖvPxb A¨v‡_Ýevmx‡ì Zv-B
237
aviYv wQj| GLbKvi A¨v‡_Ýevmxiv Aek¨ Zv gv‡b bv|
AvR‡Ki A¨v‡_‡Ý bvixiv †fvU †`q, miKvwi Awd‡m KvR K‡i,
e³…Zv †`q, AjsKvi †_‡K ïiæ K‡i `vjvb‡KvVv ch©šÍ
mewKQziB bKkv K‡i, mdUIq¨vi •Zwi K‡i Avi wek^we`¨vj‡q
co‡Z hvq| Zv‡ì Mf©vkq †Kv‡bv Ae¯ v‡ZB GB mg¯Í KvR
Kivi Rb¨ evavi m„wó K‡i bv| GUv wVK †h ivRbxwZ Avi
eëmvq-evwY‡R¨ bvix‡ì Dcw¯ wZ GL‡bv †ek Kg| wMÖ‡mi
AvBbmfvi kZKiv gvÎ 12 fvM bvix m`m¨| Z‡e bvix‡ì
ivRbxwZ‡Z AskMÖnY Ki‡Z †Kv‡bv AvBbMZ evav †bB| †Kv‡bv
miKvwi `ß‡i GKRb bvix KvR Ki‡QbÑ AvR‡Ki wMÖ‡m Ggb
`„k¨ Kv‡iv Kv‡QB A¯^vfvweK g‡b n‡e bv|
wMÖ‡mi A‡bK AvaywbK gvbylI g‡b K‡i †h, cyiæl nIqvi
g~j K_vB n‡jv ïay bvixi cÖwZ AvKl©Y Abyfe Kiv Ges ïay IB
wecixZ wj‡½i m‡½B †h․b m¤ú‡K© AskMÖnY Kiv| GB
`„wófw½Uv †h Zviv Zv‡ì ms¯‥…wZi cÖfv‡e †c‡q‡Q Zv bq, eis
Zviv g‡b K‡i GUvB cÖvK…wZK wbqg| wecixZ wj‡½i g‡a¨ †h․b
AvKl©YUv n‡jv ¯^vfvweK Avi GKB wj‡½i g‡a¨ †h․b AvKl©Y
A¯^vfvweK| hwÌ mZ¨ K_v n‡jv, GKRb cyiæl Av‡iKRb
cyiæ‡li cÖwZ †h․b AvKv•ÿv Abyfe Ki‡j †mUv cÖK…wZgvZv wKš‧
†gv‡UB Lvivcfv‡e †`‡L bv| wbw`©ó ms¯‥…wZ‡Z †e‡o IVv GKRb
gvbegvZvB eis †i‡M hvq hw` †m Avwe®‥vi K‡i Zvi †Q‡ji
m‡½ cv‡ki evwoi †Q‡jUvi wKQz GKUv n‡”Q| Ab¨w`‡K, †ek
D‡jøL‡hvM¨msL¨K gvbems¯‥…wZB mgKvwgZv‡K ïay †h
¯^vfvweKfv‡e †`L‡Q Zv-B bq, eis †mUv‡K mvgvwRKfv‡e
MVbg~jKI g‡b K‡i| cÖvPxb wMÖm wQj Gi g‡a¨ me‡P‡q
D‡jøL‡hvM¨ D`vniY| BwjqvW-G wKš‧ Avgiv GiKg †`L‡Z cvB
bv †h, †Q‡j GwKwj‡mi m‡½ †c‡UªvK¬v‡mi m¤úK© wb‡q gv †_wUm
†Kv‡bv AvcwË Rvbv‡”Q| Iw`‡K, †gwm‡Wv‡bi ivwb Awjw¤úqvm
Lye cwiwPZ wQj Zvi Ruv`‡ij †gRv‡Ri Kvi‡Y| †m wb‡R Zvi
238
¯^vgx ivRv wdwjc‡K nZ¨v Kwi‡qwQj| A_P †mB gvbylI GZUzKz
†LB nvivqwb hLb Zvi †Q‡j Av‡jKRvÛvi `¨ †MÖU Zvi †cÖwgK
†ndvwkIb‡K evwo‡Z wb‡q G‡mwQj iv‡Zi Lvevi LvIqv‡bvi
Rb¨|
†Kvb wRwbmUv †h Avm‡j •RweKfv‡e wbY©xZ Avi †KvbUv
GK`j gvbyl wKQz Rxe‣eÁvwbK wg_ •Zwi K‡i †Rvi K‡i e¨vL¨v
Kivi †Póv Ki‡QÑ †mUv Avgiv Avjv`v Kie Kxfv‡e? †mvRv
c×wZ n‡jv GB mnR K_vUv gv_vq ivLvÑ ÔcÖK…wZ D`vi, ms¯‥…wZ
msKxY©|Õ cÖK…wZ •ewPÎ¨c~Y© m¤¢vebvi e¨vcv‡i me mgqB AbyK‚j|
eis Avgv‡ì ms¯‥…wZB Avgv‡ì †kLvq wKQz wKQz wRwbm fv‡jv
Avi wKQz wKQz Lvivc| wKQz wKQz ms¯‥…wZ †hgb †g‡b wb‡Z e‡j
†h cÖK…wZB bvix‡K mšÍvb Rb¥`v‡b mÿg K‡i‡Q| wKQz wKQz
ms¯‥…wZB Avevi AMÖvn¨ Ki‡Z e‡j †h cÖK…wZB cyiæl‡K Ab¨
cyiæ‡li m‡½ †h․bwgj‡b Avb›` cÖvwßi ÿgZv w`‡q‡Q|
ms¯‥…wZ A‡bK mgq Gfv‡e mvdvB Mvq †h, GUv ïay
†m¸‡jv‡KB wbwl× K‡i †h¸‡jv A¯^vfvweK, cÖK…wZweiæ×| wKš‧
RxeweÁv‡bi `„wófw½ †_‡K †`L‡j ej‡Z nq, †Kv‡bv wKQzB
cÖK…wZweiæ× bq| hv-wKQz m¤¢e, msÁv Abymv‡i Zvi mewKQzB
cÖvK…wZK| Ggb †Kv‡bv A¯^vfvweK AvPiY _vKv m¤¢e bq, †hUv
cÖK…wZi wbqg j•Nb K‡i| myZivs Gi Rb¨ Avjv`v K‡i †Kv‡bv
wKQz wbwl× Kivi ìKvi c‡o bv| †Kv‡bv mgvR-ms¯‥…wZB wKš‧
gvbyl‡K mv‡jvKms‡køl‡Yi gva¨‡g Lvevi Drcv`‡b evav †`qwb,
bvix‡K Av‡jvi †P‡q `ªæZ MwZ‡Z QzU‡Z evav †`qwb wKsev
FYvZ¥K Pv‡R©i `y‡Uv B‡jKUªb‡K G‡K Ic‡ii cÖwZ AvKwl©Z
n‡ZI evav †`qwb|
mwZ¨Kvi A‡_© Avgv‡ì GB ÔcÖvK…wZKÕ Avi ÔA¯^vfvweKÕ-
Gi aviYvUv G‡m‡Q wLªóxq `k©b †_‡K, RxeweÁvb †_‡K bq|
GB `k©‡b ÔcÖvK…wZKÕ n‡jv Ô†mB mg¯Í wKQzB hv Ckî Zvi cÖK…Z
m„wói gnvcwiKíbvq †i‡LwQ‡jbÕ| wLªóxq `k©‡bi Abymvixiv `vwe
239
K‡ib †h, Ckî gvby‡li kixi •Zwi K‡i‡Qb Zvi cÖ‡Z¨KwU
A‡½i †Kv‡bv GKUv D‡Ï‡kï K_v wPšÍv K‡iB| Avgiv hw`
Avgv‡ì A½cÖZ¨½ Ck^‡ii †mB ¯^‡cœi g‡Zv K‡iB eënvi Kwi
†mUvB n‡jv cÖvK…wZK| Ck^‡ii †mB cwiKíbvi †_‡K Avjv`v
†Kv‡bv eënviB n‡jv A¯^vfvweK| wKš‧ weeZ©‡bi †Zv †Kv‡bv
D‡Ïk¨ †bB| A½cÖZ¨½¸‡jv †Kv‡bv D‡Ïk¨ wb‡q weewZ©Z nqwb|
Avi †m¸‡jvi eënvi wPicwieZ©bkxj| gvby‡li kix‡ii Ggb
†Kv‡bv A½ †bB, †hUv Zvi †KvwU †KvwU eQi Av‡MKvi GKUv
bKkv Abyhvqx GKB KvR K‡i P‡j‡Q| GKUv A½ GKUv wbw`©ó
Kv‡Ri Rb¨B weewZ©Z nq wVK, wKš‧ GKevi †mUv •Zwi n‡j,
cieZ©x mg‡q bvbvb iKg Kv‡RB †mUv eëüZ n‡Z cv‡i|
D`vniY¯îƒc, gy‡Li K_v ej‡Z cvwi| gy‡Li Avwef©ve n‡qwQj
KviY cÖ_g w`KKvi eû‡Kvlx cÖvYx¸‡jvi kix‡ii g‡a¨ cywó
msMÖ‡ni Rb¨ wKQz GKUvi ìKvi wQj| nu¨v, Avgiv GL‡bv gyL
w`‡qB LvB wKš‧ gyL w`‡q Avgiv PzgyI LvB, K_vI ewj| Avgiv
hw` i¨v‡¤^v nB, Zvn‡j n¨vÛ †MÖ‡b‡Wi wcbUvI gyL w`‡qB Lywj|
GLb, †h‡nZz Avgv‡ì 6 †KvwU eQi Av‡Mi †Ruv‡Ki g‡Zv
c~e©cyiæliv Zv‡ì gyL w`‡q Gme wKQz KiZ bv, ZvB e‡j wK
gy‡Li GLbKvi Gme eënvi me A¯^vfvweK n‡q hv‡e?
GKBfv‡e, cvLbv wRwbmUvI Zvi IovDwoi `viæY me ÿgZv
wb‡q GKev‡i D™¢e nqwb| eis †mUv weewZ©Z n‡q‡Q Ggb wKQz
A½ †_‡K †h¸‡jvi KvR wQj m¤ú~Y© wfbœ| GKiKg ZË¡ g‡Z,
†cvKvgvK‡oi cvLbvi D™¢e n‡qwQj Do‡Z bv cviv wKQz †cvKvi
kix‡ii wKQz cÖmvwiZ Ask †_‡K| †hme †cvKvi kix‡ii wKQz
Avjv`v cÖmvwiZ RvqMv wQj Zv‡ì kix‡i †ÿÎdjI †ewk n‡Zv|
d‡j Zviv GKUz †ewk m~h©v‡jvK †cZ, †hUv w`‡q GKUz †ewk mgq
Dò _vKv †hZ| Lye axi GKUv weeZ©‡bi g‡a¨ w`‡q GB m~h©v‡jvK
msMÖnKvix AskUv e‡ov n‡Z jvMj| IB A‡½i †hB AvK…wZUv
†cvKvUv‡K GKUz †ewk m~h©v‡jvK msMÖn Ki‡Z myweav w`Z, GKUz
240
†ewk †Lvjv RvqMv Avi nvjKv IR‡bi gva¨‡gÑ †mUvB
KvKZvjxqfv‡e Zv‡K jvdvjvwdi mgq GKUz evowZ mgq k~‡b¨
fvmv‡Z mvnvh¨ Kij| hv‡ì IB cÖmvwiZ A½Uv GKUz e‡ov Zviv
GKUz †ewk`~i jvdv‡Z cvij| wKQz wKQz †cvKv GB A½Uv‡K †f‡m
_vKvi Kv‡RI eënvi Ki‡Z jvMj| Gfv‡eB Av‡¯Í Av‡¯Í GUv
D‡o †eov‡bvi kw³i †RvMvb †Ìqvi g‡Zv cvLbvq cwiYZ
n‡jv| myZivs, GLb hw` GKUv gkv Avcbvi Kv‡bi Kv‡Q †fuv-†fuv
K‡i D‡o †eovq Zv‡K eis Awfkvc w`b A¯^vfvweK AvPi‡Yi
Rb¨! KviY †m hw` AvèKvq`v †g‡b PjZ Avi Ck^‡ii `vb wb‡q
mš‧ó _vKZ, Zvn‡j Zvi cvLbv¸‡jv ïay †mvjvi c¨v‡bj wn‡m‡eB
eënvi KiZ!
GKBiKgfv‡e, Avgv‡ì †h․b A½¸‡jvI wfbœ-wfbœfv‡e
eëüZ n‡Z cv‡i| †h․bwgj‡bi e¨vcviUv weewZ©Z n‡qwQj g~jZ
eske„w×i Rb¨ Ges we‡qi Av‡M ney m½xi kvixwiK mÿgZv
hvPvB Kivi Rb¨| wKš‧ †ewkifvM cÖvYxB GLb †h․bZvi GB `yB
KvRB eënvi Ki‡Q AmsL¨ mvgvwRK D‡Ï‡k¨, hvi m‡½
eske„w×i †Zgb †Kv‡bv m¤úK© †bB| D`vniY¯îƒc, wk¤úvwÄ
†h․bZv‡K eënvi K‡i ivR‣bwZK †RvU •Zwi Kivi Rb¨,
cvi¯úwiK Ø›Ø `~i K‡i Av‡iv AvšÍwiK m¤úK© M‡o †Zvjvi
Rb¨| GUvI wK Zvn‡j A¯^vfvweK? cÖK…wZweiæ×?
bvix-cyiæl Ges bvixZ¡-cyiælZ¡

ÔcÖvK…wZK fv‡e bvixi `vwqZ¡ n‡jv ïay mšÍvb Rb¥ †ÌqvÕ,
ÔmgKvwgZv cÖK…wZweiæ×ÕÑ Gme aviYv wb‡q ZK© KiviI †Zgb
†Kv‡bv gv‡b nq bv| cyiælZ¡ wKsev bvix‡Z¡i aviYvUv cÖwZôv K‡i
†hme AvBbKvbyb wKsev ixwZbxwZ †mme cÖK…Zc‡ÿ gvby‡li
Kíbvkw³iB ewntcÖKvk, •RweK ev¯ÍeZv bq|
241
•RweKfv‡e, gvbyl ¯¿x I cyiæl wj‡½ wef³| GKRb cyiæl
†nv‡gv †mwc‡qÝ n‡jv †mB gvbyl, hvi GKUv X Avi GKUv Y
†µv‡gv‡Rvg Av‡Q| Avi GKRb bvix n‡jv †m, hvi `ywU X
†µv‡gv‡Rvg Av‡Q| wKš‧ Avm‡j ÔcyiælÕ Avi ÔbvixÕ bvg¸‡jv
Avgv‡ì mvgvwRK wefw³‡KB cÖKvk K‡i, •RweK bq| hwÌ
†ewkifvM gvbemgv‡RB bvix Avi cyiæl ej‡Z †mB •RweK bvix
Avi cyiæl wj½‡KB †evSv‡Z Pvq, wKš‧ IB kã `y‡Uvi Ici bvbv
iKg †evSvI Pvwc‡q †`q, †h¸‡jvi m‡½ RxeweÁv‡bi †Zgb
†Kv‡bv m¤úK© †bB| Avi hw` m¤úK© †_‡KI _v‡K †mUv †ek
`ye©j m¤úK©| GKRb cyiæl gvbyl gv‡b GKRb †mwc‡qÝ †Mv‡Îi
cÖvYx bv hvi XY †µv‡gv‡Rvg Av‡Q, AÐ‡Kvl Av‡Q Avi A‡bK
A‡bK †U‡÷v‡÷ib bvgK ni‡gvb Av‡Q| eis GKRb cyiæl
gvbyl n‡jv †m †h Zvi mgv‡Ri KvíwbK ¯Í‡ii GKUv wbw`©ó
RvqMvq AwawôZ| Zvi ms¯‥…wZi wg_ Zv‡K wKQz cyiælvwj `vwqZ¡
(†hgb, ivRbxwZ Kiv), AwaKvi (†fvU †Ìqv) Avi KZ©e¨
(†mbvevwnbxi `vwqZ¡) Ac©Y K‡i‡Q| GKBfv‡e, GKRb bvix †mB
†nv‡gv †mwc‡qÝ bv hvi `y‡Uv X †µv‡gv‡Rvg Av‡Q, GKUv Mf©vkq
Av‡Q Avi cÖPzi G‡÷ªv‡Rb bvgK ni‡gvb Av‡Q| eis GKRb bvix
n‡jv gvbemgv‡Ri KvíwbK ev¯ÍeZvi GKRb bvix m`m¨| Zvi
mgv‡Ri wg_¸‡jv Zv‡K wKQz †g․wjK †g‡qwj `vwqZ¡ (mšÍvb
jvjbcvjb), AwaKvi (mwnsmZv †_‡K iÿv) Avi KZ©e¨ (¯^vgxi
cÖwZ AvbyMZ¨) Ac©Y K‡i‡Q| †h‡nZz, RxeweÁvb bq, eis GBme
mvgvwRK wg_¸‡jvB cyiæl I bvixi `vwqZ¡, KZ©e¨ wKsev
AwaKvi¸‡jv wba©viY K‡i, †mB Kvi‡YB ÔcyiælZ¡Õ Avi Ôbvix‡Z¡Õi
aviYvUvI GK mgvR †_‡K Ab¨ mgv‡R wecyjfv‡e cwiewZ©Z
n‡q‡Q|
242
22| Aóv`k kZvãxi cyiælZ¡ : d«v‡Ýi ivRv PZz`©k jyB‡qi GKwU AvbyôvwbK
Qwe| fv‡jv K‡i †Lqvj Kiæb Zvi j¤^v ciPzjv, ÷wKsm, DuPz wn‡ji Ry‡Zv,
b„Z¨wkíxi g‡Zv †`nfw½Ñ Avi GKUv wekvj Z‡jvqvi| GLbKvi BD‡iv‡c GB
mg¯Í •ewkó¨¸‡jvB (Z‡jvqvi ev‡`) †g‡qwjcbvi cwiPvqK| wKš‧ ivRv jyB‡qi
mg‡q wZwb wQ‡jb BD‡iv‡c cyiæl‡Z¡i cÖZxK|
welqUv‡K GKUz mnR Kivi Rb¨ we‡klÁiv •RweK Ôwj½Õ Avi

mvs¯‥…wZK wj‡½i g‡a¨ cv_©KÜv ¯úó K‡i w`‡Z Pvb| •RweK
wj½ g~jZ cyswj½ Avi ¯¿xwj‡½ wef³, Avi GB wefw³ e¯‧MZ hv
AcwiewZ©Z Av‡Q BwZnv‡mi m~Pbv †_‡KB|
243
¯¿x wj‡½i GKRb †mwc‡qÝ = GKRb bvix †mwc‡qÝ =
RxeweÁv‡bi †kÖwYwefvM mvs¯‹…wZK †kÖwYwefvM
cÖvPxbKv‡ji eZ©gvbKv‡ji cÖvPxbKv‡ji eZ©gvbKv‡ji
A¨v‡_‡Ý A¨v‡_‡Ý A¨v‡_‡Ý A¨v‡_‡Ý
XX XX †fvUvwaKvi †fvUvwaKvi
†µv‡gvR‡gi †µv‡gvR‡gi wQj bv Av‡Q
AwaKvix AwaKvix
Rivqy Rivqy we`¨gvb wePviK n‡Z wePviK n‡Z
we`¨gvb cvi‡Zb bv cv‡ib
wW¤^vkq wW¤^vkq miKvwi miKvwi
we`¨gvb we`¨gvb Awd‡m PvKwi Awd‡m PvKwi
Ki‡Z cvi‡Zb Ki‡Z cv‡ib
bv
wKQzUv wKQzUv Kv‡K we‡q Kv‡K we‡q
†U‡÷v‡Uib †U‡÷v‡Uib Ki‡eb †m Ki‡eb †m
ni‡gvb ni‡gvb wel‡q wm×všÍ wel‡q wm×všÍ
we`¨vgvb we`¨vgvb wb‡Z cvi‡Zb wb‡Z cv‡ib
bv
cÖPzi cÖPzi g~jZ wkÿvi wkÿvi
B‡÷ªv‡Rb B‡÷ªv‡Rb AwaKvi †_‡K AwaKvi Av‡Q
ni‡gvb ni‡gvb ewÂZ wQ‡jb
we`¨gvb we`¨gvb
gvZ…`y» gvZ…`y» AvBbMZfv‡e AvBbMZfv‡e
Drcv`‡b Drcv`‡b evev wKsev ¯^vaxb
mÿg mÿg ¯^vgxi m¤úwË
wQ‡jb
†Kv‡bv cwieZ©b †bB Avg~j cwieZ©b
Ab¨w`‡K bvix, cyiæl bv‡g †h wefw³ †mUv n‡jv mvs¯‥…wZK wj½|
cÖPwjZ A‡_©i ÔcyiælvwjÕ ev Ô†g‡qwjÕ aviYv¸‡jv gvby‡li
KíbvcÖm~Z Avi ZvB †mUv wbqwgZB e`jvq| D`vniY¯îƒc,
244
ejvB evûj¨, cÖvPxb A¨v‡_‡Ýi GKRb bvixi AvPvi-eënvi,
PvIqv-cvIqv, †cvkvK-AvkvK Avi GgbwK †`nfw½i m‡½I
GLbKvi AvaywbK A¨v‡_‡Ýi GKRb bvixi Avg~j cv_©K¨|6
23| GKwesk kZvãxi cyiælZ¡ : evivK Ievgvi GKwU AvbyôvwbK Qwe| ciPzjv,
÷wKsm, DuPz wn‡ji RyZv Avi Z‡jvqv‡ii wK n‡jv? BwZnv‡m cÖfvekvjx
cyiæl‡ì GLbKvi g‡Zv GZ wbR©xe Avi wbivb›` KL‡bv jv‡Mwb| cy‡iv BwZnvm
Ry‡oB cÖfvekvjx cyiæliv Lye iwOb Avi RuvKRgKc~Y© wQj| †hgb, cvjKhy³
gyKzUIqvjv Av‡gwiKvb BwÛqvb †bZviv wKsev nxivLwPZ wm‡éi †cvkvK civ wn›`y
gnvivRviv| GgbwK cÖvwYRMr Ry‡oI cyiæl cÖvYx¸‡jvB mvaviYZ †ewk iwOb Avi
mg„× nq ¯¿x cÖvYx‡ì ZzjbvqÑ gq~‡ii †cLg wKsev wms‡ni †Kk‡ii K_v wPšÍv
Kiæb|
cyswj½, ¯¿xwj½ Gme †Zv †Q‡j †Ljv; wKš‧ bvix-cyiæl LyeB

¸iæZi e¨vcvi| cyswj‡½i AwaKvix nIqvUv c„w_ex‡Z me‡P‡q
mnR GKUv e¨vcvi| Avcbvi ïay GKUv X Avi GKUv Y
†µv‡gv‡Rvg wb‡q Rb¥v‡Z n‡e, e¨m| ¯¿xwj‡½i e¨vcviUvI
IiKgB, Lvwj GK †Rvov X †µv‡gv‡Rvg jvM‡e| wKš‧ Ab¨w`‡K,
cyiæl wKsev bvix nIqvUv LyeB KwVb Ges cÖwZØw›ØZvc~Y© GKUv
245
e¨vcvi| †h‡nZz †ewkifvM cyiælvwj wKsev †g‡qwj e¨vcvi¸‡jvB
mvs¯‥…wZK, •RweK bq, myZivs †Kv‡bv gvbemgv‡RB GKRb
cyswj‡½i AwaKvix‡K cyiæ‡li gyKzU wKsev ¯¿xwj‡½i AwaKvix‡K
bvixi gyKzU civ‡bv nq bv| Avevi GgbI bv †h, †mB gyKzU
GKevi ci‡Z cvi‡jB mviv Rxe‡bi Rb¨ Zv ¯ vqx n‡q †Mj|
GKRb cyiæl‡K Zvi cyiæl‡Z¡i cixÿv w`‡q †h‡Z nq mviv
Rxeb| GK`g †`vjbv †_‡K Kei ch©šÍ Zv‡K GK AšÍnxb
wµqvKjv‡ci ga¨ w`‡q cyiæl‡Z¡i Rqgvj¨ AwaKvi K‡i ivL‡Z
nq| Avi bvixi Kcvj †Zv Av‡iv Lvivc| Zvi mvivUv RxebB
dzwi‡q hvq wb‡R‡K Avi Ab¨‡ì‡K GUv †evSv‡Z †h †m
Avm‡jB GKRb bvix|
G e¨vcv‡i mvd‡jïI †Kv‡bv wbðqZv †Ìqv hvq bv|
we‡kl K‡I, cyiæ‡liv me mgq Zv‡ì cyiælZ¡ nviv‡bvi GKUv
f‡qi g‡a¨ emevm K‡i| BwZnvm Ry‡o Ggb A‡bK n‡q‡Q †h
GKRb cyswj‡½i AwaKvix †¯^”Qvq A‡bK SzuwK wb‡q‡Q, GgbwK
Rxeb DrmM© ch©šÍ K‡i‡Q ïay Ab¨‡ì Kv‡Q †kvbvi Rb¨Ñ ÔIB
n‡jv Avmj cyiæl!Õ
cyiælZvwš¿KZvi KviY AbymÜvb

AšÍZ K…wlwecø‡ei mgq †_‡K †Zv e‡UB, BwZnvm Ry‡o
†ewkifvM gvbemgvRB wQj cyiælZvwš¿K †hLv‡b cyiæl‡KB
A‡cÿvK…Z †ewk gh©v`v †Ìqv n‡Zv| †hfv‡eB ÔbvixÕ Avi
ÔcyiælÕ-Gi msÁvqb n‡q _vKzK bv †Kb, cyiæl nIqv me mgqB
myweavRbK wQj| cyiælZvwš¿K mgvR GKUv †Q‡j‡K †Qv‡Uv
†_‡KB cyiælvwj Kvq`v-Kvbyb †kLvZ Avi †g‡q‡ì †kLvZ
†g‡qwj AvPiY| †KD hw` GB MwÐi evB‡i †hZ, Zvi cwiYwZ
n‡Zv fqsKi| hviv GB wbqgKvbyb †g‡b wbZ, †mB bvix Avi
cyiæl‡ìI mgvR GKB †Pv‡L †`LZ bv| cyiælvwj e¨vcviUvB
246
†mLv‡b `vwg wQj, Avi †g‡qwj e¨vcvi¸‡jv Kg `vwg| GKRb
Av`k© cyiæl GKRb Av`k© bvixi †P‡qI mgv‡R †ewk ¸iæZ¡c~Y©|
ZvB bvix‡ì ¯^v¯ ¨ wKsev wkÿvq Lye Kg wewb‡qvM Kiv nq|
d‡j Zv‡ì A_©‣bwZK my‡hvM-myweav †Zgb †bB, ivR‣bwZK
AskMÖnYI †bB †Zgb| Avi ejvB evûj¨, Pjv‡divi
¯^vaxbZvUvI †fvM Ki‡Z cv‡i bv Zviv| myZivs ejv hvq, GB
wj½‣elg¨ e¨vcviUv A‡bKUv Ggb GK †`․o cÖwZ‡hvwMZvi
g‡Zv, †hLv‡b †KD †KD ïay †eªvÄ †g‡WjUvi Rb¨B †`․ovq|
nu¨v, GUv mwZ¨ †h BwZnv‡m nv‡Z-†Mvbv K‡qKRb bvix Lye
cÖfvekvjx wKsev cÖavb wKQz c‡` AwawôZ n‡Z †c‡i‡Q| wgk‡ii
wK¬I‡cUªv, Px‡bi mgªvÁx D †hBZvb (700 wLªóvã) Avi
Bsj¨v‡Ûi ivwb cÖ_g GwjRv‡e‡_i K_v ejv †h‡Z cv‡i D`vniY
wn‡m‡e| wKš‧ Zviv †bnvZB e¨wZµg| GwjRv‡e‡_i kvmbvg‡ji
`xN© 45 eQ‡i cvj©v‡g‡›Ui me m`m¨B wQj cyiæl| †mbvevwnbx
wKsev †b․evwnbxi me Kg©KZ©vI wQj cyiæl, me wePviK Avi
AvBbRxex, me wekc Avi AvP©wekc, ag©ZvwË¡K Avi cy‡ivwnZ,
me Wv³vi Avi mvR©b, me K‡jR Avi wek^we`¨vj‡qi QvÎ-
wkÿK, kn‡ii †gqi Avi †kwid Ges †gvUvgywU me †jLK,
¯ cwZ, Kwe, `vk©wbK, wPÎwkíx, msMxZwkíx Avi weÁvbxÑ Giv
mevB wQj cyiæl|
†gvUvgywU me K…wlwfwËK Avi wkíwfwËK mgv‡R
wcZ…Zvwš¿KZvi PP©v n‡q G‡m‡Q| GUv me ivR‣bwZK IVvbvgv,
mvgvwRK wecøe Avi A_©‣bwZK nvIqv-e`‡ji g‡a¨ wb‡Ri
Ae¯ vbUv cvKv‡cv³ †i‡L‡Q| D`vniY¯îƒc, wgki RvqMvUv cy‡iv
K‡qK kZvãx Ry‡o AmsLëvi `Lj Kiv n‡q‡Q| Avwmwiqvb,
cvwm©qvb, †gwm‡Wvwbqvb, †ivgvb, Avie, gv‡gjyK, ZzwK© Avi
weªwUkiv `Lj K‡i wQj wgki| ILvbKvi mgvR cy‡ivUv mgq
Ry‡oB †mB wcZ…Zvwš¿KB wQj| wgki kvwmZ n‡q‡Q dvivI‡qi
AvB‡b, wMÖK AvB‡b, †ivgvb AvB‡b, gymwjg AvB‡b, A‡Uvgvb
247
AvB‡b Avi weªwUk AvB‡b| Zviv mevB ÔAvmj cyiælÕ‡ì‡KB †ewk
cÖvavb¨ w`‡q‡Q|
†h‡nZz †`Lv hv‡”Q wcZ…Zvwš¿KZv GZUv me©Rbxb, Zvi gv‡b
GUv wbðq †Kv‡bv GKUv KvKZvjxq NUbv †_‡K ïiæ n‡q
PµvKv‡i AvewZ©Z n‡”Q bv| GUv e‡j ivLv fv‡jv †h, GgbwK
1492 mv‡ji Av‡MI Av‡gwiKv Avi Av‡d«v-Gwkqvi †ewkifvM
mgvRB wQj wcZ…Zvwš¿K| Avi gRvi e¨cvi n‡jv, Zv‡ì wKš‧
wb‡R‡ì g‡a¨ †Kv‡bv †hvMv‡hvMB wQj bv ZLb| Zvi ciI Zviv
mevB GKB mg‡q wcZ…Zvwš¿KB wQj| GLb Av‡d«v-Gwkqvi GB
wcZ…Zvwš¿KZv hw` †Kv‡bv GKUv †bnvZ KvKZvjxq NUbvi
djvdjI nq, Zey cÖkœ †_‡K hvqÑ A¨vR‡UK Avi BbKviv
Zvn‡j wcZ…Zvwš¿K †Kb? hwÌ cyiæl I bvixi wbw`©ó msÁvq‡b
mgv‡R-mgv‡R fv‡jvB cv_©K¨ Av‡Q, wKš‧ ZvI †gvUvgywU me
mgvRB me mgqB cyiælZ¡‡K bvix‡Z¡i Ic‡i ¯ vb w`‡q‡Q| GUv
LyeB m¤¢e †h Gi †cQ‡b Avm‡j nq‡Zv †Kv‡bv •RweK KviY
Av‡Q| Avgiv wVK wbwðZ K‡i Rvwb bv KviYUv Kx| bvbvb iKg
gZev` cvIqv hvq G e¨vcv‡i, wKš‧ †Kv‡bvUvB wVK MÖnY‡hvM¨
bq|
†cwk kw³i cÖfve

bvix cyiæ‡li g‡a¨ cyiæ‡li cÖvav‡bï Rb¨ me‡P‡q RbwcÖq wKsev
cÖPwjZ ZË¡wU n‡jvÑ cyiæl bvixi †P‡q †ewk kw³kvjx, Avi
Zviv Zv‡ì GB kvixwiK kw³i e‡jB bvix‡K Zv‡ì Aaxb n‡Z
eva¨ K‡i‡Q| GB Z‡Ë¡i Av‡iKUz †K․kjx e¨vL¨v n‡jv, Rwg Pvl
Kiv ev dmj KvUvi g‡Zv †ewk Kómva¨ KvR¸‡jv cyiæliv Zv‡ì
kvixwiK kw³i Kvi‡Y wb‡Riv GK‡PwUqvfv‡e KiZ| Gi d‡j
Lvevi Drcv`‡b Zv‡ì mivmwi wbqš¿Y P‡j Av‡m| GB wbqš¿YB
cieZ©x mg‡q ivR‣bwZK nvwZqvi n‡q ùvovq|
248
†cwkkw³i Ici GB evowZ ¸iæ‡Z¡i g~jZ `y‡Uv mgm¨v
Av‡Q| cÖ_gZ, cyiæl bvixi †P‡q †ewk kw³kvjxÑ GB K_vUv
†gvUvgywU mvaviYfv‡e Lv‡U, ZvI wKQz wbw`©ó iK‡gi kw³i
†ÿ‡Î| bvixiv mvaviYZ ÿzav, †ivMevjvB Avi K¬vwšÍ‡Z Kg `ye©j
nq| Ggb A‡bK bvixB Av‡Qb, whwb A‡bK cyiæ‡li †P‡q †ewk
†Rv‡i †`․ov‡Z cv‡ib wKsev Zvi †P‡q †ewk IR‡bi †Kv‡bv wKQz
IVv‡Z cv‡ib| wØZxqZ Ges me‡P‡q ¸iæZ¡c~Y© e¨vcvi n‡jv,
BwZnvm Ry‡o bvix‡ì‡K g~jZ Ggb me KvR †_‡KB `~‡i ivLv
n‡q‡Q †h¸‡jv‡Z Avm‡j Lye KgB kvixwiK kÖ‡gi ìKvi nq
(†hgb cy‡ivwn‡Zi KvR, AvBb Avi ivRbxwZ)| Ab¨w`‡K,
dm‡ji †L‡Z, n¯Íwk‡í wKsev •`bw›`b Kv‡R A‡cÿvK…Z †ewk
kvixwiK kÖ‡gi †ÿ‡Î bvix‡ì Dcw¯ wZ eis †ek ¯^vfvweKB|
ZvB, hw` mvgvwRK Avwac‡Zï m‡½ kvixwiK kw³i mivmwi
†Kv‡bv m¤úK© _vKZ, Zvn‡j bvix‡ì GLbKvi †P‡q A‡bK
fv‡jv Ae¯ vq _vKvi K_v wQj|
Gi †P‡qI †ewk ¸iæZ¡c~Y© e¨vcvi n‡jv, gvby‡li †ÿ‡Î
Avm‡j kvixwiK kw³i m‡½ mvgvwRK Avwac‡Zï mivmwi †Kv‡bv
m¤úK© †bB| 60 eQi eq‡mi e„× wKš‧ wVKB 20 eQ‡ii hye‡Ki
Ici Qwo †Nvivq| A_P IB hyeK kvixwiK kw³i w`K †_‡K
e„‡×i †P‡q †Xi GwM‡q| Dwbk kZ‡Ki gvSvgvwS mgqKvi
A¨vjvevgvi GKRb mvaviY Avevw` Rwgi gvwjK‡K wKš‧ Zvi
Zzjvi †L‡Zi kÖwgK‡ì †h-†KD GK wbwg‡l †g‡i gvwU‡Z wc‡l
†dj‡Z cviZ| ew·s g¨vP¸‡jv wKš‧ wgk‡ii dvivI wKsev
K¨v_wjK †cvc‡ì g‡a¨ n‡Zv bv| GgbwK †mB cÖvPxb wkKvwi-
msMÖvnK Rxe‡bI ivR‣bwZK AvwacZÜv wKš‧ †cwkeûj kixi
bq eis mvgvwRKZvi `ÿZvi IciB wbf©i KiZ| Lye cwiKwíZ
mš¿v‡mi †ÿ‡ÎI g~j †nvZv wKš‧ †m bq, hvi Mv‡q †Rvi †ewk|
mvaviYZ †m nq GKRb ey‡ov †jvK, †h mvaviYZ wb‡Ri nvZ
†bvsiv bv K‡i `‡ji ZiæY m`m¨‡ì w`‡q Gme KvR Kwi‡q
249
†bq| †KD hw` g‡b K‡i †h GKUv wmwÛ‡KU `L‡j †bIqvi
fv‡jv Dcvq n‡jv mivmwi Wb‡K †g‡i †djv, Zvn‡j wb‡Ri
†evKvwgUv †evSvi Av‡MB †m wb‡RI gviv co‡e| GgbwK
wk¤úvwÄ‡ì g‡aÏ, Avjdv †gj Zvi c`weUv cvq †Mvôxi
Ab¨vb¨ bvix-cyiæl m`m¨‡ì m‡½ mnR mg‡SvZvi m¤ú‡K©i
Kvi‡Y, w`M&wew`KÁvbnxb wnsmªZvi Rb¨ bq|
mwZ¨ ej‡Z wK, gvby‡li BwZnvm †_‡K GUv ¯úóB †`Lv hvq
†h, kvixwiK †k․h©ex‡h©i m‡½ mvgvwRK `ÿZvi GKUv wecixZ
m¤úK© Av‡Q| †ewkifvM mgv‡RB mvaviYZ wbPz †kÖwYi
gvby‡livB mivmwi kvixwiK cwikÖ‡gi KvR¸‡jv K‡i| GLvb
†_‡K Lv`¨k„•L‡j †nv‡gv †mwc‡q‡Ýi Ae¯ v‡bi GKUv aviYvI
Kiv hvq| hw` ïay mivmwi kvixwiK cwikÖgB Avg‡j †bIqv nq,
Zvn‡j Lv`¨k„•L‡j †nv‡gv †mwc‡q‡Ýi Ae¯ vb n‡Zv †gvUvgywU
gvSvgvwS| wKš‧ Avm‡j Zv‡ì gvbwmK Avi mvgvwRK `ÿZvB
Zv‡ì Lv`¨k„•L‡ji GK`g Ic‡ii Ae¯ vbUv‡Z †cu․Qv‡Z mvnvh¨
K‡i‡Q| myZivs GUv LyeB ¯^vfvweK †h, cÖRvwZ¸‡jvi g‡a¨
ÿgZvi AvwacZÜv Zv‡ì gvbwmK Avi mvgvwRK `ÿZvi
IciB wbf©i K‡i, †bnvZ kvixwiK kw³i Ici bq| ZvB gvbe-
BwZnv‡mi me‡P‡q w¯ wZkxj mvgvwRK ¯Íiweb¨vmUv †bnvZB
bvixi †P‡q cyiæ‡li AwaKZi kvixwiK kw³i Kvi‡YB m¤¢e
n‡q‡QÑ G K_vUv †g‡b †bIqvUv mwZ¨B Lye KwVb|
mgv‡Ri Av¯ÍvKzuo
Ab¨ GKUv ZË¡ e‡j, cyiæ‡li GB AvwacZ¨ Avm‡j Zvi kw³ bq
eis wnsmªZv †_‡K G‡m‡Q| jv‡Lv eQ‡ii weeZ©b cyiæl‡K bvixi
Zzjbvq A‡bK A‡bK †ewk wnsmª K‡i M‡o Zz‡j‡Q| bvix nq‡Zv
N„Yv, †jvf wKsev KU‚w³i w`K w`‡q cyiæ‡li m‡½ cvjøv w`‡Z
cvi‡e| wKš‧ hLbB cÖkœUv DV‡e, av°v w`‡q Ab¨‡K mwi‡q
250
†Ìqvi, ZLb Avi Zviv cvËv cv‡e bv| cyiæl me mgqB
mivmwi kvixwiK Avµg‡Yi e¨vcv‡i GKavc GwM‡q| GB
Kvi‡YB BwZnvm Ry‡o mg¯Í hy× we‡klfv‡e cyiæ‡liB AwaKv‡i|
hy‡×i mg‡q, hy×v‡¯¿i Ici cyiæ‡li wbqš¿Y Zv‡ì‡K
mgv‡RI cÖfzi Avm‡b emvq| Zvici Zviv mgv‡Ri Ici Zv‡ì
GB wbqš¿Y eënvi K‡i †ewk †ewk hy× K‡i| hZ †ewk hy× nq
mgv‡Ri Ici Zv‡ì wbqš¿YI ZZ ev‡o| GB PµvKvi m¤úK©
†_‡KB Avm‡j Nb Nb hy× Avi cyiæ‡li Avwac‡Zï e¨vcviUv
e¨vL¨v Kiv hvq|
cyiæl I bvixi ni‡gvb Avi wPšÍvcÖwµqv wb‡q mv¤cÖwZK
M‡elYvI cyiæ‡li AwaKZi wnsmªZvi `vwe‡KB Av‡iv †Rviv‡jv
K‡i Avi Zv‡ìB Av`k© hy×‣mwb‡Ki †LZve †`q| GLb, hw`-ev
GUv †g‡bI wbB †h, me •mwb‡Ki cyiæl nIqvB fv‡jv, Zvi ciI
cÖkœ †_‡K hvqÑ hviv c`©vi Avov‡j †_‡K hy×Uv wbqš¿Y Ki‡Q
Avi hy‡×i myweav †fvM Ki‡Q Zv‡ìI cyiæl nIqvUv wK Riæwi?
mnR DËiÑ bv, Riæwi bq| hw` Zv-B n‡Zv, Zvn‡j †Zv †hme
K…òv½ kÖwgK Zzjvi †L‡Z KvR Ki‡Q Zv‡ìB Kv‡iv †mB
ZzjvevMv‡bi gvwjK nIqvUvI Riæwi| hw` me K…òv½ kÖwgK‡ì
wbqš¿Y Kivi Rb¨ †k^Zv½‡ì kvmb ìKvi nq, Zvn‡j †mB
Kvi‡YB ïay GK`j cyiæ‡li mgš^‡q •Zwi GKUv †mbvevwnbx
cwiPvjbvi RbÏ bvix‡ì w`‡q MwVZ GKUv miKvieë¯ vB
fv‡jv nIqvi K_v| GgbwK AvswkKfv‡e bvix‡ì w`‡q MwVZ
n‡jI fv‡jv| mwZ¨ ej‡Z wK, BwZnvm Ry‡o †ewkifvM mgv‡RB
e‡ov e‡ov Awdmviiv Avm‡j mivmwiB Zv‡ì Awdmvi c`weUv
†c‡q hvq| wbPz c` †_‡K Zv‡ì msMÖvg K‡i Ic‡i DV‡Z nq
bv| AwfRvZiv, cqmvIqvjv Avi D”PwkwÿZiv †Zgb †Kv‡bv Kó
QvovB †c‡q hvq Zv‡ì Awdmvi c`we|
†b‡cvwjqv‡bi wPikÎæ, wWDK Ae I‡qwjsUb hLb AvVv‡iv
eQi eq‡m weªwUk Avwg©‡Z †hvM`vb Ki‡jb, m‡½ m‡½B Zv‡K
251
Awdmvi c`we‡Z wbhy³ Kiv n‡jv| wZwb Zvi wb‡Pi ¯Í‡ii
•mb¨‡ì wb‡q Lye GKUv gv_v Nvgvbwb d«v‡Ýi m‡½ hy‡×i mgq
GK AwfRvZ mnKg©x‡K wPwV‡Z wZwb wj‡LwQ‡jb, ÔAvgv‡ì
•mwbK¸‡jv me `ywbqvi AveR©bv|Õ G •mwbK¸‡jv‡K mvaviYZ
mgv‡Ri GK`g wbPz `wi`ª‡kÖwY wKsev RvwZMZ msL¨vjNy (†hgb,
AvBwik K¨v_wjKiv) †_‡KB wbe©vPb Kiv n‡Zv| †mbvevwnbxi DuPz
c`¸‡jv‡Z Zv‡ì ¯ vb cvIqv cÖvq Am¤¢e wQj| KviY, DuPz
c`¸‡jv Avjv`v K‡i ivLv _vKZ wWDK, ivRcyÎ Avi ivRv‡ì
Rb¨| wKš‧ †Kb ïay ivRcy‡Îi Rb¨, ivRKb¨vi Rb¨ bq †Kb?
Avwd«Kvq †h divwm mvgªvR¨ M‡o D‡VwQj †mUv g~jZ
†m‡bMvwjR, Avj‡Rwiqvb Avi kÖwgK †kÖwYi divwm‡ì Nvg Avi
i³ w`‡qB Mov| AmsL¨ mvaviY c`¸‡jvi g‡a¨ m”Qj N‡i
Rb¥v‡bv divwm‡ì msL¨v wQj bMY¨| wKš‧ Aí wKQz DuPz c‡` e‡m
hviv divwm †mbvevwnbx cwiPvjbv K‡i‡Q, mvgªvR¨ cwiPvjbv
K‡i‡Q Avi Zvi dj †fvM K‡i‡Q, Zv‡ì g‡a¨ ¯^”Qj N‡i
Rb¥v‡bv divwm cyiæl‡ì msL¨v wQj A‡bK †ewk| wKš‧ †Kb ïay
divwm cyiæl? bvix bq †Kb?
Px‡b `xN©w`‡bi GKUv Pj wQj †mbvevwnbx‡K †emvgwiK
Avgjv‡ì KZ©…‡Z¡i Aax‡b ivLvi, d‡j †hme g¨vÛvwib Rxe‡b
KL‡bv Z‡jvqviB a‡ibwb ZuvivB gv‡S gv‡S hy× cwiPvjbv
Ki‡Zb| Ôfv‡jv †jvnv †c‡iK evwb‡q bó Kiv DwPZ bqÕÑ
GiKg GKUv Pxbv cÖev`B Av‡Q, †hUv †evSvq †h, mwZ¨Kvi
†gavex gvbyl‡ì †emvgwiK Avgjv wn‡m‡eB †hvM †Ìqv DwPZ,
†mbvevwnbx‡Z bq| †Kb? †Kb ïay g¨vÛvwib cyiælivB G my‡hvM
†cj? bvixiv bq †Kb?
†KD hw` e‡j, bvixiv mdj g¨vÛvwib, mdj †Rbv‡ij wKsev
mdj ivRbxwZK n‡Z cv‡iwb Zv‡ì kvixwiK `ye©jZv wKsev
†U‡÷v‡÷i‡bi NvUwZi Kvi‡YB, Zvn‡j †mUv Lye GKUv
MÖnY‡hvM¨ hyw³ n‡e bv| GKUv hy× wRZ‡Z n‡j A`g¨ gvbwmK
252
kw³ jv‡M wVKB wKš‧ Lye †ewk kvixwiK kw³ wKsev wnsmªZvi
ìKvi Av‡Q e‡j g‡b nq bv| hy× †gv‡UB †gv‡oi Pv‡qi
†`vKv‡bi SMovi g‡Zv bq| hy× LyeB RwUj GKUv KvR, †hLv‡b
Amvgvb¨ iK‡gi mvsMVwbK `ÿZv, mn‡hvwMZvg~jK g‡bvfve
Avi A‡b‡Ki mš‧wó AR©‡bi cÖ‡qvRb nq| N‡i kvwšÍ eRvq ivLv,
cÖev‡m wgÎevwnbx †RvMvo Kiv Avi Ab¨‡ì (we‡kl K‡i
kÎæ‡ì) gv_vi †fZ‡i Kx Pj‡Q †mUv ai‡Z cvivB g~jZ hy×
R‡qi Ab¨Zg PvweKvwV| myZivs LyeB wnsmª Ges aŸsmvZ¥K
g‡bvfve Avm‡j hy× cwiPvjbv Kivi me‡P‡q Lvivc GKUv
cš v| eis Zvi †P‡q †Xi fv‡jv Ggb GKRb gvbyl †h Ab¨‡ì
mš‧ó Ki‡Z Rv‡b, my‡hvM Kv‡R jvMv‡Z cv‡i Avi GKUv
welq‡K wewfbœ `„wófw½ †_‡K †`L‡Z cv‡i| wewfbœ mdj mvgªvR¨
cÖwZôvZviv Avm‡j GB ¸Yvewji AwaKvix| mvgwiK `ÿZvq
wcwQ‡q _vKv AMv÷vmB Ggb GKUv ivR¨ M‡owQ‡jb, †hUv
Rywjqvm wmRvi wKsev Av‡jKRvÛv‡ii g‡Zv Zz‡Lvo †mbvcwZ‡ì
†Nvj LvB‡q‡Q| ZrKvjxb cÖwZcÿ †_‡K AvR‡Ki w`‡bi
BwZnvmwe`Ñ mevB †g‡b wb‡q‡Q, GB mvd‡jï †cQ‡b Av‡Q
AMv÷v‡mi ÿgvkxjZv Avi †KvgjZv|
cÖvqB bvix‡ì‡K cyiæ‡li †P‡q fv‡jv cÖfveK wKsev mš‧wó
cÖ`vbKvix wn‡m‡e `vwe Kiv n‡q _v‡K| GgbwK ejv nq, Zviv
bvwK GKUv welq‡K A‡bï `„wófw½ †_‡K †ek fv‡jvg‡Zv
†`L‡Z cvq| hw` GBme `vwei g‡a¨ †Kv‡bv mZ¨Zv †_‡K _v‡K,
Zvn‡j bvixiv Aek¨B `viæY ivRbxwZK Avi mvgªvR¨cÖavb n‡Z
cviZ| hy×‡ÿ‡Îi †bvsiv KvR¸‡jv Zviv †U‡÷v‡÷ib PvwjZ
mijgbv †c․iælc~Y© gvbyl‡ì Rb¨B †Q‡o w`‡Z cviZ| wKš‧
mwZ¨Kvi RM‡Z GgbUv †mfv‡e †`LvB hvq bv| Avi †Kb hvq bv
†mUvI wVK wbwðZ bq|
253
wcZ…Zvwš¿K wRb
Z…Zxq GKiK‡gi Rxe‣eÁvwbK e¨vL¨v Avevi †cwkkw³ wKsev
wnsmªZv‡K A‡cÿvK…Z Kg ¸iæZ¡ †`q, Avi `vwe K‡i †h jvL
jvL eQ‡ii weeZ©‡bi d‡j cyiæl I bvix wU‡K _vKv Avi
cÖRb‡bi Rb¨ Avjv`v Avjv`v iK‡gi c×wZ AvZ¥¯  K‡i‡Q|
†h‡nZz GKRb cyiæl m`m¨‡K GKRb bvixi m‡½ †h․b m¤úK©
¯ vc‡bi Rb¨ Ab¨ cyiæl m`m¨‡ì m‡½ cÖwZ‡hvwMZvq bvg‡Z
n‡Zv myZivs cÖRb‡bi m¤¢vebvUv cy‡ivcywi wbf©i KiZ GKRb
cyiæ‡li Ab¨ cyiæl‡ì nviv‡Z cvivi ÿgZvi Ici| ZvB hZB
mgq †h‡Z jvMj, me‡P‡q D”Pvwfjvlx, AvµgYvZ¥K, Avi
cÖwZ‡hvwMZvq wU‡K _vKv cyiæ‡li wRb¸‡jvB cieZ©x cÖR‡b¥
†cu․Q‡Z cvij|
Ab¨w`‡K GKRb bvixi Rb¨ mšÍvb avi‡Yi D‡Ï‡k¨ GKRb
cyiæl Lyu‡R cvIqv †gv‡UB KwVb †Kv‡bv e¨vcvi wQj bv| wKš‧ †m
hw` PvBZ Zvi †Q‡j‡g‡qiv Zv‡K Zvi bvwZcywZi gyL †`Lv‡e,
Zvn‡j Zv‡K bq gvm a‡i Kó K‡i Mf©aviY Ki‡Z n‡Zv| Zvici
Av‡iv †ek wKQz eQi a‡i †Q‡j‡g‡q‡ì jvjbcvjb Ki‡Z n‡Zv|
†mB mgq¸‡jv‡Z Zvi Lvevi msMÖn Kivi Lye †ewk my‡hvM wQj
bv| Avi †m mgqUv Zv‡ì‡K Ab¨‡ì mvnv‡hï IciI wbf©i
Ki‡Z n‡Zv| GRb¨ GKRb cyiæ‡li Lye ìKvi wQj| wb‡R wU‡K
_vKvi Rb¨ Ges †Q‡j‡g‡q‡ì euvwP‡q ivLvi Rb¨ GKRb bvix‡K
cyiæ‡li me iKg k‡Z©B ivwR nIqv Qvov Dcvq wQj bv| Zvi ïay
GUv wbwðZ Ki‡Z n‡Zv †h †mB cyiælwU me mgq Zvi m‡½ m‡½
_vK‡e Avi Zvi wKQz †evSv eB‡e| Gfv‡eB hZB mgq †h‡Z
jvMj ïay †mBme AbyMZ hZœkxj bvix‡ì wRb¸‡jvB cieZ©x
cÖRb¥ ch©šÍ †h‡Z cvij| †h bvixiv ÿgZvi Rb¨ A‡bK jovB
K‡iwQj, Zviv Zv‡ì †mB ÿgZvevb wRb¸‡jv c‡ii cÖRb¥ ch©šÍ
†cu․Qv‡bvi eë¯ v K‡i †i‡L hv‡Z cv‡iwb|
254
myZivs GB ZË¡g‡Z, GB Avjv`v iK‡gi wU‡K _vKvi
†K․k‡ji Kvi‡YB cyiæliv n‡q DVj D”Pvwfjvlx Avi cÖwZØ›Øx,
ivRbxwZ Avi eëmv‡q cUz| Avi Ab¨w`‡K bvixiv Zv‡ì RvqMv
†Q‡o w`‡q †Q‡j‡g‡q jvjbcvj‡b e¨¯Í n‡q coj|
wKš‧ GB e¨vL¨vUvI AwfÁZvjä Z_¨¸‡jvi m‡½ cy‡ivcywi
†g‡j bv| `y‡Uv Abygvb GLv‡b †ek †Mvj‡g‡j g‡b nq| cÖ_gUv
n‡jvÑ evB‡ii mvnv‡hï Ici wbf©ikxjZv bvix‡K Ab¨ bvix‡ì
Ici wbf©i bv K‡i cyiæ‡li Ici wbf©ikxj K‡i †djj| Avi
`yBÑ cÖwZØw›ØZvc~Y© g‡bvfve cyiæl‡K mvgvwRKfv‡e
AvwacZ¨cÖeY K‡i Zzjj| nvwZ wKsev †ev‡bv‡ev wk¤úvwÄ‡ì
g‡Zv A‡bK cÖRvwZi cÖvYxB Av‡Q, hv‡ì mgv‡R wbf©ikxj bvix
Avi cÖwZØ›Øx cyiæl _vKv m‡Ë¡I Zv‡ì mgvRUv gvZ…Zvwš¿K|
†h‡nZz bvix‡ì GKUz evowZ mvnv‡hï ìKvi nq, ZvB Zviv
eva¨ n‡qB mvgvwRKZvi wKsev Ab¨‡K Zzó Kivi ÿgZv AR©b
K‡i| Zviv ïay bvix‡ì g‡a¨ GKUv mvgvwRK eÜb •Zwi K‡i
Avi mšÍvb jvjbcvj‡b wb‡RivB wb‡R‡ì mvnvh¨ K‡i|
Ab¨w`‡K cyiæ‡liv G‡K A‡bï m‡½ cÖwZ‡hvwMZv Avi gvivgvwi
wb‡qB e¨¯Í _v‡K| Zv‡ì mvgvwRK †hvMv‡hv‡Mi `ÿZvi Lye
GKUv DbœwZ nq bv| †ev‡bv‡ev Avi nvwZi mgvR wbqwš¿Z nq
ci¯úi †m․nv`©¨c~Y© bvix m`m¨‡ì GKUv PgrKvi `‡ji
gva¨‡g| Ab¨w`‡K AvZ¥‡Kw›`ªK Avi Amn‡hvMx cyiæl‡ì‡K
mgv‡Ri evB‡ii w`KUv‡ZB ivLv nq| hwÌ †ev‡bv‡ev‡ì bvix
m`m¨¸‡jv MocoZv cyiæl m`m¨‡ì Zzjbvq kvixwiKfv‡e `ye©j,
wKš‧ cÖvqB †`Lv hvq †ek K‡qKRb bvix m`m¨ wg‡j GKRb
cyiæl m`m¨‡K †cUv‡”Q mxgv AwZµg Kivi Rb¨|
hw` GUv †ev‡bv‡ev Avi nvwZ‡ì g‡a¨ m¤¢e nq, Zvn‡j
†nv‡gv †mwc‡q‡Ýi †ÿ‡Î †Kb bq? †mwc‡qÝ †Zv
Zzjbvg~jKfv‡e `ye©j cÖvYx, hvi g~j myweavB n‡jv e‡ov msL¨vq
wb‡R‡ì g‡a¨ PgrKvi †evSvcovi `ÿZv| hw` ZvB n‡e,
255
Zvn‡j †Zv Avgv‡ì GUvB Avkv Kiv DwPZ †h ciwbf©ikxj
bvixivB Lye PvZz‡h©i m‡½ IBme AvµgYvZ¥K, †¯^”QvPvix Avi
AvZ¥‡Kw›`ªK cyiæl‡ì wbqš¿Y Ki‡e| hwÌ-ev Zviv cyiæ‡li
Ici wbf©ikxj, wKš‧ Zviv Zv‡ì D”PZi mvgvwRK `ÿZv I
wb‡R‡ì g‡a¨ †evSvcovi gva¨‡g mn‡RB GB wbqš¿Y AvqË
Ki‡Z cvi‡e|
†h cÖRvwZi mvdj¨B wbf©i Ki‡Q G‡K A‡bï m‡½
mn‡hvwMZvc~Y© g‡bvfv‡ei Ici, Zv‡ì g‡a¨ hviv GKUz Kg
mn‡hvMx (cyiæl) hviv, ZvivB A‡cÿvK…Z †ewk mn‡hvMx‡ì
(bvix) wbqš¿Y Ki‡Q, GUv †Kgb K‡i m¤¢e? GB gyn~‡Z© Avgv‡ì
Kv‡Q G cÖ‡kœi Lye fv‡jv †Kv‡bv DËi †bB| GK`g mvaviY
aviYv¸‡jv nq‡Zv fzj| nq‡Zv †nv‡gv †mwc‡qÝ cyiæl‡ì g~j
•ewkó¨ Zv‡ì kvixwiK kw³, AvµgYvZ¥K Avi cÖwZØw›ØZvc~Y©
g‡bvfve bq eis Zv‡ì D”PZi mvgvwRK `ÿZv Avi †ewk †ewk
mn‡hvwMZvi cÖeYZv| ïay Avgiv GL‡bv wbwðZfv‡e †mUv Rvwb
bv|
Avgiv †hUv Rvwb †mUv n‡jv, MZ GK kZ‡K bvix-cyiæ‡li
f‚wgKvi GKUv wekvj cwieZ©b n‡q‡Q| hZB w`b hv‡”Q ZZB
mgvR¸‡jv ïay †h cyiæl Avi bvix‡K mgvb AvBbMZ myweav,
ivR‣bwZK AwaKvi Avi A_©‣bwZK my‡hvM-myweav w`‡”Q Zv-B
bq, eis bvix cyiæ‡li f‚wgKv Avi †h․bZv‡K GK`g bZzbfv‡e
wPšÍv Ki‡Q| hwÌ wj½‣elgÜv GL‡bv A‡bKUvB ¸iæZ¡c~Y©, wKš‧
NUbv¸‡jv Lye `ªæZ e`‡j hv‡”Q| wesk kZvãxi ïiæi w`‡K
bvix‡ì †fv‡Ui AwaKvi †ÌqvUv‡K Av‡gwiKvq GKUv m¤ú~Y©
D™¢U aviYv e‡j g‡b Kiv n‡qwQj| †m mgq GKRb bvix mwPe
wKsev mywcÖg †Kv‡Ui© wePviK n‡e GgbUv fvevB †hZ bv| Iw`‡K
mgKvwgZv GgbB weZwK©Z GKUv welq wQj †h mevi mvg‡b GUv
wb‡q †Kv‡bv K_vB ejv †hZ bv| GKzk kZ‡Ki ïiæi w`‡KB
bvix‡ì †fvU cÖ`vb Lye ¯^vfvweK GKUv e¨vcv‡i cwiYZ n‡jv|
256
bvix mwPe wb‡qI Avjv`v K‡i K_v ejvi †Kv‡bv wKQz wQj bv|
GB 2013-†Z Av‡gwiKvi cuvP Rb mywcÖg †KvU© wePviK mgKvgx
weev‡ni c‡ÿ mg_©b w`‡qwQj hv‡ì g‡a¨ wZbRbB wQj bvix
(Pvi Rb cyiæl wePvi‡Ki A¯^xK…wZ‡K ey‡ov AvOzj †`wL‡q)|
GB bvUKxq cwieZ©b¸‡jvB Avm‡j bvix-cyiæ‡li f‚wgKv
wb‡q GKiKg Kz‡nwjKvi m„wó K‡i‡Q| GLv‡b †Zv ¯úófv‡eB
†`Lv‡bv n‡jv †h, wcZ…Zvwš¿K mgv‡Ri GB aviYvUv †bnvZB wKQz
wg‡_i Ici wfwË K‡i •Zwi n‡q‡Q, Rxe‣eÁvwbK m‡Zï Ici
bq| GUv hw` mwZ¨ n‡q _v‡K, Zvn‡j GZw`b a‡i P‡j Avmv
GB bvix-cyiæ‡li f‚wgKvi wek^RbxbZv wKsev w¯ wZkxjZv‡K wVK
Kxfv‡e e¨vL¨v Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i?
257
Z… Zx q c e©
gv b e Rv wZ i H K Zv b
24| nRKvixiv g°vi Kvev kwid cÖ`wÿY Ki‡Q
258
Aa¨vq 9
BwZnv‡mi Bkviv
K…wlwfwËK wecø‡ei ci Av‡iv e‡ov AvKv‡ii Ges AwaKZi
RwUj KvVv‡gvi mgvR M‡o DV‡Z ïiæ K‡i| †hme †c․ivwYK
Kvwnwb, †jvKMv_v Ges KíKvwnwbi Kvi‡Y GB e„n`vKvi mgvR
M‡o IVv m¤¢eci n‡jv, mg‡qi AMÖMwZi m‡½ m‡½ †m¸‡jv
Wvjcvjv MwR‡q mgv‡R •Zwi Kij wb‡R‡ì cvKv‡cv³
Ae¯ vb| d‡j, cyivY I KíKvwnwb¸‡jv wbqš¿Y Ki‡Z ïiæ Kij
gvby‡li Rxeb| Rb¥ †_‡KB gvby‡li Rb¨ wba©vwiZ n‡q †Mj bvbv
wewaweavb| gvby‡li mvgwóK KíbvcÖm~Z GBme Mí gvby‡li
Kvw•ÿZ wPšÍvi aib, mvgvwRK AvPvi-AvPiY, Zvi AvKv•ÿv,
mvgvwRK ixwZbxwZ Gme wel‡q wb‡`©kbv w`‡Z ïiæ Kij|
GBme wb‡`©kbv †g‡b Pjvi d‡j gvby‡li g‡a¨ M‡o DVj
Rb¥MZ •RweK cÖew„ Ëi evB‡i †c․ivwYK Kvwnwb ev KvíwbK
ev¯ÍeZvwbf©i Av‡iKwU bZzb cwiPq| GKmgq bZzb M‡o IVv
GB cwiPq n‡q DVj Zvi mnRvZ cÖew„ Ëi Ask| wb‡R‡ì •Zwi
Kiv bZzb GB cwiP‡qi d‡jB gvbyl A‡bK e‡ov e‡ov †Mvôx ev
mgvR MVb K‡i GKm‡½ emevm Ki‡Z mÿg n‡jv| R‡b¥i ci
wb‡R‡ì †Póvq †kLv gvby‡li K…wÎg GBme AvPvi-AvPi‡Yi
mgwó‡KB Avgiv GK K_vq ewj Ôms¯‥…wZÕ ev ÔK…wóÕ|
wesk kZvãxi cÖ_gv‡a© cwÐZ e¨w³iv Avgv‡ì †kLv‡jb,
cÖwZwU mgv‡Ri ms¯‥…wZB c~Y©v½ I mvgÄm¨c~Y©| cÖwZwU ms¯‥…wZiB
Av‡Q GKwU kvk^Z, AcwieZ©bxq iƒc, mg‡qi Qvc hv‡K gwjb
Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| c„w_ex m¤ú‡K© cÖwZwU gvbe‡MvôxiB Av‡Q GKUv
wbR¯^ a¨vbaviYv Ges Av‡Q wbR¯^ mgvReë¯ v, AvBbKvbyb I
259
ivR‣bwZK wewaweavb| m~h‡© K †K›`ª K‡i wbLyuZfv‡e MÖnmg~‡ni
cÖ`wÿ‡Yi g‡Zv Gme wbqgKvbybI GKwU †Mvôxi gvbylR‡bi
†fZ‡i myôzfv‡e e‡q P‡j| GB `„wófw½ Abyhvqx, GKwU wbw`©ó
†Mvôx‡Z Ave× _vKv Ae¯ vq †m ms¯‥…wZi †Kv‡bv cwieZ©b nq
bv| Zv Av‡M †hgb wQj †Zgbfv‡eB, GKB MwZ‡Z Pj‡Z
_v‡K| evB‡i †_‡K †Kv‡bv wKQz hw` Gi cwieZ©b Ki‡Z Pvq
Z‡eB †Kej Zvi cwieZ©b m¤¢e| b„ZË¡we`, BwZnvmwe` I
ivRbxwZweìv ZvB hLb Ômv‡gvqvb ms¯‥…wZÕ ev ÔZvmgvwbqvb
ms¯‥…wZÕi K_v e‡jb, ZLb g‡b nq †hb mv‡gvqvbiv wKsev
Zvmgvwbqvbiv †Mvov †_‡KB IB GKB iKg wek^vm I ixwZbxwZ
†g‡b Pj‡Q|
AvRKvj †ewkifvM ms¯‥…wZ we‡klÁivB GB aviYv‡K fzj
e‡j †g‡b wb‡q‡Qb| cÖ‡Z¨K ms¯‥…wZi wKQz wbR¯^ wek^vm, wbw`©ó
AvPiY Ges g~j¨‡eva Av‡Q, wKš‧ G¸‡jv cÖwZwbqZ cwiewZ©ZI
n‡”Q| cwi‡e‡ki cwieZ©‡bi Kvi‡Y ev Avkcv‡ki ms¯‥…wZi
ms¯ú‡k© G‡m GKwU ms¯‥…wZ e`‡j †h‡Z cv‡i| ïay Zv-B bv,
ms¯‥…wZ Zvi wb‡Ri †fZiKvi wPivqZ MwZgqZvi RbÏ Av‡¯Í
Av‡¯Í e`jv‡Z _v‡K| GgbwK m¤ú~Y© wew”Qbœ Ges w¯ wZkxj
•RweK cwi‡e‡kI GKwU ms¯‥…wZi cwieZ©b Aek¨¤¢vex| gvby‡li
•Zwi AvBbKvbyb¸‡jv c`v_©weÁv‡bi m~‡Îi g‡Zv bq †h †mLv‡b
†Kv‡bv ci¯úiwe‡ivwaZv _vK‡e bv| eis gvby‡li •Zwi cÖvq
cÖ‡Z¨KwU AvBbKvby‡bi g‡a¨B A‡bK iKg ci¯úiwe‡ivwaZv
Lyu‡R cvIqv hv‡e| ms¯‥…wZ cÖwZwbqZB Gme ci¯úiwe‡ivwaZv
†iva Kivi †Póv Ki‡Q, Avi Zvi d‡jB wb‡R‡K cwieZ©b Ki‡Z
eva¨ n‡”Q|
D`vniY¯îƒc, ga¨hyMxq BD‡iv‡ci AwfRvZ m¤cÖ`vq
wLªóag© I bvBU‡ì exi‡Z¡i Av`‡k© wek^vm Ki‡Zb| m¤£všÍ
e¨w³iv mKv‡j Pv‡P© †h‡Zb Ges wLªóxq cy‡ivwnZ‡ì KvQ †_‡K
mvaK‡ì RxebK_v ïb‡Zb| cy‡ivwnZ eqvb Ki‡ZbÑ Zz‡”Qi
†_‡KI Zz”Q me, me e¯‧MZ AR©bB evûj¨ gvÎ| m¤ú`, Kvg I
m¤§vb gvby‡li Rb¨ LyeB wec¾bK I †jvfbxq| †Zvgiv GB
260
mewKQzi E‡aŸ© I‡Vv Ges whïi c`v¼ AbymiY Ki| whïi g‡Zv
bgª I •ah©kxj nI, DMÖZv cwiZ¨vM K‡iv, mxgv AwZµg †Kv‡iv
bv Ges GK Mv‡j Po †L‡j Ab¨ MvjUv evwo‡q `vI| eqvb †k‡l
mevB PvP© †_‡K bgª I •ah©kxj, wPšÍvgMœ Ae¯ vq evwo wdi‡Zb|
Gi GKUz c‡i ZvivB Avevi me‡P‡q fv‡jv I `vwg wm‡éi Kvco
c‡i gwb‡ei cÖvmv‡` †h‡Zb| †mLv‡b QzUZ dzwZ© Avi cvbx‡qi
†dvqviv, PviYKweiv cyw_ †kvbv‡Zb cÖPwjZ †jvKKvwnwb wb‡q|
AwZw_iv †kvbv‡Zb PUzj, †bvsiv †K․ZzK A_ev i³v³ hy‡×i
Kvwnwb| e¨vibiv m`‡c© †NvlYv Ki‡Zb Ôj¾v wb‡q †eu‡P _vKvi
†P‡q g‡i hvIqv †Xi fv‡jv| †KD †Zvgv‡K Am¤§vb Ki‡j
GKgvÎ i³ÿi‡YB †m Am¤§v‡bi cÖwZKvi n‡Z cv‡i| cÖvYf‡q
kÎæi cvwj‡q hvIqv Ges Zv‡ì my›ìx Kb¨v‡ì Amnvq n‡q
†Zvgvi cv‡q jy‡UvcywU LvIqvi `„‡kï †P‡q Avb‡›ì `„k¨ Avi
KxB-ev n‡Z cv‡i?Õ
†Kv‡bvKv‡jB gvby‡li G ai‡bi •ecixZ¨c~Y© AvPi‡Yi
cy‡ivcywi Aemvb nqwb| wKš‧ BD‡iv‡ci AwfRvZ m¤cÖ`vq,
wMR©vi hvRKgÐjx Ges mvaviY †jvK G‡K mv`‡i MÖnY
K‡iwQj| d‡j, m~Pbv n‡qwQj Zv‡ì mvs¯‥…wZK cwieZ©‡bi|
†mB cwieZ©‡bi djvdjB n‡jv µz‡mW (Crusade)| µz‡m‡W
bvBUiv Zv‡ì mvgwiK exiZ¡ ev a‡g©i cÖwZ Zv‡ì AvbyMZ¨
cÖKvk KiZ Zievwii AvNv‡Z| IB GKB we‡iv‡ai d‡j •Zwi
nq †U¤újvi (Templars) Ges nmwcUjvi (Hospitallers), hviv
wLªóxq I wmfvjwiK aviYv¸‡jv Av‡iv †ewk wgwk‡q †dj‡Z
PvBZ| ga¨hyMxq wPÎwkí Ges mvwnZ¨‡KI Zv fxlYfv‡e
cÖfvweZ K‡i| ivRv Av_©v‡ii Kvwnwb ev †nvwj †MÖBj (Holy
Grail) Zvi cÖK…ó D`vniY| †mLv‡b K¨v‡gjU (Camelot) wQj
g~jZ GKUv wek^vm‡K cÖwZôv Kivi †Póv : ÔGKRb fv‡jv bvBU
Aek¨B GKRb fv‡jv wLªóvb n‡e, Ab¨fv‡e ej‡j, fv‡jv
wLªóvb‡ì g‡a¨ †_‡KB ïay fv‡jv bvBU cvIqv hv‡e|Õ
Av‡iKwU D`vniY n‡jv AvaywbK ivRbxwZ| divwm wecø‡ei
ci †_‡K, mviv c„w_exi gvbyl mgZv I e¨w³MZ ¯^vaxbZv‡K
261
†g․wjK AwaKvi e‡j g‡b K‡i| A_P G `ywUi g‡a¨ we‡iva
Aek¨¤¢vex| GKwU Ab¨wUi cÖvq we‡ivax| me gvby‡li g‡a¨ mgZv
Avb‡Z n‡j Kv‡iv-bv-Kv‡iv ¯^vaxbZvq n¯Í‡ÿc Ki‡ZB n‡e|
Avevi mevB‡K hvi hvi B”Qvg‡Zv Pj‡Z w`‡j mgZv iÿv Kiv
Am¤¢e n‡q hvq| 1789 mvj †_‡K AvR ch©šÍ BwZnv‡m NUv
mewKQzB †hb GB we‡iva‡K GKUv msMwZc~Y© Ae¯ v‡b Avbvi
cÖ‡Póv|
Pvj©m wW‡K‡Ýi Dcb¨vm huviv c‡o‡Qb Zuviv Rv‡bb †h,
Dwbk kZ‡Ki BD‡ivcxq D`vi kvmbeë¯ v e¨w³MZ ¯^vaxbZv‡K
A‡bK ¸iæZ¡ w`‡qwQj| †mUv Ki‡Z wM‡q Mwie gvbyl‡ì †R‡j
cyi‡Z Avi Abv_ wkï‡ì c‡KUgvi n‡Z eva¨ Ki‡ZI wcQcv
nqwb Zviv| Avevi Ab¨w`‡K, Av‡j·v›`vi mj‡SwbZwm‡bi
Dcb¨vm huviv c‡o‡Qb Zuviv mevB Rv‡bb †h, mvgëv‡ì Av`k©
ÿgZvi Ggb wbg©g eënvi K‡i‡Q †h Zv n‡q D‡VwQj cÖ‡Z¨‡Ki
cÖvZ¨wnK Rxebeë¯ v wbqš¿Y Kivi kvwgj|
mgKvjxb Av‡gwiKvi ivRbxwZI GB GKB AmsMwZi
†Niv‡Uv‡cB Ave×| †W‡gvµ¨vUiv (Democrats) mgZvwfwËK
mgv‡Ri c‡ÿ| Zviv cÖ‡qvR‡bi Ki e„w× K‡i n‡jI Mwie, e„×
I `ye©j‡ì my‡hvM-myweav wbwðZ Ki‡Z Pvb| wKš‧, Gi d‡j
GKRb e¨w³ Zvi e¨w³MZ A_© Kxfv‡e LiP Ki‡e †m ¯^vaxbZv
Le© nq| †h UvKv w`‡q Avwg Avgvi mšÍvb‡K wek^we`¨vj‡q
cvVv‡Z cvwi, †m UvKv w`‡q †Kb Avgv‡K ¯^v¯ ¨wegv wKb‡Z n‡e?
Ab¨w`‡K wicvewjKvbiv (Republicans) gvby‡li e¨w³MZ
¯^vaxbZv wbwðZ Ki‡Z Pvq| Gi Rb¨ hw` Mwie-abxi cv_©K¨
ev‡o evoyK, Mwi‡eiv Av‡iv Mwie †nvK, Avi abxiv Av‡iv abx,
mevB ¯^v¯ ¨‡mev wb‡Z cviæK ev bv cviæK, Zv‡Z wKQzB hvq-
Av‡m bv| gvby‡li m‡e©v”P e¨w³MZ ¯^vaxbZv wbwðZ KivB Zv‡ì
g~j jÿ¨|
ga¨hyMxq ms¯‥…wZ †hgb wLªóag© I wmfvjwi‡K †gjv‡Z cv‡iwb,
†ZgbB AvaywbK wek^ mvg¨ Avi ¯^vaxbZv‡KI †gjv‡Z cv‡iwb|
wKš‧, GUv‡K †Kv‡bv LyuZ wn‡m‡e we‡ePbv Kiv msMZ n‡e bv| G
262
iKg AmsMwZ ev ci¯úiwe‡ivwaZv cÖ‡Z¨K mgvR-ms¯‥…wZiB
Awe‡”Q`¨ Ask| eis GUvB ms¯‥…wZi PvwjKvkw³| Avgv‡ì
cÖRvwZi m„RbkxjZv Ges MwZkxjZvi g~j Drm GUvB| wewea myi
I Zv‡bi AmvgÄm¨ †hgb GKwU msMxZ‡K GwM‡q wb‡q hvq †Zgwb
Avgv‡ì wPšÍv, aviYv Ges g~j¨‡ev‡ai AmvgÄm¨ Avgv‡ì Av‡iv
wPšÍvkxj n‡Z DØy× K‡i, bZzbfv‡e †`L‡Z DrmvwnZ K‡i| wPšÍv I
Kv‡R me©`v GKB bxwZi AbymiY n‡jv Ajm gw¯Í‡®‥i KvR|
D‡ËRbv Avi wØav-Ø›Ø hw` nq †h-†Kv‡bv ms¯‥…wZiB mvaviY
•ewkó¨, Zvn‡j †mme ms¯‥…wZi gvbyl¸‡jvI ¯^we‡ivax wPšÍvavivq
Av”Qbœ n‡e Ges AmvgÄm¨c~Y© g~j¨‡ev‡ai Kvi‡Y wØavwef³
_vK‡e| †h-†Kv‡bv ms¯‥…wZi GUv Ggb GKUv •ewkó¨ †h Gi
GKUv we‡kl bvgB Av‡Q : ÔwPšÍvi AmsMwZÕ (Cognitive
Dissonance)| wPšÍvi AmsMwZ gv‡b Avm‡j gvbemËviB GK
ai‡bi wePz¨wZ| mwZ¨Kvi A‡_© Avm‡j GUv weivU GK m¤ú`|
gvbyl hw` m¤ú~Y© ci¯úiwe‡ivax aviYvq GKB m‡½ wek^vm Ki‡Z
bv cviZ, Zvn‡j †Kv‡bv iKg gvbems¯‥…wZB •Zwi Kiv wKsev
iÿv Kiv m¤¢e n‡Zv bv|
aiæb GKRb wLªóvb, gymjgvb‡ì‡K fv‡jvfv‡e eyS‡Z Pvq|
Zvn‡j Zv‡K Avm‡j cÖ‡Z¨K gymjgv‡bi g‡bi †fZ‡i AvM‡j
ivLv Avw`g wKQz g~j¨‡ev‡ai w`‡K ZvKv‡j n‡e bv| eis Zv‡K
ZvKv‡Z n‡e gymwjg ms¯‥…wZi Ø‡›Øi RvqMv¸‡jv‡Z †hLv‡b
wbqgKvbyb Avi g~j¨‡eva¸‡jvi wb‡R‡ì g‡a¨ †VvKvVzwK jv‡M|
wVK †h RvqMvUv‡Z gymjgvbiv †Kvb c‡_ hv‡e fve‡Z fve‡Z
msk‡q Av”Qbœ nq, †mLv‡bB Zv‡ì‡K me‡P‡q fv‡jvfv‡e †Pbv
hv‡e|
¸ßP‡ii m¨v‡UjvB‡Ui †Pv‡L †`Lv

gvby‡li ms¯‥…wZ wbqZ cwieZ©bkxj| GB cwieZ©b wK
G‡jv‡g‡jvfv‡e nq, bvwK †Kv‡bv wbw`©ó wbqg †g‡b nq? Ab¨
K_vq ej‡Z †M‡j, BwZnv‡mi wK Pjvi †Kv‡bv wbw`©ó w`K Av‡Q?
263
nu¨v, Av‡Q| nvRvi eQi a‡i †Qv‡Uv †Qv‡Uv, mij
ms¯‥…wZ¸‡jv Av‡¯Í Av‡¯Í e‡ov e‡ov ms¯‥…wZ Ges mf¨Zvi m‡½
GKxf‚Z n‡q‡Q| d‡j c„w_ex‡Z M‡o D‡V‡Q AímsL¨K wKš‧
wekvj AvKv‡ii wKQz Ôgnv-mf¨ZvÕ| G¸‡jvi cÖ‡Z¨KwU A‡bK
e‡ov Ges RwUj AvKvi aviY K‡i‡Q| Aek¨, ¯ ~j `„wófw½ †_‡K
†`L‡j GUv LyeB mijxK…Z GKUv e¨vL¨v| Avi Lye m~² `„wófw½
†_‡K †`L‡j †`Lv hv‡e †h †ek wKQz †Qv‡Uv †Qv‡Uv ms¯‥…wZ wg‡j
†hgb wekvj e‡ov AvKv‡ii ms¯‥…wZ •Zwi n‡”Q, Avevi e‡ov
ms¯‥…wZ †f‡OI UzK‡iv UzK‡iv n‡”Q| †gv½j mvgªvR¨ cy‡iv Gwkqv
I BD‡iv‡ci AvswkK Ry‡o we¯Í…Z n‡qwQj, †hb †Kej †f‡O
UzK‡iv UzK‡iv nIqvi Rb¨B| Iw`‡K wLªóag© jvL jvL gvbyl‡K
`xwÿZ K‡i‡Q Ges GKB mg‡q AMwYZ m¤cÖ`v‡q wef³I
n‡q‡Q| j¨vwUb fvlv cwðg I ga¨ BD‡ivc ch©šÍ we¯Í…wZ jvf
K‡i‡Q Ges Zvici AvÂwjK fvlvq iƒcvšÍwiZ n‡q‡Q| G
AvÂwjK fvlvi A‡bK¸‡jvB RvZxq fvlvi gh©v`v †c‡q‡Q
cieZ©xKv‡j| GB †f‡O UzK‡iv UzK‡iv nIqvUv Avm‡j GK
wekvj H‡Kï c‡_ mvgvb¨ Dj‡UvhvÎv gvÎ|
BwZnv‡mi Pjvi c_Uv‡K eyS‡Z PvIqvUv Avm‡j A‡bK `~i
ch©šÍ cwi®‥vi †`L‡Z cvIqvi Rb¨ GKUv DuPz Mv‡Qi gMWv‡j
D‡V emvi g‡Zv| hLb Avgiv ÔcvwLi †PvLÕ w`‡q BwZnvm‡K
†`L‡Z cvie, †hUv GK hyM wKsev kZK a‡i e‡q Pjv
NUbvcÖevn‡K Avgv‡ì mvg‡b †g‡j ai‡e, ZLb ejv Lye gykwKj
n‡e †h BwZnvm wK Avm‡j H‡Kï w`‡K G‡Mv‡”Q bvwK
wefvR‡bi w`‡K| mwZ¨ ej‡Z wK, gvbe-BwZnv‡mi g‡Zv GZ
`xN© K‡je‡ii welq‡K †evSvi Rb¨ Avgv‡ì IB kLv‡bK
eQ‡ii `„wómxgvUvI Kg n‡q hvq| Zvi †P‡q Avgiv hw` GKUv
gnvRvMwZK ¸ßPi DcMÖ‡ni †PvL w`‡q †`L‡Z cviZvg, †hUv
Avgv‡ì kZ-mnmª eQ‡ii NUbv cwiµgv †`Lv‡Z cv‡i, Zvn‡j
eis GKUv fv‡jv `„wófw½ †cZvg| †m iKg GKUv `„wófw½ †_‡K
†`L‡j GUv Lye cwi®‥vi n‡q †hZ †h BwZnvm Avm‡j
AwekÖvšÍfv‡e e‡q P‡j‡Q H‡Kï w`‡K| wLªóa‡g©i wefvRb wKsev
264
†gv½j mvgªv‡Rï cZb Avm‡j BwZnv‡mi gnvmo‡K †Qv‡Uv
†Qv‡Uv MwZ wbqš¿K|
BwZnv‡mi GB H‡Kï w`‡K c_ Pjv‡K me‡P‡q fv‡jvfv‡e
ch©‡eÿY Kivi GKUv Dcvq n‡jv BwZnvm Ry‡o GKB mgq †gvU
KZ¸‡jv Avjv`v gvbemf¨Zvi Aw¯ÍZ¡ wQj, †mUv ¸b‡Z _vKv|
Avgv‡ì nq‡Zv GLb g‡b nq cy‡iv c„w_exUv wg‡j GKUvB
gvbemf¨Zv, wKš‧ BwZnv‡mi †ewkifvM mgq Ry‡oB c„w_exUv
wQj Avjv`v Avjv`v ci¯úi wew”Qbœ AmsL¨ gvbemf¨Zvi GK
gnvmgv‡ivn|
Zvmgvwbqvi K_vB aiv hvK, A‡÷ªwjqvi `wÿ‡Y gvSvwi
AvKv‡ii GKUv Øxc| GUv A‡÷ªwjqvi g~j f‚LÐ †_‡K wew”Qbœ
n‡q hvq cÖvq 10 nvRvi wLªóc~e©v‡ã| Gi KviY wQj eid hy‡Mi
Aemv‡bi ci mgy‡`ªi D”PZv e„w×| K‡qK nvRvi wkKvwi-
msMÖvnK †_‡K wM‡qwQj †mB Øx‡c| Gici †_‡K Dwbk kZ‡K
BD‡ivcxq‡ì AvMg‡bi AvM ch©šÍ Zv‡ì m‡½ Ab¨ gvbyl‡ì
†Kv‡bv †hvMv‡hvMB Avi m¤¢e wQj bv| cÖvq ev‡iv nvRvi eQi
a‡i †KD RvbZB bv †h Zvmgvwbqvbiv ILv‡b Av‡Q| Avi
ZvmgvwbqvbivI RvbZ bv, c„w_ex‡Z Zviv Qvov Ab¨ gvbylI
Av‡Q| Zv‡ì wb‡R‡ì g‡a¨ hy×-weMÖn, ivR‣bwZK Ø›Ø,
mvgvwRK DÌvb-cZb Avi mvs¯‥…wZK Dbœqb mewKQzB n‡q‡Q|
Zv‡ì GB mewKQzB evwK c„w_ex †_‡K GZUvB wew”Qbœ wQj †h
Px‡bi mgªvU‡ì Kv‡Q wKsev †g‡mvc‡Uwgqvi kvmK‡ì Kv‡Q
Zviv A‡bKUv e„n¯úwZ MÖ‡ni evwm›`vi g‡Zv| Avm‡j
Zvmgvwbqvbiv wQj Zv‡ì G‡Kev‡i m¤ú~Y© wbR¯^ GK RM‡Z|
Av‡gwiKv Avi BD‡ivcI wKš‧ BwZnv‡mi †ewkifvM mgq
Ry‡o m¤ú~Y© Avjv`v `yB RM‡Z wQj| 378 wLªóv‡ã †ivgvb mgªvU
f¨v‡jÝ‡K (Valence) Avw`ªqv‡bv‡cv‡ji hy‡× civwRZ Ges nZ¨v
K‡i M_iv| GKB eQi wUKv‡ji ivRv PvK †UvK BKÕAvK‡KI
(Chak Tok IchÕaak of Tikal) civwRZ I nZ¨v K‡i
wUIwUûqvKvb (Teotihuacan) •mbïv| (wUKvj wQj ¸iæZ¡c~Y© GK
gvqvb kni, Iw`‡K wUIwUûqvKvb wQj cÖvq AvovB jvL
265
emevmKvix wb‡q Av‡gwiKvi me‡P‡q e‡ov kniÑ AvKv‡i Avi
ÿgZvq mgKvjxb †iv‡gi g‡ZvB) †iv‡gi cZb Avi
wUIwUûqvKv‡bi DÌv‡bi g‡a¨ †Kv‡bv iKg †hvMv‡hvMB wQj bv|
e¨vcviUv †hb Ggb †h, †ivg Av‡Q g½j MÖ‡n Avi wUIwUûqvKvb
Av‡Q ey‡a|
Gev‡i Avgv‡ì ïiæi w`KKvi cÖ‡kœ wd‡i hvBÑ GKB mg‡q
KZ¸‡jv Avjv`v iK‡gi gvbemf¨Zvi Aw¯ÍZ¡ wQj c„w_ex‡Z? 10
nvRvi wLªóc~e©v‡ã cÖvq †ek K‡qK nvRvi Avjv`v mf¨Zv wQj|
`yB nvRvi wLªóc~e©v‡ãi w`‡K G‡m †mB msL¨vUv K‡g K‡qK k‡Z
G‡m ùvovj, wKsev Lye †ewk n‡j `y-GK nvRvi| 1450 wLªóv‡ãi
mgq †mB msL¨vUv G‡Kev‡i K‡g †Mj| †mB mgq,
BD‡ivwcqvb‡ì c„w_ex AbymÜv‡bi wVK AvM w`‡q, c„w_ex‡Z
Zvmgvwbqvi g‡Zv †ek wKQz wew”Qbœ †Qv‡Uv †Qv‡Uv mf¨Zv wQj|
wKš‧ cÖvq kZKiv 90 fvM gvbylB emevm KiZ GK wekvj
mf¨Zvq : Zvi bvg Av‡d«v-Gwkqvb mf¨Zv| †m mgq Gwkqv,
BD‡ivc Avi Avwd«Kvi †ewkifvMB wKQz wbw`©ó Ges ¸iæZ¡c~Y©
mvs¯‥…wZK, ivR‣bwZK Avi A_©‣bwZK my‡Zvq euvav wQj|
†m mgqKvi gvbeRb‡Mvôxi evwK 10 fvM‡K †gvUvgywU
AvKv‡ii Pvi‡U mf¨Zvq fvM Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i :
1| †g‡mvAv‡gwiKvb mf¨Zv, ga¨ Av‡gwiKvi cÖvq cy‡ivUv
Avi DËi Av‡gwiKvi wKQz Ask wb‡q|
2| Avw›`qvb mf¨Zv, `wÿY Av‡gwiKvi cwðgfv‡Mi cÖvq
cy‡ivUv wb‡q|
3| A‡÷ªwjqvb mf¨Zv, A‡÷ªwjqv gnv‡`k wb‡q|
4| Øxc mf¨Zv, cÖkvšÍ gnvmvM‡ii `wÿY-cwðg †_‡K ïiæ
K‡i nvIqvB †_‡K wbDwRj¨vÛ ch©šÍ me¸‡jv Øxc
wb‡q|
Gic‡ii 300 eQ‡ii g‡a¨ wekvj e¨vwßi Av‡d«v-Gwkqvb mf¨Zv
evwK me mf¨Zv‡K GKiKg wM‡jB †L‡q †d‡j| GwU
†g‡mvAv‡gwiKvb mf¨Zv‡K MÖvm K‡i 1521 wLªóv‡ã, hLb
266
¯ú¨vwbkiv A¨vR‡UK‡ì civwRZ K‡i| Øxc mf¨Zvq cÖ_g
AvNvZUv Av‡m IB GKB mg‡q hLb dvw`©bv›` g¨v‡Mjvb
(Ferdinand Magellan) †b․Kvq P‡o c„w_ex cÖ`wÿ‡Y †e‡ivq|
Avw›`qvb mf¨Zv a‡m c‡o 1532 wLªóv‡ãi w`‡K, hLb
¯ú¨vwbkiv BbKv mf¨Zv‡K ay‡jvq wgwk‡q †`q| A‡÷ªwjqv
gnv‡`‡k cÖ_g BD‡ivwcqvbiv cv iv‡L 1606 wLªóv‡ã Avi
ZviciB 1788 wLªóv‡ãi w`‡K †mB Avw`-AK…wÎg mf¨ZvwUi
mgvwß nq weªwUk K‡jvwbi Afz¨Ìv‡b| Gi 15 eQi ci weªwUkiv
Zv‡ì cÖ_g evm¯ vb M‡o Zvmgvwbqvq, Avi Gi gva¨‡gB
me©‡kl ¯^vqËkvwmZ mf¨ZvUvI Av‡d«v-Gwkqvb mf¨Zvi AvIZvq
P‡j Av‡m|
•`Z¨vKvi Av‡d«v-Gwkqvb mf¨Zvi GB mewKQz wM‡j †L‡Z
†ek K‡qK kZvãx mgq †j‡MwQj| Avi GB cÖwµqvUv wQj
AcwieZ©bxq| AvR‡Ki w`‡b cÖvq cÖwZwU gvbyl GKB
f‚]ivR‣bwZK eë¯ v †g‡b wb‡q‡Q (cy‡iv c„w_exUv
AvšÍR©vwZKfv‡e ¯^xK…Z A‡bK¸‡jv †`‡k wef³)| GKB
A_©‣bwZK eë¯ v (cyuwRev`x evRvi GLb GgbwK c„w_exi me‡P‡q
`~ieZ©x †Kv‡YI †cu․‡Q †M‡Q), GKB AvBbMZ eë¯ v
(gvbevwaKvi I AvšÍR©vwZK AvBb GLb me©Î weivRgvb, AšÍZ
ZË¡xqfv‡e n‡jI) Ges GKB •eÁvwbK eë¯ vI (Bivb,
Bmiv‡qj, A‡÷ªwjqv wKsev Av‡R©w›Ubvi we‡klÁiv mK‡jB
cigvYyi MV‡bi e¨vcv‡i A_ev h²vi wPwKrmvi e¨vcv‡i GKgZ)
†g‡b wb‡q‡Q|
GB GKwUgvÎ •ewk^K mf¨Zv Avevi me RvqMvq wVK GKB
iKg bq| wVK †hiKg GKUv RxešÍ †`‡n wewfbœ iKg A½ wKsev
†Kvl _v‡K, †m iKg Avgv‡ì •ewk^K mf¨Zvi g‡aÏ Av‡Q
wewPÎ me gvbyl Ges Zv‡ì wewPÎ Rxeb hvcb| GKBfv‡e, wbD
Bq‡K©i †kqvievRv‡ii `vjvj †_‡K ïiæ K‡i AvdMvb ivLvj ch©šÍ
mevB GLb GB •ewk^K mf¨Zvi Ask| gvbe‡`‡ni bvbv iKg
A½cÖZ¨‡½i g‡ZvB ZvivI G‡K Ac‡ii m‡½ Nwbôfv‡e RwoZ
Ges G‡K Aci‡K bvbv Dcv‡q cÖfvweZ Ki‡Q| c~‡e©i A‡bK¸‡jv
267
wew”Qbœ mf¨Zvi gvbyl‡ì g‡ZvB Zviv GL‡bv ZK© K‡i wKsev hy×
K‡i wKš‧ †mB ZK© nq GKB iKg KZK¸‡jv aviYv wb‡q Avi †mB
hy×I nq GKB iKg wKQz A¯¿ w`‡q| AvR‡Ki w`‡b mwZ¨Kvi
Ômf¨Zvi msNvZÕ-Gi aibwU K‡qKRb ewa‡ii K‡_vcK_‡bi
cÖPwjZ cÖev`wUi g‡Zv| mK‡jB wKQz ej‡Q wKš‧ †KDB eyS‡Z
cvi‡Q bv Ab¨Rb Kx ej‡Q| †m Kvi‡YB RvwZ, ivóª, cyuwRev`x
A_©bxwZ, AvšÍR©vwZK AwaKvi Avi cigvYy c`v_© weÁv‡bi g‡Zv
GKB mvaviY welq¸‡jv‡Z wek^vm Kiv m‡Ë¡I G‡K Ac‡ii weiƒ‡×
iYm¾vq †g‡Z DV‡Q BivK Avi hy³iv‡óªi g‡Zv `ywU †`k|
g¨vc 3| 1450 wLªóv‡ãi c„w_ex| Av‡d«v-Gwkqvb mf¨Zvi g‡a¨Kvi †h

RvqMv¸‡jvi bvg wPwýZ Av‡Q †m¸‡jv n‡jv PZz`©k kZvãxi weL¨vZ gymwjg
ågYKvix Be‡b eZzZvi `k©b Kiv ¯ vb| gi‡°vi ZvbwRqvi Awaevmx Be‡b eZzZv
ågY K‡iwQ‡jb wUgeyKZz, RvbwRevi, `wÿY ivwkqv, ga¨ Gwkqv, fviZ, Pxb
Avi B‡›`v‡bwkqv| Zvi GB ågY AvaywbK mf¨Zvi cÖvi‡¤¢ Av‡d«v-Gwkqvb
mf¨Zvi H‡KïB Qwe Auv‡K|
Avgiv GL‡bv †g․wjK ms¯‥…wZi K_v ewj, GB †g․wjKZv ej‡Z

hw` Avgiv †evSv‡Z PvB Ggb GK mf¨Zv, hv wb‡R wb‡RB M‡o
D‡V‡Q Ges hv evB‡ii me ms¯‥…wZi cÖfve †_‡K gy³ †_‡K
GL‡bv cÖvPxb me AvÂwjK cÖ_v a‡i †i‡L‡Q, Zvn‡j ej‡ZB nq
c„w_ex‡Z Avi †Kv‡bv †g․wjK mf¨Zv Aewkó †bB| MZ wKQz
268
kZvãx a‡i cÖvq cÖwZwU mf¨ZvB •ewk^K cÖfv‡e Ggbfv‡e e`‡j
†M‡Q †h Zv‡ì Avjv`v K‡i †PbvB KwVb n‡q c‡o‡Q|
GB wek^vq‡bi Ab¨Zg D`vniY n‡jv ÔHwZnëvnxÕ
Lvevi`vevi| GKUv BZvwjqvb †i÷z‡i‡›U Avgiv Avkv Kwi
Ug¨v‡Uv mm †Ìqv ¯ú¨v‡MwU| Avgiv a‡iB wbB †h †Kv‡bv
†cvwjk wKsev AvBwik †i÷z‡i‡›U _vK‡e A‡bK A‡bK Avjy,
Av‡R©w›Uwbqvb †i÷z‡i‡›U cvIqv hv‡e †Mviæi gvs‡mi K‡qK
WRb c`, GKUv fviZxq †i÷z‡i‡›U cÖvq mewKQzi m‡½B _vK‡e
Svj gwiP Avi myBm K¨v‡di we‡klZ¡B n‡jv wµgmn Mig
PK‡jU| wKš‧ gRvi e¨vcvi n‡jv, Gme Lvev‡ii †Kv‡bvUvB wKš‧
Zv‡ì wbR¯^ bq! Ug¨v‡Uv, gwiP Avi †Kv‡Kv me¸‡jvB g~jZ
†gw·‡Kv †_‡K Avmv| G¸‡jv BD‡ivc Avi Gwkqv‡Z †cu․Qvq
¯ú¨vwbk‡ì †gw·‡Kv R‡qi ci| Rywjqvm wmRvi wKsev `v‡šÍ
AvwjwN‡qwi KL‡bvB KuvUvPvgP (GgbwK KuvUvPvgPI ZLb
Avwe®‥vi nqwb) w`‡q Ug¨v‡Uv-PzcPz‡c ¯ú¨v‡MwU Lvbwb| DBwjqvg
†Uj KL‡bv PK‡j‡Ui ¯^v`B cvbwb Ges ey×I KL‡bv Zuvi Lvev‡i
GKMv`v Svj gwiP †`bwb| Avjy †cvj¨vÛ Avi Avqvij¨v‡Û Av‡m
e‡ov‡Rvi 400 eQi Av‡M| 1492 mv‡ji w`‡K Av‡R©w›Ubvi
GKgvÎ gvsm wQj Avm‡j jvgvi gvsm|
nwjD‡Wi Pjw”PÎ¸‡jv Av‡gwiKvi mgZ‡ji Avwèvmx‡ì
me mgq Lye mvnmx †NvomIqvi wn‡m‡e Dc¯ vcb K‡i Avm‡Q|
Gme Pjw”P‡Î †`Lv hvq, Zviv wb‡R‡ì c~e©cyiæl‡ì HwZn¨
euvwP‡q ivLvi Rb¨ Lye exi‡Z¡i m‡½ BD‡ivcxq AwfhvÎx‡ì
hvbevn‡b AvµgY Ki‡Q| wKš‧ GB Avwèvmx‡ì †Nvovq PovUv
†Kv‡bvfv‡eB Zv‡ì cÖvPxb ms¯‥…wZi Ask bq eis GUv n‡jv
BD‡ivcxq †Nvovi AvMg‡bi ci mß`k Avi Aóv`k kZ‡K DËi
Av‡gwiKvi cwð‡g N‡U hvIqv mk¯¿ ivR‣bwZK Av‡›`vj‡bi
djvdj| mwZ¨ K_v ej‡Z, 1492 mv‡j Av‡gwiKvq †Kv‡bv
†NvovB wQj bv| Ebwesk kZvãxi wmI· (Sioux) Avi A¨vcvwP
(Apache) mf¨Zvi A‡bK AvKl©Yxq •ewkó¨ Av‡Q wKš‧ G¸‡jv
269
Avm‡j AvaywbK mf¨Zv Ges •ewk^K cÖfv‡ei djvdjÑ †gv‡UB
†g․wjK wKQz bq|
•ewk^K `k©b
ev¯Íe `„wófw½ †_‡K wePvi Ki‡j, •ewk^K H‡Kï c‡_ me‡P‡q
¸iæZ¡c~Y© †h c`‡ÿc †mUv N‡U‡Q mv¤cÖwZK wKQz kZvãx‡ZB,
mvgªvR¨¸‡jv we¯Í…Z nIqvi Ges evwYR¨ Av‡iv †Rvi`vi nIqvi
ci| Av‡d«v-Gwkqv, Av‡gwiKv, A‡÷ªwjqv Ges Øxc mf¨Zvi
gvbyl¸‡jv wb‡R‡ì g‡a¨ A‡bK wbweo eÜ‡b Ave× n‡q‡Q| †mB
Kvi‡YB †gw·‡Kvi gwiP P‡j †M‡Q fviZxq Lvev‡i Avi ¯ú¨vwbk
cï P‡i †eov‡”Q Av‡R©w›Ubvq| Av`k©MZ `„wófw½ †_‡K †`L‡j
•ewk^K `„wófw½ •Zwi‡Z Av‡iv ¸iæZ¡c~Y© GKUv NUbv N‡U‡Q wLªóc~e©
cÖ_g mnmªv‡ã| G mgqB •ewk^K mvgªv‡Rï GKUv aviYv cÖ_g
cÖKvwkZ nq| hwÌ nvRvi eQi a‡i BwZnvm GKUv H‡Kï w`‡KB
GwM‡q hvw”Qj, Zvi ciI, Gi Av‡M ch©šÍ GKUv •ewk^K mvgªvR¨
mviv c„w_ex kvmb Ki‡Q GBiKg aviYv wKš‧ †ewkifvM †jv‡Ki
Kv‡QB wQj Ag~jK|
25| wmI· cÖavb (1905)| wmI· wKsev Ab¨ †Kv‡bv mgZj f‚wgi DcRvwZ‡ì
Kv‡Q 1492 mv‡ji Av‡M †Kv‡bv †NvovB wQj bv|
270
†nv‡gv †mwc‡qÝ weewZ©Z n‡q‡Q wb‡R‡ì‡K ÔAvgivÕ Ges ÔZvivÕ
GB `yfv‡M wef³ K‡i| ÔAvgivÕ n‡jv Avgvi Pvicv‡ki
gvbylRb, Avi ÔZvivÕ n‡jv evwK me gvbyl| mwZ¨ ej‡Z, †Kv‡bv
mvgvwRK cÖvYxB KL‡bvB mvgwMÖK fv‡e Zv‡ì cy‡iv RvwZi K_v
†f‡e G‡Mvqwb| †Kv‡bv wk¤úvwÄB wKš‧ wk¤úvwÄ cÖRvwZi K_v
wPšÍv K‡i bv, †Kv‡bv kvgyKB mviv we‡kî kvgyK RvwZi Rb¨ Zvi
ïuo DuPz K‡i bv, †Kv‡bv wmsn †bZv mviv we‡kî wmsn‡ì †bZv
nIqvi Rb¨ jovB K‡i bv wKsev †Kv‡bv †g․Pv‡Ki mvg‡bBÑ
Ô`ywbqvi gR`yi GK nI!Õ †¯øvMvb ïb‡Z cvIqv hv‡e bv|
wKš‧ eyw×e„wËK wecø‡ei ci †_‡K †nv‡gv †mwc‡qÝ GB w`K

†_‡K A‡bK †ewk Avjv`v n‡Z _v‡K| m¤ú~Y© AcwiwPZ gvby‡li
m‡½I Zvi mn‡hvwMZvi m¤úK© Av‡iv †Rvi`vi n‡Z _v‡K,
hv‡ì‡K Zviv ÔfvBÕ wKsev ÔeÜzÕ wn‡m‡e Kíbv Ki‡Z _v‡K|
Z‡e Zvi GB åvZ…Z¡‡eva ZL‡bv wek^Rbxb wQj bv| mevB‡K
ZL‡bv Zviv Ôwb‡R‡ìÕ e‡j fve‡Z †k‡Lwb| cv‡ki DcZ¨Kv
wKsev cvnv‡oi Icv‡iB ZL‡bv ÔZv‡ìÕ †`Lv cvIqv †hZ| cÖ_g
dvivI †g‡bm (Menes) 3000 wLªóc~e©v‡ãi w`‡K wgki‡K
GKZve× Ki‡jb| ZLb wgk‡ii gvbyl‡ì aviYv wQj †h,
wgk‡ii GKUv mxgv‡iLv Av‡Q, Avi Zvi evB‡i hviv Av‡Q Zviv
mevB Ôee©iÕ| Zv‡ì †Pv‡L ee©‡iiv wQj m¤ú~Y© A‡Pbv wKQz, Zviv
wQj GKUv ûgwK¯îƒc| Z‡e Zv‡ì e¨vcv‡i GKgvÎ AvMÖ‡ni
welq wQj Zv‡ì Rwg Avi m¤ú`, hv `Lj K‡i †bIqv hvq|
Gfv‡eB gvbyl hZ iKg KvíwbK KvVv‡gv evwb‡q‡Q meLv‡bB
Zviv gvbeRvwZi GKUv e‡ov Ask‡K m¤ú~Y© AMÖvn¨ K‡i
G‡m‡Q|
wLªóc~e© cÖ_g mnmªv‡ã wZbwU e‡ov AvKv‡ii •ewk^K ixwZi
AvMgb NUj| Gi Abymvixiv cÖ_gev‡ii g‡Zv cy‡iv c„w_ex‡K
Ges cy‡iv gvbeRvwZ‡K GKUv wbw`©ó mvgªvR¨ wn‡m‡e Kíbv
Ki‡Z cvij, †h mvgªvR¨ cwiPvwjZ n‡e GKUvB wbw`©ó wbq‡g|
271
†mLv‡b mevB wQj ÔAvgivÕ, AšÍZ ZË¡MZfv‡e| †mLv‡b Avi
†Kv‡bv ÔZvivÕ Aewkó wQj bv| cÖ_g •ewk^K ixwZ wQj A_©‣bwZK
ixwZ : UvKvi ixwZ| wØZxq •ewk^K ixwZ wQj ivR‣bwZK :
mvgªv‡Rï ixwZ| Z…Zxq •ewk^K ixwZ wQj •ewk^K ag© †hgb
†e․×ag©, wLªóag© Avi Bmjvg|
eëmvqx, mgªvU Avi ag©cPÖ viKiv n‡jv cÖ_g gvbyl hviv
ÔAvgiv ebvg ZvivÕ GB •ØZ wefw³i mxgvi evB‡i wM‡q mgMÖ
gvbeRvwZi H‡Kï m¤¢vebv Abyfe Ki‡Z †c‡iwQj|
eëmvqx‡ì Rb¨ cy‡iv c„w_exUv wQj GKUvgvÎ evRvi Avi mg¯Í
gvbylB †µZv| Zviv †Póv K‡iwQj Ggb GKUv A_©‣bwZK eë¯ v
•Zwi Ki‡Z, †hUv mevi Rb¨ me©Î cÖ‡hvR¨ n‡e| mgªvU‡ì Rb¨
cy‡iv c„w_exUv Ry‡o GKUvB mvgªvR¨ Avi mg¯Í gvbyl Zvi cÖRv|
Avi ag©cÖPviK‡ì Rb¨ mgMÖ c„w_ex‡Z wQj GKUvB mZ¨ Avi
me gvbylB wQj †mB m‡Z¨ wek^vmx| ZvivI †Póv K‡iwQj Ggb
†Kv‡bv ixwZ cÖwZôv Kivi, †hUv mevi Rb¨ me©Î cÖ‡hvR¨ n‡e|
me©‡kl wZb mnmªvã a‡i gvbyl Av‡iv †ewk †ewk K‡i †Póv
K‡i‡Q †mB •ewk^K `„wófw½‡K cÖwZwôZ Kivi| mvg‡bi wZb
Aa¨v‡q Avgiv †`Le Kxfv‡e UvKv, mvgªvR¨ I ag© c„w_ex‡K
AvR‡Ki GB Ae¯ vq G‡b‡Q| Avgiv ïiæ Kie BwZnv‡mi
me‡P‡q ÿgZvai w`M&weRqx exi‡K w`‡q, †h Am¤¢e iKg
mn¨kw³ Ges Awf‡hvRb ÿgZvii AwaKvix, †h me gvbyl‡K
Zvi AbyMZ wk‡l¨ cwiYZ Ki‡Z cv‡i| †mB w`M&weRqx exi
n‡jv UvKv| †hme gvbyl GKB Ck^‡i wek^vm K‡I bv wKsev GKB
ivRvi cÖRv bq ZvivI GKB UvKv eënv‡ii mgq GK cv‡q
Lvov| Imvgv web jv‡`b, †h wK bv Av‡gwiKvi ms¯‥…wZ,
Av‡gwiKvi ag© Avi Av‡gwiKvi ivRbxwZ‡K cÖPÐ N„Yv KiZ
ZviI wKš‧ Av‡gwiKvb Wjv‡ii e¨vcv‡i we›`ygvÎ we‡Øl wQj bv|
UvKv Kxfv‡e Ggb Amva¨ mvab Kij, †hUv wKbv †èZviv wKsev
ivRvivI Ki‡Z cvij bv?
272
Aa¨vq 10
UvKvi MÜ cvB
nvb©vb K‡U©R Zuvi `jej wb‡q 1519 mv‡j †gw·‡Kv AvµgY
K‡ib| ZLbKvi †gw·‡Kv wQj GKUv Avjv`v `ywbqv, evwK c„w_ex
†_‡K wew”Qbœ| †mLvbKvi Awaevmxiv wb‡R‡ì cwiPq w`Z
A¨vR‡UK (Aztecs) bv‡g| A¨vR‡UKiv Lye `ªæZB Avwe®‥vi Kij,
Zv‡ì †`‡ki GB AvMš‧K‡ì g‡a¨ njy` i‡Oi we‡kl GKwU
avZzi e¨vcv‡i GKUz †ewkiKg AvMÖn †`Lv hv‡”Q| Zv‡ì AvMÖn
GZ †ewk †h Zviv GB GKUv wRwbm Qvov Avi wKQzB eySZ bv|
A¨vR‡UKiv †h †mvbv wPbZ bv, Zv bq| †`L‡Z my›ì, Avi
mn‡R bvbv iKg AvKvi †Ìqv hvq, ZvB †mvbv w`‡q g~wZ© Avi
Mqbv evbvZ Zviv| gv‡Sg‡a¨ wewbg‡qi gva¨g wn‡m‡e †mvbvi
¸u‡ovI eëüZ n‡Zv| Z‡e A¨vR‡UKiv wKQz wKb‡Z †M‡j `vg
w`Z †Kv‡Kv exR wKsev Kvc‡oi gva¨‡g| ZvB †mvbvi cÖwZ
†¯úbxq‡ì AvKl©YUv Zv‡ì Kv‡Q †ek A™¢zZ †VKj| LvIqv hvq
bv, gv_vqI †Ìqv hvq bv, GgbwK wRwbmUv GZ big †h †mUv
w`‡q †Kv‡bv nvwZqvi ev hš¿cvwZI evbv‡bv hvq bvÑ Zvn‡j
GUv‡Z Kx Av‡Q †h †¯úbxqiv Gi Rb¨ Ggb cvMj n‡jv? †Kv‡bv
GK A¨vR‡U‡Ki GB cÖ‡kœi DË‡i K‡U©R e‡jwQ‡jb, ÔAvgiv
mevB Ggb GK †iv‡M AvµvšÍ, hv mvivevi GKgvÎ Ilya n‡jv
†mvbv|Õ1
†¯úbxq‡ì wbevm Av‡d«v-Gwkqvb f‚L‡Ð ZLb ¯^‡Yi© †gvn
gnvgvwii g‡Zv Qwo‡q †M‡Q| kÎæwgÎ mevi Kv‡QB ZLb †mUv
GK cig Aviva¨ e¯‧| †gw·‡Kv `L‡ji k-wZ‡bK eQi Av‡M
K‡U©‡Ri c~e©cyiæ‡livB AvB‡ewiqv I DËi Avwd«Kvi gymwjg
273
†`k¸‡jvi m‡½ GK fqsKi i³ÿqx hy‡× wjß nq| whïwLª‡ói
Abymvix Avi Avjøvni ev›`v‡ì ga¨Kvi †mB hy‡× cÖvY nvivq
nvRvi nvRvi gvbyl, bó nq AMwYZ mvRv‡bv evMvb Avi dm‡ji
gvV| Avjøvn I whïi gwngv e„w× Ki‡Z wM‡q aŸsm¯Í~‡c cwiYZ
nq A‡bK mg„× bMix|
hy‡× wLªóvbiv hLb GKUz GwM‡q †Mj, ZLb Zviv Zv‡ì
weRqwPý wn‡m‡e gmwR` †f‡O wMR©v Mo‡Z ïiæ Kij| ïay Zv-B
bq, wLªóvbiv ZLb Pvjy Kij bZzb ¯^Y© I †i․c¨gy`ªv| †m gy`ªvq wQj
µzk wPý, Avi Awek^vmx‡ì weiæ‡× hy‡× mvnvh¨ Kivi Rb¨ Ck^‡ii
cÖwZ K…ZÁZvi evYx| Gi m‡½ Zviv Pvjy Kij Ôwgjv‡imÕ
(Millares) bv‡g GKiKg Pvi‡Kvbv gy`ªv, hvi K_v¸‡jv AbïKg|
wLªóvb‡ì •Zwi †mB gy`ªvq Aviwe‡Z †jLv wQj ÔAvjøvn Qvov †Kv‡bv
Ckî †bB, gynv¤§` ZuviB `~Z| †gjwMD‡qj (Melgueil) Avi
A¨vM‡Wi (Agde) K¨v_wjK hvRKivI Gme gy`ªv •Zwi Ki‡Zb,
Avi Ckîfxiæ wLªóvb RbZvI †m¸‡jv eënvi Ki‡Zb
wbtms‡Kv‡P|2
Iw`‡K gymwjg‡ì †ÿ‡ÎI cÖvq GKB iKg NUbvB N‡UwQj|
DËi Avwd«Kvi gymwjg eëmvqxiv wLªóvb‡ì gy`ªvI eënvi
KiZ| †d¬v‡i‡Ýi †d¬vwib, †fwb‡mi WzKvU ev †bcj‡mi
wMMwjqv‡UvÑ †Kv‡bv gy`ªvqB Zv‡ì AvcwË wQj bv| GgbwK
Awek^vmx wLªóvb‡ì weiæ‡× wRnv` Kiv gymwjg kvm‡KivI
whïwLªó Ges Zuvi Kzgvix gv‡qi bvgvw¼Z gy`ªvq Lywk g‡bB LvRbv
MÖnY Ki‡Zb|3
†d‡jv Kwo, gv‡Lv †Zj

wkKvwi-msMÖvnK gvby‡li UvKv wQj bv| wb‡R‡ì cÖ‡qvRbxq me
wRwbm Zviv wkKvi K‡i ev Kzwo‡q †cZ, A_ev evwb‡q wbZ
wb‡RivB| Lvevi, Ilya, Rvgv, RyZvÑ mewKQzB| †Mvôxi
G‡KKRb gvbyl G‡KKUv Kv‡R cvi`k©x n‡Zv, wKš‧ Zviv G‡K
274
Aci‡K mvnvh¨ KiZ me mgq| GKRb Kv‡iv KvQ †_‡K Lvevi
Rb¨ gvsm †c‡j wewbg‡q nq‡Zv Zv‡K wPwKrmv‡mev w`Z|
cÖ‡Z¨K †MvôxB A_©‣bwZKfv‡e ¯^qsm¤ú~Y© wQj| Kwo, is,
cv_iÑ GiKg Aí wKQz wRwb‡mi Rb¨ Zv‡ì wbR †Mvôxi
evB‡ii †jv‡Ki Kv‡Q †h‡Z n‡Zv| Zv‡ì †jb‡`b¸‡jvI n‡Zv
Lye mn‡RÑ Aí K‡qKUv Kwoi wewbg‡q nq‡Zv cvIqv †hZ
GKUv PKgwK cv_i|
K…wlwecø‡ei c‡iI gvbemgv‡Ri A_©bxwZ Lye †ewk
e`jvqwb| K…wlhy‡M gvbyl †Qv‡Uv †Qv‡Uv MÖvg •Zwi K‡i emevm
Ki‡Z ïiæ K‡i| GB MÖvg¸‡jvI A_©‣bwZKfv‡e ¯^vaxb wQj|
MÖvgevmxiv wb‡RivB wb‡R‡ì Ges Avkcv‡ki gvbylR‡bi
†ewkifvM cÖ‡qvRb †gUvZ, MÖv‡gi evB‡i †jb‡`b Ki‡Z n‡Zv
Lye Kg| †KD nq‡Zv fv‡jv Ry‡Zv •Zwi KiZ, †KD nq‡Zv
bvbvb †iv‡Mi wPwKrmvq cvi`k©x wQj| MÖv‡gi evwK †jv‡Kiv
RvbZ Ry‡Zv nviv‡j ev Amy¯  n‡j Kvi Kv‡Q †h‡Z n‡e| wKš‧
MÖvg¸‡jv wQj †Qv‡Uv Avi Zv‡Z gvbylI wQj Kg, ZvB mviv w`b
a‡i Ry‡Zv •Zwi ev wPwKrmv Ki‡Z cviZ bv †KD, M„n¯ vwji Ab¨
KvR¸‡jvI †Zv Ki‡Z n‡e|
e‡ov e‡ov kni I ivR¨ cÖwZôv Avi †hvMv‡hvM AeKvVv‡gv
•Zwi nIqvi ci GKRb gvbyl GKwU wbw`©ó wel‡q cy‡ivcywi
g‡bvwb‡ek Kivi my‡hvM †cj| NbemwZc~Y© kni¸‡jv‡Z
G‡KKRb gvbyl n‡q DV‡Z jvMj †ckv`vi wPwKrmK, KvVwgw¯¿,
ag©hvRK, •mb¨ wKsev DwKj| A‡bK MÖv‡gB DrK…ó gv‡bi g`,
RjcvB †Zj Avi gvwUi cvÎ •Zwi n‡Zv| †mme MÖv‡gi gvbyl
fvej, †h wRwbmUv Zviv fv‡jv evbv‡Z cv‡i ïay †mUv †ewk K‡i
evbv‡jB †Zv nq| evwK me ìKvwi wRwbm †Zv G¸‡jvi wewbg‡q
Ab¨‡ì KvQ †_‡K †RvMvo Kiv hvq| eyw×Uv Lvivc bq| me
RvqMvi AvenvIqv Avi gvwUi ¸Yv¸Y †Zv mgvb bq, ZvB
mewKQz me RvqMvq mgvbfv‡e nq bv| Avgvi evMv‡b hw` fv‡jv
275
AvOyi bv nq, Z‡e cv‡ki MÖv‡gi PgrKvi g` †i‡L †Kb †Kb
wb‡Ri evbv‡bv †hb‡Zb g` Lve? Avgvi MÖv‡gi gvwU‡Z hw`
fv‡jv cvÎ •Zwi bv Kiv hvq, Z‡e cv‡ki MÖvg †_‡K fv‡jv cvÎ
†KbvB †Zv DwPZ| ïay g` Avi gvwUi cv‡Îi gvb bq, †mB mgq
gvby‡li †ckvMZ `ÿZvI †e‡o †Mj| cÖPiz PP©vi d‡j wPwKrmK
I DwK‡ji g‡Zv †ckvi gvby‡liv Zv‡ì `ÿZv Svwj‡q
†bIqviI my‡hvM †cj| wKš‧ Gi d‡j •Zwi n‡jv bZzb GKwU
mgm¨v| G‡KKRb gvbyl G‡KKUv wRwbm fv‡jvfv‡e •Zwi Ki‡Z
wkL‡jI, cÖ‡qvRb †Zv Av‡Q mewKQziB| Zvn‡j A‡bï •Zwi
Kiv wRwb‡mi m‡½ wb‡Ri •Zwi wRwb‡mi wewbgqUv Kxfv‡e n‡e?
A‡bï cÖ‡qvR‡b wb‡Ri Drcvw`Z cY¨ †Ìqv Ges wb‡Ri
cÖ‡qvR‡b A‡bï †_‡K †bIqvÑ A‡bK¸‡jv A‡Pbv gvbyl wb‡q
M‡o IVv GKUv mgv‡R GiKg wewbgqcÖ_v Pvjy ivLv KwVb|
wb‡Ri cwiev‡ii m`m¨ ev cÖwZ‡ekx‡ì mvnvh¨ Kiv mnR, wKš‧
evB‡ii gvby‡li †ÿ‡Î? ewnivMZ gvbyl‡K mvnvh¨ K‡i wewbg‡q
wKQz cvIqvi Avkv Kg| Avevi KvD‡K †Kv‡bvfv‡e mvnvh¨ Ki‡j
†mI †h cvjUv mvnvh¨ Ki‡Z cvi‡e ZviI wbðqZv †bB| Zvi
ciI hw` c‡Yï msL¨v Kg nq, Zvn‡j †m‡ÿ‡Î wewbgqc×wZ
Pj‡jI Pj‡Z cv‡i| wKš‧ †Kv‡bv RwUj A_©‣bwZK eë¯ v GB
c×wZi Ici M‡o DV‡Z cv‡i bv|4
e¨vcviUv Av‡iKUz Zwj‡q †`Lv hvK| g‡b Kiæb, Avcwb
†mB mg‡qi GKRb Av‡cjPvwl| mviv †`‡ki me‡P‡q wgwó
Av‡cj †h evMv‡b d‡j, †mUv Avcbvi| cvnv‡oi †Kv‡ji †mB
Av‡cj evMv‡b mviv w`b LvU‡Z LvU‡Z GKw`b Avcbvi Ry‡Zv
†Mj wQu‡o| †Zv Avcwb ZLb GKUv Mvavq P‡o iIbv w`‡jb
b`xi av‡ii evRv‡i, ILv‡b †h gywP Av‡Q Zvi Kv‡Q †_‡K
k³‡cv³ GK †Rvov Ry‡Zv evwb‡q Avb‡Z| wM‡q gywP‡K ej‡jb
Ggb GK †Rvov Ry‡Zv evwb‡q w`‡Z †hUv wUK‡e Kg‡m Kg cuvP
276
eQi, wewbg‡q Avcwb Zv‡K †`‡eb Avcbvi evMv‡bi PgrKvi
wKQz Av‡cj|
gywP gv_v Pzj‡K fve‡Z jvMj, GK †Rvov Ry‡Zvi e`‡j
KZ¸‡jv Av‡cj PvB‡e †m? cÖwZw`b A‡bK gvbyl‡KB †m Ry‡Zv
evwb‡q †`qÑ wewbg‡q †KD †`q Av‡cj, †KD †`q Mg, bv nq
GKUv QvMj, bq‡Zv LvwbKUv KvcoÑ mevB †h fv‡jv wRwbmUvB
†`q ZvI bq| Avevi Ggb †jvKI Ry‡Zv wKb‡Z Av‡m hv‡ì
ivRìev‡i fv‡jv †hvMv‡hvM Av‡Q, wKsev nq‡Zv wc‡Vi e¨_v
mvwi‡q w`‡Z cv‡i, Ry‡Zvi `vg wn‡m‡e †mUvI g›` bq|
Av‡Mievi hLb †KD Av‡cj w`‡q Ry‡Zv wKb‡Z G‡mwQj, †mI
gvm wZ‡bK Av‡Mi K_v| ZLb Ry‡Zvi wewbg‡q †m wZb e¯Ív bv
Pvi e¯Ív Av‡cj w`‡qwQj Zv GLb g‡b †bB| Z‡e GUv g‡b
co‡Q †h Av‡cj¸‡jv †ek UK wQj| Avevi †mevi †m †h
Ry‡ZvUv evwb‡qwQj †mUv wQj †g‡q‡ì Ry‡Zv, †Qv‡Uv AvKv‡ii,
Gev‡iiUv Zv bq| Gw`‡K MZ K‡qK gvm a‡i Kx GKUv †iv‡M
†Mviæ-QvMj g‡i hv‡”Q, PvgovIqvjviv ZvB Pvgovi e`‡j GK
†Rvovi RvqMvq `y‡Rvov K‡i Ry‡Zv PvB‡Q| †mUvI fveevi
welq|
GB wewbg‡qi A_©bxwZ‡Z cÖwZw`b Av‡cjPvwl Avi gywP‡K
bZzb K‡i Av‡cj Avi Ry‡Zvi wewbgq g~j¨ wVK Ki‡Z n‡e|
GLb evRv‡i hw` 100 iK‡gi cY¨ _v‡K Zvn‡j mevB‡K †gvU
4 nvRvi 950 iK‡gi wewbg‡qi wnmve gv_vq wb‡q Nyi‡Z n‡e|
Avi 1 nvRviUv cY¨ _vK‡j msL¨vUv ùvov‡e 4 jvL 99 nvRvi
500!5 Gfv‡e wK P‡j?
GLv‡bB †kl bq| aiæb GK †Rvov Ry‡Zvi e`‡j KZ¸‡jv
Av‡cj †Ìqv hvq †mUvI †Kv‡bv GKfv‡e wVK Kiv †Mj|
Zvn‡jI wK †jb‡`b m¤¢e? wewbgq n‡Z n‡e `yc‡ÿi m¤§wZ‡Z|
gywP hw` e‡j Zvi Av‡c‡ji †Kv‡bv ìKvi †bB, AvcvZZ †m
Zvi ¯¿x‡K ZvjvK †Ìqvi c_ LyuR‡Q, Zvn‡j? Avcwb nq‡Zv
277
fve‡jb, G Avi Ggb Kx, Av‡cj wb‡Z Pvq Ggb GKRb
DwKj‡K Lyu‡R †ei Ki‡Z cvi‡jB †Zv †ek GKUv wÎcÿxq
wewbgq K‡i †djv hvq| wKš‧ DwKj hw` Avevi e‡j Av‡cj PvB
bv, Pzj QuvUv‡Z PvBÑ ZLb?
GB mgm¨vi mgvavb Ki‡Z wKQz wKQz mgv‡R GKUv †K›`ªxq
wewbgq eë¯ v •Zwi n‡jv| GB eë¯ vq †h hv-wKQz Drcv`b K‡i
Zv msMÖn Kiv n‡jv, Zvici †m¸‡jv mevi g‡a¨ cÖ‡qvRb
Abyhvqx wewjeÈb K‡i †Ìqv n‡jv| GB eë¯ vi me‡P‡q e‡ov
Ges e¨_© D`vniY wQj †mvwf‡qZ BDwbqb| ILv‡b ÔmevB
mva¨g‡Zv KvR Ki‡e Ges cÖ‡qvRb Abyhvqx m¤ú` MÖnY Ki‡eÕÑ
GB bxwZUv ev¯Í‡e cvj‡U wM‡q n‡q †Mj ÔmevB h_vm¤¢e Kg
KvR Ki‡e Ges hZ †ewk m¤¢e m¤ú` Av`vq Ki‡eÕ| K‡qK
RvqMvq GB D‡`¨vM wKQzUv mdj n‡qwQj, Zvi g‡a¨ GKUv n‡jv
BbKv mvgªvR¨| Z‡e Ny‡iwd‡i me mgvRB GKUv mgvav‡b w_Zz
n‡q‡QÑ †mUv n‡jv UvKv|
Kwo Avi wewo

UvKv wRwbmUv bvbv RvqMvq bvbvfv‡e Avwe®‥…Z n‡q‡Q| UvKv
Avwe®‥v‡ii Rb¨ †Kv‡bv cÖhyw³MZ DrK‡l©i ìKvi nqwb, GUv
wQj m¤ú~Y© gvbwmK wecøe| lô Aa¨v‡q Avgiv gvby‡li †hme
mvgwóK Kíbvwbf©i aviYv¸‡jvi K_v e‡jwQjvg, Zvi g‡a¨
Ab¨Zg n‡jv UvKv|
UvKv gv‡b avZe cqmv ev KvM‡Ri †bvU bq, UvKv n‡jv Ggb
wKQz, hv w`‡q †h-†Kv‡bv wKQzi GKUv mywbw`©ó Zzjbvg~jK g~j¨
wba©viY Kiv hvq| UvKvq g~j¨ wba©viY Ki‡j Lye mn‡R wewfbœ
wRwb‡mi wewbgq g~j¨ †ei Kiv hvq| KZ¸‡jv Av‡cj w`‡q GK
†Rvov Ry‡Zv cvIqv hv‡e, †mUv Lye mn‡R †evSv hv‡e, hw` Avgiv
`y‡Uv wRwb‡mi `vgB UvKvq wnmve Kwi| UvKvi Kvi‡Y GB
278
wewbgqUvI Lye mnR n‡q hvq, m¤ú` mÂq Ki‡ZI myweav nq|
UvKv A‡bK iK‡gi nq, Zvi g‡a¨ me‡P‡q cwiwPZ iƒc n‡jv
avZe cqmv| Z‡e cqmv •Zwii eû Av‡MB gy`ªveë¯ v Pvjy nq|
gy`ªv wn‡m‡e A‡bK wKQzB eëüZ n‡q‡QÑ Kwo, M„ncvwjZ cï,
Pvgov, jeY, Lv`¨km¨, Kvco wKsev cÖwZÁvcÎ (wbw`©ó cwigvY
UvKv cwi‡kva Kivi A½xKvi Kiv KvMRÑ A‡bKUv GLbKvi
†P‡Ki g‡Zv)| 4 nvRvi eQi Av‡M Avwd«Kv, `wÿY I c~e© Gwkqv
Avi I‡kwbqv‡Z Kwoi gy`ªv Pvjy wQj| weªwUk kvwmZ DMvÛv‡Z MZ
kZvãx‡ZI Kwo w`‡q Ki cwi‡kva K‡i‡Q gvbyl|
26| cÖvPxb •PwbK wjwc‡Z Kwoi Ici bvbv ai‡bi wPý w`‡q UvKv †evSv‡bv
n‡Zv| ÔwewµÕ wKsev Ôcyi¯‥viÕ-Gi Rb¨ Avjv`v Avjv`v wPý wQj
279
AvR‡Ki w`‡bi †RjLvbv Avi ew›`wkwei¸‡jv‡Z gy`ªv wn‡m‡e
wmMv‡iU †ek P‡j| GgbwK Aa~gcvqx ew›ìvI GB gy`ªvq
†ePv‡Kbv K‡i| me ai‡bi `ªe¨ I †mevi `vg wnmve Kiv nq
wmMv‡iU w`‡q| AvDkwfrm (Auschwitz) ew›`wkwei †_‡K †div
GK hy×ew›ì gy‡LB †kvbv hvq, ÔAvgiv mevB wmMv‡iU‡K gy`ªv
wn‡m‡e MÖnY K‡iwQjvg| mewKQzi `vg wnmve KiZvg wmMv‡i‡U|
Ô¯^vfvweKÕ mg‡q, gv‡b hLb M¨vm †P¤^v‡ii Rb¨ wbqwgZ bZzb
K‡qwìv AvmZ, ZLb 12Uv wmMv‡iU w`‡q GKUv cvDiæwU cvIqv
†hZ| 30Uv wmMv‡iU w`‡q cvIqv †hZ GKUv 300 MÖv‡gi
gvL‡bi c¨v‡KU, 80 †_‡K 200 wmMv‡i‡U GKUv nvZNwo| GK
wjUvi A¨vj‡Kvn‡ji `vg wQj cy‡iv 400Uv wmMv‡iU!Ó6
mwZ¨ ej‡Z wK, AvR‡Ki w`‡bI Qvcv‡bv †bvU Avi cqmvI
UvKvi aviYvi GKUv †QvÆ D`vniY eB Avi wKQz bq! 2006
mv‡j mviv c„w_exi me gvby‡li †gvU A_©m¤ú‡ì cwigvY wQj
60 jvL †KvwU Wjvi, wKš‧ c„w_exi me KvM‡Ri †bvU Avi cqmv
R‡ov Ki‡j Zvi †gvU g~j¨gvb n‡Zv 6 jvL †KvwU Wjv‡iiI
Kg|7 A_©vr †gvU m¤ú‡ì 90 kZvs‡kiI †ewk n‡jv †¯ªd
e¨vs‡Ki LvZvq ev Kw¤úDUv‡ii wW‡¯‥ †jLv wKQz msL¨v|
AvR‡Ki w`‡b †ewkifvM e¨vemvwqK †jb‡`b n‡”Q B‡jKUªwbK
gva¨‡g| nv‡Z bM` UvKv †jb‡`b bv K‡i †mUv Kiv n‡”Q †P‡Ki
gva¨‡g A_ev GK Kw¤úDUvi †_‡K wKQz Z_¨ Ab¨ GK
Kw¤úDUv‡i cvwV‡q| GK †divwi Avmvwg Qvov Avi †KD wK
AvR‡Ki w`‡b GKUv evwo wKb‡Z e¯ÍvfwZ© UvKv wb‡q hv‡e? †bvU
Avi cqmvi †P‡q UvKvi cwigvYUv B‡jKUªwbK gva¨‡g GKUv
Z_¨ wn‡m‡e enb Kiv A‡bK mnR, wnmve ivLvI mnR|
RwUj evwYwR¨K cwi‡e‡k GKUv gy`ªveë¯ v _vKv Acwinvh©|
GB gy`vª eë¯ v _vKvi Kvi‡YB GKRb gywPi ïay wewfbœ iKg
Ry‡Zvi `vg Rvb‡jB P‡j, GK †Rvov Ry‡Zv KqUv Av‡c‡ji
mgvb †mUv wb‡q Zv‡K gv_v Nvgv‡Z nq bv| Avevi GB
gy`ªveë¯ vi Rb¨B GKRb Av‡cjPvwl‡K Ry‡Zvi Rb¨ Av‡cjf³
280
gywP Lyu‡R †eov‡Z nq bv| UvKvi me‡P‡q †g․wjK •ewkó¨ m¤¢eZ
GUvB †h, UvKv me©RbMÖvn¨| GKRb gvby‡li Kv‡Q UvKv
MÖnY‡hvM¨, KviY mgv‡Ri evwK mevi Kv‡QI †mUv MÖnY‡hvM¨|
UvKvi wewbg‡q mevB Zvi Drcvw`Z cY¨ ev †mev wewµ Ki‡Z
ivwR, KviY UvKv w`‡q wb‡Ri cÖ‡qvRbxq wRwbmUvI wK‡b †djv
hvq|
UvKv n‡jv Ggb GK me©Rbxb gva¨g, hv eënvi K‡i †h-
†Kv‡bv wKQz‡K Ab¨ †h-†Kv‡bv wKQz‡Z iƒcvšÍi Kiv hvq| GB
UvKvi gva¨‡gB †cwkkw³ Áv‡b cwiYZ nq, hLb GKRb •mwbK
QzwU wb‡q Zvi •mwbKRxe‡bi Rgv‡bv UvKv LiP K‡i
wek^we`¨vj‡q co‡Z hvq| GKRb Rwg`vi hLb Zuvi Rwg wewµ
Kiv UvKvq Kg©Pvix‡ì †eZb †`b, Avm‡j wZwb ZLb Rwgi
wewbg‡q AR©b K‡ib AvbyMZ¨| UvKvi gva¨‡gB ¯^v¯ ¨‡mev
cwiYZ n‡Z cv‡i AvBbMZ mvnv‡h¨, hLb GKRb wPwKrmK Zuvi
cvwikÖwgK †_‡K DwK‡ji cvwikÖwgK †`b| GgbwK †h․bZvi
g‡Zv e¨vcvi‡KI ciKv‡ji cvcgyw³i Kv‡R jvMv‡Z cv‡i GB
UvKvÑ cÂ`k kZvãx‡Z wKQz bvix cwZZve„wËi gva¨‡g AwR©Z
UvKv LiP Ki‡Zb K¨v_wjK wMR©v †_‡K cvcgyw³i mb` wKb‡Z|
UvKv ïay GK wRwbm‡K Ab¨ wRwb‡m iƒcvšÍiB K‡i bv,
UvKvi Av‡iKUv ¸Y n‡jvÑ †mUv m¤ú` msiÿ‡Yi RbÏ Lye
Dc‡hvMx| A‡bK g~jëvb wRwbm Av‡Q, hv a‡iB ivLv hvq bv,
†hgb mgq ev †m․›`h©| Avevi A‡bK m¤ú` a‡i ivLv hvq Aí
mg‡qi Rb¨, †hgb ÷ª‡ewi| wKQz m¤ú` Av‡Q hv †i‡L †Ìqv
hvq, wKš‧ Zv‡Z RvqMv Avi hZœ `yB-B ìKvi, †hgb Lv`¨km¨|
Lv`¨km¨ eQ‡ii ci eQi ivLv hvq, wKš‧ †mRb¨ weivU †Mvjv
evbv‡Z n‡e, km¨ ïK‡bv ivL‡Z n‡e, †Pvi Avi Bu`y‡ii nvZ
†_‡K euvPv‡Z n‡e| Ab¨w`‡K UvKv, †mUv KvMR †nvK, Kwo †nvK
ev Kw¤úDUv‡ii wW‡¯‥i †Kv‡bv msL¨vB †nvK, GBme mgm¨v
†_‡K gy³| Kwo c‡P hvq bv, Bu`y‡i Lvq bv, Av¸‡bI †cv‡o bv,
Avevi ivL‡Z †ewk RvqMvI jv‡M bv|
281
m¤ú`‡K cwic~Y©fv‡e eënvi Ki‡Z n‡j m¤ú` ïay GK
RvqMvq †i‡L w`‡j P‡j bv, gv‡S gv‡S GK RvqMv †_‡K Ab¨
RvqMvq wb‡q hvIqviI cÖ‡qvRb nq| ¯ vei m¤ú`, †hgb
Nievwo, wb‡q hvIqv Am¤¢e| Lv`¨km¨ wb‡q hvIqv m¤¢e, wKš‧
Kómva¨| Kíbv Kiæb UvKvi cÖPj‡bi Av‡Mi †mB cÖvPxb
c„w_exi K_v| †mLv‡b GKRb abx K…l‡Ki Av‡Q wekvj evwo
Avi gvVfiv avb| †m hw` `~‡i †Kv_vI P‡j †h‡Z Pvq, Zvi GZ
m¤ú‡ì Kx n‡e? evwo Avi gv‡Vi avb †Kv‡bvUvB m‡½ †bIqvi
g‡Zv bq| G¸‡jvi wewbg‡q †m cÖPiz cwigv‡Y Pvj ev Ab¨
†Kv‡bv km¨ †RvMvo Ki‡Z cv‡i, wKš‧ †mUv wb‡q hvIqvI wK
GZ mnR? UvKv _vK‡j GUv †Kv‡bv mgm¨vB bq| †m †mvRv Zvi
evwo Avi Rwg wewµ K‡i †`‡e, Zvici GK_‡j Kwo m‡½ wb‡q
P‡j hv‡e †hLv‡b B”Qv|
UvKvi Zvi‡jï Kvi‡Y Zv‡K †h-†Kv‡bv wKQz‡Z cwiYZ Kiv
hvq, Rwg‡q ivLv hvq, Avevi GK RvqMv †_‡K Ab¨ RvqMvq
wb‡qI hvIqv hvq| GB ¸‡Yi Kvi‡YB eZ©gvb MwZgq A_©‣bwZK
eë¯ vi cÖwZôvi †cQ‡b UvKvi ¸iæZ¡ Acwimxg| UvKv Qvov Ggb
wekvj, RwUj I MwZkxj A_©bxwZi K_v KíbvI Kiv †hZ bv|
UvKv Kxfv‡e KvR K‡i?

Kwo †_‡K Wjvi, †h iƒ‡cB _vKzK, UvKv g~jëvb; KviY Gi g~j¨
Av‡Q Avgv‡ì mw¤§wjZ Kíbvq| GB g~j¨ Kwoi ivmvqwbK
¸Yv¸Y ev KvM‡Ri is ev AvKvi-AvK…wZi Rb¨ bq| Ab¨fv‡e
ej‡Z †M‡j UvKv Avm‡j †Kv‡bv e¯‧ bq, GKUv gvbwmK aviYv
gvÎ| Zvi gv‡b Avgiv hLb wKQz wewµ K‡i UvKv wbB, ZLb UvKv
ev¯Íe e¯‧‡K iƒcvšÍwiZ K‡i GKUv KvíwbK e¯‧‡Z| ZvB cÖkœ
Av‡m, GB aviYvUv KvR K‡i †Kb? †Kb GKRb K…lK gvVfiv
av‡bi e`‡j KZ¸‡jv Kwo MÖnY KiZ? †Kb AvR‡Ki w`‡b
K‡qKUv isP‡O KvM‡Ri Rb¨ B”Qvq ev Awb”Qvq bvbv iKg KvR
K‡i gvbyl?
282
gvbyl Gme KvR K‡i Zv‡ì mw¤§wjZ Kíbvi Ici wek^vm
†i‡L| c„w_ex‡Z hZ iKg gy`ªveë¯ v Pvjy Av‡Q, Zv‡ì
cÖ‡Z¨KUvi g~j wfwË n‡jv GB wek^vm| GKRb K…lK hLb wKQz
Kwoi wewbg‡q Zvi me m¤úwË †e‡P w`‡q `~i‡`‡k cvwo Rgvq,
†m ZLb wek^vm K‡i †h †m †hLv‡b hv‡”Q †mLvbKvi gvbylI GB
Kwoi wewbg‡q Zv‡K Lvevi I AvkÖq †`‡e| UvKv‡K gvby‡li
cvi¯úwiK wek^v‡mi DcKiY ej‡j Kg ejv nq, Avm‡j UvKv
n‡jv mviv c„w_exi gvby‡li me©Rbxb I me©en„ r mgwš^Z wek^v‡mi
Avavi|
GB wek^vmUv GKw`‡b •Zwi nqwb, GUv A‡bK w`‡bi
ivR‣bwZK, mvgvwRK I A_©‣bwZK cÖwµqvi dj| Avwg †Kb
Kwo, ¯^Y©gy`ªv ev KvM‡Ri †bv‡U wek^vm Kie? Avwg wek^vm Kie
KviY Avgvi Avkcv‡ki me gvbyl G‡Z wek^vm K‡i| Avevi
Avgvi Avkcv‡ki gvbyl wek^vm K‡I, KviY Avwg G‡Z wek^vm
Kwi| Avgiv mevB wek^vm Kwi, KviY †`‡ki ivRvI G‡Z wek^vm
K‡ib; LvRbv Av`vq K‡ib Gi gva¨‡gB| Avgv‡ì cy‡ivwnZivI
G‡Z wek^vm †i‡LB me LvRbv MÖnY K‡ib| GKUv Wjv‡ii
†bv‡Ui GK cv‡k _v‡K hy³iv‡óªi †Kvlva¨‡ÿi ¯^vÿi, Ab¨ cv‡k
†jLv ÔCk^‡i Avgv‡ì wek^vmÕ (In God We Trust)| GB wek^vmB
Avgv‡ì ivR‣bwZK, mvgvwRK I Av`wk©K KvVv‡gvi m‡½
gy`ªveë¯ v‡K Av‡óc„‡ô Rwo‡q †d‡j‡Q| G m¤úK© GZB Mfxi
†h ivR‣bwZK Aw¯ wZkxjZvq A_©‣bwZK msKU †`Lv †`q,
eëmvqx‡ì †gRvR-gwR©i Ici wbf©i K‡i †kqvievRvi I‡V
Avi bv‡g|
ïiæ‡Z hLb ÔUvKvÕ wRwbmUvi cÖPjb nq, ZLb GB wek^v‡mi
e¨vcviUv wQj bv| ZvB ZLb gy`ªv wn‡m‡e eëüZ n‡Zv Ggb
wKQz, hvi GKUv mwZ¨Kv‡ii g~j¨ Av‡Q| gvby‡li Rvbvg‡Z, cÖ_g
A_© wQj my‡gixq GjvKvq eëüZ evwj©-UvKv| gRvi e¨vcvi
n‡jv UvKv wn‡m‡e evwj©i cÖPjb n‡qwQj 3000 wLªóc~e©v‡ãi
w`‡K, wVK hLb gvbyl †mB GKB RvqMvq wjLbc×wZ Avwe®‥vi
K‡i| GB `y‡Uv NUbv mgmvgwqK nIqvi KviY n‡jv, gvbyl
283
wjL‡Z ïiæ K‡i g~jZ Zv‡ì cÖkvmwbK KvRK‡g©i myweav‡_©|
Avi cÖkvmwbK ZrciZv †e‡o hvIqvi m‡½ m‡½ gvby‡li
A_©‣bwZK Kg©KvÐI †e‡o hvq| †mB ewa©Z A_©‣bwZK eë¯ vi
Pvwn`v c~iY Ki‡ZB UvKvi D™¢e|
evwj©-UvKv Avm‡j evwj©B, GKUv wbw`©ó cwigvY evwj©‡K ZLb
†Kv‡bv wRwb‡mi g~j¨ cwigvc I wewbg‡qi Rb¨ GKK wn‡m‡e
aiv n‡Zv| me‡P‡q †ewk cÖPwjZ cwigvYUvi bvg wQj ÔwmjvÕ
(Sila), †mUv cÖvq GK wjUv‡ii mgvb| evwj© cwigv‡ci Rb¨ GK
wmjv cÖgvY AvqZ‡bi cvÎI ZLb cÖPiz cwigv‡Y •Zwi Kiv n‡Zv,
ZvB evwj© w`‡q †jb‡`b KivUv †ek mnR n‡q wM‡qwQj| †m
mgq Kg©x‡ì †eZbI †Ìqv n‡Zv evwj©‡Z| GKRb cyiæl kÖwgK
Zvi Kv‡Ri Rb¨ †cZ gv‡m 60 wmjv evwj©, bvix kÖwgK †cZ Zvi
A‡a©K| kÖwgK‡ì m`©vi †cZ gv‡m 1 nvRvi 200 †_‡K 5
nvRvi wmjv| me‡P‡q e‡ov Lv`‡Ki c‡ÿI GK gv‡m 5 nvRvi
wmjv evwj© LvIqv m¤¢e bq, Z‡e AwZwi³ evwj© w`‡q Ab¨ me
ìKvwi wRwbm †Kbv †hZ|8
evwj©i wb‡Ri GKUv g~j¨ _vK‡jI GKUv cY¨‡K gy`ªv wn‡m‡e
eënv‡i Af¨¯Í n‡Z gvbyl‡K †ek †eM †c‡Z n‡qwQj| nIqviB
K_v| AvR hw` Avcwb GK e¯Ív evwj© wb‡q †Kv‡bv dv÷dz‡Wi
†`vKv‡b wM‡q †mUvi wewbg‡q GKUv wcRv AW©vi †`b, †`vKv‡bi
†jvKRb m¤¢eZ cywj‡k Lei †`‡e| Z‡e ÔUvKvÕ wRwbmUvi Ici
mevB‡K †h wek^vm ¯ vcb Ki‡Z nq, evwj©i †ÿ‡Î †mUv †ek
mn‡RB n‡qwQj| KviY e¯‧ wn‡m‡e evwj©i †Zv Avm‡jB GKUv
mnRvZ g~j¨ Av‡Q, wL‡` †c‡j †mUv LvIqv hvq| wKš‧ evwj©
Rwg‡q ivLv ev wb‡q Ny‡i †eov‡bvUv ZZ mnR bq| UvKvi
BwZnv‡m me‡P‡q e‡ov wecøeUv N‡U hLb gvbyl AvcvZg~j¨nxb,
mÂq I enb‡hvM¨ †Kv‡bv e¯‧‡K gy`ªv wn‡m‡e MÖnY K‡i| †mUv
N‡UwQj wLªóc~e© Z…Zxq mn¯ªv‡ãi gvSvgvwS mg‡q,
†g‡mvc‡Uwgqv‡Z| iƒcv‡K gy`ªv wn‡m‡e MÖnY K‡i †mLvbKvi
gvbyl| G‡K ejv n‡Zv †k‡Kj (Shekel)|
284
†mB iæcvi †k‡Kj‡K wVK cqmv ejv hv‡e bv, †gvUvgywU
8.33 MÖvg iæcv‡K GK †k‡Kj ejv n‡Zv| nv¤§yivwei AvB‡b †h
ejv n‡qwQj †Kv‡bv D”PZi gvbyl †Kv‡bv `vmx‡K nZ¨v Ki‡j
`vmxi gvwjK‡K 20 †k‡Kj iæcv ÿwZc~iY †`‡e, Gi gv‡b n‡jv
Zv‡K 166 MÖvg iæcv w`‡Z n‡e, wekUv †i․c¨gy`ªv bq| evB‡e‡ji
Iì †U÷v‡g‡›Ui wKQz RvqMvqI †i․c¨gy`ªv bq, iæcv †Ìqvi
K_v Av‡Q| †Rv‡m‡di fvB‡qiv Zv‡K 20 †k‡Kj, A_©vr 166
MÖvg iæcvi wewbg‡q †e‡P w`‡qwQj Bmgv‡qwj‡ì Kv‡Q|
evwj©i m‡½ iæcvi cv_©K¨ n‡jv, evwj©i g‡Zv iæcvi we‡kl
†Kv‡bv Dc‡hvwMZv †bB| iæcv LvIqv hvq bv, Mv‡qI †Ìqv hvq
bv, iæcv w`‡q †Kv‡bv Kv‡Ri Rb¨ hš¿cvwZI evbv‡bv hvq bv
(iæcv w`‡q jvO‡ji djv ev Z‡jvqvi evbv‡j cÖ_g AvNv‡ZB
†mUv `yg‡ogyP‡o hv‡e)| nu¨v, GKUv Kv‡R †mUv jvMZ e‡U,
†mvbv Avi iæcv w`‡q Mqbv evbv‡bv n‡Zv, Avi †mUv wQj
AvwfRv‡Zï wPý| A_©vr iæcv w`‡q †Kv‡bv cÖ‡qvRb bv wgU‡jI
wejvwmZvi Rb¨, mvgvwRK gh©v`v evov‡bvi Rb¨ †mUv eëüZ
n‡Zv| iæcvi g~j¨ wQj cy‡ivcywiB mvs¯‥…wZK|
g~jëvb avZz¸‡jvi wbw`©ó IRb‡K gvb`Ð a‡i †jb‡`b
Ki‡Z Ki‡Z GKmgq gvbyl avZe cqmv Avwe®‥vi K‡i †d‡j|
wLªóc~e© 640 mv‡ji w`‡K BwZnv‡mi cÖ_g cqmv •Zwi nq cwðg
Avbv‡Zvwjqvq, wjwWqvi ivRv Avwjqv‡Z‡mi (King Alyattes of
Lydia) ivR‡Z¡| GKUv mywbw`©ó cwigvY †mvbv ev iæcv w`‡q
G‡KKUv cqmv •Zwi n‡Zv| cqmv¸‡jvi Ic‡i †Lv`vB Kiv
_vKZ †Kv‡bv GKUv wPý| GB wPý w`‡q `y‡Uv KvR n‡Zv| GK,
cqmvi g~j¨gvb †evSv †h‡Zv; Avi `yB, cqmvUv †h h_vh_
KZ©…c‡ÿi ZË¡veav‡b •Zwi n‡q‡Q †mUv wbwðZ n‡Zv| AvR‡Ki
c„w_ex‡Z Pvjy _vKv cÖvq me cqmvB †mB GKB bxwZ‡Z •Zwi|
avZeL‡Ði †P‡q avZe cqmv eënvi Kiv `y‡Uv Kvi‡Y †ewk
myweavRbK| cÖ_gZ, avZzLÐ w`‡q †ePv‡Kbv Ki‡Z †M‡j
cÖwZevi †mUvi IRb gvc‡Z n‡Zv; Avi wØZxqZ, Lvwj IRb
gvc‡jB wbwðZ nIqv †hZ bv| †h iæcvi UzK‡iv¸‡jv MÖnY Ki‡e
285
†m Kxfv‡e Rvb‡e †h I¸‡jv Avmj iƒcv, iæcvi cÖ‡jc †Ìqv
wmmv bq? cqmv eënvi Ki‡j `y‡Uv mgm¨vB `~i nq| cqmvi
Ic‡ii wPýUvB wbwðZ K‡i †h IUvi IRb wVK Av‡Q,
ùvwocvjøvq bv †g‡cB I¸‡jv MÖnY Kiv hvq| Avi Zvi †P‡qI
e‡ov K_v n‡jv, IB wPý †`‡LB †evSv hvq †h cqmv¸‡jv
evwb‡q‡Q †Kv‡bv Dchy³ KZ©…cÿ|
hy‡M hy‡M cqmvi IRb, AvKvi I wPý bvbvfv‡e e`‡j‡Q,
wKš‧ Zvi AšÍwb©wnZ bxwZ GKB Av‡Q| cqmvi Ic‡ii wPýUv
n‡jv ivRvi evYx : ÔAvwg, gnvb mgªvU, wbwðZ KiwQ †h GB
cqmvUvq wVK cuvP MÖvg †mvbv Av‡Q| †KD hw` GB cqmv Rvj
Kivi `ytmvnm †`Lvq, A_©vr Avgvi ¯^vÿi bKj K‡i, †mUv n‡e
Avgvi gh©v`vi Ici Pig AvNvZ, Avi †m Aciv‡ai Rb¨ †m
cv‡e PigZg kvw¯Í|Õ| GRb¨B UvKv Rvj Kiv‡K ïay †jvK
VKv‡bv bq, Zvi †P‡qI e‡ov gv‡ci Aciva wn‡m‡e MY¨ Kiv
nq| UvKv Rvj Kivi A_© n‡jv mve©‡f․g‡Z¡i j•Nb, ¯^qs ivRvi
ÿgZvq n¯Í‡ÿc| G ai‡bi Aciv‡a mvaviYZ kvw¯Í n‡Zv
wbh©vZb I g„Zz¨| gvbyl hZw`b ivRv I Zvi ivR‡Z¡ wek^vm Ki‡e,
ZZw`b IB ivRvi bvgvw¼Z gy`ªv‡KI wek^vm Ki‡e| †ivgvb
mvgªv‡Rï evB‡ii gvbylI †iv‡gi wW‡bwiqvm (Denarius) gy`ªv
wbwØ©avq MÖnY KiZ, KviY Zviv †ivgvb mgªvU‡K wek^vm KiZ, Avi
IB gy`ªvq AuvKv _vKZ †mB mgªv‡UiB bvg I Qwe|
27| BwZnv‡mi Ab¨Zg cy‡iv‡bv GK gy`ªv, wLªóc~e© mßg kZvãxi wjwWqvq

eënvi n‡Zv
286
Avevi Dj‡Uvfv‡e †ivgvb mgªv‡Ui ÿgZvI wbwnZ wQj GB
wW‡bwiqvm gy`ªvi g‡a¨| ïay wPšÍv K‡i †`Lyb †Zv, IB wekvj
†ivgvb mvgªv‡Rï cÖRv‡ì KvQ †_‡K hw` LvRbv Av`vq Kiv
n‡Zv Mg Avi evwj©‡Z, †Kgb n‡Zv †mUv? Avevi †mB LvRbv
†iv‡gi ivR‡Kv‡l RgvB-ev n‡Zv Kxfv‡e, Avi †mUv weª‡U‡b wb‡q
wM‡q †mLvbKvi •mb¨‡ì †eZbB-ev †Ìqv †hZ Kxfv‡e? Kx
n‡Zv hw` ïay †iv‡gi gvbyl GB gy`ªv eënvi KiZ Avi evB‡ii
†jv‡K †mUv MÖnY bv K‡i Kwo eënvi KiZ? †m‡ÿ‡ÎI †mB
cy‡iv‡bv mgm¨v i‡qB †hZ|
¯^‡Y©i gwngv
†ivgvb gy`ªv wW‡bwiqv‡mi Ici gvby‡li Av¯ v GZUvB †ewk wQj
†h †ivgvb mvgªv‡Rï evB‡ii gvbylI †mUv mv`‡i MÖnY K‡i|
wLªóxq cÖ_g kZ‡K fvi‡ZI GB wW‡bwiqvm PjZ, hwÌ †ivgvb
•mbëvwnbx ZL‡bv fviZ †_‡K K‡qK nvRvi wK‡jvwgUvi `~‡i|
GB gy`vª i Ici fviZxq‡ì Av¯ v GZB †ewk wQj †h Zviv
wW‡bwiqv‡mi Av`‡j gy`ªv •Zwi Ki‡Z ïiæ K‡i, GgbwK †ivgvb
mgªv‡Ui Qwemn! ÔwW‡bwiqvmÕ kãUvB gy`ªvi cÖwZk‡ã cwiYZ
nq| GB †ivgvb ÔwW‡bwiqvmÕ bvgUvB Avie Lwjdv‡ì nv‡Z n‡q
hvq Aviwe Ôw`bviÕ| AvRI R`©vb, BivK, mvwe©qv, †gwm‡Wvwbqv,
wZDwbwmqvmn †ek wKQz †`‡ki ivóªxq gy`ªvi bvg w`bvi|
GB wjWxq auv‡Pi gy`ªv hLb f‚ga¨mvMixq AÂj †_‡K fviZ
gnvmvM‡ii w`‡K Qwo‡q co‡Q, wVK ZLbB Px‡b M‡o DVwQj
bZzb GK gy`ªveë¯ v| †mB eë¯ vi gy`ªv wQj †eªv‡Äi cqmv Avi
wPýwenxb †mvbv I iæcvi wcÐ| Z‡e GB `yiKg gy`ªvi g‡a¨
GKUv RvqMvq wgj wQj, †mUv n‡jv †mvbv I iæcvi eënvi| G
Kvi‡YB •PwbK AÂ‡ji m‡½ wjWxq AÂ‡ji Avw_©K I evwYwR¨K
m¤úK© •Zwi n‡Z mgm¨v nqwb| gymwjg I BD‡ivcxq ewYK I
w`M&weRqx‡ì nvZ a‡i ¯^‡Yi© gwngv Qwo‡q c‡o c„w_exi
AvbvPKvbv‡P| Avi AvR‡Ki c„w_exUv Ry‡oB GKB gy`ªveë¯ v
287
P‡j, hvi g~‡j Av‡Q †mvbv I iæcv, Avi Av‡Q weªwUk cvDÛ I
gvwK©b Wjv‡ii g‡Zv K‡qKUv gy`ªv|
GB eûRvwZK gy`ªvi D™¢e cÖ_‡g Gwkqv I Avwd«Kv Avi c‡i
cy‡iv c„w_ex‡KB A_©‣bwZKfv‡e GKxf‚Z K‡i †d‡j| gvbyl
Av‡Mi g‡ZvB bvbv fvlvq K_v e‡j, wewfbœ kvm‡Ki cÖwZ
AvbyMZ¨ Rvbvq, wfbœ wfbœ ag© cvjb K‡i, wKš‧ ¯^Y© I †i․c¨gy`ªvq
†jb‡`b Ki‡Z Zv‡ì g‡a¨ †Kv‡bv we‡f` †bB| †mvbv I iæcvi
g~‡jï Ici me gvby‡li GB †h․_ wek^vm bv _vK‡j AvšÍR©vwZK
eëmvq-evwYR¨ †Kv‡bvfv‡eB m¤¢e n‡Zv bv| †lvok kZ‡K
Av‡gwiKvq cvIqv †mvbv w`‡q BD‡ivcxqiv c~e© Gwkqv †_‡K
wm‡éi Kvco, PxbvgvwUi evmb Avi gmjv wK‡bwQj| Gfv‡eB
BD‡ivc I c~e© Gwkqv Dfq ¯ v‡bi A_©bxwZ‡Z MwZ mÂvi nq|
†gw·‡Kvi Lwb †_‡K †Zvjv †mvbv Avi iæcv BD‡iv‡ci
eëmvqx‡ì nvZ Ny‡i wM‡q †cu․Qvq Px‡bi wmé I PxbvgvwU
eëmvqxi UvKvi _‡j‡Z| K‡U©‡Ri g‡Zv Ô¯^Y©B hvi GKgvÎ
IlyaÕ, †mB †iv‡M AvµvšÍ bv n‡j wK Pxbv eëmvqxiv †mvbv Avi
iæcvi wewbg‡q Zv‡ì cY¨ wewµ KiZ?
GLb cÖkœ Rv‡M, Pxbv, fviZxq, gymwjg Avi †¯úbxqÑ GB
wewfbœ RvwZi gvby‡li g‡a¨ Ggb wKQzB wQj bv, hv‡Z Zv‡ì
mevB wek^vm K‡i| wKš‧ gy`ªv •Zwii †ejvq †mvbv eënvi K‡i‡Q
G‡ì mevB, GB GK RvqMvq G‡ì Kv‡iv g‡a¨ †Kv‡bv
gZwe‡iva †bB| Kxfv‡e m¤¢e n‡jv GUv? Ggb wK n‡Z cviZ bv
†h GKB mg‡q gy`ªv wn‡m‡e †¯úbxqiv eënvi Ki‡Q †mvbv,
gymwjgiv evwj©, fviZxqiv Kwo Avi •PwbKiv wmé? Gi GKUv
DËi cvIqv hvq A_©bxwZwe`‡ì Kv‡Q| `y‡Uv AÂ‡ji g‡a¨ hLb
GKUv evwYwR¨K m¤úK© M‡o I‡V, ZLb Pvwn`v Avi †RvMv‡bi
fvimvg¨ ivL‡Z enb‡hvM¨ cY¨¸‡jvi `vg mgvb n‡q †h‡Z
_v‡K| GUv †evSvi Rb¨ fveyb, fviZ Avi f‚ga¨mvMixq GjvKvi
g‡a¨ hLb eëmvq-evwYR¨ ïiæ n‡jv, f‚ga¨mvMixq GjvKvq
ZLb †mvbv gh©v`vi wPý, ZvB Zvi g~jÏ †ewk| Iw`‡K ZLb
fvi‡Z †mvbvi KvbvKwoI `vg †bB| Gici Kx n‡jv?
288
åvg¨gvY ewY‡Kiv †`Lj f‚ga¨mvMi Avi fvi‡Z †mvbvi `v‡gi
A‡bK dvivK| ZvB jv‡fi Avkvq Zviv fviZ †_‡K m¯Ívq †mvbv
wK‡b f‚ga¨mvM‡i Pov `v‡g †eP‡Z ïiæ Kij| Gi d‡j fvi‡Z
m„wó n‡jv †mvbvi AvKvk‡Quvqv Pvwn`v, ZvB †mUvi `vgI †Mj
†e‡o| Iw`‡K f‚ga¨mvM‡ii w`‡K †mvbvi †RvMvb `ªæZ †e‡o
hvIqvq Zvi `vgI Kg‡Z jvMj| Gi d‡j wKQz w`‡bi g‡a¨B `yB
RvqMv‡ZB †mvbvi `vg KvQvKvwQ G‡m †Mj| ZLb fviZxq‡ì
Kv‡Q †mvbv †Zgb ìKvwi ev g~jëvb bv n‡jI f‚ga¨mvM‡i GUvi
e¨vcK Pvwn`v †`‡L ZvivI GUv‡K g~jëvb †f‡e wbj|
GKBfv‡e Avgiv hLb †`wL GKRb gvbyl, †h eÜz †nvK ev
kÎæ, Kwo, Wjvi wKsev B‡jKUªwbK Z_¨‡K g~jëvb e‡j wek^vm
Ki‡Q, ZLb †mB wek^vm Avgv‡ì g‡aÏ mÂvwiZ nq| Gfv‡e
†mB wRwbmUvi Ici me gvby‡li †h․_ wek^vm Av‡iv cvKv‡cv³
nq| wLªóvb I gymwjgiv Zv‡ì ag©xq wek^v‡m GK n‡Z cv‡iwb,
wKš‧ GKB gy`ªveë¯ vq wek^vm K‡i‡Q wVKB| Gi KviY n‡jv,
a‡g©i †ÿ‡Î †eu‡a †Ìqv †Kv‡bv wKQz‡Z wek^vm Ki‡jB nq, wKš‧
gy`ªvi †ejvq Abïv hv wek^vm K‡i Zv‡ZB wb‡Ri wek^vm ¯ vcb
Ki‡Z nq|
nvRvi nvRvi eQi a‡i A‡bK `vk©wbK, ag©cÖPviK I
wPšÍvkxj e¨w³ UvKv‡K †nq K‡i‡Qb, e‡j‡Qb A_©B Ab‡_©i g~j|
wKš‧ Zvi c‡iI, gvby‡li mwnòzZvi P‚ovšÍ wb`k©b n‡jv UvKv|
gvby‡li fvlv, AvBbKvbyb, ms¯‥…wZ, ag© I mvgvwRKZvi †P‡q
UvKv A‡bK †ewk Db¥y³ Avi me©Rbxb| UvKv n‡jv gvby‡li •Zwi
GKgvÎ wRwbm, hv me iKg mvs¯‥…wZK `~iZ¡ NywP‡q w`‡Z cv‡i|
UvKvi Kv‡Q RvwZ-ag©-eY©-wj½wbwe©‡k‡l me gvbylB mgvb| †h
gvbylUv‡K Avgiv wPwb bv ev wek^vm Kwi bv, Zvi m‡½I Avgiv
wbwØ©avq Avw_©K †jb‡`b Ki‡Z cvwi GB UvKviB e‡`․j‡Z|
289
UvKvi g~j¨
me ai‡bi gy`ªvi `y‡Uv •ewkó¨ _v‡K :
K| me©Rbxb wewbgq‡hvM¨Zv : cÖvPxb Avj‡Kwg÷iv †hgb †h-
†Kv‡bv wKQz‡K †mvbv evbv‡Z cvi‡Zb e‡j ejv nq, †Zgwb
UvKvI †h-†Kv‡bv wKQz‡K †h-†Kv‡bv wKQz‡Z cwiYZ Ki‡Z cv‡i,
†hgb Rwg‡K AvbyM‡Z¨ wKsev mš¿vm‡K wkÿvq|
L| me©Rbxb wek^vm : †h-†Kv‡bv `yRb gvby‡li g‡a¨ †Kv‡bv Kv‡R
†jb‡`‡bi gva¨g n‡Z cv‡i UvKv|
GB `y‡Uv bxwZi Kvi‡YB c„w_exi jvL jvL gvbyl evwYR¨ I
wkí‡K GwM‡q wb‡q hv‡”Q| wKš‧ Gi GKUv AÜKvi w`KI Av‡Q|
hLb †h-†Kv‡bv wKQz‡K †h-†Kv‡bv wKQz‡Z iƒcvšÍi Kiv m¤¢e nq,
Avi hLb me gvbyl GKB aviYvq wek^vm K‡i, ZLb HwZn¨,
gvbweK m¤úK© Avi g~j¨‡ev‡a fvOb a‡i, Avi G‡ì RvqMv
wb‡q †bq Pvwn`v-†RvMv‡bi wnmve|
gvby‡li cwievi I mgvR †hme wfwËi Ici M‡o I‡V, Zvi
g‡a¨ Av‡Q gh©v`v, mZZv, Av`k© I fv‡jvevmvi g‡Zv wKQz
wRwbm| G¸‡jvi cÖ‡Z¨KwUB ÔAg~j¨Õ, G¸‡jv evRv‡i †ePv‡Kbv
nq bv, UvKvq G¸‡jvi `vg wba©viY Kiv hvq bv| Gme gvbexq
¸‡Yi Rb¨B gv-evev Zvi mšÍvb‡K `vm wn‡m‡e wewµ Ki‡Z cv‡i
bv, GKRb avwg©K cvc Ki‡Z cv‡i bv, GKRb AbyMZ •mwbK
†`‡ki m‡½ wek^vmNvZKZv Ki‡Z cv‡i bv|
b`xi Li‡mªvZ †hgb euv‡ai dvUj †f` K‡i †h‡Z Pvq,
†Zgwb UvKvI †f‡O w`‡Z Pvq gvby‡li GB bxwZ I Av`‡k©i
†Ìqvj| evev-gv cwiev‡ii Ab¨‡ì Lvevi †RvMv‡Z wb‡Ri
mšÍvb‡K †e‡P w`‡q‡QÑ GgbI †Zv †kvbv hvq| avwg©K gvbylI
Pzwi K‡i, gvbyl‡K VKvq ev nZ¨v K‡i UvKvi Rb¨, Avevi †m
UvKv LiP K‡i cÖv_©bvj‡q, mªóvi KvQ †_‡K ÿgv cvIqvi Rb¨|
D”PvKv•ÿx •mwbK UvKvi wewbg‡q nvZ †gjvq kÎæi m‡½|
UvKvi Av‡iv AÜKvi w`K Av‡Q| UvKv AcwiwPZ gvbyl‡ì
g‡a¨ GKUv me©Rbxb wek^vm •Zwi Ki‡Z cv‡i e‡U, wKš‧ GB
290
wek^vm KL‡bv gvbyl, mgvR ev gvby‡li g~j¨‡ev‡ai Ici cÖwZwôZ
nq bvÑ †m wek^vm KvR K‡i †Kej UvKvi Ic‡iB| Avgiv
GKRb AcwiwPZ gvbyl‡K, GgbwK cv‡ki evwoi gvbylUv‡KI
wek^vm Kwi bv, wKš‧ Zvi c‡K‡Ui UvKv‡K wek^vm Kwi wVKB|
UvKv dziv‡j dzivq †mB wek^vmI| UvKv hZB gvby‡li mgvR, ag©
I iv‡óªi bxwZ I Av`‡k© dvUj aivq, ZZB GB c„w_exUv ax‡i
ax‡i cwiYZ nq gvbweK Abyf‚wZnxb GKUv evRv‡i|
gvby‡li A_©‣bwZK BwZnvm Ø›Øgq| †h gvbyl GKw`‡K
AcwiwPZ gvby‡li m‡½ †jb‡`b Ki‡Q UvKvi Ici wbf©i K‡i,
†mB gvbylB Avevi kw¼Z n‡”Q UvKvi Kv‡Q gvbweK m¤úK© I
g~j¨‡eva nviv‡bvi f‡q| UvKvi Rb¨B gvbyl bxwZ I Av`k©‡K
cv‡q †Vj‡Q, Avevi gvbylB UvKvi Kv‡Q mewKQz wewK‡q bv
†Ìqvi Rb¨ †Póv Ki‡Q cÖvYcY|
B`vbxs gvbyl a‡iB wb‡q‡Q †h UvKvi AvMÖvmb‡K nq‡Zv ivóª,
ag© I mgv‡Ri †Póvq Avi cÖwZnZ Kiv hv‡e bv| wKš‧ †mUv
Avm‡j wVK bq| Ggb A‡bKeviB n‡q‡Q †h exi †hv×v, †Muvov
avwg©K Avi m‡PZb bvMwi‡Kiv PZzi eëmvqx‡ì me wnmve‡K
ey‡ov AvOyj †`wL‡q A_©bxwZiB †gvo Nywi‡q w`‡q‡Q| ZvB mgMÖ
gvbeRvwZ Kxfv‡e GK n‡jv †mUv eyS‡Z n‡j ïay A_©bxwZi w`K
†_‡K wPšÍv Ki‡jB n‡e bv| GB my`xN© mg‡q nvRv‡iv wfbœ wfbœ
ms¯‥…wZi gvbyl wg‡j †h GKUv •ewk^K mgvR M‡o Zz‡j‡Q, Gi
†cQ‡b †mvbv Avi iæcvi e‡ov f‚wgKv Av‡Q wVKB, wKš‧ ZvB e‡j
B¯úv‡Zi K_vUv fz‡j †M‡j Pj‡e bv|
291
Aa¨vq 11
mvgªvRëv`x evmbv
cÖvPxb †ivgvb kvmK‡ì Kv‡Q hy×‡ÿ‡Î civwRZ nIqvUv LyeB
¯^vfvweK GKUv e¨vcvi wQj| c„w_exi AwaKvsk e‡ov mvgªv‡Rï
g‡ZvB, †ivgvbivI cÖvqB hy×Kvjxb †Qv‡Uv †Qv‡Uv jovB‡q G‡Ki
ci GK civwRZ n‡Zv, wKš‧ †kl‡gk hy‡×i P‚ovšÍ weRq ZvivB
wQwb‡q AvbZ| †Kv‡bv mvgªvR¨ †Qv‡UvLv‡Uv GBme mvgwqK
civRq †g‡b wb‡q gv_v †mvRv K‡i ùvov‡Z bv cvi‡j ev bZzb
D`¨‡g jovB ïiæ bv Ki‡Z cvi‡j †mUv cÖK…Zc‡ÿ †Kv‡bv
mvgªvR¨B bq| me©`v nvi-wR‡Z Af¨¯Í GB †ivgvbivI wLªóc~e©
wØZxq kZ‡Ki gvSvgvwS DËi AvB‡ewiqv (Iberia) †_‡K Avmv
GKwU msev‡` G‡Kev‡i ¯Íw¤¢Z n‡q †Mj| GKwU cyuP‡K, bMY¨
cvnvwo kni bygvbwkqv (Numantia), mvMi‡ewóZ Avwèvmx
†mëiv (Celt) Qvov Avi †KD †hLv‡b _v‡K bv, Zviv bvwK wekvj
†ivgvb mvgªv‡Rï ek¨Zv A¯^xKvi K‡i‡Q! †gwm‡Wvwbqvb Ges
†mjywmW mvgªvR¨‡K civ¯Í K‡i, wMÖ‡mi weL¨vZ bMiivóª¸‡jv‡K
wb‡Ri Avq‡Ë G‡b Avi Kv‡_©R bMix‡K aŸsm¯Í‡‚ c cwiYZ K‡i
†ivg ZLb f‚ga¨mvMi AÂ‡ji mg¯Í f‚fv‡Mi GK”QÎ AwacwZ|
Avi Ab¨w`‡K ¯^vaxbZvi Zxeª AvvKv•ÿv Avi Ge‡ov‡Le‡ov
cvnvwo Rwg Qvov bygvbwkqvb‡ì m¤^j ej‡Z Avi wKQzB †bB|
Zvi ciI Zviv nvRvi nvRvi •m‡bï †ivgvb evwnbxi f‡q
cvwj‡q hvqwb ev Zv‡ì Kv‡Q bwZ ¯^xKvi K‡iwb|
134 wLªóc~e©v‡ã †ivgvb‡ì •ah©P¨z wZ NUj| Zv‡ì D”PZg
ivóªxq cwil` bygvbwkqvb‡ì kv‡q¯Ív Kivi Rb¨ wmwcI
292
Gwgwjbvm‡K (Scipio Aemilianus) g‡bvbxZ Ki‡jb| wmwcI
wQ‡jb †iv‡gi mvgwiK evwnbxi cÖavb Ges Zuvi †bZ…‡Z¡B
†ivgvbiv Kv‡_©R bMi‡K ¸uwo‡q w`‡qwQj| GB Kv‡Ri Rb¨
wb‡qvM Kiv n‡jv 30 nvRvi •m‡bï wekvj evwnbx| wmwcI
bygvbwkqvb‡ì jovKz g‡bvfve Ges mgi‡K․kj‡K m¤§vb
Ki‡Zb, ZvB wb‡R‡ì •mb¨‡ì Ah_v cÖvYnvwb Gov‡bvi Rb¨
wZwb i³ÿqx hy× †_‡K wb‡R‡ì weiZ ivL‡jb| Gi cwie‡Z©
wZwb wb‡jb GK Awfbe iY‡K․kj| wZwb bygvbwkqvi Pvicv‡k
e„ËvKvi `yM© wbg©vY K‡i bygvbwkqv kni‡K Pviw`K †_‡K wN‡i
†dj‡jb Ges evB‡ii `ywbqvi m‡½ bygvbwkqvi †hvMv‡hvM
cy‡ivcywi wew”Qbœ K‡i w`‡jb| ÿzavB †ivgvb‡ì cÖavb A¯¿
wn‡m‡e KvR Kij| GKeQ‡ii GKUz †ewk mgq ci
bygvbwkqv‡bi Lvev‡ii †RvMvb wbt‡kl n‡q G‡jv| bygvbwkqvbiv
hLb eyS‡Z cvij Zv‡ì euvPvi Avi †Kv‡bv Avkv †bB, Zviv
wb‡RivB Zv‡ì Nievwo‡Z Av¸b jvwM‡q w`j Ges †ivgvb
HwZnvwmK‡ì g‡Z, bygvbwkqvb‡ì †ewkifvMB wb‡R‡ì‡K
†ivgvb‡ì `vm nIqv †_‡K euvPv‡Z AvZ¥nZ¨v K‡iwQj|
cieZ©xKv‡j, bygvbwkqv ¯ú¨vwbk‡ì Kv‡Q ¯^vaxbZv Ges
g‡bve‡ji cÖZxK n‡q I‡V| Wb KzB‡·vU Dcb¨v‡mi †jLK
wg¸‡qj wW mvifvb‡Zm Ôbygvbwkqv Ae‡ivaÕ (The Siege of
Numantia) bv‡g GKwU Uª¨v‡RwW †j‡Lb| GB Uª¨v‡RwWi BwZ
N‡U bygvbwkqv bMi aŸs‡mi NUbvi ga¨ w`‡q, wKš‧ Zvi m‡½ hy³
nq †¯ú‡bi D¾¡j fwel¨‡Zi Avkvev`| bygvbwkqvi
¯^vaxbZvKvgx jovKz •mb¨‡ì Rb¨ Kwe iPbv K‡ib weRqMv_v,
bygvbwkqv Ae‡iv‡ai wPÎ wkíxi Zzwji AuvP‡o ivRKxq gwngvq
dz‡U I‡V K¨vbfv‡m| 1882 mv‡j bygvbwkqvi aŸsmve‡kl‡K
RvZxq ¯§„wZ¯Í‡¤¢i gh©v`v †Ìqv nq Ges Zv n‡q I‡V †`k‡cÖwgK
¯ú¨vwbk‡ì Rb¨ GK Zx_©‡ÿÎ| 1950 I 1960-Gi `k‡Ki
weL¨vZ ¯ú¨vwbk KwgK¸‡jvi g~j PwiÎ mycvig¨vb ev
¯úvBWvig¨vb wQj bv, wQj Gj nvev‡Zv (El Jabato), GK
KvíwbK AvB‡ewiqvb, whwb †ivgvb‡ì `gbcxo‡bi weiæ‡×
293
mvnwmKZvi m‡½ hy× K‡iwQ‡jb| †mKv‡ji bygvbwkqvbiv AvR
†¯ú‡bi exiZ¡ Avi †`k‡cÖ‡gi cÖZxK Avi ZiæY ¯ú¨vwbk‡ì
AbyKiYxq Av`‡k©i bvg|
GZ wKQzi c‡iI, †¯ú‡bi gvbylRb ¯ú¨vwbk fvlv‡ZB
bygvbwkqvb‡ì D”Q¡wmZ cÖksmv K‡i| GwU GKUv †ivgvb fvlv
Ges GB fvlvi DrcwË n‡q‡Q mgibvqK wmwcI-Gi j¨vwUb
fvlv †_‡K| bygvbwkqvbiv wb‡Riv K_v ejZ GKai‡bi †mwëK
fvlvq, hv AvR wejyß I g„Z| mvifvb‡Zm Zvi Ôbygvbwkqv
Ae‡ivaÕ Uª¨v‡RwW wj‡L‡Qb j¨vwUb wjwc‡Z Ges bvUKwU‡Z wMÖm
I †iv‡gi wkífvlvi Qvc ¯úó| bygvbwkqvq †Kv‡bv bvU¨kvjv
wQj bv| bygvbwkqvb‡ì exi‡Z¡ gy» ¯ú¨vwbk †`k‡cÖwgKivI
†ivgvb K¨v_wjK Pv‡P©i AÜ Abymvix| †Lqvj Kivi welq n‡jv,
Ô†ivgvb K¨v_wjK PvP©Õ ej‡Z Ggb K¨v_wjK PvP© †evSv‡bv n‡”Q,
hvi †bZviv GL‡bv †iv‡gB _v‡Kb Ges hv‡ì Ckî Pvb Zuv‡K
j¨vwUb bv‡g WvKv †nvK| GKBfv‡e, AvaywbK †¯ú‡bi
AvBbKvbyb D™¢‚Z n‡q‡Q †ivgvb‡ì AvBbKvbyb †_‡K, ¯ú¨vwbk
ivRbxwZi wfwË n‡jv †ivgvb ivRbxwZ, Zv‡ì Lvevi`vevi I
¯ vcZ¨we`¨v hZUv bv AvB‡ewiqvq †më‡ì Kv‡Q FYx, Zvi †P‡q
A‡bK †ewk FYx †ivgvb mvgªv‡Rï Kv‡Q| bygvbwkqvi
aŸsmve‡kl Qvov Avi wKQzB AvR Avi Aewkó †bB| GgbwK
bygvbwkqvb‡ì GB BwZnvmUzKzI Rvbv †M‡Q †ivgvb
HwZnvwmK‡ì †jLv †_‡KB| ¯^vfvweKfv‡eB, GB BwZnvm †jLv
n‡q‡Q †ivgvb cvVK‡ì iæwPi Rb¨ Dc‡hvMx K‡i Ges G‡Z
bygvbwkqvb‡ì Kvwnwb‡Z is Pwo‡q Zv‡ì ¯^vaxbZvKvgx ee©i
wn‡m‡e Dc¯ vcb Kiv n‡q‡Q| bygvbwkqvb‡ì m‡½ †iv‡gi weRq
GZUvB me©MÖvmx wQj †h, Zviv civwRZ kw³i BwZnvmI wb‡Ri
g‡Zv K‡i •Zwi K‡i wb‡Z †c‡i‡Q|
G ai‡bi Mí cvVKwcÖqZv cvq bv| Avgiv mvaviYZ `ye©‡ji
Rq †`L‡Z cQ›` Kwi| wKš‧, BwZnvm b¨vqwePv‡ii avi av‡i bv|
AZx‡Zi AwaKvsk ms¯‥…wZB KL‡bv-bv-KL‡bv †Kv‡bv-bv-†Kv‡bv
wb`©q mvgªv‡Rï wkKv‡i cwiYZ n‡q‡Q Ges nvwi‡q †M‡Q
294
we¯§„wZi AZj MnŸ‡i| mvgªv‡Rï wb‡Ri cZbI Aek¨¤¢vex wKš‧
GKwU mvgªvR¨ Zvi Aw¯Í‡Z¡i ¯ vqx Qvc †i‡L hvq cieZ©x mg‡qi
Kv‡Q| AvR‡Ki GKwesk kZ‡Ki cÖvq me gvbyl †Kv‡bv bv
†Kv‡bv mvgªv‡Rï DËim~wi|
Kv‡K e‡j mvgªvR¨?

mvgªvR¨ n‡jv Ggb GKwU ivR‣bwZK KvVv‡gv, hvi `y‡Uv ¸iæZ¡c~Y©
•ewkó¨ we`¨gvb| cÖ_gZ, mvgªv‡Rï †LZve cvIqvi Rb¨
Avcbv‡K Ggb wKQz gvbyl‡K kvmb Ki‡Z n‡e, hv‡ì mvs¯‥…wZK
I †f․‡MvwjK cwiPq Avjv`v| cÖkœ n‡Z cv‡i, GiKg KZ
ai‡bi wfbœ mvs¯‥…wZK I †f․‡MvwjK cwiP‡qi gvbyl kvmb Ki‡j
Zv‡K mvgªvR¨ ejv hv‡e? `yB ev wZb iKg wfbœZv mvgªv‡Rï Rb¨
h‡_ó bq| Avevi 20 ev 30 ai‡bi wfbœZv cÖ‡qvR‡bi
AwZwi³| mvgªv‡Rï †f․‡MvwjK I mvs¯‥…wZK wfbœZvi cwigvY
nIqv DwPZ GB `yB‡qi gvSvgvwS †Kv‡bv msL¨v|
wØZxqZ, mvgªv‡Rï †f․‡MvwjK mxgvbv wbw`©ó bq Ges Zv hZ
Lywk we¯Í…Z n‡Z cv‡i| GKwU mvgªvR¨ bZzb bZzb RvwZ Ges
ivR¨‡K Zv‡ì Aax‡b Avb‡Z cv‡i wb‡Ri g~j KvVv‡gv ev
RvwZmËvi cwieZ©b bv NwU‡qB| AvR‡Ki weªwUk iv‡Rï
†f․‡MvwjK mxgvbvUv wbw`©ó| GB †f․‡MvwjK mxgvbvUv GZUzKz
evov‡Z PvB‡jI †mUv weªwUk ivóªKvVv‡gv ev RvwZmËvi †Kv‡bv
†g․wjK cwieZ©b Qvov m¤¢e n‡e bv| A_P, 100 eQi Av‡MI
c„w_exi †h-†Kv‡bv ¯ vbB weªwUk mvgªv‡Rï As‡k cwiYZ n‡Z
cviZ|
mvs¯‥…wZK •ewPÎ¨ I †f․‡MvwjK mxgv‡iLvi bgbxqZv
mvgªvR¨‡K ïay GKUv bZzb Avw½K †`q Zv bq, eis G `ywU
•ewkó¨B BwZnv‡m mvgªv‡Rï g~j f‚wgKv wbw`©ó K‡i †`q| GB
`y‡Uv •ewk‡óï Kvi‡Y mvgªvR¨ wewfbœ RvwZ-eY©-AvenvIqv-
Rjevqyi gvbyl‡K GKB ivR‣bwZK QvZvi wb‡P Avb‡Z cv‡i
295
Ges c„w_exi e„nr †_‡K e„nËi Rb‡Mvôx‡K µgvMZ GKÎ Kivi
cÖwµqvi m~Pbv K‡i|
GLv‡b †h e¨vcviUv ¸iæ‡Z¡i m‡½ ejv ìKvi Zv n‡jv,
GKwU mvgªv‡Rï cwiPq †Kej Zvi mvs¯‥…wZK •ewPÎ¨ Ges
bgbxq †f․‡MvwjK mxgvbv ØvivB wba©vwiZ n‡q _v‡K| DrcwË¯ j,
kvmbKvVv‡gv, †f․‡MvwjK we¯Í…wZ ev RbmsL¨v mvgªv‡Rï cwiPq
wba©viY K‡i bv| GKUv mvgªv‡Rï Afz¨`‡qi Rb¨ mvgwiK
AwfhvbI Acwinvh© bq| A¨v‡_Ý mvgªv‡Rï m~Pbv n‡qwQj GKwU
†¯^”Qv‡meK `j wn‡m‡e, n¨vemevM© mvgªv‡Rï DrcwË n‡qwQj
•eevwnK m¤úK© †_‡K, we‡qi gva¨‡g A‡bK¸‡jv cwievi‡K
†Rvov w`‡qB •Zwi n‡qwQj GB mvgªv‡Rï wfZ| mvgªv‡Rï Rb¨
GKRb mgªv‡Ui kvmb _vKviI evaëvaKZv †bB| G ch©šÍ
gvby‡li BwZnv‡mi me‡P‡q e‡ov mvgªvR¨ weªwUk mvgªv‡Rï
kvmbc×wZ wQj MYZvwš¿K| Ab¨vb¨ MYZvwš¿K (ev wb‡`bc‡ÿ
cÖRvZvwš¿K) mvgªvR¨¸‡jvi g‡a¨ Av‡Q AvaywbK Ij›`vR, d«vÝ,
†ejwRqvg I Av‡gwiKvi mvgªvR¨ Ges cÖvK&-AvaywbK hy‡Mi
bf‡Mvi¨vW, †ivg, Kv‡_©R I A¨v‡_Ý|
mvgªv‡Rï Rb¨ AvqZb ev RbmsL¨vI †Zgb †Kv‡bv Riæwi
welq bq| Lye †Qv‡Uv AvqZ‡bi mvgªv‡Rï Aw¯ÍZ¡I BwZnv‡m
†`L‡Z cvIqv hvq| A¨v‡_Ý mvgªv‡Rï ¯^Y©hy‡M AvqZb I
RbmsL¨vq A¨v‡_Ý wQj AvR‡Ki wMÖ‡mi Zzjbvq A‡bK †Qv‡Uv|
AvR‡Ki w`‡bi †gw·‡Kvi †_‡K A¨vR‡UK mvgªv‡Rï AvqZb wQj
A‡bK Kg| Zv m‡Ë¡I A¨v‡_Ý I A¨vR‡UK wQj mvgªvR¨, wKš‧
AvR‡Ki wMÖm ev †gw·‡Kv mvgªvR¨ bq| KviY, A¨v‡_Ý I
A¨vR‡UK kvmb KiZ K‡qK WRb †_‡K ïiæ K‡i K‡qK k wfbœ
ivR‣bwZK KvVv‡gv‡K, GKv‡ji wMÖm ev †gw·‡Kv †hUv K‡i bv|
A¨v‡_Ý KZ©…Z¡ ¯ vcb K‡iwQj 100-GiI †ewk ¯^vaxb bMiiv‡óªi
Ici, Ab¨w`‡K A¨vR‡UK, Zvi LvRbvi `wjj Abyhvqx, kvmb
K‡iwQj 371wU wfbœ †Mv‡Îi gvbyl‡K|1
GZ me wfbœ †MvÎ, `j Ges mvs¯‥…wZK cwiP‡qi gvbyl‡K Kx
K‡i GKv‡j GKwU AvaywbK iv‡óªi mxgvbvi †fZi Avbv m¤¢e
296
n‡jv? GUv m¤¢e n‡q‡Q KviY AZxZKv‡j c„w_ex‡Z †h wfbœ wfbœ
mvs¯‥…wZK Ges †f․‡MvwjK cwiP‡qi gvby‡li emevm wQj, Zv‡ì
cÖ‡Z¨‡Ki `‡ji m`m¨msL¨v wQj Aí Ges Zv‡ì AwaK…Z f‚wgi
cwigvYI wQj AvR‡Ki w`‡bi gvby‡li Zzjbvq Kg| f‚ga¨mvMi
Ges RW©vb b`xi gaëZ©x †h f‚wg wb‡q AvR g~jZ `yRb gvby‡li
AnsKv‡ii jovB Pj‡Q, †m mgq GB f‚wg‡ZB VuvB n‡Zv K‡qK
WRb RvwZ, †MvÎ, †Qv‡Uv ivR¨ I bMi iv‡óªi|
gvby‡li mvs¯‥…wZK •ewPÎ¨ AvKw¯§Kfv‡e n«vm cvIqvi GKUv
cÖavb KviY mvgªv‡Rï DÌvb| mvgªvRëv`x kvm‡bi w÷g‡ivjvi
gvby‡li bvbv iKg ¯^Zš¿ •ewk‡ó¨‡K wc‡l †d‡j mevB‡K M‡o
†Zvjvi †Póv K‡i‡Q mvgªvRëv`x ixwZbxwZi Quv‡P (D`vniY¯îƒc
bygvbwkqvb‡ì K_v ¯§iY Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i) Ges •Zwi K‡i‡Q
A‡bK e‡ov AvKv‡ii gvbemsMVb|
mvgªvR¨ wK Z‡e kqZvb?

AvaywbKKv‡j ivRbxwZ‡Z †bwZevPK kã¸wji g‡a¨
cÖwZwµqvkxjZv ev d¨vwmR‡gi ciB mvgªvRëv`‡K ¯ vb †Ìqv
nq| mgv‡jvP‡Kiv mvgªvRëv‡ì †hme †bwZevPK w`‡Ki K_v
e‡jb †m¸‡jv‡K †gvUvgywU `y‡Uv †kÖwY‡Z fvM Kiv hvqÑ
cÖ_gZ, mvgªvRëv` GKwU AKvh©Ki cÖwµqv| mvgªvRëv`x
cÖwµqvq Rq Kiv wecyj Rb‡Mvôx‡K `xN© †gqv‡` myôzfv‡e kvmb
Kiv m¤¢eci nq bv|
wØZxqZ, hw` †mUv †Kv‡bvfv‡e m¤¢eI nq, Zvi ciI
mvgªvRëv`‡K eR©b Kiv DwPZ| KviY, mvgªvRëv` n‡jv aŸsm Avi
†kvl‡Yi nvwZqvi| cÖwZwU Rb‡Mvôxi wb‡R‡ì m¤^‡Ü wm×všÍ
†bIqvi AwaKvi Av‡Q Ges Zv‡ì‡K †Kv‡bvfv‡eB A‡bï kvm‡bi
ek¨Zv ¯^xKv‡i eva¨ Kiv DwPZ bq|
HwZnvwmK `„wó‡KvY †_‡K wePvi Ki‡j, cÖ_g `vwewU
G‡Kev‡iB APj Ges wØZxqwU bvbvwea Ø‡›Ø cwic~Y©|
ev¯ÍeZv n‡jv, MZ AvovB nvRvi eQi a‡i `ywbqv Ry‡o mvgªvR¨
wQj me‡P‡q †ewk cÖPwjZ ivR‣bwZK msMVb| GB AvovB nvRvi
297
eQi a‡i c„w_exi AwaKvsk gvbyl †Kv‡bv bv †Kv‡bv mvgªv‡Rï
Aax‡b emevm K‡i‡Q| mvgªv‡Rï miKvieë¯ vi w¯ wZkxjZvi
e¨vcviwUI cÖkœvZxZ| †ewkifvM mvgªvR¨B Lye mn‡R Zvi
we‡`ªvnx‡ì‡K `gb Ki‡Z †c‡i‡Q| †gvUv `v‡M ej‡Z †M‡j,
†ewkifvM mvgªv‡Rï cZb N‡U‡Q cÖavbZ ewntkÎæi Avµg‡Y
A_ev Zviv wef³ n‡q‡Q kvmK‡ì gZwe‡iv‡ai Kvi‡Y|
Ab¨w`‡K, mvgªv‡Rï wewRZ RbMY mvgªvRëv`x kvmK‡ì KvQ
†_‡K Zv‡ì ¯^vaxbZv cybiæ×vi Ki‡Z mÿg n‡q‡Q Ggb bwRi
†Zgb GKUv †Pv‡L c‡o bv| †ewkifvM †ÿ‡ÎB Zviv kZ kZ eQi
a‡i mvgªvRëv`x kvmK‡ì Øviv kvwmZ n‡q‡Q| Kvjµ‡g, Zviv
n‡q c‡o‡Q weRqx mvgªv‡Rï Ask, ax‡i ax‡i gy‡Q †M‡Q Zv‡ì
¯^Zš¿ ms¯‥…wZ Avi cwiPq|
GKUv D`vniY †Ìqv hvK| 476 wLªóv‡ã †ivgvb mvgªv‡Rï
cZb nq wKQz Rvg©vwbK †Mvôxi (Germanic tribes) nv‡Z| wKš‧ G
K_v fve‡j fzj n‡e †h, Gici bygvbwkqv, Avifviwb wKsev
n¨vj‡fwkqvb‡ì g‡Zv Aaxb¯  †Mvôx¸‡jv †ivgvb mvgªv‡Rï
aŸsm¯Íc‚ †_‡K gv_v DuPz K‡i ùvwo‡qwQj| Ggb Mí nq‡Zv cyiv‡Y
cvIqv hvq| †hgb, BDbym bwe (Jonah) A‡bKUv mgq gv‡Qi †c‡U
_vKvi ciI AÿZ Ae¯ vq gv‡Qi †cU dzu‡o †ewi‡q Avm‡Z
†c‡iwQ‡jb| wKš‧ ev¯Í‡e Ggb bwRi †`Lv hvq bv| ¯^vfvweKfv‡eB
†ivgvb Aaxb¯  †Mvôx¸‡jvi †Kv‡bvUvB Avi wUK‡Z cv‡iwb| Zv‡ì
cieZ©x eskai‡ì g‡a¨ hviv hviv wb‡R‡ì‡K Zv‡ì mvgªvR¨
c~e©eZ©x †MvÎ ev `‡ji m`m¨ e‡j cwiPq w`Z, K_v ejZ Zv‡ì
wb‡R‡ì fvlvq, Dcvmbv KiZ Zv‡ì wbR¯^ †è‡èx‡K Ges
cÖPvi KiZ wb‡R‡ì †Mv‡Îi exiZ¡Mv_v, AvR Zv‡ì wPšÍv, fvlv,
Avivabv meB †ivgvb‡ì g‡Zv, hwÌ †ivgvb mvgªv‡Rï wejywß
N‡U‡Q A‡bKKvj Av‡MB|
A‡bK †ÿ‡ÎB, mvgªv‡Rï wejywß Avi mvgªv‡Rï Aaxb
gvbyl¸‡jvi ¯^vaxbZvÑ e¨vcvi `y‡Uv mgv_©K wQj bv| eis, GKUv
mvgªv‡Rï cZ‡bi ciciB k~b¨¯ vb c~iY Kivi Rb¨ †mLv‡b
Av‡iKwU mvgªv‡Rï DÌvb NUZ| ga¨cÖv‡Pï †ÿ‡Î GB e¨vcviUv
me‡P‡q ¯úófv‡e jÿ Kiv hvq| GLvbKvi eZ©gvb ivR‣bwZK
298
ejq KZ¸‡jv c„_K ivR‣bwZK †Mvôxi ÿgZvi fvimvg¨ Øviv
wbwg©Z, hv‡ì cÖ‡Z¨‡Ki ¯ vqx ev A¯ vqx †f․‡MvwjK mxgvbv
Av‡Q| ga¨cÖv‡Pï GiKg ivR‣bwZK Ae¯ v weMZ K‡qKwU
mnmªv‡ã †`Lv hvqwb| †kl †hevi ga¨cÖvP¨ GiKg ivR‣bwZK
Ae¯ vi gy‡LvgywL n‡qwQj †mUv wQj 800 wLªóc~e©v‡ã, cÖvq 3
nvRvi eQi Av‡M! wLªóc~e© Aóg kZ‡K wbI-A¨vwmwiqvb
mvgªv‡Rï DÌv‡bi ci †_‡K wek kZ‡Ki ga¨fv‡M weª‡Ub I
d«vÝ mvgªv‡Rï cZb ch©šÍ mgqUv‡Z ga¨cÖvP¨‡K wi‡j †i‡mi
Qwoi g‡Zv GK mvgªvR¨ †_‡K Av‡iK mvgªv‡Rï Aax‡b †h‡Z
n‡q‡Q| weª‡Ub I d«vÝ mvgªvR¨ Zv‡ì kvm‡bi QwoUv hLb †Q‡o
w`j, ZZw`‡b Zv‡ì c~e©eZ©x ¯^vaxb RvwZ Avivgvbm
(Aramaeans), A¨v‡gvbvBUm (Ammonites), wdwbwkqvbm
(Phoenicians), wdwjw¯Íb (Philistines), gvevBU (Moabites)
Gm‡ei ¯^vaxb Aw¯ÍZ¡ Avi †bB| A‡bK Kvj Av‡MB Zviv nvwi‡q
†M‡Q Kv‡ji AZj MnŸ‡i|
G K_v mZ¨, AvR‡Ki w`‡bi Bûw`, Av‡g©wbqvb I RwR©qvbiv
wKQz b¨vqmsMZ hyw³i mvnv‡h¨ `vwe K‡ib, Zviv cÖvPxb ga¨
Gwkqvq emevmKvix gvbylR‡bi eskai| G‡ì `vweUzKz wbtm½
e¨wZµg nIqvi Kvi‡Y Zv mvgªv‡Rï cÖfv‡e wewfbœ †Mvôxi c„_K
mvs¯‥…wZK cwiPq Aejywßi `vwewU †Rviv‡jv K‡i †Zv‡j| A‡bK
†ÿ‡Î Bûw`, Av‡g©wbqvb I RwR©qvb‡ì `vwe‡K AwZiwÄZI g‡b
nq| KviY G K_v ¯úó †h, eZ©gvbKv‡ji Bûw`‡ì ivR‣bwZK,
A_©‣bwZK I mvgvwRK wPšÍv‡PZbv MZ `yB mnmªvã a‡i Zv‡ì‡K
AwaKvi Kiv mvgªvR¨ Øviv hZUzKz cÖfvweZ, Bûw`‡ì cÖvPxb ivR¨
whûw`qvi (Judaea) ixwZbxwZ Øviv ZZUzKz cÖfvweZ bq| hw`
BmivB‡ji wØZxq ivRv †WwfW AvR †Kv‡bv †Nvi iÿYkxj Bûw`
Dcvmbvj‡qI Dcw¯ Z nb, wZwb AevK n‡q jÿ Ki‡eb †mLvbKvi
†jvKR‡bi ci‡b c~e© BD‡ivcxq †cvkvK, Zviv K_v ej‡Q Rvg©vwbi
GKwU AvÂwjK fvlvq (Yiddish) Ges NÈvi ci NÈv a‡i Zviv
GKwU e¨vewjbxq ag©MÖ‡š i (The Talmud) cv‡Vv×vi wb‡q
evM&weZÐv Pvwj‡q hv‡”Q|
299
mvaviYZ GKwU mvgªv‡Rï cÖwZôv I cwiPvjbvi Rb¨
wecyjmsL¨K gvbyl nZ¨v Ges wewRZ‡ì Ici wbg©g wbh©vZ‡bi
ìKvi c‡o| GKwU mvgªvR¨ MV‡bi Rb¨ cÖPwjZ DcKiY¸wj
n‡jvÑ hy×, `vmcÖ_v, wbe©vmb Ges MYnZ¨v| 83 wLªóv‡ã
†ivgvbiv hLb ¯‥Uj¨vÛ AvµgY K‡i, ZLb Zviv ¯ vbxq
K¨v‡j‡Wvwbqvb †Mv‡Îi (Caledonian) KvQ †_‡K Zxeª
cÖwZ‡iv‡ai m¤§yLxb nq Ges d‡j †ivgvbiv cy‡iv †`kUv‡K
k¥kv‡b cwiYZ K‡i| †ivgvb‡ì kvwšÍcÖ¯Ív‡e K¨v‡j‡Wvwbqvb
†bZv K¨vjMvKvm (Calgacus) †ivgvb‡ì Ô`ywbqvi †miv mš¿vmxÕ
AvL¨v †`b Ges e‡jb, ÔjyÉb, MYnZ¨v Avi WvKvwZ‡K Zviv
mvgªvR¨cÖwZôv bv‡g AwfwnZ K‡i Avi GKwU Rbc`‡K k¥kv‡b
cwiYZ Kivi bvg †`q ÒkvwšÍ¯ vcbÓ|Õ2
Gm‡ei gv‡b GB bq †h, mvgªv‡Rï DÌvb gvby‡li Rb¨
wKQzB †i‡L †h‡Z cv‡iwb| mvgªvR¨‡K BwZnv‡mi Kv‡jv Aa¨vq
wn‡m‡e wPwýZ K‡i Zvi me DËivwaKvi‡K A¯^xKvi Kiv n‡j
gvbeRvwZi AwaKvsk mvs¯‥…wZK HwZn¨‡KB A¯^xKvi Ki‡Z nq|
mvgªv‡Rï DuPz c‡` _vKv †jvKRb ivR¨ AwaKv‡ii d‡j AwR©Z
gybvdv †Kej mvgwiK evwnbx Ges `yM© wbg©v‡YB e¨q Ki‡Zb bv,
Zvi GKwU As‡ki eivÏ n‡Zv `k©b, wkí, AvBb I †mevg~jK
Kv‡R| gvby‡li mvs¯‥…wZK AMÖMwZi GKwU e‡ov Ask Zv‡ì
Aw¯Í‡Z¡i Rb¨ wewRZ RbM‡Yi †kvl‡Yi d‡j cvIqv m¤ú‡ì
Kv‡Q FYx| †ivgvb mvgªv‡Rï AMÖMwZ I AwR©Z gybvdvB wbwðZ
K‡iwQj wm‡m‡iv (Cicero), †m‡bKv (Seneca) Ges †mB›U
AMvw÷‡bi (St Augustine) g‡Zv gvbyl‡ì wPšÍvfvebv Ges
†jLv‡jwLi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq Aemi I Avbylw½K my‡hvM myweav|
†gvMj‡ì fviZ jyV K‡i Rgv‡bv UvKvKwo Qvov ZvRgnj wbg©vY
m¤¢e n‡Zv bv| n¨vemevM© mvgªvR¨ ¯ø¨vwfK, nv‡½wiqvb I Ab¨vb¨
†ivgvb fvlvfvlx AÂj kvmb K‡i †h gybvdv †cZ, †mLvb
†_‡KB †Ìqv n‡Zv myiKvi †nB‡Wb (Haydn)-Gi cvwikÖwgK
Ges msMxZ¸iæ †gvRv‡Ui© fvZv| †Kv‡bv K¨v‡j‡Wvwbqvb †jLK
K¨vjMvKvm (Calgacus)-Gi e³…Zv‡K cieZ©x cÖR‡b¥i Rb¨
300
wjwce× K‡i hvbwb| K¨vjM¨vKv‡mi e³…Zvi e¨vcv‡i Avgiv
Rvb‡Z cvwi †ivgvb HwZnvwmK U¨vwmUv‡mi (Tacitus) eqvb
†_‡K Ges m¤¢eZ, e³…ZvwU U¨vwmUv‡mi wb‡RiB evbv‡bv|
†ewkifvM HwZnvwmK B`vbxs G e¨vcv‡i GKgZ nb †h,
U¨vwmUvm †Kej K¨vjM¨vKv‡mi e³…ZvwUB evbvbwb, mgibvqK
K¨vjMvKv‡mi PwiÎwUB Zuvi KíbvcÖm~Z| wZwb K¨vjMvKvm
PwiÎwU •Zwi K‡iwQ‡jb wb‡Ri †`k m¤ú‡K© Zuvi wb‡Ri Ges DuPz
†kÖwYi †ivgvb‡ì †h aviYv, †mwU Zvi gyL w`‡q ewj‡q †bIqvi
Rb¨|
GgbwK hw` Avgiv abx‡ì ms¯‥…wZ Ges D”Pgv‡M©i wkíKjv
†_‡K †PvL wdwi‡q mvaviY gvby‡li Rxe‡bi w`‡KI ZvKvB,
†ewkifvM †ÿ‡ÎB AvaywbKKv‡ji gvby‡li Rxebhvcb I
ms¯‥…wZi g‡a¨ cvIqv hv‡e mvgªv‡Rï cÖfve| AvR‡Ki w`‡b
Avgiv cÖvq mevB K_v ewj bvbv mvgªv‡Rï g~j fvlvq, †hme
fvlv Avgv‡ì c~e©cyiæl‡ì Ici †cwkkw³i cÖfv‡e †Rvi K‡i
Pvwc‡q †Ìqv n‡qwQj| c~e© Gwkqvi †ewkifvM gvbyl n¨vb
(Han) mvgªv‡Rï fvlvq K_v e‡j, ¯^cœ †`‡L| eskcwiPq hv-B
†nvK, Avjv¯‥vi e¨v‡iv DcØxc †_‡K ïiæ K‡i g¨v‡Mjvb cÖYvwj
ch©šÍ, Av‡gwiKvi `yB gnv‡`‡ki mevB ¯ú¨vwbk, cZzw© MR, divwm
I Bs‡iwRÑ GB PviwU mvgªvR¨fvlvi †Kv‡bv GKwU eënvi K‡i|
AvR‡Ki wgk‡ii Awaevmxiv Aviwe fvlvq K_v e‡j, wb‡R‡ì
Avie fve‡Z Ges Avie mvgªv‡Rï Awe‡”Q`¨ Ask wn‡m‡e
cwiPq w`‡Z cQ›` K‡i| A_P GB AvieivB mßg `k‡K wgki
`Lj K‡iwQj Ges Zv‡ì AvB‡bi cwicwš  †h-†Kv‡bv wgkixq
we‡`ªvn‡K k³ nv‡Z `gb K‡iwQj| `wÿY Avwd«Kvi Ryjy †Mv‡Îi
cÖvq 1 †KvwU gvbyl AvRI Zv‡ì Dwbk kZ‡Ki †M․iegq w`‡bi
¯§„wZPviYv K‡i, A_P Zv‡ì AwaKvskB †mB me gvby‡li
eskai, hviv Ryjy mvgªvR¨we¯Ívi iæL‡Z GKw`b cÖvYc‡Y jovB
K‡iwQj|
301
hv-wKQz n‡”Q, fv‡jvi Rb¨B n‡”Q
cÖ_g †h mvgªv‡Rï e¨vcv‡i wbwðZfv‡e Rvbv hvq, Zv n‡jv mgªvU
mviM‡bi Av°vw`qvb mvgªvR¨ (mgqKvj wLªóc~e© 2250 Aã)|
mviMb †g‡mvc‡Uwgqvi GKwU †QvÆ bMiivóª wKk (Kish)-Gi
ivRv wn‡m‡e Zuvi †ckvMZ Rxeb ïiæ K‡ib| K‡qK `k‡Ki
g‡a¨ wZwb †g‡mvc‡Uwgqvi Ab¨vb¨ bMiivóª Ges †g‡mvc‡Uwgqvi
evB‡ii A‡bK e‡ov f‚LÐ Rq K‡ib| mviMb Me©f‡i ej‡Zb,
wZwb mgMÖ c„w_ex Rq K‡i‡Qb| cÖK…Zc‡ÿ Zuvi ivRZ¡ wQj
cvim¨ DcmvMi †_‡K f‚ga¨mvMi ch©šÍ we¯Í…Z A_©vr AvR‡Ki
BivK I wmwiqvi †ewkifvM Ask Ges Bivb I Zzi‡¯‥i mvgvb¨
wKQz Ask Ry‡o wQj Zvi mvgªv‡Rï we¯Ívi|
mviM‡bi g„Zzï ci Av°vw`qvb mvgªvR¨ Avi †ewkw`b ¯ vqx
nqwb| wKš‧, mviMb †i‡L †M‡Qb Ggb wKQz mvgªvRëv`x
`xcwkLv, hv i‡q †M‡Q Avcb gwngvq fv¯î| cieZ©x 1 nvRvi
700 eQi Ry‡o A¨vwmwiqvb, e¨vwejwbqvb I wnwÆ ivRv‡ì Rb¨
mviMY wQ‡jb AbyKiYxq Av`k©| ZuvivI Me©f‡i ej‡Zb, Zviv
mgMÖ c„w_ex Rq K‡i‡Qb| Gici, wLªóc~e© 550 A‡ã, cvi‡mï
mvBivm w` †MÖU-Gi †P‡qI e‡ov `‡¤¢vw³ wb‡q nvwRi n‡jb
BwZnv‡mi g‡Â|
A¨vwmwiqvi ivRv wKš‧ me mgq wb‡R‡K A¨vwmwiqvi ivRvB
g‡b Ki‡Zb| GgbwK hLb wZwb wb‡R‡K cy‡iv c„w_exi kvmK
`vwe K‡ib, ZL‡bv GKUv e¨vcvi mevi Kv‡Q ¯úó wQj †h, Gme
wKQzB Kiv n‡”Q A¨vwmwiqvi †M․ie e„w×i Rb¨ Ges †m Kvi‡Y
ivR¨ `Lj Kiv, Rq Kiv Gme wb‡q A¨vwmixq‡ì g‡a¨ †Kv‡bv
Aby‡kvPbv wQj bv| Ab¨w`‡K mvBivm cy‡iv c„w_ex kvmb Kivi
`vwe K‡iB ÿvšÍ n‡jb bv, eis wewRZ‡ì wZwb ej‡jb, G
mewKQzB wZwb Ki‡Qb me gvby‡li Rb¨| cviwmqvbiv ejj,
ÔAvgiv †Zvgv‡ì Kj¨v‡Yi Rb¨B †Zvgv‡ì‡K AwaKvi KiwQ|Õ
302
g¨vc 4| Av°vw`qvb I cvim¨ mvgªvR¨
mvBivm PvB‡Zb, wewRZ †jv‡Kiv Zuv‡K fv‡jvevmyK Ges

cviwmqvb mvgªv‡Rï Ask nIqvi Rb¨ Zviv wb‡R‡ì
†m․fvMëvb g‡b KiæK| civwRZ iv‡Rï gvbyl‡ì Aby‡gv`b
cvIqvi Rb¨ mvBiv‡mi m„wókxj D‡`¨v‡Mi g‡a¨ me‡P‡q weL¨vZ
n‡jv Zuvi GKwU Av‡`k| GB Av‡`‡k wZwb e‡jb, wbe©vwmZ
Bûwìv PvB‡j Zv‡ì gvZ…f‚wg‡Z wd‡i G‡m †mLv‡b Zv‡ì
Dcvmbvjq wbg©vY Ki‡Z cvi‡e| GgbwK wZwb wbe©vwmZ‡ì
A_©‣bwZK mn‡hvwMZviI Avk^vm †`b| mvBivm wb‡R‡K
Bûw`‡ì AwaKvi Kiv GKRb cviwmqvb ivRv wn‡m‡e fv‡ebwb
eis wZwb wb‡R‡K Bûw`‡ì ivRvI fve‡Zb Ges †m Kvi‡Y
Zv‡ì fv‡jvg‡›ì †`Lfvj Kiv‡K wb‡Ri `vwqZ¡ g‡b Ki‡Zb|
c„w_exi mg¯Í gvby‡li Kj¨v‡Yi Rb¨ mg¯Í c„w_ex AwaKvi
Kivi aviYvUv wQj PgKcÖ`| weeZ©b Ab¨ me ¯Íb¨cvqx cÖvYx‡ì
g‡Zv gvbyl‡KI †R‡bv‡dvweK (Xenophobic, hviv Ab¨ †`‡ki
gvbylRb‡K AcQ›` K‡i ev fq cvq) wn‡m‡e M‡o Zz‡j‡Q|
†mwc‡qÝ Zvi mnRvZ •RweK cÖew„ Ë †_‡KB mgMÖ gvbeRvwZ‡K
303
me mgq `ywU fv‡M fvM K‡iÑ ÔAvgivÕ I ÔZvivÕ| ÔAvgivÕ n‡jv
Avcbvi Ges Avgvi g‡Zv †jvKRb hviv GKB fvlvq K_v e‡j
Ges GKB ag© I ixwZbxwZ AbymiY K‡i| ÔAvgivÕ G‡K Ac‡ii
fv‡jvg‡›ì fvM wb‡Z ivwR, wKš‧ ÔZv‡ìÕ fv‡jvg‡›ì fvM
wb‡Z ivwR bB| ÔAvgivÕ me mgqB ÔZv‡ìÕ †_‡K Avjv`v wQjvg
Ges ÔZv‡ìÕ Kv‡Q ÔAvgv‡ìÕ †Kv‡bv FY ev ÔZv‡ìÕ cÖwZ
ÔAvgv‡ìÕ †Kv‡bv `vq`vwqZ¡ †bB| ÔAvgivÕ ÔZv‡ìÕ KvD‡K
ÔAvgv‡ìÕ GjvKvq †`L‡Z PvB bv Ges fzjekZ ÔZvivÕ
ÔAvgv‡ìÕ GjvKvq Xz‡K co‡j hv-wKQz NU‡e †mme wb‡q
ÔAvgv‡ìÕ GZUzKz gv_ve¨_v †bB| ÔZvivÕ Avm‡j gvby‡li
ch©v‡qB c‡o bv| my`v‡bi ÔwWbKvÕ (Dinka) bvgK Rb‡Mvôxi
fvlvq ÔwWbKvÕ k‡ãi A_© ÔRbMY ev gvbylÕ| myZivs, hviv
ÔwWbKvÕ bq, Zviv gvbylB bq| wWbKv‡ì †Nvi kÎæ n‡jv Ôby‡qiÕ
(Nuer) Rb‡Mvôx| by‡qi‡ì fvlvq Ôby‡qiÕ Kx A_© enb K‡i?
Zv‡ì fvlvq Ôby‡qiÕ k‡ãi A_© ÔAvmj gvbylÕ| my`vb giæf‚wg
†_‡K nvRvi nvRvi wK‡jvwgUvi `~‡i Avjv¯‥v I DËi-c~e©
mvB‡ewiqvi eidXvKv AÂ‡j BDwcK‡ì (Yupik) evm|
BDwcK‡ì fvlvq ÔBDwcKÕ k‡ãi A_© Kx? hv fve‡Qb wVK Zv-
B, Gi A_©I ÔAvmj gvbylÕ!3
mvBiv‡mi mvgªvRëv`x wPšÍvaviv RvwZ ev †MvôxMZ †kÖô‡Z¡i
Ans‡ev‡ai wecix‡Z wM‡q mevB‡K wb‡q Ges mevi Rb¨ fvevi
†Póv K‡i| hwÌ Zvi kvmbeë¯ vq cÖvqB kvmK I kvwm‡Zi
eY©MZ I mvs¯‥…wZK cv_©‡Kï welqwU ¸iæ‡Z¡i m‡½ mvg‡b Avbv
n‡q‡Q, Zv m‡Ë¡I mvBiv‡mi kvmbeë¯ v‡K me ¯ v‡bi, me mg‡qi
gvby‡li †h․_ AskMÖn‡Y M‡o IVv GKwU GKK kvmbeë¯ vi wfwË
wn‡m‡e aiv nq| GB eë¯ v Abyhvqx gvbeRvwZ n‡jv GKwU e„nr
cwieviÑ GLv‡b wcZv-gvZvi cÖvavb¨ †hgb Av‡Q, †Zgwb Av‡Q
mšÍv‡bi Kj¨v‡Yi Rb¨ wcZvgvZvi `vwq‡Z¡i wb‡`©k|
GB bZzb mvgªvRëv`x Av`k© mvBivm Ges cviwmqvb‡ì nvZ
Ny‡i †cu․Qvq mgªvU Av‡jKRvÛv‡ii Kv‡Q, Zvi †_‡K G Av`k©
Qwo‡q c‡o †n‡jbxq ivRv, †ivgvb mgªvU, gymwjg Lwjdv I
304
fviZxq ivResk¸‡jvi Kv‡Q Ges Kvjµ‡g Gi cÖwZdjb †`Lv
hvq †mvwf‡qZ BDwbqb Ges Av‡gwiKvb †cÖwm‡W›U‡ì g‡a¨|
mvgªvRëv‡ì GB civ_©ci iƒc †Kej †h mvgªv‡Rï Aw¯Í‡Z¡i
b¨vh¨Zv Zz‡j a‡i Avi mvgªv‡Rï Aaxb gvby‡li mvgwóK we‡`ªv‡ni
m¤¢vebv Kgvq Zv-B bq, GB a¨vbaviYv ¯^vaxb e¨w³gvbyl‡K
mvgªvR¨-we¯Ív‡ii wecix‡Z cÖwZev` Ki‡ZI wbiærmvwnZ K‡i|
g~jZ ga¨ Av‡gwiKv, Avw›`R ce©ZmsjMœ GjvKv Ges Px‡b
¯^vaxbfv‡e cviwmqvb mvgªvRëv`x Av`‡k©i Abyiƒc Av‡iKwU
mvgªvRëv`x Av`‡k©i Rb¥ nq| Px‡bi HwZnëvnx ivR‣bwZK ZË¡
Abyhvqx, ¯^M© (Tian) c„w_exi mewKQzi cÖK…Z AwaKZ©v| me‡P‡q
†hvM¨ e¨w³ ev cwievi‡K wbe©vPb K‡ib ¯^M© Ges ¯^M©B †mB e¨w³
ev cwievi‡K kvm‡bi AbygwZ †`b| Gici IB e¨w³ ev cwievi
¯^‡M©i Aaxb¯  mewKQzi (Tianxia) AvÁven n‡q me cÖRvi
Kj¨v‡Yi D‡Ï‡k¨ ivR¨ kvmb K‡ib| myZivs, GLv‡bI †`Lv
hv‡”Q ÿgZvi P‚ovšÍ gvwjKvbvi e¨vcviwU •ewk^K| hw` †Kv‡bv
kvmK ¯^‡M©i AbygwZ nvivb, Zvn‡j Zuvi c‡ÿ GKwU kniI
kvmb Kiv m¤¢e bq| hw` †Kv‡bv kvmK ¯^‡M©i GB Aby‡gv`b
eRvq ivL‡Z Pvb, Zvn‡j Zv‡K Aek¨B b¨vqwePvi Ges kvwšÍ-
k„•Ljvi Av`k©‡K wekê¨vcx Qwo‡q w`‡Z n‡e| ¯^‡M©i GB
Aby‡gv`b GKB m‡½ G‡Ki †ewk cÖv_©x‡K †Ìqv n‡e bv, myZivs
GKwU wbw`©ó mg‡q G‡Ki †ewk AvBbmsMZ, myk„•Lj ¯^vaxb
iv‡óªi Aby‡gv`b †ÌqvI m¤¢e bq|
wPb wk ûqvsw` (Qín Shǐ Huángdì), GKxf‚Z Px‡bi cÖ_g
mgªvU, Me©f‡i †NvlYv K‡ib †h, Ôgnvwe‡kî Qq w`‡K hv-wKQz
Av‡Q Zvi mewKQz Pxbv mvgªv‡Rï Aaxb, c„w_exi †h cÖv‡šÍ
gvby‡li cv‡qi GKwU QvcI c‡o‡Q †mLv‡b Ggb †Kv‡bv gvbyl
†bB †h GB mvgªv‡Rï Aaxb bq, mgªv‡Ui gnvbyfeZv GgbwK Mvwf
I †Nvov‡ì Kv‡QI mywew`Z| Ggb †KD †bB †h GB kvm‡bi d‡j
DcK…Z nqwb| mK‡jB mgªv‡Ui kvm‡bi QvqvZ‡j wbivc‡` I
kvwšÍ‡Z Av‡Q|Õ4 Pxbv‡ì ivR‣bwZK BwZnv‡mi g‡Zv Pxbv‡ì
ivR‣bwZK `k©bI mvgªvRëv`x Pxb‡K HK¨ I b¨vqwePv‡ii GK
305
¯^Y©hyM g‡b K‡i| AvaywbK cwðgv `„wófw½ Abyhvqx GKwU
b¨vqcivqY c„w_ex A‡bK¸‡jv c„_K RvwZiv‡óªi mgš^‡q MwVZ
nIqv DwPZ| cÖvPxb •PwbK we‡k^ GB ivR‣bwZK wef³KiY wQj
AÜKvi hy‡Mi wek„•Ljv Ges AwePv‡ii g~Z© cÖZxK| Px‡bi BwZnv‡m
GiKg fvebv-wPšÍvi cÖfve wQj my`~icÖmvix| Px‡b hLbB GKwU
mvgªv‡Rï cZb N‡U‡Q, Zv‡ì weivRgvb ivR‣bwZK fveaviv
Zv‡ì DØy× K‡i‡Q †Qv‡Uv †Qv‡Uv Zz”Q ¯^vaxb ivóª ev miKvi evwb‡q
w_Zz bv n‡Z, Zv‡ì DrmvwnZ K‡i‡Q cybivq GKxf‚Z n‡Z| Ges
†Kv‡bv bv †Kv‡bvfv‡e Zv‡ì GB GKxf‚Z nIqvi cÖqvm me mgq
mdj n‡q‡Q|
hLb ÔZvivÕ ÔAvgv‡ìÕ AšÍf³

z© n‡jv
mvgªvR¨ A‡bK¸‡jv †Qv‡Uv †Qv‡Uv Rb‡Mvôxi c„_K mvs¯‥…wZK
cwiP‡qi Aemvb NwU‡q e„nËi Rb‡Mvôxi AbymiY Kiv Aí wKQz
mvs¯‥…wZK cwiwPwZi D™¢‡ei †cQ‡b cÖavb cÖfveK wn‡m‡e KvR
K‡i‡Q| ivR‣bwZKfv‡e wew”Qbœ A‡bK¸‡jv ¯^vaxb GjvKvi †P‡q
GKwU mvgªv‡R¨ a¨vbaviYv, gvbyl, cY¨ I cÖhyw³ A‡bK `ªæZ
we¯Ívi jvf K‡i‡Q| KL‡bv KL‡bv mvgªvR¨ wb‡RB a¨vbaviYv,
cÖwZôvb, AvBb I ixwZbxwZ cÖmv‡ii `vwqZ¡ wb‡q‡Q| mvgªv‡Rï
kvmK‡ì Rxeb Av‡iv Avqvmmva¨ Kiv G Kv‡Ri GKUv cÖavb
jÿ¨ wQj| cÖ‡Z¨KwU †Qv‡Uv †Qv‡Uv GjvKvi hw` wb‡R‡ì AvBb,
wb‡R‡ì wjLbc×wZ, wbR¯^ fvlv Ges wbR¯^ gy`ªveë¯ v _v‡K,
Zvn‡j mvgªv‡Rï kvmK‡ì c‡ÿ me¸‡jv GjvKv kvmb Kiv
mwZ¨B KwVb| myZivs, wewfbœ GjvKvi GZme wfbœZv‡K GKwU
wbw`©ó wbq‡gi AvIZvq Avbv mvgªv‡Rï Rb¨ Acwinvh© wQj|
mvgªvR¨¸‡jv †Kb mevi Rb¨ GKwU mvaviY AvPiYwewa ev
ms¯‥…wZi we¯Ívi K‡iwQj Zvi wØZxq KviYwU n‡Z cv‡iÑ
me©Rbxb MÖnY‡hvM¨Zv AR©‡bi cÖqvm| AšÍZ mvBivm Ges wPb
wk ûqvswì mgq †_‡K, mvgªvR¨¸‡jv RbMY‡K GUv †evSv‡Z
mÿg n‡q‡Q †h, iv¯Ív evbv‡bv ev MYnZ¨v hv-B Kiv †nvK bv
306
†Kb, Zv mevi fv‡jvi Rb¨B Kiv n‡”Q; GKwU DbœZ ms¯‥…wZi
we¯Ív‡ii Rb¨ Gme Riæwi Ges Zv‡Z jvf hZ bv mvgªv‡Rï
kvmK‡ì, Zvi †P‡q †Xi jvf wewRZ‡ì|
†Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv mgq GB jvf ¯úófv‡e †`Lv †hZ, †hgbÑ
AvB‡bi h_vh_ cÖ‡qvM, bMi cwiKíbv, IRb Ges cwigv‡ci
gvcKvwV wbw`©ó Kiv| Avevi KL‡bv KL‡bv GB jvf wQj cÖkœwe×,
†hgbÑ Ki cÖ`vb, †mbvevwnbx‡Z †hvM`v‡bi evaëvaKZv Ges
mgªv‡Ui e›`bv Kiv| wKš‧ †ewkifvM †ÿ‡Î mvgªv‡Rï D”Pc`¯ iv
g‡b Ki‡Zb Zuviv mvgªv‡Rï me Awaevmx‡ì Kj¨v‡Yi Rb¨B
KvR Ki‡Qb| Px‡bi kvmK‡kÖwY Zv‡ì cÖwZ‡ekx †`‡ki cÖRv‡ì
Amf¨, ee©i, `yf©vMv g‡b KiZ Ges Zviv wek^vm KiZ Pxbv
mvgªv‡Rï Aek¨B DwPZ GB gvbyl¸‡jv‡K wb‡R‡ì mvgªv‡Rï
Aax‡b G‡b Zv‡ì RxebhvÎvi gvb DbœZ Kiv| Pxbv‡ì Ici
¯^‡M©i †h Av‡`k Av‡Q Zv †Kej `ywbqv‡K Rq Kivi Rb¨B bq,
gvbyl‡K gvbeZvi wkÿv †Ìqvi RbÏ| ÔwKQz ee©i gvbyl‡K
Avgiv kvwšÍ, mywePvi I wkóvPvimg„× Rxe‡bi mÜvb w`w”QÕÑ
GiKg `vwe K‡i †ivgvbivI Zv‡ì kvm‡bi b¨vh¨Zv cÖgv‡Yi
†Póv KiZ| eb¨ Rvg©vb I Mj m¤cÖ`v‡qi gvbylRb‡K AvBb
wkÿv w`‡q, Zv‡ì MY‡MvmjLvbvq †Mvmj Kwi‡q cwi®‥vi-
cwi”Qbœ K‡i, Zv‡ì `k©‡bi wkÿv w`‡q DbœZ Kivi AvM ch©šÍ
†Zv Zviv Acwi”QbœZv I AÁZvi AÜKv‡iB wbgw¾Z wQjÑ
GgbUvB wQj †ivgvb‡ì wek^vm| wLªóc~e© Z…Zxq kZvãx‡Z †g․h©
mvgªvR¨ mviv c„w_exi AÜKviv”Qbœ gvbyl‡K †M․Zg ey‡×i gnvb
wkÿvi Av‡jvq Av‡jvwKZ K‡i †Zvjevi cÖqv‡m eªZx n‡qwQj|
gymwjg Lwjdviv m¤¢e n‡j kvwšÍc~Y© Dcv‡q, Zv bv n‡j Zievwii
kw³‡Z mviv we‡k^ gnvbwei Dcjwä I evYx Qwo‡q †Ìqvi GK
¯^M©xq Av‡`k †c‡qwQ‡jb| ¯ú¨vwbk I cZzw© MR mvgªvR¨ †NvlYv
K‡iwQj, Zviv Bw›`R ce©‡Z I Av‡gwiKvq abm¤ú‡ì mÜvb
Ki‡Z Av‡mwb, G‡m‡Q gvbyl‡K mwZ¨Kv‡ii wek^v‡mi `xÿv w`‡Z,
cÖK…Z a‡g© Zv‡ì ag©všÍwiZ Ki‡Z| ¯^vaxbZv I gy³ evRv‡ii
g‡Zv gnr aviYvi we¯Ívi Kivi Rb¨ weªwUk mvgªv‡R¨ m~h© KL‡bv
307
A¯Í †hZ bv| †mvwf‡qZiv abZš¿ †_‡K cÖ‡jZvwi‡qZ ev mvaviY
gvby‡li nv‡Z KvíwbK ÿgZv n¯ÍvšÍ‡ii Rb¨ BwZnv‡mi wbg©g
c‡_ hvÎv‡K Zv‡ì Aek¨KZ©e¨ g‡b KiZ| AvR‡Ki w`‡bi
A‡bK Av‡gwiKvb g‡b K‡ib, µzR wgmvBj wb‡ÿc K‡iB †nvK
Avi Gd-16 wegvb †_‡K †evgvel©Y K‡iB †nvK, Zv‡ì miKvi
e¯‧Zc‡ÿ Z…Zxq we‡k¦i †`k¸‡jv‡K MYZš¿ I gvbevwaKv‡ii
mydj †Ìqvi gnvb D‡Ïk¨ wb‡qB KvR K‡i hv‡”Q|
†ewkifvM †ÿ‡ÎB mvgªv‡Rï mvs¯‥…wZK iƒc‡iLv kvmK
†kÖwYi wb‡R‡ì •Zwi wQj bv| †h‡nZz mevB‡K wb‡q Ges mevi
Rb¨B M‡o D‡VwQj mvgªvRëv`x ms¯‥…wZ, ZvB mvgªv‡Rï
AwfRvZ m¤cÖ`vq G‡K DMÖfv‡e GKwU GKK, e× mvgvwRK
wbqgKvby‡bi MwÐ‡Z Ave× bv †i‡L cÖvqkB mvgªv‡Rï Aaxb¯ 
RvwZ‡Mvôxi wPšÍvfvebv, AvPvi-AvPiY I HwZn¨‡K mvgªv‡Rï
ms¯‥…wZi AšÍf©³z Kivi †Póv Ki‡Zb| hwÌ wKQz wKQz mgªvU
mvgªv‡Rï mvs¯‥…wZK ï×Zv wb‡q wPwšÍZ wQ‡jb Ges Zviv wb‡Riv
hv‡K Zv‡ì ms¯‥…wZi wkKo e‡j Rvb‡Zb, mvgªv‡RÏ †mB
mvs¯‥…wZK cwigÐjB eRvq ivLvi †Póv Ki‡Zb| Z‡e, †ewkifvM
†ÿ‡ÎB mvgªv‡Rï mf¨Zv wQj Aaxb¯  RvwZ‡Mvôx¸wji mvs¯‥…wZK
Dcv`vb¸‡jvi wg‡kj| †ivg mvgªv‡Rï ms¯‥…wZ M‡o D‡VwQj wMÖK
Avi †ivgvb ms¯‥…wZi mgš^‡q; cviwmqvb, wMÖK Avi Avie‡ì
ms¯‥…wZi mgš^‡q M‡o D‡VwQj AveŸvwmW (Abbasid) mvgªv‡Rï
ms¯‥…wZ| mvgªvRëv`x †gv½j‡ì ms¯‥…wZ wQj •PwbK ms¯‥…wZi
cÖwZwjwc gvÎ| mvgvRªëv`x hy³iv‡óª †Kwbqvb es‡kv™¢Z
‚ GKRb
†cÖwm‡W›U ¯^”Q‡›` weªwUk Pjw”PÎ j‡iÝ Ae A¨vivweqv †`L‡Z
cv‡ib, †hLv‡b Avieiv ZzwK©‡ì weiæ‡× we‡`ªvn K‡i| GgbwK
Pjw”PÎ †`Lvi mgq wZwb Av‡q‡k Kzogyo K‡i GKwU BZvwjqvb
wcRvq KvgoI emv‡Z cv‡ib|
mvgªv‡Rï ms¯‥…wZ M‡o IVvi mgq Aaxb¯  RvwZ‡Mvôx¸‡jvi
mvs¯‥…wZK Dcv`v‡bi GB wg‡kj AšÍM©Z RvwZ-†Mvôx¸wj‡K GB
bZzb ms¯‥…wZ AvZ¥xKi‡Y mnvqZv K‡i‡Q GgbUv fvevi KviY
†bB| mvgªv‡Rï ms¯‥…wZ‡Z wewRZ RvwZ-†Mvôx‡ì A‡bK
308
mvs¯‥…wZK Dcv`vb AšÍfz©³ nIqvi d‡j †kl‡gk mvgªv‡Rï
ms¯‥…wZi †h msKi iƒ‡ci m„wó nq, Zv wewRZ Rb‡Mvôxi wb‡R‡ì
ms¯‥…wZ †_‡K wQj A‡bKUvB wfbœ| myZivs, wewRZ RvwZ-
†Mvôx¸‡jvi Kv‡Q mvgªv‡Rï bZzb GB ms¯‥…wZi AvZ¥xKiY wQj
GKUv fqsKi `yt¯^‡cœi g‡Zv| GKw`‡K eûw`‡bi Af¨¯Í ixwZbxwZ
I AvPiY¸‡jv Z¨vM Kiv Zv‡ì Rb¨ mnR wQj bv, Ab¨w`‡K
ms¯‥…wZi bZzb Dcv`vb¸‡jv‡K †evSv, †kLv I AvZ¥xKiY Kiv
Zv‡ì Rb¨ wQj Av‡iv KwVb Ges Kómva¨| Gi †P‡qI Lvivc
e¨vcvi n‡jv, wewRZ RvwZ-†Mvôx mvgªv‡Rï ms¯‥…wZ‡Z Af¨¯Í n‡q
†M‡jI, mvgªv‡Rï kvmK‡ì A‡bK A‡bK eQi †j‡M †hZ
civwRZ RvwZ-†Mvôxi gvbylRb‡K wb‡R‡ì Ask fve‡Z|
ÔZv‡ìÕ-†K ÔAvgivÕ wn‡m‡e ¯^xKvi Ki‡Z| wewRZ RvwZ-
†Mvôx¸‡jvi Rb¨ GB gaëZ©x mgqUzKz wQj fqven| KviY, Zviv
ZZw`‡b Zv‡ì wbR¯^ mvs¯‥…wZK cwiPq nvwi‡q †d‡j‡Q Ges bZzb
mvgªv‡R¨ Zv‡ì mgvb AwaKvi wb‡q AskMÖn‡Yi my‡hvMI †bB|
Avi GBw`‡K, mvgªv‡Rï †h bZzb ms¯‥…wZ‡Z Zviv Af¨¯Í n‡q
D‡V‡Q, †mB ms¯‥…wZ‡Z Zv‡ì cwiPq ee©i Qvov Avi wKQz bq|
bygvbwkqvb‡ì cZ‡bi 100 eQi c‡ii GKRb m”Qj
AvB‡ewiqv‡bi K_v aiv hvK| wZwb Zvi evev-gvi m‡½ wbLyuZ
D”Pvi‡Y Zvi AwZ cwiwPZ †mjwUK fvlv‡ZB K_v e‡jb, wKš‧
e‡ovKZ©v‡ì m‡½ K_v ejv Ges e¨vemvcvwZ cwiPvjbvi Rb¨
GZw`‡b wZwb j¨vwUb fvlvUv †ek fv‡jvg‡ZvB AvqË K‡i‡Qb,
hwÌ D”PviYUv GL‡bv AZUv m‡ovM‡ov nqwb| ¯¿xi †mjwUK
Nivbvi bKkv`vi Mqbvi cÖwZ AvKl©Y‡K wZwb †Kv‡bvg‡Z †g‡b
†bb, wKš‧ Zvi mnawg©Yx †h GL‡bv †mjwUK‡ì MZvbyMwZK iæwPi
evB‡i †e‡iv‡Z cvij bv, GUv wb‡q Zvi g‡b LvwbKUv Av‡ÿcI
KvR K‡i| Avd‡mvm K‡ib, †ivgvb Mfb©‡ii ¯¿xi mv`vgvUv
bKkvi Mqbvi †m․›`h©Uv hw` eyS‡Zb Zuvi wcÖqZgv ¯¿x! wZwb wb‡R
†ivgvb‡ì g‡Zv wUDwbK (AvRvbyjw¤^Z, wXjv, Lv‡Uv Avw¯Íbhy³ ev
Avw¯Íbnxb GKai‡bi †cvkvK) cwiavb K‡ib, Mevw`cïi eëmv‡q
jvf nIqvi ìæY Ges †ivgvb evwYR¨bxwZi m‡½ Zvi eëmv‡qi
309
†Kv‡bv Ø›Ø bv _vKvq †ivgvb‡ì evwoi Av`‡j GKwU e‡ovm‡ov
evwoI wbg©vY K‡i‡Qb| GgbwK wZwb Abvqv‡m Ave„wË Ki‡Z
cv‡ib weL¨vZ Kwe fvwR©j (Virgil)-Gi RwR©Km (Georgics)
KweZvi Z…Zxq L‡Ði cO&w³gvjv| wKš‧, GZ wKQzi ciI †ivgvbiv
Zv‡K GKRb Avavee©i wn‡m‡eB MY¨ K‡i| Pig nZvkv wb‡q wZwb
jÿ K‡ib, miKvwi c`¯ ‡ì m‡½ mvÿv‡Zi †Kv‡bv my‡hvM wZwb
cv‡”Qb bv, cv‡”Qb bv A¨vwçw_‡qUv‡ii myweavRbK †Kv‡bv Avmb|
Ebwesk kZ‡Ki †kl w`‡K A‡bK wkwÿZ fviZxq‡ì
Ae¯ vI wQj GKBiKg| Zv‡ì weªwUk cÖfzivI Zv‡ì m‡½ GKB
iKg AvPiY Ki‡Zb| G e¨vcv‡i Bs‡iwR fvlvq we‡klfv‡e
cvi`k©x GKRb D”Pvwfjvlx fviZxqi GKwU Mí ejv †h‡Z
cv‡i| wZwb cwðgv bv‡Pi cÖwkÿY wb‡qwQ‡jb, •`bw›`b Rxe‡b
Qzwi Ges KuvUvPvgP w`‡q LvIqvi Af¨vmI K‡iwQ‡jb| Gme
mv‡nwe Avè‡KZv †kLvi ci wZwb Bsj¨v‡Û hvb Ges
BDwbfvwm©wU K‡jR jÛ‡b AvBb wel‡q cov‡kvbv K‡i
e¨vwi÷vwi wWwMÖ AR©b K‡ib| myU-UvB civ †KZv`yi¯Í GB ZiæY
AvBbRxex Kv‡jv Pvgovi gvbylR‡bi Rb¨ wba©vwiZ †Uª‡bi Z…Zxq
†kÖwY‡Z ågY Kivi e`‡j cÖ_g †kÖwY‡Z åg‡Yi B”Qv cÖKvk
K‡iwQ‡jb| ïay GB Kvi‡Y Zv‡K `wÿY Avwd«Kvi weªwUk
Dcwb‡e‡k GKwU †Uªb †_‡K Qz‡o †djv n‡qwQj| †jvKwUi bvg
wQj Ô†gvnb`vm KigPuv` MvÜxÕ|
wKQz wKQz †ÿ‡Î civwRZ‡ì mvs¯‥…wZK Awf‡hvRb Ges
kvmK‡ì AvZ¥xKi‡Yi GB cÖwµqvwU GKmgq wewRZ Ges
kvmK‡kÖwYi ga¨Kvi we‡f‡ì †Ìqvj mwi‡q †dj‡Z mÿg
n‡qwQj| †m‡ÿ‡Î wewRZiv wb‡R‡ì‡K mvgªv‡Rï Ask fve‡Zb
Ges kvmK‡kÖwYI wewRZ‡ì‡K wb‡R‡ì mgvb g‡b Ki‡Zb|
kvmK I kvwmZÑ `yB cÿB ÔZv‡ìÕ‡K ÔAvgv‡ìÕ g‡Zv fve‡Z
ïiæ K‡ib| A‡bK kZ‡Ki mvgªvRëv`x kvm‡bi ci †ivgvb
mvgªv‡Rï me Awaevmx‡KB †ivgvb bvMwiKZ¡ †Ìqv nq| †ivgvb
es‡kv™¢‚Z bb, Ggb A‡b‡KB †ivgvb •mbëvwnbx I ivóªxq
cwil‡` wb‡qvM jvf K‡ib| 48 wLªóv‡ã mgªvU K¬wWqvm †ek
310
wKQzmsL¨K M¨vwjK (divwm) m¤cÖ`v‡qi gvbyl‡K ivóªxq cwil‡`
wb‡qvM †`b Ges e‡jb, ÔZviv Zv‡ì AvPvi-AvPiY, ms¯‥…wZ I
weevneÜ‡bi Øviv AvR Avgv‡ì GKRb n‡q D‡V‡Q|Õ msm‡ì
A‡bK mf¨ RvwZMZfv‡e GKKv‡ji kÎæ‡ì‡K †ivgvb
ivRbxwZi GK`g †K›`ªwe›`y‡Z my‡hvM K‡i †Ìqvi GB wm×v‡šÍi
cÖwZev` K‡ib| DË‡i K¬wWqvm Zv‡ì GKwU AwcÖq mZ¨ K_v
¯§iY Kwi‡q †`b| †mwU n‡jvÑ mvsm`‡ì †ewkifv‡MiB
c~e©cyiæl wQj BZvwjqvb Avwèvmx, hviv GKKv‡j †iv‡gi weiæ‡×
jovB K‡iwQj Ges c‡i Zv‡ì‡K †iv‡gi bvMwiKZ¡ †Ìqv nq|
†ivgvb mgªvU mevB‡K GUvI ¯§iY Kwi‡q †`b, Zvi wb‡Ri
c~e©cyiælI wQ‡jb BZvwji m¨vevBb (Sabine) †MvÎfz³|5
200 wLªóv‡ãi KvQvKvwQ mg‡q †ivgvb mvgªvR¨ kvmb K‡ib
AvB‡ewiqvq Rb¥ †bIqv †ek wKQz mgªvU, huv‡ì agwb‡Z †Kv‡bv-
bv-†Kv‡bvfv‡e eB‡Q †mB msMÖvgx AvB‡ewiqvb‡ì i³| UªvRvb
(Trajan), n¨vWwiqvb (Hadrian), A¨v‡›Uvwbqvm wcqvm
(Antoninius Pius), gvK©vm Awiwjqvm (Marcus Aurelius)Ñ
Gu‡ì kvmbvgj‡K mvaviYfv‡e †ivgvb mvgªv‡Rï ¯^Y©hyM wn‡m‡e
aiv nq| Gi ci †_‡K Ny‡P †M‡Q mevi c„_K RvwZMZ cwiPq|
mgªvU †mcwUwgqvm †m‡fivm (Septimius Severus) (193-211)
wQ‡jb wjweqvi wcDwbK cwiev‡ii m`m¨| BjvMvevjym
(Elagabalus) (218-22) wQ‡jb GKRb wmwiqvb| mgªvU
wdwj‡ci (244-249) Av‡iK bvg wQj ÔAvi‡ei wdwjcÕ|
mvgªv‡Rï cieZ©x cÖRb¥¸‡jv †ivgvb mvgªv‡Rï ms¯‥…wZ‡K
GZUvB Mfxifv‡e MÖnY K‡ib †h, †ivgvb mvgªv‡Rï cZ‡bi
nvRvi eQi ciI, Zviv †ivgvb mvgªv‡Rï fvlvqB K_v ej‡Z
_vK‡jb, wek^vm AUzU ivL‡jb wLªóa‡g©i Ck^‡ii cÖwZ, †h ag©
†ivgvb mvgªvR¨ †c‡qwQj †jfvbUvBb (Levantine) A½ivR¨¸‡jv
†_‡K Ges gvb‡Z _vKj †ivgvb mvgªv‡Rï me AvBbKvbyb|
Avie mvgªv‡Rï NUbvI A‡bKUv GiKg| mßg kZvãxi
gvSvgvwS mg‡q hLb GB mvgªv‡Rï cËb nq, ZLb mvgªv‡Rï
Avie-gymwjg kvmK Ges AwaK…Z wgkixq, wmixq, Bivwb Ges
311
evievi RvwZÑ hviv Avie ev gymwjg †Kv‡bvUvB wQj bv, Zv‡ì
g‡a¨ •el‡gï GKwU ¯úó †f`‡iLv wQj| Aaxb¯  A‡bK RvwZB
c‡i Bmjvg a‡g© wek^vm ¯ vcb K‡i, Aviwe fvlv‡K MÖnY K‡i
Ges Af¨¯Í n‡q c‡o mvgªv‡Rï wgkÖ ms¯‥…wZ‡Z| Avi‡ei cÖvPxb
kvmK‡kÖwY bZzb Rv‡Z IVv Gme AwaK…Z‡ì kÎæZvi †Pv‡L
†`LZ, Zv‡ì †fZi KvR KiZ GKvšÍ wbR¯^ cwiwPwZ Ges
mvgvwRK gh©v`v nvwi‡q †djvi fq| Ab¨w`‡K, nZeyw×
ag©všÍwiZiv Gici mvgªv‡R¨ Ges Bmjv‡gi `ywbqvq Zv‡ì mgvb
AwaKv‡ii `vwe Ki‡Z ïiæ K‡i| †kl‡gk Zv‡ì AvKv•ÿv c~iY
nq| wgkixq, wmixq I †g‡mvc‡Uwgqvbiv µgvMZ ÔAvieÕ bv‡g
cwiwPwZ †c‡Z _v‡K| Avieiv, †m cÖvPxb Avie es‡kv™¢‚Z
AvieB †nvK Avi bZzb iƒcvšÍwiZ AvieB †nvK, µgvMZ Abvie
gymwjg‡ì Øviv kvwmZ n‡Z _v‡K, we‡klZ Bivwb, ZzwK© I
evievi RvwZi Øviv| Avie mvgªv‡Rï me‡P‡q e‡ov mvdj¨
n‡jv, GB mvgªv‡Rï ms¯‥…wZ‡K A‡bK Abvie gvbyl AKzÉwP‡Ë
MÖnY K‡i‡Q| cÖK…Z Avie mvgªv‡Rï cZb Ges cÖK…Z Avie‡ì
AvwacZ¨ P‡j †M‡jI GivB GB ms¯‥…wZi iÿYv‡eÿY, Dbœqb I
cÖmv‡i KvR K‡i P‡j‡Q|
Pxbv‡ì mvgªvRëv`x cÖKí wQj Av‡iv A‡bK †ewk mdj|
GKmgq ee©i wn‡m‡e AwfwnZ, RMvwLPzwo cvKv‡bv wewfbœ
b„ZvwË¡K I mvs¯‥…wZK †Mvôx 2 nvRvi eQ‡iiI †ewk mgq a‡i
ax‡i ax‡i mdjfv‡e Pxbv mvgªv‡Rï ms¯‥…wZi AšÍf³z© nq Ges
Ônvb PvBwbRÕ (GB bvgwU G‡m‡Q nvb mvgªv‡Rï bvg †_‡K hvi
¯ vwqZ¡ wQj 206 wLªóc~e©vã †_‡K 220 wLªóvã ch©šÍ ) bv‡g
cwiwPwZ jvf K‡i| Pxb mvgªv‡Rï me‡P‡q e‡ov mdjZv n‡jv
GwU GL‡bv envj Zweq‡Z RxweZ, hwÌ evB‡i †_‡K †`L‡j
wZeŸZ I wkbwRqvs‡K †Niv GKUv †f․‡MvwjK mxgvbv Qvov
mvgªv‡Rï Avi †Kv‡bv •ewkó¨B †Pv‡L c‡o bv| Px‡b 90
kZvs‡ki †ewk gvbyRb‡K Zviv wb‡Riv Ges evB‡ii †jvKRb
GL‡bv ÔnvbÕ bv‡g Rv‡b|
312
GKB c×wZ‡Z Avgiv `ywbqv Ry‡o MZ K‡qK `kK a‡i Pjv
¯^vaxb ivóª cÖwZôvi (Decolonisation) cÖwµqvwUI e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z
cvwi| AvaywbKKv‡j BD‡ivcxqiv DbœZ cwðgv ms¯‥…wZ cÖPv‡ii
bv‡g cÖvq cy‡iv `ywbqvUv‡KB Rq K‡i †d‡j‡Q|
Zviv G Kv‡R GZUvB mdj †h, †KvwU †KvwU gvbyl G‡K
G‡K wb‡R‡ì Rxe‡b GB ms¯‥…wZi A‡bK Dcv`vb MÖnY Ki‡Q|
fviZxq, Avwd«Kvb, Avie, PvBwbR I gvIwiiv GLb †d«Â,
Bs‡iwR ev ¯ú¨vwbk fvlv †k‡L| Zviv GLb ÔgvbevwaKviÕ I
Ôe¨w³¯^vaxbZvÕi aviYvq wek^vm K‡i Ges Ô¯^vaxbZvÕ, ÔcyuwRev`Õ,
ÔmgvRZš¿Õ, Ôbvixev`Õ I ÔRvZxqZvev‡ìÕ g‡Zv cwðgv
a¨vbaviYv¸‡jv Zviv MÖnY Ki‡Z ïiæ K‡i‡Q|
wek kZ‡K, wewfbœ AvÂwjK †Mvôx, hviv cwðgv
g~j¨‡eva¸‡jv‡K MÖnY K‡iwQj, Zviv †mBme g~j¨‡ev‡ai †`vnvB
w`‡qB Zv‡ì BD‡ivcxq kvmK‡ì Kv‡Q mgZvi `vwe †Zv‡j|
e¨w³¯^vaxbZv, mgvRZš¿ I gvbevwaKv‡ii g‡Zv cwðgv
a¨vbaviYv¸‡jvB Rb¥ †`q cwðgv‡ì weiæ‡× A‡bK
Dcwb‡ekwe‡ivax Av‡›`vj‡bi| †hfv‡e wgkixq, Bivwb I ZzwK©iv
Avi‡ei cÖK…Z weRqx‡ì ms¯‥…wZ I g~j¨‡eva MÖnY I cwigvR©b
K‡iwQj, wVK GKBfv‡e AvR‡Ki w`‡bi fviZxq, Avwd«Kvb Ges
PvBwbRivI Zv‡ì c~e©eZ©x cwðgv kvmK‡ì g~j¨‡eva I ms¯‥…wZi
Dcv`vb¸‡jv‡K MÖnY K‡i †m¸‡jv‡K wb‡R‡ì cÖ‡qvRb Ges
HwZ‡nï Dc‡hvMx K‡i cwigvR©b K‡i wb‡”Q|
313
mvgªv‡Rï Pµ
avc †ivg Bmjvg BD‡ivcxq
mvgªvRëv`
cÖ_‡g GK`j †ivgvbiv •Zwi Avieiv •Zwi BD‡ivcxqiv
gvbyl GKUv Kij †ivgvb Kij Avie •Zwi Kij
mvgªvR¨ cÖwZôv mvgªvR¨ wLjvdZ BD‡ivcxq
K‡i mvgªvR¨
†mB mvgªvR¨ †MÖ‡Kv-†ivgvb Avie- cwðgv ms¯‥…wZ
Ry‡o GKUv ms¯‥…wZ gymwjg
mvaviY ms¯‥…wZ
ms¯‹…wZ M‡o
I‡V
mvgªv‡Rï RbMY j¨vwUb, RbMY RbMY Bs‡iwR
cÖRviv ax‡i †ivgvb Aviwe fvlv, I divwm fvlv
ax‡i †mB AvBbKvbyb, Bmjvg ag© Ges mgvRZš¿,
ms¯‹…wZ‡K †ivgvb MÖnY Kij RvZxqZvev`,
MÖnY K‡i ivR‣bwZK gvbevwaKvi
aviYv¸‡jv BZ¨vw` aviYv
MÖnY Kij MÖnY Kij
Gici GB Bwjwiqvb, Mj wgkixq, fviZxq, Pxbv
bZzb Ges wcDwbKiv Bivwb Ges I Avwd«Kvbiv
mvgªvRëv`x †ivgvb evieviiv RvZxqZvev`,
g~j¨‡ev‡a g~j¨‡ev‡ai Bmjvwg mgvRZš¿,
`xwÿZ RbMY wfwË‡Z åvZ…‡Z¡i gvbevwaKvi
kvmK‡Mvôxi †ivgvb‡ì wfwË‡Z BZ¨vw` cwðgv
mgvb AwaKvi mgvb AwaKvi Avie‡ì g~j¨‡ev‡ai
†c‡Z m‡Pó `vwe Kij mgvb †ÿ‡Î
nq AwaKvi `vwe BD‡ivcxq‡ì
Kij mgvb AwaKvi
`vwe Kij
314
BwZnv‡mi bvqK, BwZnv‡mi LjbvqK
BwZnvm‡K fv‡jv Avi Lvivc GB `yBwU my¯úó Avjv`v fv‡M fvM
K‡i †djvi cÖeYZv cÖvqkB †`Lv hvq| GB fv‡M AwaKvsk
†ÿ‡Î mvgªvR¨ Avi Zvi kvmKiv c‡ob g‡›ì LvZvq| GUv mZ¨,
†ewkifvM mvgªv‡Rï Rb¥ n‡q‡Q wb`©q i³cv‡Zi gva¨‡g, Avi
mvgªvR¨ wU‡K _v‡K hy× Avi eÂbvi ¯Í‡¤¢i Ici fi K‡i| wKš‧,
G K_vI mZ¨ †h, AvR‡Ki w`‡bi ms¯‥…wZ, mf¨Zv, ixwZbxwZi
AwaKvskB G‡m‡Q mvgªv‡Rï aŸsm¯Í‡‚ ci QvB †_‡K| myZivs,
mvgªvR¨‡K cy‡ivcywi Lviv‡ci ZvwjKvq †djv n‡j, wb‡R‡ì
AvR‡Ki cwiPq, ixwZ, AvBb‡K Avgiv †Kvb ZvwjKvq †dje?
†ek wKQz ivR‣bwZK gZv`k© I gZev` mvgªvRëv` †_‡K
mvs¯‥…wZK cwiPq‡K †Qu‡K wb‡q GKwU weï×, bZzb mf¨Zvi K_v
ej‡Z Pvq, †hLv‡b Lvivc †Kv‡bv wKQzi Aw¯ÍZ¡ _vK‡e bv| GB
ai‡bi ZË¡¸‡jv nq G‡Kev‡iB AcwicK¡ bZzev bZzb †gvo‡K †gvov
DMÖ RvZxqZvev` Ges †Muvovwgi wfbœ GKwU iƒc gvÎ| Avcwb nq‡Zv
GiKg `vwe Ki‡Z PvB‡eb, gvby‡li MÖwš Z BwZnv‡mi ïiæ‡Z D™¢Z ‚
AMwYZ ms¯‥…wZi wKQz Dcv`vb weï×, Acvcwe× Ges cy‡ivcywi
AweK…Z| wKš‧ GLb ch©šÍ †Kv‡bv ms¯‥…wZB GiKg †Kv‡bv `vwe K‡i
bv, we‡klZ eZ©gvb c„w_ex‡Z wU‡K _vKv †Kv‡bv ms¯‥…wZB GiKg
†Kv‡bv `vwe Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| gvby‡li me ms¯‥…wZ †Kv‡bv bv †Kv‡bv
mvgªvR¨ Ges mvgªvRëv`x mf¨Zvi m‡½ m¤úwK©Z, †Kv‡bv cÖvwZôvwbK
ev ivR‣bwZK Qzwi-KuvwP mvgªvR¨‡K †K‡U Avjv`v K‡i Zvi
ms¯‥…wZ‡K wb‡Z cv‡i bv, Zvi A‡bK Av‡MB †m ms¯‥…wZi g„Zz¨
N‡U|
D`vniY wn‡m‡e AvR‡Ki ¯^vaxb fviZ Ges weªwUkiv‡Ri
ga¨Kvi A¤ø-gayi m¤ú‡K©i K_vB aiæb| weªwUkiv fviZ AwaKvi
Kivi mgq jvL jvL fviZxq wbnZ nq, Zv‡ì D‡cÿv I
AZ¨vPv‡ii wkKvi nq †KvwU †KvwU fviZxq| GZ wKQzi c‡iI
A‡bK fviZxqB bZzb ¯^v‡ì †jv‡f Ôe¨w³¯^vaxbZvÕ Ges
ÔgvbevwaKv‡iiÕ g‡Zv cwðgv aviYvi PvUwb MÖnY K‡ib Ges
315
cieZ©x mg‡q weªwUkiv hLb Zv‡ì ÔmgAwaKviÕ ev Ô¯^vaxbZvÕ
w`‡Z A¯^xK…wZ Rvbvq, ZLb Zviv we¯§‡q nZevK n‡q c‡o|
GZ wKQzi c‡iI, AvaywbK fviZ iv‡óªi Rb¥ n‡q‡Q weªwUk
mvgªvR¨ †_‡K| weªwUkiv GB Dcgnv‡`‡ki AmsL¨ gvbyl‡K nZ¨v
K‡i‡Q, wbcxob K‡i‡Q, AvnZ K‡i‡Q wKš‧ ZvivB Avevi
fvi‡Zi Qwo‡q-wQwU‡q _vKv AMwYZ ivR¨, gZev` Ges †MvÎ‡K
GKwÎZ K‡i GK QvZvi wb‡P wb‡q Avm‡Z mÿg n‡q‡Q, Zv‡ì
g‡a¨ •Zwi K‡i‡Q Awfbœ RvZxqZvev‡ì aviYv Ges Rb¥ w`‡q‡Q
GKwU †`‡ki hv Kg‡ewk GKwU ivR‣bwZK Aw¯ÍZ¡ wn‡m‡e KvR
Ki‡Z cv‡i| weªwUkivB •Zwi K‡i w`‡q‡Q fviZxq wePvieë¯ vi
wfwË, •Zwi K‡i‡Q Gi cÖkvmwbK KvVv‡gv Ges †`k Ry‡o wbg©vY
K‡i‡Q †ijc_Ñ hv fviZxq A_©bxwZ‡K GKxf‚ZKi‡Yi Rb¨ wQj
Acwinvh©| Bs‡iwR GL‡bv GB Dcgnv‡`‡ki cÖavb fvlv, †Kv‡bv
iv‡Rï RbM‡Yi gvZ…fvlv wnw›`, Zvwgj, gvjvqvjvg hv-B †nvK
bv †Kb G‡K A‡bï m‡½ †hvMv‡hvM Kivi gva¨g wn‡m‡e Zviv
eënvi K‡i Bs‡iwR fvlv| fviZxqiv wµ‡K‡Ui AÜ f³ Avi Pv
Zv‡ì me‡P‡q cÖPwjZ cvbxq, GB †Ljv Ges Pv GB `y‡UvB Zviv
†c‡q‡Q weªwUk mvgªv‡Rï KvQ †_‡K| weªwUkivB Dwbk kZ‡Ki
ga¨fv‡M cÖ_g evwYwR¨Kfv‡e fvi‡Z Pv‡qi Pvl ïiæ K‡i| Gi
Av‡M ch©šÍ fvi‡Z Pv‡qi Pvl n‡Zv bv| AnsKvix weªwUk mv‡neiv
Pv cv‡bi Af¨vm cy‡iv Dcgnv‡`‡k Qwo‡q †`q|
eZ©gv‡b fviZxq‡ì g‡a¨ GKwU †fvU Kiv n‡j KZRb
weªwUk mvgªv‡Rï Ask wn‡m‡e cvIqv MYZš¿, Bs‡iwR, †ijI‡q,
AvBbeë¯ v, wµ‡KU Ges Pv Zv‡ì Rxeb †_‡K eR©b Ki‡Z
ivwR n‡eb?
316
28. gy¤^vB‡qi QÎcwZ wkevwR †÷kb| †ev‡¤^ wf‡±vwiqv †÷kb bv‡g Gi hvÎv ïiæ
nq| weªwUkiv Dwbk kZ‡Ki weª‡U‡b RbwcÖq wbI-Mw_K ¯ vcZ¨‣kjx‡Z GwU wbg©vY
K‡i| GKwU wn›`y RvZxqZvev`x miKvi kni I †÷k‡bi bvg cwieZ©b K‡i‡Q wKš‧
GZ my›ì GKwU ¯ vcbv fvOevi †Kv‡bv AvMÖn Zvi g‡a¨ †`Lv hvqwb, hwÌ GwUi
wbg©vZv wQj AZ¨vPvix weªwUk kvmKeM©
hw` Zviv Gme eR©b Ki‡Z ivwRI nb, GB †fvU †ÌqvUvB wK

weªwUk mvgªv‡Rï Kv‡Q Zv‡ì F‡Yi cwigvY‡K Zz‡j ai‡e bv?
29. ZvRgnj| weï× fviZxq ms¯‥…wZi GKwU D`vniY bvwK gymwjg mvgªv‡Rï
ms¯‥…wZ‡Z cÖfvweZ GKwU ¯ vcZ¨?
317
hw` Avgiv GKwU wbôzi mvgªv‡Rï c~e©eZ©x weï× ms¯‥…wZ‡K
msiÿ‡Yi Rb¨ †mB mvgªv‡Rï me mvs¯‥…wZK DËivwaKvi‡K
eR©bI Kwi, †kl‡gk Avgiv Kx msiÿY Kie? m¤¢eZ, GB
mvgªv‡Rï c~e©eZ©x †Kv‡bv mvgªv‡Rï ms¯‥…wZ‡K hv ¯^vfvweKfv‡eB
n‡e GB mvgªv‡Rï ms¯‥…wZi †_‡KI A‡bK †ewk wbg©g| hviv
weªwUkivR‡K fviZxq ms¯‥…wZi A½nvwbi Rb¨ `vqx KiZ, Zviv
w`wjøi gmb` `Lj Kiv †gvMj mgªvU Ges Zvi mvgªv‡Rï †i‡L
hvIqv ms¯‥…wZ‡KB weï× fviZxq ms¯‥…wZ e‡j g‡b KiZ| Ges
†KD gymwjg mvgªv‡Rï mvs¯‥…wZK AvMÖvmb †_‡KI weï× fviZxq
ms¯‥…wZ‡K iÿvi wPšÍv Ki‡j, wZwb m¤¢eZ Zvi Av‡Mi ¸ß
mvgªvR¨, Kzkvb mvgªvR¨ Ges †g․h© mvgªv‡Rï ms¯‥…wZ‡K weï×
fviZxq ms¯‥…wZ †f‡e _vK‡eb| hw` GKRb DMÖ wn›`y
RvZxqZvev`x weªwUk‡ì wbwg©Z me `vjvb‡KvVv aŸsmI K‡i
†d‡jb, fvi‡Zi gymwjg kvmK‡ì mgq •Zwi nIqv ¯ vcbv¸‡jvi
e¨vcv‡i wZwb Kx wm×všÍ †b‡eb? †f‡O †dj‡eb ZvRgnj?
mvs¯‥…wZK DËivwaKv‡ii GB weeªZKi cÖ‡kœi mgvavb Kx Zv
Kv‡iviB Rvbv †bB| †h c‡_B Avgiv G cÖ‡kœi DËi †LuvRvi
†Póv Kwi, cÖ_‡g Avgv‡ì GUv †g‡b wb‡Z n‡e †h GUv GKUv
RwUj †MvjKauvav Ges GLv‡b KvD‡K XvjvIfv‡e bvqK, KvD‡K
LjbvqK evbv‡bvi my‡hvM †bB| Avi hw` Avgiv †mUv Kwi,
Zvn‡j Avgv‡ì G K_v ¯^xKvi K‡i wb‡Z n‡e †h, BwZnv‡mi
cwiµgvq Avgiv GZw`b g~jZ LjbvqK‡ì †`Lv‡bv c_ a‡iB
†nu‡UwQ|
bZzb •ewk^K mvgªvR¨

cÖvq 200 wLªóc~e©vã †_‡K †ewkifvM gvbyl †Kv‡bv-bv-†Kv‡bv
mvgªv‡R¨ emevm K‡i Avm‡Q| hZ`~i g‡b nq, fwel¨‡Zi gvbylI
Zv-B Ki‡e, mvgªv‡Rï Aax‡bB n‡e Zvi emevm| Z‡e,
fwel¨‡Zi c„w_ex‡Z mvgªvR¨ n‡e •ewk^K mvgªvR¨| cÖKU n‡q
318
DV‡e †MvUv `ywbqv‡K kvmb Kiv GKwU GKK mvgªv‡Rï
mvgªvRëv`x `k©b|
GKwesk kZvãx hZ GwM‡q hv‡”Q, RvZxqZvev` ZZ †ewk
RbwcÖqZv nviv‡”Q| gvbyl fve‡Z ïiæ K‡i‡Q, GKwU we‡kl RvwZi
gvbyl bq, `ywbqvi me gvbyl c„w_exi ivR‣bwZK KZ©…‡Z¡i Drm Ges
gvby‡li AwaKvi iÿv Ges me gvby‡li B”Qv‡K gh©v`v †ÌqvB
nIqv DwPZ ivRbxwZi cÖavb jÿ¨| wKš‧ `ywbqv Ry‡o 200wU
Avjv`v ¯^vaxb ivóª GB wPšÍvi c‡ÿ myweavi †P‡q wecwËB †ewk
•Zwi K‡i| †h‡nZz myBwWk, B‡›`v‡bwkqvb, bvB‡Rwiqvb mevB
GKB iKg mgvb AwaKvi Pvq, myZivs Zv‡ì †m AwaKvi iÿvi
Rb¨ GKwU GKK mvaviY miKvi MVbB wK mnR mgvavb bq?
•ewk¦K DòZv e„w× Ges †giæ AÂ‡ji eid M‡j hvIqvi
g‡Zv wek^Rbxb mgm¨v¸‡jvi D™¢e ax‡i ax‡i eûmsL¨K ¯^vaxb
iv‡óªi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv wd‡K K‡i w`‡”Q| †Kv‡bv mve©‡f․g ivóªB
GKKfv‡e •ewk^K DòZvi g‡Zv mgm¨v¸‡jv‡K mgvavb Ki‡Z
cvi‡e bv| PvBwbRiv ¯^M© †_‡K gvbeRvwZi mgm¨v mgvav‡bi
Rb¨ Ô¯^M©xq Aby‡gv`bÕ †c‡qwQj| AvaywbKv‡ji gvbyl gvbyl‡K
IRb ¯Í‡ii wQ`ª †givgZ Ges wMÖbnvDR M¨vm wbtmiY Gi g‡Zv
¯^M©xq mgm¨v¸‡jv‡K mgvav‡bi Rb¨ Ô¯^M©xq Aby‡gv`bÕ †`‡e|
•ewk^K GB mvgªv‡Rï kbv³Kvix is n‡Z cv‡i meyR|
2014 mv‡j G‡mI c„w_ex ivR‣bwZKfv‡e A‡bK fv‡M
wef³, wKš‧ ¯^vaxb ivóª¸‡jv Lye `ªæZ Zv‡ì ¯^vaxbZv nviv‡”Q|
†Kv‡bv ivóªB Zv‡ì B”Qvg‡Zv A_©‣bwZK cwiKíbv •Zwi Ki‡Z
cvi‡Q bv, B‡”Q n‡jB Suvwc‡q co‡Z cvi‡Q bv hy‡×, GgbwK
mevB‡K AMÖvn¨ K‡i †LqvjLywkg‡Zv †Kv‡bv Af¨šÍixY
ixwZbxwZI •Zwi Ki‡Z cvi‡Q bv| ivóª¸‡jv µgk SzuK‡Q
wekêvRv‡ii †K․k‡ji cÖwZ, D`vi n‡”Q wek^Rbxb cÖwZôvb Ges
GbwRI¸‡jvi e¨vcv‡i| mvnvh¨ wb‡”Q we‡k¦i RbgZ I
AvšÍR©vwZK wePvieë¯ vi| ivóª‡K eva¨ n‡qB Zvi A_©‣bwZK
Kg©KvÐ, cwi‡ekwelqK cwiKíbv Ges b¨vqwePv‡ii Rb¨ •ewk^K
gvb`Ð †g‡b Pj‡Z n‡”Q| Kg‡Q iv‡óªi †f․‡MvwjK mxgvbv Avi
319
gZvg‡Zi cÖwZ GKvZ¥Zv; cyuwR, kÖg Avi Z‡_ï AdzišÍ †mªvZ
cvj‡U w`‡”Q c„w_ex, M‡o Zzj‡Q bZzb wek^|
•ewk^K mvgªv‡Rï †h iƒc Avgv‡ì †Pv‡L †f‡m I‡V, †Kv‡bv
we‡kl ivóª ev RvwZ-†Mvôx †mB mvgªv‡Rï kvmK bq| A‡bKUv
†ivgvb mvgªv‡Rï g‡Zv, GKwU mvaviY mvs¯‥…wZK cwiPq Ges
mvaviY ¯^v_© ev¯Íevq‡bi Rb¨ †mB •ewk^K mvgªvR¨ kvmb K‡i
wewfbœ RvwZ-†Mvôxi D”Pc`¯  wKQz gvbyl| `ywbqv Ry‡o A‡bK
A‡bK D‡`¨v³v, cÖ‡K․kjx, we‡klÁ, cwÐZ, AvBbRxex,
eë¯ vcK‡K cÖwZwbqZ GB bZzb mvgªv‡Rï Ask nIqvi Rb¨
AvnŸvb Kiv n‡”Q| Zviv wK bZzb mvgªv‡Rï GB Wv‡K mvov
†`‡e, bvwK wbR wbR iv‡óªi cÖwZ AbyMZ _vK‡eÑ GB wm×všÍ
Zv‡ì nv‡Z| gvbyl µgvMZ `‡j `‡j GB mvgªv‡Rï Wv‡KB
mvov w`‡”Q|
320
Aa¨vq 12
a‡g©i ixwZbxwZ
ga¨hy‡M ga¨ Gwkqvi giækni mgiL‡›ì (Samarkand) evRvi
wQj RgRgvU| †mLv‡b GKw`‡K †hgb wmwiqvi eëmvqxiv wb‡q
AvmZ PgrKvi Pxbv †ikg, Ab¨w`‡K †¯Íc (Steppes) AÂ‡ji
hy×evR †jv‡Kiv †ePv‡Kbv KiZ cwð‡gi †`k †_‡K Avbv
µxZ`vm| †`vKvwbiv Zv‡ì cY¨ †e‡P c‡K‡U cyiZ †Kv‡bv bvg-
bv-Rvbv ivRvi Qwe Avi ¯^vÿiIqvjv PKP‡K †mvbvi †gvni|
†mB evRv‡i wQj DËi-`wÿY, c~e©-cwð‡gi bvbv †`‡ki, bvbv
Rv‡Zi gvby‡li wbZ¨ Avbv‡Mvbv| GB bvbvb Rv‡Zi gvby‡li
wgjb‡gjv ïay †h eëmvq Dcj‡ÿ¨ NUZ GgbUv bq, GKB wPÎ
†`Lv †hZ hy‡×i †ÿ‡ÎI| 1281 mv‡j KzejvB Lvb hLb Zuvi
•mb¨mvgšÍ wb‡q Rvcvb AvµgY K‡ib, ZLb hy× Dcj‡ÿÏ
A‡bK Rv‡Zi gvbyl GKÎ n‡qwQj| †m hy‡× Pvgov I ck‡gi
†cvkvK civ †gv½j †NvomIqv‡ii cvkvcvwk j‡owQj euv‡ki Uzwc
civ Pxbv c`vwZK evwnbx| †Kvwiqvi gvZvj •mb¨‡ì m‡½ cÖvqB
SMov evaZ Mv‡q Dwé AuvKv `wÿY Pxb mvM‡ii bvweK‡ì| ga¨
Gwkqvi KvwiM‡iiv gy» we¯§‡q ïbZ BD‡ivcxq‡ì Awfhv‡bi
Kvwnwb| wKš‧ Giv mevB wQj GKB mgªv‡Ui AbyMZ|
†mB mg‡qB, 1300 mv‡ji w`‡K g°v kn‡ii Kvev‡K †K›`ª
K‡iI •Zwi n‡qwQj n‡iK iKg gvby‡li wgjb‡gjv| Aek¨
G‡ÿ‡Î DcjÿÜv wQj wfbœ| Bmjvg a‡g©i cweÎZg Zx_©¯ vb
g°vi KvevNi‡K cÖ`wÿY Ki‡Z †`Lv †hZ bvbv †`‡ki gvbyl‡K|
†m mgq nq‡Zv †`Lv †hZ `y‡Pv‡L R¡jR¡‡j fw³ Avi gy‡L Avjøvni
wbivbeŸBUv bvg Rc‡Z Rc‡Z nuvU‡Q †g‡mvc‡Uwgqv †_‡K Avmv
321
AvjLvjøv civ GK`j gvbyl| Zv‡ì mvg‡bB jvwV‡Z fi w`‡q
`vwo‡Z nvZ †evjv‡Z †evjv‡Z nuvU‡Q Gwkqvi †¯Íc GjvKv †_‡K
Avmv wPšÍvgMœ GK ZzwK© e„×| Zvi cv‡kB Avwd«Kvi gvwj (Mali)
†_‡K Avmv GKR‡bi KzPKz‡P Kv‡jv kix‡i wSwjK w`‡”Q †mvbvi
Mqbv| evZv‡m je½, njy`, `viæwPwb Avi mvgyw`ªK je‡Yi wgkÖ MÜ
e‡j w`‡”Q Kv‡QB †KD GKRb G‡m‡Q fviZ wKsev Av‡iv `~‡ii
†Kv‡bv Øxc †_‡K|
AvR‡Ki w`‡b cÖvqB ag©‡K gvby‡li g‡a¨ •elg¨ I gZv‣bK¨
m„wói KviY wn‡m‡e †`Lv nq| wKš‧ GB ag©B gvbeRvwZ‡K
GKxf‚Z Kivi Z…Zxq e„nËg DcKiY wn‡m‡e f‚wgKv cvjb
K‡i‡Q, Gi †P‡q e‡ov `y‡Uv DcKiY n‡jv UvKv I ivR¨| Avgiv
Av‡MB †`‡LwQ, Avgv‡ì mgv‡Ri mg¯Í AvBbKvbyb I ixwZbxwZ
gvby‡li mvgwóK Kíbv eB Avi wKQz bq| gvbyl †h‡nZz G¸‡jv‡K
KvíwbK e‡jB Rv‡b, †m Kvi‡Y G¸‡jv Aw¯ wZkxj| mgv‡Ri
AvKvi hZ ev‡o, GB Aw¯ wZkxjZvI ZZ evo‡Z _v‡K|
BwZnv‡m a‡g©i me‡P‡q e‡ov Ae`vb n‡jv GB mvgvwRK
KvVv‡gv‡K Av‡iv w¯ wZkxj Kiv| cÖvq me ag©B e‡j, Avgv‡ì
†g‡b Pjv wbqg¸‡jv gvby‡li •Zwi bq, G¸‡jv G‡m‡Q gvby‡li
†P‡qI D”PZi cig ÿgZvm¤úbœ †Kv‡bv mËvi KvQ †_‡K| G‡Z
wbqg¸‡jv †_‡K hvq cÖ‡kœi E‡aŸ©, ZvB mgvR Aw¯ wZkxj nIqvi
SzuwKI K‡g|
ag©‡K ZvB ejv hvq D”PZi †Kv‡bv kw³‡Z wek^vm †i‡L
gvby‡li †g‡b Pjv wbqg I g~j¨‡ev‡ai mgwó| a‡g©i D‡jøL‡hvM¨
•ewkó¨ `y‡Uv :
1| ag© Ggb wKQz wbqg wVK K‡i †`q, hv gvby‡li g‣ZK¨ ev
gZwe‡iva †_‡K •Zwi nq bv, G¸‡jv Av‡m †Kv‡bv AwZgvbexq,
D”PZi ÿgZvai Kv‡iv KvQ †_‡K| †ckv`vi dzUej †Kv‡bv ag©
bq, KviY Gi A‡bK iKg wbqg I AvPvi _vK‡jI †m¸‡jv
gvby‡liB •Zwi| mevB Rv‡b, wddv †h-†Kv‡bv mgq †Mvj‡cv‡÷i
AvKvi evwo‡q w`‡Z cv‡i ev AdmvBW wRwbmUvB Zz‡j w`‡Z
cv‡i|
322
2| ag© GBme wbq‡gi wfwË‡Z gvby‡li AvPiYwewa w¯ i K‡i
†`q| cwðgv †`k¸‡jvi A‡bK gvbylB f‚Z, cwi ev cybR©‡b¥
wek^vm K‡i| wKš‧ GB wek^vm Zv‡ì‡K †Kv‡bv •bwZK ev
AvPiYMZ wb‡`©kbv †`q bv| ZvB GB wek^vm‡KI ag© ejv hvq
bv|
cÖPwjZ mvgvwRK I ivR‣bwZK ixwZbxwZ¸‡jv‡K mycwÖ ZwôZ
Kivi ÿgZv a‡g©i _vK‡jI me ag© G KvRUv K‡iwb| mywekvj
f‚L‡Ði wew”Qbœ gvbe‡Mvôx¸‡jv‡K GKB k„•Ljvq euva‡Z a‡g©i
Av‡iv `y‡Uv •ewkó¨ _vKv cÖ‡qvRb| GK, me ¯ vb I Kv‡ji
gvby‡li Rb¨ wbw`©ó wKQz Hk^wiK wbqg cÖwZôv Ki‡Z n‡e, Avi
`yB, GB wek^vm‡K mevi g‡a¨ Qwo‡q w`‡Z n‡e| A_©vr ag©‡K
n‡Z n‡e me©Rbxb I cÖPvigyLx|
BwZnv‡mi me‡P‡q †ewk cÖPwjZ a‡g©i g‡a¨ Av‡Q Bmjvg I
†e․×ag©| G `y‡Uv ag©B me©Rbxb I cÖPvigyLx| ZvB A‡b‡Ki
aviYv n‡Z cv‡i ag©gvÎB Ggb, wKš‧ Avm‡j Zv bq| ej‡Z
†M‡j, cÖvPxb ag©¸‡jvi †ewkifvMB wQj AvÂwjK| †mme a‡g©i
Abymvixiv Zv‡ì AvÂwjK †è‡èxi c~Rv KiZ, Avi †m a‡g©i
cÖPv‡ii w`‡K Zv‡ì †Kv‡bv AvMÖn wQj bv| Avgv‡ì Rvbvg‡Z
me©Rbxb I cÖPvigyLx ag©¸‡jvi Avwef©ve nq wLªóxq cÖ_g
kZvãx‡Z| G ai‡bi a‡g©i D™¢e gvby‡li BwZnv‡mi Ab¨Zg
¸iæZ¡c~Y© NUbv| KviY ivR¨ I me©RbMÖvn¨ UvKvi ci Gme
me©Rbxb ag©B c„w_exi gvbyl‡K GKÎ Ki‡Z me‡P‡q e‡ov
f‚wgKv †i‡L‡Q|
nviva‡bi `kwU †Q‡j, iBj evwK GK

GKUv mgq me©cvÖ Yev‡` (me e¯‧, cÖvYx, e„ÿ mevi g‡a¨B GK
cÖvY ev AvZ¥v weivwRZ Ggb aviYv, Animism) wek^vm gvby‡li
g‡a¨ †ek cÖej wQj| †m mgq gvby‡li ixwZbxwZ, AvPvi-AvPiY
meB •Zwi n‡Zv bvbv iKg cïcvwL, MvQcvjv wKsev cwi,
f‚Z‡cÖZÑ Gme wN‡i| †hgb, M½v AeevwnKvi gvbyl nq‡Zv
323
Ggb GKUv wbqg Pvjy Kij †h GKwU wbw`©ó e‡ov AvKv‡ii
bvkcvwZ MvQ †KD KvU‡Z cvi‡e bv, KvU‡j †m Mv‡Qi AvZ¥v
Awfkvc †`‡e| Avevi wmÜz (Indus Valley) Zx‡ii †Kv‡bv
gvbemgv‡R nq‡Zv mv`v †j‡Ri †kqvj nZ¨v Kiv wbwl× †NvlYv
Kij, KviY †Kv‡bv GKKv‡j Ggb GKUv †kqvj GK eywoi Kv‡Q
wKQz `vwg i‡Zœi †LuvR w`‡qwQj|
GB ai‡bi ag©¸‡jv wQj cy‡ivcywiB AvÂwjK, Avi Gme
a‡g©i g‡a¨ IB AÂ‡ji Ae¯ vb, Rjevqy I wewfbœ NUbvi Qvc
_vKZ cÖejfv‡e| Lv`¨msMÖvnK gvby‡li cy‡iv RxebUvB KvUZ
e‡ov‡Rvi nvRviLv‡bK eM©wK‡jvwgUvi GjvKvi g‡a¨| †eu‡P
_vKvi Rb¨ Zv‡ì mevB‡K IB GjvKvi AwZcÖvK…Z wbqg¸‡jv
†g‡b Rxeb KvUv‡Z n‡Zv| `~‡ii †Kv‡bv GjvKvi gvbyl‡K Gme
wbqg gvb‡Z ejvUv wQj A_©nxb| GRb¨B BÛvm b`xZx‡ii gvbyl
Mv‡½q AÂ‡ji gvbyl‡K mv`v †j‡Ri †kqvj nZ¨v Ki‡Z gvbv
Ki‡Z †jvK cvVvqwb|
aviYv Kiv nq, K…wlwecø‡ei m‡½ m‡½B G‡mwQj ag©xq wecøe|
wkKvwi-msMÖvnK gvbyl †hme cÖvYx wkKvi KiZ, cÖvwYRM‡Z
†m¸‡jvi Ae¯ vb †nv‡gv †mwc‡q‡Ýi m‡½ GKB ¯Í‡iB wQj| gvbyl
†fov wkKvi KiZ e‡j Zviv †fovi †P‡q D”P¯Í‡ii †Kv‡bv cÖvYx
n‡q hvqwb, wVK †hgb gvbyl wkKvi K‡iI gvby‡li Ic‡i ¯ vb cvqwb
evN| gvby‡l gvby‡l †hvMv‡hvM n‡Zv mivmwi, GjvKvi wbqg¸‡jv
•Zwi n‡Zv gvby‡li Av‡jvPbvi gva¨‡g| Ab¨w`‡K K…wlwbf©i mgv‡R
†`Lv †Mj, K…lKB Zvi dmj Avi cïi gvwjK| Avi †m¸‡jv †m
Avi Kv‡iv m‡½ fvMvfvwM Ki‡Z AvMÖnx bq| Gfv‡eB K…wlwecø‡ei
nvZ a‡i m~wPZ n‡jv cÖv_wgK ag©xq ixwZbxwZi, Avi MvQcvjv-
cïcvwL cÖvwYRM‡Zi m`m¨ †_‡K cwiYZ n‡jv m¤úwË‡Z|
Gi m‡½ m‡½ †`Lv w`j GKUv e‡ov mgm¨vI| K…lK PvBZ
Zvi †fovi cv‡ji c~Y© wbqš¿Y wb‡Ri nv‡Z wb‡Z, wKš‧ †m GI
RvbZ †h Zvi ÿgZv mxwgZ| K…lK PvB‡j Zvi †fovi cvj‡K
†Luvqv‡o AvU‡K ivL‡Z cv‡i, Lvwm K‡i w`‡Z cv‡i, wb‡Ri
B”Qvg‡Zv my¯  †fovi g‡a¨ cÖRb‡bi eë¯ v Ki‡Z cv‡i| wKš‧
324
†foviv †h my¯  mšÍvb Rb¥ †`‡e Gi wbðqZv w`‡Z cv‡i bv|
gnvgvwii nvZ †_‡K †fov¸‡jv‡K euvPv‡bvi mvaÏ Zvi wQj bv|
Zvn‡j †m Zvi †fov¸‡jvi eske„w× wbwðZ Ki‡e Kxfv‡e?
GB ai‡bi mgm¨vi mgvavb Ki‡ZB Ck^‡ii ¸iæZ¡ †e‡o
hvqÑ GgbwUB `vwe K‡i Ck^‡ii DrcwË welqK GKwU ZË¡|
cÖvwYRM‡Z gvbyl hLb D‡V †Mj GK avc Ic‡i, Avi me cÖvYx
I Dw™¢` ZL‡bv c‡o iBj mvavi‡Yi KvZv‡i| De©iZvi †èx,
AvKv‡ki †èZv, wPwKrmvi †èZvmn Av‡iv bvbv †èZv n‡q
†Mj Gme wbe©vK cïcvwL Avi MvQcvjvi m‡½ gvby‡li
†hvMv‡hv‡Mi gva¨g| G Kvi‡YB cÖvPxb cyivY¸‡jvi †ewkifvMB
•Zwi n‡q‡Q A‡bKUv AvBwb Pzw³i g‡Zv, †hLv‡b gvbyl
†èZv‡ì †`‡e Zv‡ì wPi¯ vqx AvbyMZ¨, wewbg‡q Zv‡ì KvQ
†_‡K cv‡e MvQcvjv I RxeRš‧i Ic‡i wb‡R‡ì AvwacZ¨|
wLªóxq m„wóZ‡Ë¡i eB‡qi ïiæi (Book of Genesis) w`‡Ki
Aa¨vq¸‡jv Gi D‡jøL‡hvM¨ D`vniY| K…wlwecø‡ei ci †_‡K
nvRvi nvRvi eQi a‡i gvbyl GB AwZcÖvK…Z kw³i Kv‡Q DrmM©
Ki‡Q †fov, g` wKsev iæwU, Avi wewbg‡q cÖv_©bv Ki‡Q dmj I
cïm¤ú‡ì DË‡ivËi e„w×|
cv_i, Sibv ev f‚Z‡cÖ‡Zi Avivabvi †h ag© Av‡M cÖPwjZ
wQj, ïiæ‡Z Zvi Ici K…wlwecø‡ei cÖfve wQj mvgvb¨B| wKš‧
ax‡i ax‡i G¸‡jv Zv‡ì Av‡e`b nviv‡Z ïiæ K‡i, Avi Zv‡ì
RvqMv wb‡q †bq bZzb †èZviv| hZw`b gvby‡li wePiY Zv‡ì
Avkcv‡ki K‡qK k eM©wK‡jvwgUvi GjvKvi g‡a¨ Ave× wQj
ZZw`b Gme AvÂwjK †èZv‡ì w`‡qB Zv‡ì KvR PjZ| wKš‧
Gici gvbyl hLb weivU GjvKv Ry‡o eëmvq-evwYR¨ Ki‡Z ïiæ
Kij, cÖwZôv Kij wekvj me ivR¨, ZLb †mB wecyj f‚L‡Ði me
gvby‡li Ici cÖfve we¯Ívi Ki‡Z cv‡i Ggb †Kv‡bv kw³gvb
mËvi cÖ‡qvRb †`Lv w`j|
GB cÖ‡qvRb †gUv‡ZB GKmgq eû-Ckîev`x
(Polytheistic, wMÖK kã Poly gv‡b ÔeûÕ, Theos gv‡b ÔCkîÕ)
a‡g©i Avwef©ve N‡U| GBme ag©gZ Abymv‡i, GB c„w_ex PvwjZ
325
nq GKvwaK kw³kvjx †è‡èxi Øviv, †hgb De©iZvi †èx,
e„wói †èZv wKsev hy‡×i †èZv| gvbyl GBme †è‡èx‡K Zzó
K‡i PjZ, Avi gvby‡li Dcvmbv I Drm‡M© mš‧ó n‡j †èZviv
Zv‡ì `vb Ki‡Zb e„wó, my¯v^ ¯ ¨ ev hy‡× weRq|
Z‡e eû-Ckîev`x a‡g©i cÖfv‡e Av‡Mi †mB me©cvÖ Yev` wKš‧
G‡Kev‡i nvwi‡q hvqwb, eis †m¸‡jv GKxf‚Z n‡q †M‡Q bZzb
a‡g©i m‡½| cÖvq me eû-Hk^wiK a‡g©B f‚Z‡cÖZ, cwi, cweÎ
cv_i, Sibv ev Mv‡Qi K_v G‡m‡Q| gnvb †è‡èxi ÿgZvi
mvg‡b G‡ì ¸iæZ¡ A‡bKUv ¤øvb n‡q †M‡jI mvaviY gvby‡li
•`bw›`b Rxeb †_‡K G‡ì cÖ‡qvRb G‡Kev‡i dzwi‡q hvqwb|
iv‡Rï mgªvU hLb ivRavbx‡Z hy×‡èZvi D‡Ï‡k 100Uv
¯^v¯ ëvb †fov ewj w`‡q hy‡× weRq cÖv_©bv Ki‡Zb, wVK †m
mg‡qB nq‡Zv GKRb K…lK Zvi cy‡Îi †ivMgyw³i Avkvq †Kv‡bv
cweÎ e„‡ÿi wb‡P R¡vj‡Zb GKwU †QvÆ cÖ`xc|
GBme †èZvi DÌv‡bi cÖfve hZUv bv c‡owQj †fov Avi
f‚Z‡cÖ‡Zi Ic‡i, Zvi †P‡q A‡bK †ewk c‡owQj cÖvwYRM‡Z
†nv‡gv †mwc‡qÝ cÖRvwZwUi Ae¯ v‡bi Ici| Av‡Mi
me©cvÖ Yev`xiv g‡b KiZ, ZvivI c„w_exi Avi me cÖvYxi g‡ZvB
Av‡iKwU cÖvYx| wKš‧ eû-Ckîev`x gvbyl wb‡R‡ì Avi me
cÖvYxi †P‡q †ewk ¸iæZ¡c~Y© fve‡Z ïiæ Kij| ZvB Gme a‡g©i
†Pv‡L c„w_exUv n‡q †Mj ïay gvbyl I †èZvi m¤ú‡K©i cÖwZiƒc|
Zviv fveZ, gvby‡li me cÖv_©bv, DrmM©, cvc I cyY¨Ñ G¸‡jvB
c„w_ex I cwi‡e‡ki cwiYwZ wba©viY K‡i| ZvB Aí wKQz
AcwiYvg`k©x †mwc‡q‡Ýi †`v‡l Ckî iæó n‡j cÖej eb¨vq
wbwðý n‡q †h‡Z cv‡i †KvwU †KvwU wcucov, dwos, K”Qc, nwiY,
wRivd, nvwZ| eû-Ckîev` ZvB ïay †èZv‡ì ÿgZvB e„w×
Kij bv, evwo‡q w`j gvby‡li gh©v`vI| Avi RxeRM‡Zi evwK
me m`m¨, hviv Gi Av‡Mi me©cÖvYev`x a‡g© gvby‡li mgvb
gh©v`vi AwaKvix wQj, Zviv Zv‡ì gh©v`v nvwi‡q XvKv c‡o †Mj
gvbyl I Ck^‡ii bvUKxq m¤ú‡K©i Qvqvq|
326
cyZzjc~Rvi dwRjZ
cÖvq 2 nvRvi eQ‡ii G‡Kkîev`x gMR‡avjvB‡qi Kvi‡Y
AvR‡Ki cwðgv †`‡ki AwaKvsk gvbyl eû-Ckîevw`Zv‡K
GKiKg wbe©yw×Zv ev nvm¨Ki g~wZ©c~Rv wn‡m‡eB †`‡L| wKš‧ GUv
hyw³nxbfv‡e †g‡b †bIqv cÖPwjZ GKwU aviYv gvÎ| eû-
Ckîevw`Zvi †fZiKvi hyw³¸‡jv eyS‡Z n‡j Av‡M Avgv‡ì‡K
A‡bK¸‡jv Ck^‡i wek^v‡mi †cQ‡bi g~j KviYwUi AbymÜvb
Ki‡Z n‡e|
eû-Ckîev` gnvwe‡kî †K›`ªxq †Kv‡bv GKK gnvkw³i
Aw¯ÍZ¡‡K A¯^xKvi K‡i bv| eis †ewkifvM eû-Ckîev`x,
GgbwK me©cÖvYev‡` wek^vmx gvbylI me †è‡èx, f‚Z‡cÖZ Avi
cweÎ MvQ-cv_‡ii †cQ‡b Av‡iv e‡ov, cig GK kw³i Aw¯Í‡Z¡
wek^vm KiZ| eû-Ckîev`x wMÖK cyiv‡Yi †èZv wRDm, †niv,
A¨v‡cv‡jv I Ab¨ †è‡èxivI me©MÖvmx, me©kw³gvb wbqwZi
(Moira, AnankeÑ wMÖK cyiv‡Y wbqwZi e¨w³iƒc) Aaxb wQ‡jb|
bwW©K †èZvivI wQ‡jb wbqwZi `vm, hvi Rb¨ cyivYg‡Z
fwel¨‡Z i¨vMbviK (Ragnarök) bvgK gnvwech©‡q gnvwe‡kî
m‡½ webvk n‡e Zuv‡ìI| cwðg Avwd«Kvi B‡qviæev (Yoruba)
Rb‡Mvôxi eû-Ckîev`x a‡g© ejv nq, me †èZvi Rb¥ n‡q‡Q
I‡jvWzgv‡i (Olodumare) bvgK me©kw³gvb Ckî †_‡K|
wn›`yag©g‡Z me †èZv, Akixix, gvbyl, me Rxe I Roe¯‧‡K
wbqš¿Y K‡i ÔAvZ¥vÕ| GB ÔAvZ¥vÕB G gnvRM‡Zi cÖvY, AvZ¥vB
me cÖvYx I me NUbv‡K GK m~‡Î †eu‡a iv‡L|
G‡Kkîev` Ges eû-Ckîev` `y‡Uv aviYv‡ZB GKwU GKK
cig mËvi K_v ejv n‡jI eû-Ckîev‡ì g~j †h •ewkó¨wU G‡K
G‡Kkîev` †_‡K c„_K K‡i Zv n‡jvÑ eû-Ckîev‡` †h
wek^wbqšÍv cig kw³i K_v ejv nq Zv me iKg †gvn I
cÿcv‡Zi E‡aŸ©| gvby‡li RvMwZK PvIqv-cvIqv, Avkv ev
f‡qi m‡½ †m kw³i †Kv‡bv m¤úK© †bB| †m cig kw³i Kv‡Q
hy‡× weRq, ¯^v¯ ¨ ev e„wói Rb¨ cÖv_©bv Kiv A_©nxb, KviY †mB
me©e¨vcx mËvi Kv‡Q `yB `j ÿz`ª gvby‡li hy‡× †K wRZj †K
327
nvij, †K euvPj †K gijÑ †m wbZvšÍB Zz”Q| ZvB wMÖKiv wbqwZi
D‡Ï‡k GKUvI cï ewj †`qwb, wn›`yiv AvZ¥v‡K c~Rv w`‡Z
evbvqwb †Kv‡bv gw›ì|
ZvB †mB cig kw³i wbKUeZ©x nIqvi GKgvÎ Dcvq wQj me
iKg RvMwZK †gvn †_‡K wb‡R‡K gy³ Kiv, Avi fv‡jvi cvkvcvwk
g›`‡KI mgvbfv‡e MÖnY KivÑ `vwi`ª¨, Riv, e¨vwa, GgbwK
g„Zz¨‡KI| GB D‡Ï‡k¨ wn›`y‡ì g‡a¨ A‡b‡KB mvay-mbœ¨vmx n‡q
cigvZ¥vi m‡½ wgwjZ n‡q wb‡R‡K Av‡jvwKZ Ki‡Z mviv Rxeb
DrmM© K‡i w`‡Zb| Zuviv †mB cigvZ¥vi `„wó‡Z c„w_exUv‡K †`Lvi
†Póv Ki‡Zb, eyS‡Z †Póv Ki‡Zb gnvKv‡ji Kv‡Q gvby‡li cvw_©e
me AvKv•ÿv Avi fq¸‡jv KZUv A_©nxb, KZUv ÿY¯ vqx|
RM‡Z msmviZ¨vMx mbœ¨vmxi msL¨v Kg, welqx gvby‡li
msL¨vB †ewk| †ewkifvM wn›`yB bvbv iKg RvMwZK Kvgbv-
evmbvq RR©wiZ, wbe©vK-wbwe©Kvi AvZ¥v ZvB Zv‡ì Kv‡Q
A_©nxb| RvMwZK Pvwn`v c~i‡Yi †ÿ‡Î ZvB Zv‡ì fimv wQj
ÔAvswkK ÿgZvaiÕ †èZviv| M‡Yk, j²x, mi¯^Zxi g‡Zv
†è‡èx‡ì ÿgZv wQj mxwgZ, ZvB me©gq AvZ¥vi g‡Zv Zuviv
wbwj©ß _vK‡Z cvi‡Zb bv| Gme †èZv‡ìI wewfbœ w`‡K AvMÖn
wKsev cÿcvZ wQj| ZvB gvbyl hy‡× †RZv wKsev †ivMgyw³i
g‡Zv wel‡q Gme †èZvi Kv‡QB mvnvh¨ PvBZ| †Kv‡bv me©gq
kw³‡K wfbœ wfbœ As‡k fvM K‡i †dj‡Z †M‡j AeavwiZfv‡eB
GKvwaK †èZvi Avwef©ve N‡U|
eû-Ckîevw`Zvi GB g~jbxwZi Rb¨B Gme a‡g© ag©xq
mwnòzZv †ewk †`Lv hvq| eû-Ckîev`xiv GKw`‡K wek^vm K‡i
GKUv cig I wbwj©ß kw³‡Z, Ab¨w`‡K AvswkK ÿgZvi
AwaKvix †èZvi Aw¯ÍZ¡I ¯^xKvi K‡i †bq| GK †èZvi
Abymvix Ab¨ †èZvi Aw¯ÍZ¡ I ÿgZvi K_v mnRfv‡eB MÖnY
K‡i| GRb¨ eû-Ckîev`x ag©¸‡jv mnRvZfv‡eB †Lvjv g‡bi
cwiPq †`q, Avi Gme a‡g© ÔAwek^vmxÕ ev Ôag©‡`ªvnxÕ gvbyl‡K
kvw¯Í †Ìqvi K_vI KgB †kvbv hvq|
GB eû-Ckîev`x gvby‡liv weivU †Kv‡bv ivR¨ `Lj Ki‡jI
Zvi Awaevmx‡ì Ici wb‡R‡ì ag© Pvwc‡q w`Z bv| wgkixq,
328
†ivgvb ev A¨vR‡UKiv KL‡bv Zv‡ì †èZv ImvBwim (Osiris),
RywcUvi (Jupiter) ev ûBUwR‡jv‡cv±wji (HuitzilopochtliÑ
A¨vR‡UK‡ì cÖavb †èZv) Abymvix evov‡Z Ab¨vb¨ †`‡k
ag©cÖPviK ev •mb¨ †Kv‡bvUvB cvVvqwb| cÖRv‡ì‡K iv‡Rï cÖfzi
Dcvmbv Ki‡Z n‡Zv, KviY IB cÖfzB †Zv iv‡Rï iÿK| ZvB
e‡j Zv‡ì wb‡R‡ì †èZv I ag©xq AvPvi Z¨vM Ki‡Z nqwb|
A¨vR‡UK mvgªv‡Rï cÖRviv ûBUwR‡jv‡cv±wji gw›ì •Zwi
Ki‡Z eva¨ n‡Zv e‡U, wKš‧ †m gw›ì •Zwi n‡Zv †mLvbKvi
AvÂwjK †èZvi gw›`‡ii cv‡kB, †mUv‡K AÿZ †i‡L, †f‡O
w`‡q bq| Avevi A‡bK mgq iv‡Rï AwfRvZ †kÖwYi gvby‡livI
AvgRbZvi ag©vPiY‡K MÖnY KiZ| †ivgvbiv Gwkqvi †èx
wmwewj (Cybele) ev wgk‡ii †èx AvBwm‡mi (Isis) g~wZ©‡K
mvb‡›` ¯ vb w`‡qwQj wb‡R‡ì c¨vwš q‡b (Pantheon, Pan gv‡b
ÔmeÕ, Theon gv‡b Ô†èZvÕ)|
ïay GKRb‡KB †ivgvbiv A‡bK w`b ch©šÍ †g‡b †bqwb,
wZwb wLªóa‡g©i Ckî| †ivgvb mvgªv‡R¨ wLªóvb‡ì ag©Z¨vM Ki‡Z
ejv n‡Zv bv, wKš‧ Zv‡ì‡K ejv n‡Zv iv‡Rï Avi me †è‡èx
I mgªvU‡K m¤§vb Rvbv‡Z| gvbyl Aek¨ GUv‡K ivR‣bwZK
AvbyMZ¨ Av`v‡qi c_ wn‡m‡e †`‡LwQj| wLªóvbiv GB wb‡`©k
gvb‡Z A¯^xK…wZ Rvbv‡j †ivgvbivI †mUv‡K ivR‣bwZK
we‡ivwaZv wn‡m‡e MY¨ K‡i Ges Zv `g‡bi eë¯ v †bq| Z‡e G
e¨vcv‡iI †ivgvb‡ì †h Lye †ewk AvMÖn ev ZrciZv wQj GgbUv
bq| whïwLªó‡K µzkwe× Kivi ci †_‡K †ivgvb mgªvU
Kb÷¨vbwU‡bi wLªóag© MÖn‡Yi gv‡Si 300 eQ‡i eû-Ckîev`x
†ivgvb mgªvU‡ì nv‡Z wLªóvbiv wbh©vwZZ n‡q‡Q e‡ov‡Rvi Pvi
evi| ¯ vbxq cÖkvmK‡ì ØvivI GiKg wKQz NUbv N‡U‡Q| Zvi
ciI, GB 300 eQ‡ii wbh©vZ‡b wbnZ nIqv †gvU wLªóv‡bi
msL¨v K‡qK nvRv‡ii †ewk n‡e bv|1 Ab¨w`‡K c‡ii 1500
eQ‡i fv‡jvevmv I mnvbyf‚wZi ag© wLªóa‡g©i wel‡q mvgvb¨
gZ‡f‡ì Kvi‡Y wLªóvbivB nZ¨v K‡i‡Q jvL jvL wLªóvb‡K|
G cÖm‡½ †lvok I mß`k kZvãx‡Z BD‡ivc Ry‡o msNwUZ
K¨v_wjK I †cÖv‡U÷¨v›U‡ì ga¨Kvi ag©xq msNl© we‡klfv‡e
329
D‡jøL‡hvM¨| G hy‡×i `ycÿB wQj whïwLª‡ói gwngv I Zuvi
fv‡jvevmvi evYx‡Z AbycÖvwYZ| Zv‡ì gZv‣bKÜvI n‡qwQj
†mB fv‡jvevmvi cÖK…wZ wb‡qB| †cÖv‡U÷¨v›Uiv ejZ Ck^‡ii
fv‡jvevmv GZB gnvb †h wZwb wb‡R i³gvs‡mi †`n wb‡q
c„w_ex‡Z G‡m gvby‡li Avw`g cv‡ci cÖvqwðË K‡i †M‡Qb wb‡R
µzkwe× n‡q, Avi wek^vmx‡ì Rb¨ Ly‡j w`‡q‡Qb ¯^‡M©i Øvi|
K¨v_wjKivI GUzKz gvbZ, cvkvcvwk Zviv GUvI `vwe KiZ †h,
ïay wek^vmB h‡_ó bq| ¯^M©jv‡fi Rb¨ gvbyl‡K wek^v‡mi
cvkvcvwk wbqwgZ wMR©vq †h‡Z n‡e, ag©xq AvPvi-Abyôv‡b Ask
wb‡Z n‡e Avi Ki‡Z n‡e fv‡jv KvR| GLv‡bB †cÖv‡U÷¨v›U‡ì
AvcwË| Zviv e‡j G‡Z Ck^‡ii Agh©v`v nq| ¯^‡M© hvIqv hw`
wbR K…ZK‡g©i Ic‡iB wbf©i K‡i Zvn‡j †Zv whïwLª‡ói
hš¿Yv‡fvM I Ck^‡ii fv‡jvevmvi †P‡q wb‡R‡KB †ewk ¸iæZ¡
†Ìqv nq|
GB ag©xq gZwe‡iva †lvok I mß`k kZ‡K Pi‡g †cu․Qvq|
K¨v_wjK I †cÖv‡U÷¨v›UÑ `yB `‡ji gvbylB Ab¨ `‡ji kZ kZ
gvbyl‡K nZ¨v K‡i| 1572 mv‡ji 23 AvM‡÷ mrK‡g©i mg_©K
d«v‡Ýi K¨v_wjKiv †m †`‡ki †cÖv‡U÷¨v›U‡ì Ici cÖPÐ AvNvZ
nv‡b| †mB Avµg‡Y gvÎ 24 NÈvi g‡a¨ 5 †_‡K 10 nvRvi
†cÖv‡U÷¨v›U cÖvY nvivq| GB NUbv‡KB BwZnv‡m ejv nq †mB›U
ev‡_©v‡jvwgD wè‡mi MYnZ¨v (St BartholomewÕs Day
Massacre)| GB MYnZ¨vi Lei †iv‡g †cu․Q‡j †cvc DjøwmZ
n‡q we‡kl cÖv_©bvi gva¨‡g Zv D`&hvcb K‡ib, Avi wkíx RwR©I
fvmvwi‡K (Giorgio Vasari) `vwqZ¡ †`b f¨vwUK¨v‡bi GKUv
N‡ii †Ìqvj Ry‡o GB MYnZ¨vi Qwe Gu‡K ivL‡Z|2 IB 24
NÈvq wLªóvb‡ì nv‡ZB hZRb wLªóvb wbnZ nq, eû-Ckîev`x
†ivgvb mvgªv‡Rï ïiæ †_‡K †kl ch©šÍ cy‡iv mg‡qI ZZRb
wLªóvb‡K nZ¨v Kiv nqwb|
330
Ckî GK I AwØZxq
eû-Ckîev`x ag© cvjb Ki‡Z Ki‡Z GKmgq wKQz gvbyl
G‡KKRb we‡kl †èZvi cÖwZ Abyi³ n‡q hvq| GB fw³i
Kvi‡Y Zviv Av‡¯Í Av‡¯Í eû-Hk¦wiK `k©b †_‡K m‡i Av‡m|
Zviv wek^vm Ki‡Z _v‡K, Zv‡ì IB GKRb †èZvB GKgvÎ
Ckî, Zuvi nv‡ZB wekêþ ª v‡Ði me ÿgZv| Avevi †m Ck^‡ii
cQ›`-AcQ›` I cÿcvZ Av‡Q, myZivs Zuvi m‡½ gvby‡li
Av`vb-cÖ`vb Pj‡Z cv‡i| Gfv‡eB c„w_ex‡Z D™¢e n‡jv
G‡Kkîev‡ì| Gme a‡g©i Abymvixiv gnvwe‡k¦i cig kw³a‡ii
Kv‡QB mivmwi mvnvh¨ PvB‡Z cv‡i| †mUv †ivM mviv‡bvi Rb¨B
†nvK wKsev hy‡× ev jUvwi‡Z †RZvi Rb¨B †nvK|
350 wLªóc~e©v‡ã dvivI Av‡Lbv‡Zb, Av‡Zb bv‡gi wgkixq
c¨vwš q‡bi GK †èZv‡K me©kw³gvb e‡j cÖwZôv K‡ib|
gvby‡li Rvbvg‡Z †mUvB c„w_exi cÖ_g G‡Kkîev`x ag©|
Av‡Lbv‡Zb mviv iv‡R¨ Av‡Z‡bi Dcvmbv Pvjy K‡ib, m‡½
Ab¨vb¨ †è‡èx‡ì Dcvmbv eÜ Ki‡ZI m‡Pó nb| Z‡e a‡g©
•ecøweK cwieZ©b Avbvi Rb¨ Zuvi GB †Póv †kl‡gk mdj
nqwb| Zuvi g„Zzï ci Av‡Z‡bi DcvmbvI eÜ n‡q hvq|
Gfv‡eB wewfbœ RvqMvq eû-Ckîev`x ag© †_‡K G‡Kkîev`x
a‡g©i D™¢e n‡Z _v‡K, wKš‧ †m¸‡jv cÖPvi I me©RbxbZvi Afv‡e
weKwkZ nq bv, GK RvqMvq AvU‡K _v‡K| GB †hgb Bûw`
ag©g‡Z ci‡gk^‡ii AvMÖn ev cÿcvZ Av‡Q, wKš‧ †m AvMÖn †Kej
Bmiv‡qj bvgK GKUv RvqMvi ÿz`ª Bûw` Rb‡Mvôx‡K wN‡i|
Bûw`‡ì a‡g© Ab¨vb¨ RvwZ‡K AvK…ó Kivi g‡Zv Dcv`vb wKQz wQj
bv Ges Zviv †ewkifvM mg‡qB wQj cÖPviwegyL| G‡Kkîev‡ì GB
Ae¯ vwU‡K ÔAvÂwjK G‡Kkîev`Õ bv‡g WvKv †h‡Z cv‡i|
G Ae¯ vi me‡P‡q e‡ov cwieZ©b Av‡b wLªóag©| Gi DrcwË
N‡U Bûw`‡ìB GKUv Ask †_‡K| Zviv Ab¨‡ì †evSv‡Z ïiæ
K‡i †h, bvRv‡i‡_i whïB Zv‡ì eû cÖZxwÿZ D×viKZ©v
(Messiah)| GB `‡ji Ab¨Zg †bZv wQ‡jb ga¨-`wÿY Zzi‡¯‥i
331
kni Uvimv‡mi ag©cÖPviK cj (Paul of Tarsus)| wZwb e‡jb,
hw` gnvwe‡kî cig kw³ai Ckî wbwj©ß bv nb, Avi wZwb
i³gvs‡mi †`n wb‡q c„w_ex‡Z G‡m gvbegyw³i D‡Ï‡k¨ µz‡k
cÖvY †`b, Zvn‡j †m Ck^‡ii K_v ïay Bûw`‡ì g‡a¨ mxgve× bv
†i‡L me gvbyl‡K Rvbv‡bv DwPZ| GiciB Ck^‡ii evYx Avi
whïi K_v Qwo‡q co‡Z _v‡K c„w_exi me©Î|
c‡ji K_vq KvR n‡qwQj| wLªóvbiv me gvby‡li Kv‡Q
wLªóag© †cu․‡Q w`‡Z ïiæ Kij bvbv iKg cÖPviYvg~jK Kg©KvÐ|
Avi BwZnv‡mi wewPÎ †Lqv‡j Bûw`‡ì †mB †Qv‡Uv Rb‡Mvôxi
ag©UvB GKw`b `Lj K‡i emj kw³kvjx †ivgvb mvgªvR¨|
wLªóa‡g©i GB mvdj¨ cieZ©xKv‡j Avie DcØx‡c m„ó
Av‡iKwU G‡Kkîev`x a‡g©i Rb¨ AbyKiYxq Av`k© n‡q ùvovqÑ
†m a‡g©i bvg Bmjvg| wLªóa‡g©i g‡Zv BmjvgI GKUv †Qv‡Uv
GjvKvi ÿz`ª Rb‡Mvôxi g‡a¨ ïiæ nq, wKš‧ wLªóa‡g©i †P‡qI
bvUKxqfv‡e Zv Avie GjvKvi MwÐ Qvwo‡q G‡Kev‡i AvUjvw›UK
gnvmvMi †_‡K fviZ ch©šÍ we¯Í…Z nq| Zvici †_‡K
G‡Kkîev`x ag©¸‡jv we‡k¦i BwZnv‡m ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f‚wgKv cvjb
K‡i Avm‡Q|
G‡Kkîev`x gvby‡li g‡a¨ cÖPvigywLZv Avi †Muvovwg, G `y‡Uv
wRwbm eû-Ckîev`x‡ì †P‡q A‡bK †ewk †`Lv hvq| †Kv‡bv ag©
hw` Ab¨vb¨ wek^vm‡KI †g‡b †bq Z‡e Gi A_© n‡Z cv‡i
`yiKgÑ nq †m a‡g©i Ckî me©kw³gvb bq, A_ev †m ag©
ci‡gk^‡ii KvQ †_‡K cig m‡Zï GKUv Ask jvf K‡i‡Q,
cy‡ivUv bq| G‡Kkîev`xiv wek^vm K‡i †h Ckî GKRbB Avi
†m Ck^‡ii m¤ú~Y© evYxB Zviv †c‡q‡Q, ZvB Ab¨ me ag©‡K Zviv
A¯^xKvi Ki‡Z _v‡K| weMZ 2 nvRvi eQ‡i G‡Kkîev`xiv
wfbœgZvej¤^x‡ì wbg©~j K‡i wb‡R‡ì kw³e„w×i †Póv K‡i‡Q
eûevi|
wLªóxq cÖ_g kZvãxi ïiæ‡Z c„w_ex‡Z G‡Kkîev`x gvbyl
wQj bv ej‡jB P‡j| 500 wLªóv‡ãi w`‡K †ivgvb mvgªv‡Rï
kvmK‡Mvôx wQj wLªóvb| we‡kî Ab¨Zg e„nr GB mvgªvR¨ †_‡K
332
ag©cÖPviKiv Qwo‡q coj BD‡ivc, Gwkqv I Avwd«Kvq| wLªóxq
cÖ_g mnmªv‡ãi †kl bvMv` BD‡ivc, cwðg Gwkqv Avi DËi
Avwd«Kvi AwaKvsk gvbylB G‡Kkîev`x aviYvq wek^vm Ki‡Z
ïiæ Kij| AvUjvw›UK gnvmvMi †_‡K wngvjq ch©šÍ hZ mvgªvR¨
•Zwi n‡qwQj †m¸‡jvi meB ZLb wQj GKRb Ckî Øviv
wbqwš¿Z| †lvok kZ‡Ki ïiæ‡Z Gwkqvi c~e© Avi Avwd«Kvi
`wÿY Ask Qvov wekvj Av‡d«v-Gwkqv f‚L‡Ð wQj G‡Kkîev`x
a‡g©i Rq RqKvi| Avi AvR c~e© Gwkqvi evB‡ii †ewkifvM
gvbylB †Kv‡bv-bv-†Kv‡bv G‡Kkîev`x a‡g©i Abymvix|
AvšÍR©vwZK ivRbxwZI Pj‡Q Gme a‡g©i Ici fi K‡iB|
gRvi e¨vcvi n‡jv, me©cÖvYev` †hgb eû-Ckîev‡ì g‡aÏ
wU‡K wQj, wVK †Zgwb eû-Ckîev`x ag©I G‡Kkîev`x a‡g©i
cvkvcvwk †eu‡P iBj| ZvwË¡K w`K †_‡K †`L‡j, hw` cig
kw³ai CkîB gvby‡li g½j-Ag½‡ji `vwqZ¡ †bb, Z‡e AvswkK
ÿgZvi AwaKvix †èZvi c~Rv †Kb Ki‡e gvbyl? ¯^qs ivóªcwZi
Kvh©vj‡qi ìRv †Lvjv †c‡j †K hv‡e Zuvi Aaxb¯  †Kv‡bv
Avgjvi Kv‡Q? G‡Kkîev`x ag©¸‡jv ZvB Avi me †èZvi
Aw¯ÍZ¡ A¯^xKvi K‡i, Avi hviv ci‡gkî ev‡` Ab¨ †Kv‡bv
†èZvi AvkÖq †bq Zv‡ì Rb¨ wbwðZ K‡i ciKv‡j AbšÍ
biKevm|
333
g¨vc 5| gvbwP‡Î wLªóag© I Bmjvg a‡g©i e¨vwß
Z‡e ZË¡K_v I ev¯ÍeZv me mgq †g‡j bv| A‡bK gvbylB

G‡Kkîev‡ì GB g~j e¨vcviUv cy‡ivcywi AvZ¥¯  Ki‡Z cv‡iwb|
Zv‡ì Kv‡Q c„w_exUv eiveiB ÔAvgv‡ìÕ Avi ÔZuv‡ìÕÑ GB `yB
As‡k wef³| Zviv g‡b K‡i †mB gnvkw³ I gvby‡li cvw_©e
gvgywj Kg©Kv‡Ði `y¯Íi eëavb KL‡bv NyPevi bq| ZvB
G‡Kkîev` G‡m cy‡iv‡bv †èZv‡ì mì ìRv w`‡q cÎcvV
weZvwoZ Ki‡jI, eû-Ckîev`x †PZbvi cÖ‡e‡ki Rb¨ RvbvjvUv
Avevi wVKB †Lvjv †i‡L‡Q| wLªóag© •Zwi K‡i‡Q Av‡iK
c¨vwš qb, †hLv‡b †èZvi e`‡j Av‡Qb bvbvb mvay-mbœ¨vmx| eû-
Hk^wiK †èZv‡ì g‡ZvB Gme mvay-mbœ¨vmxi i‡q‡Q wbR wbR
f³ I Abymvixi `j|
†èZv RywcUvi †hgb †iv‡gi iÿK wQ‡jb, †Zgwb cÖ‡Z¨K
wLªóvb iv‡RïI GKRb K‡i cÖavb mbœ¨vmx _vK‡Zb| †mB
mbœ¨vmxi KvR wQj wewfbœ mgm¨v mgvavb Avi hy‡× wRZ‡Z IB
iv‡Rï gvbyl‡K mvnvh¨ Kiv| Bsj¨v‡Ûi iÿvKZ©v wn‡m‡e wQ‡jb
†mB›U RR©, ¯‥Uj¨v‡Û †mB›U A¨vÛ«y, nv‡½wi‡Z †mB›U w÷‡db
Avi d«v‡Ý †mB›U gvwU©b| cÖ‡Z¨K kn‡ii Rb¨, †ckvi Rb¨,
GgbwK †iv‡Mi RbÏ Avjv`v Avjv`v mbœ¨vmx wQ‡jb| BZvwji
334
wgjvb kn‡ii mbœ¨vmx wQ‡jb †mB›U A¨vg‡eªvm, †fwb‡m †mB›U
gvK©| wPgwb cwi®‥vi Kiv †jv‡K‡ì iÿv Ki‡Zb †mB›U
†d¬vwiqvb, Ki msMÖvnK‡ì wec‡` GwM‡q Avm‡Zb †mB›U
g¨vw_D| gv_ve¨_vq cÖv_©bv Ki‡Z †h‡Z n‡Zv †mB›U
AvMvw_qv‡mi Kv‡Q, Avi ùvZ e¨_vi Rb¨ wQ‡jb †mB›U
A¨v‡cv‡jvwbqv|
wLªóvb mbœ¨vmxiv †h ïay Av‡Mi eû-Hk¦wiK †èZv‡ì g‡Zv
wQ‡jb Zv bq, A‡bK mgq †èZvB iƒcvšÍwiZ n‡Zb mbœ¨vmx‡Z|
GB †hgb wLªóag© Pvjy nIqvi Av‡M †KwëK Avqvij¨v‡Ûi cÖavb
†èx wQ‡jb weªwR` (Brigid)| Avqvij¨v‡Û wLªóag© cÖPj‡bi ci
†KwëK Avqvij¨v‡Ûi GB †èx n‡q DV‡jb wLªóvb‡ì †mB›U
weªwR`| AvR ch©šÍ Avqvij¨v‡Ûi me‡P‡q †ewk gh©v`vi AwaKvix
mbœ¨vwmbx wZwbB|
fv‡jv Avi Lviv‡ci hy×

eû-Ckîev`x ag© †_‡K ïay G‡Kkîev`x a‡g©i DrcwË n‡q‡QÑ
GgbUv fve‡j fzj n‡e| •ØZev`x (Dualistic) a‡g©i D™¢eI
n‡q‡Q eû-Ckîev`x ag© †_‡KB| Gme ag© `y‡Uv wecixZag©x
kw³i K_v e‡j, fv‡jv Avi Lvivc| G‡Kkîev`x ag©g‡Z GB
g‡›ì DrcwË nq fv‡jv †_‡KB (A_©vr Ck^‡ii KvQ †_‡K), wKš‧
•ØZev`x a‡g© fv‡jv Avi Lvivc `y‡UvB ¯^vaxbfv‡e weivR K‡i|
Gme ag© e‡j †h GB RMr n‡jv fv‡jvg‡›ì GKUv hy×‡ÿÎ|
hv-wKQz N‡U, Zvi meB GB Ø‡›Øi Ask|
•ØZev`x `„wófw½ †ek AvKl©Yxq, KviY G‡Z gvby‡li
wPšÍvRM‡Zi GKUv †g․wjK cÖ‡kœi †QvÆ, mij DËi cvIqv hvq|
cÖkœUv n‡jv, Ôc„w_ex‡Z g‡›ì Aw¯Í‡Z¡i KviY Kx? †Kb gvby‡li
GZ `y‡f©vM? fv‡jv gvby‡li m‡½I †Kb Lvivc NUbv N‡U?Õ
G‡Kkîev` †h me©Á, me©kw³gvb I `qvjy Ck^‡ii K_v e‡j, Zv
w`‡q GB cÖ‡kœi DËi w`‡Z G‡Kkîev`x‡ì †ek †eM †c‡Z nq
eBwK| cÖPwjZ G‡Kkîev`x e¨vL¨v¸‡jvi GKUv e‡j †h, Ckî
gvbyl‡K †h ¯^vaxb B”Qvi my‡hvM w`‡q‡Qb, GUv †evSv‡ZB g‡›ì
335
m„wó| RM‡Z hw` g›` bv _vKZ, Zvn‡j gvbyl fv‡jv Avi g‡›ì
g‡a¨ †Kv‡bv GKUv‡K †e‡Q wb‡Z cviZ bv| Aek¨ GB hyw³ Lye
mnR‡eva¨ bq, Avi GLvb †_‡K Av‡iv wKQz cÖkœ Rv‡M| B”Qvi
¯^vaxbZv _vK‡j gvbyl fv‡jv †Q‡o g›`‡K MÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡i|
A‡bK gvbyl †mUv K‡iI| G‡Kkîev`x ag© e‡j, g›`‡K †e‡Q
†bIqvi Rb¨ Zv‡K kvw¯Í †fvM Ki‡Z n‡e| GLb me©Á Ckî hw`
Av‡M †_‡KB Rv‡bb †h IB gvbylwU †¯^”Qvq g›`‡KB †e‡Q wb‡q
AbšÍ biKevm †fvM Ki‡e, Zvn‡j wZwb IB gvbylwU‡K m„wó
Ki‡jb †Kb? G cÖ‡kœi DËi w`‡Z AmsL¨ eB †jLv n‡q‡Q|
†mme DËi Kv‡iv Kv‡Q MÖnY‡hvM¨ nq, Kv‡iv Kv‡Q nq bv| wKš‧
GUv ¯úó †h, G‡Kkîev` GB cÖ‡kœi mnR †Kv‡bv e¨vL¨v w`‡Z
cv‡i bv|
•ØZev`xiv Lye mn‡R g‡›ì Aw¯Í‡Z¡i e¨vL¨v w`‡Z cv‡i|
Zv‡ì g‡Z, fv‡jv gvby‡li m‡½I Lvivc NUbv N‡U, KviY GB
gnvwek^ ïay GKRb Ôfv‡jvÕ Ck^‡ii nv‡ZB cwiPvwjZ nq bv|
GLv‡b fv‡jvi cvkvcvwk g›Ì Av‡iKUv gnvkw³ wn‡m‡e
¯^vaxbfv‡e weivR K‡i| †m gnvkw³B g›` NUbv¸‡jvi Rb¨
`vqx|
•ØZev‡ìI mxgve×Zv Av‡Q| •ØZev` g‡›ì Aw¯Í‡Z¡i e¨vL¨v
w`‡Z cv‡i, wKš‧ k„•Ljvi e¨vL¨v wVKg‡Zv w`‡Z cv‡i bv| GB
gnvRMr hw` GKRb Ck^‡ii m„wó nq, Zvn‡j Kxfv‡e mewKQz GKUv
wbw`©ó k„•Ljvi †fZi w`‡q Pj‡Q Zvi DËi cvIqv hvqÑ huvi nv‡Z
mewKQz •Zwi, Zuvi wbq‡gB Pj‡Q| wKš‧ RM‡Zi wbqš¿Y wb‡Z hw`
fv‡jvg‡›ì Aweivg Ø›Ø Pj‡Z _v‡K, Zvn‡j †mB hy‡×i wbqg wVK
K‡i †`q †K? `y‡Uv †`‡ki g‡a¨ hy× Pj‡Z cv‡i, KviY `yB †`kB
c`v_©we`¨vi wbqg †g‡b P‡j| fviZ‡K jÿ¨ K‡i cvwK¯Ívb
†ÿcYv¯¿ Qzo‡Z cv‡i KviY gva¨vKl©Y `yB RvqMv‡ZB GKB iKg|
wKš‧ hLb fv‡jvi m‡½ jovB ev‡a g‡›ì, ZLb wVK †Kvb †Kvb
wbqg `ycÿB †g‡b P‡j? Avi †mme wbqg wVK K‡iB-ev †`q †K?
Zvn‡j †`Lv hv‡”Q, G‡Kkîev` RM‡Zi k„•Ljvi e¨vL¨v
w`‡Z cv‡i wKš‧ g‡›ì Aw¯Í‡Z¡i cwi®‥vi e¨vL¨v w`‡Z cv‡i bv|
336
Avevi •ØZev` g‡›ì Aw¯ÍZ¡ e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡jI k„•Ljvi
wel‡q bxie| GB `y‡Uv ZË¡‡K mgš^q Kivi Rb¨ GKUv m¤¢ve¨
hyw³ n‡Z cv‡i GgbÑ GB gnvwek^ m„wó K‡i‡Qb GKRb
me©kw³gvb Ckî, Avi wZwb GKB m‡½ fv‡jv I g›`| Z‡e †kl
Lei cvIqv ch©šÍ GB hyw³Uv nRg Kivi g‡Zv gw¯Í®‥ †Kv‡bv
gvby‡li gv_vq MwR‡q‡Q e‡j Rvbv hvqwb|
•ØZev`x a‡g©i D™¢e nq AvR †_‡K nvRvi eQ‡iiI †ewk
Av‡M| 1500 †_‡K 1000 wLªóc~e©v‡ãi g‡a¨ †Kv‡bv GK mg‡q
ga¨ Gwkqvq Riv_y÷ª (Zoroaster/Zarathustra) bvgK GKRb
ag©cÖPviK wQ‡jb| Zuvi cÖPvwiZ wek^vm A‡bK cÖRb¥ cvi n‡q
cwiYZ nq c„w_exi me‡P‡q ¸iæZ¡c~Y© •ØZev`x a‡g©, hvi bvg
Riv_y÷eª v` (Zoroastrianism)| GB ag©vbymv‡i GB RM‡Z fv‡jv
Ckî Avûiv gvR`v (Ahura Mazda) Ges Lvivc Ckî Avsiv
gvBwbD (Angra Mainyu)-Gi g‡a¨ jovB Pj‡Q| gvby‡li KZ©e¨
n‡jv GB hy‡× fv‡jv Ckî‡K mvnvh¨ Kiv| wLªóc~e© 550 †_‡K
330 mv‡ji g‡a¨ GwK‡gwb` cvim¨ mvgªv‡R¨ (Achaemenid
Persian Empire) GB ag© we‡kl ¸iæZ¡ jvf K‡i| c‡i 224
†_‡K 651 wLªóv‡ã mvmvwb` mvgªv‡R¨ (Sassanid Persian
Empire) GUvB nq cÖavb ag©| G mg‡qi c‡i ga¨cÖvP¨ I ga¨
Gwkqvq D™¢‚Z cÖvq me a‡g©i Ici Gi D‡jøL‡hvM¨ cÖfve †`Lv
hvq| †bvw÷wmRg (Gnosticism) Ges g¨vwbwKqvwbRg
(Manichaeanism)-Gi g‡Zv •ØZev`x a‡g©i DrcwËI nq
Riv_y÷eª v` †_‡KB|
wLªóxq Z…Zxq I PZz_© kZvãx‡Z g¨vwbwKqvb gZev` Pxb
†_‡K DËi Avwd«Kv ch©šÍ Qwo‡q c‡o| GB wek^vm GZ †ewk
we¯Í…Z nq †h GKmgq g‡b Kiv n‡Zv †ivgvb mvgªv‡Rï Ici Gi
cÖfve nq‡Zv wLªóa‡g©i †P‡qI †ewk n‡e| wKš‧ †kl ch©šÍ Zv
Avi nqwb| mvmvwb` mvgªv‡R¨ G‡Kkîev`x gymwjg‡ì AvwacZ¨
ïiæ nIqvi ci GB •ØZev`x wek^vm wSwg‡q c‡o| eZ©gv‡b
fviZ I ga¨cÖv‡P¨ nv‡Z-†Mvbv wKQz gvbe‡Mvôx GB wek^vm a‡i
†i‡L‡Q|
337
Zvi ciI, G‡Kkîev‡ì DÌvb •ØZev`‡K cy‡ivcywi gy‡Q
†dj‡Z cv‡iwb| Bûw` ag©, wLªóag© I BmjvgÑ GB wZbwU
G‡Kkîev`x ag©B •ØZev‡ì A‡bK wek^vm I AvPvi-AvPiY‡K
wb‡Ri g‡a¨ aviY K‡i‡Q| G‡Kkîev‡ì A‡bK †g․wjK aviYvB
Avm‡j •ØZev` †_‡K D™¢‚Z| AmsL¨ Bûw`, wLªóvb I gymwjg
GKUv Lvivc kw³i Aw¯Í‡Z¡ wek^vm K‡i, †h kw³ Ck^‡ii weiæ‡×
¯^vaxbfv‡e KvR K‡i| wLªóa‡g©i Ô†WwfjÕ (Devil) ev Bmjvg
a‡g©i ÔkqZvbÕB n‡jv †mB Lvivc kw³|
G‡Kkîev‡` wek^vmx gvbyl Kxfv‡e Ggb •ØZev`x wek^vm‡K
MÖnY K‡i? hyw³ w`‡q Gi e¨vL¨v †Ìqv hvq bv| nq GKRb
me©kw³gvb Ck^‡i wek^vm Ki‡Z n‡e, bq‡Zv `ywU wfbœ
ci¯úiwe‡ivax kw³‡K †g‡b wb‡Z n‡e, hvi †Kv‡bvUvB m‡e©v”P
ÿgZvi AwaKvix bq| wKš‧ GKB m‡½ `ywU ci¯úiwe‡ivax
hyw³‡K †g‡b †bIqvi GKUv A™¢zZ ÿgZv gvby‡li Av‡Q| ZvB
jvL jvL avwg©K Bûw`, wLªóvb I gymwjg †h GKB m‡½ Ckî I
kqZv‡bi Aw¯ÍZ¡ I ÿgZvq wek^vm K‡iÑ G‡Z AevK nIqvi
wKQz †bB| wKQz wKQz †ÿ‡Î GB wek^vm GZB cÖej †h kqZv‡bi
weiæ‡× jovB‡q Ckî‡K mvnvh¨ Ki‡Z ÔwRnv`Õ wKsev Ôµz‡mWÕ-
Gi bv‡g gvbyl cÖvY ch©šÍ wb‡Z wØav †eva K‡i bv|
•ØZev`x a‡g©i Av‡iKUv we‡kl •ewkó¨ n‡jv †`n I AvZ¥vi
my¯úó wefvRb| we‡kl K‡i †bvw÷wmRg I g¨vwbwKqvwbR‡g e¯‧MZ
I Ae¯‧MZ RMr‡K Avjv`v K‡i †`Lvi e¨vcviUv jÿYxq| G `ywU
gZev`B e‡j AvZ¥v I Ae¯‧MZ mewKQz fv‡jv Ck^‡ii m„wó, Avi
kixi I me e¯‧ g›` Ck^‡ii m„wó| Kv‡RB gvbyl‡K ejv hvq Ôfv‡jvÕ
AvZ¥v Avi Ôg›`Õ kix‡ii GKUv hy×‡ÿÎ| G‡Kkîev`x `„wó‡KvY
†_‡K GB wefvRb A_©nxb| †Kb kixi I AvZ¥vi g‡a¨, e¯‧ I
Ae¯‧i g‡a¨ Ggb mxgv‡iLv Uvb‡Z n‡e? Avi kixi Avi e¯‧B-ev
g›` e‡j MY¨ n‡e †Kb? mewKQzB †Zv GKRb Ck^‡iiB m„wó| wKš‧
G‡Kkîev`xiv GB wØwefvR‡bi aviYv †_‡K cy‡ivcywi m‡iI Avm‡Z
cv‡i bv, KviY G Qvov g›`‡K e¨vL¨v Kivi mnR †Kv‡bv c_ †bB|
GB `ywU ci¯úiwe‡ivax ZË¡ †_‡KB Bmjvg I wLªóa‡g©i Ab¨Zg
GKwU wfwË cÖwZwôZ n‡q‡Q| GB `yB a‡g©i gvbyl †h ¯^M© (fv‡jv
338
Ck^‡ii Aaxb RMr) Ges biK (g›` Ck^‡ii Aaxb RMr)-Gi
aviYvq wek^vm K‡i, Zv g~jZ •ØZev`x aviYv| evB‡e‡ji Iì
†U÷v‡g‡›U Ggb †Kv‡bv aviYvi †`Lv cvIqv hvq bv| †mLv‡b g„Zz¨-
cieZ©x Rxe‡bi wel‡qI wKQz ejv nqwb|
mg¯Í BwZnvm ch©v‡jvPbv K‡i †`Lv hvq, G‡Kkîev`x,
•ØZev`x, eû-Ckîev`x I e¯‧cÖavb a‡g©i aviYv¸‡jvi wgkÖ‡Y
•Zwi n‡q‡Q AvR‡Ki G‡Kkîev`x `k©b| GLbKvi GKRb
MocoZv wLªóvb G‡Kkîev`x n‡q Ck^‡i wek^vm K‡i, •ØZev`xi
g‡Zv kqZvb‡K wek^vm K‡i, eû-Ckîev`x‡ì g‡Zv wewfbœ mvay-
mbœ¨vmx‡ì AbymiY K‡i, Avevi cÖvPxb me©cÖvYev`x‡ì g‡Zv
f‚‡ZI wek^vm K‡i| GB †h gvbyl K‡qK iKg wfbœ, GgbwK
ci¯úiwe‡ivax wek^vm‡K GKm‡½ MÖnY Ki‡Q, ag©wekviìv Gi
GKUv bvg w`‡q‡Qb| bvgUv n‡jv Syncretism, evsjvq ejv hvq
mgwš^Z ag©| m¤¢eZ GB mgwš^Z ag©B c„w_exi me‡P‡q e‡ov
ag©|
cÖK…wZi wbqg
G ch©šÍ hZ iK‡gi a‡g©i wel‡q Av‡jvPbv n‡jv Zv‡ì
cÖ‡Z¨‡Ki GKUv mvaviY •ewkó¨ Av‡Q| †mUv n‡jv, G‡ì
cÖ‡Z¨‡KB †Kv‡bv-bv-†Kv‡bv ai‡bi Ckî ev AwZcÖvK…Z mËvi
K_v e‡j| cwðgv †`k¸‡jvi cÖvq me gvbylB G‡Kkîev`x ev
eû-Ckîev`x a‡g© wek^vmx, ZvB Zv‡ì Kv‡Q GB wek^vmUv‡K Lye
¯^vfvweK g‡b nq| wKš‧ mviv c„w_exi a‡g©i BwZnv‡mi m~Î a‡i
G‡Kev‡i †Mvovi w`‡K †M‡j me mgq †mLv‡b Ck^‡ii †`Lv
†g‡j bv| wLªóc~e© cÖ_g kZvãxi ïiæi w`‡K Av‡d«v-Gkxq
GjvKvq Ab¨ GKai‡bi a‡g©i weKvk nq| Gi g‡a¨ D‡jøL‡hvM¨
wQj fvi‡Zi •Rb I †e․×ag©, Px‡bi ZvIev` (Taoism) I
Kbdzwmqv‡mi gZev` (Confucianism) Ges f‚ga¨mvM‡ii
ZxieZ©x GjvKvi •eivMëv` (Stoicism), •bivkëv`
(Cynicism) I †fvMev` (Epicureanism)| GB me¸‡jv a‡g©iB
339
mvaviY •ewkó¨ n‡jv, G‡ì †Kv‡bvUvB †Kv‡bv ai‡bi Ckî ev
†èZvi K_v e‡j bv|
GB ai‡bi ag©¸‡jv‡Z ejv nq gnvwe‡kî k„•Ljv Kvh©Ki _v‡K
m¤ú~Y© cÖvK…wZK wbq‡g, †Kv‡bv Ckî ev †èZvi B”Qvq bq| A‡bK
ag© Ck^‡ii Aw¯ÍZ¡ ¯^xKvi K‡i, wKš‧ †m CkîI Gme cÖvK…wZK
wbq‡gi Aaxb| GB cÖvK…wZK wbq‡gi mvg‡b Ckî, gvbyl, me cÖvYx
I Dw™¢` mgvb| GB ag©xq eë¯ vq †èZv‡ì Ae¯ vb nvwZ wKsev
kRviæi g‡ZvB, A_©vr cÖK…wZ‡Z GKUv nvwZ hZUv cÖfve ivL‡Z
cv‡i GKRb †èZvi cÖfve Zvi †P‡q GKUzI †ewk bq| Gi GKUv
e‡ov D`vniY n‡jv †e․×ag©| cÖvPxbKvj †_‡K †hme cÖvK…wZK ag©
•Zwi n‡q‡Q, †e․×ag© †m¸‡jvi g‡a¨ me‡P‡q ¸iæZ¡c~Y©, Avi
c„w_exi Ab¨Zg cÖavb ag© wn‡m‡e †mUv GL‡bv wU‡K Av‡Q|
†e․×a‡g©i †K›`ªxq PwiÎwU †Kv‡bv †èZv bb, GKRb gvbyl|
Zuvi bvg wm×v_© †M․Zg| †e․×a‡g©i wKse`wšÍ e‡j, †M․Zg
wQ‡jb wLªóc~e© 500 A‡ãi w`‡K wngvj‡qi Kv‡Qi GKUv iv‡Rï
ivRcwiev‡ii mšÍvb| gvby‡li `ytL`y`©kv †`‡L GB ZiæY
ivRKzgvi LyeB wePwjZ n‡q co‡jb| wZwb †`L‡jb, Zuvi
Pvicv‡k hZ bvix I cyiæl, wkï I e„×Ñ meviB bvbv iK‡gi
`ytL| GB `yt‡Li Drm †Kej hy× ev gnvgvwii g‡Zv ÿY¯ vqx
NUbv bq, m‡½ Av‡iv Av‡Q gvbeRxe‡bi Awe‡”Q`¨ Ask n‡q
_vKv wPi¯ vqx `ywðšÍv, nZvkv I Afve| gvbyl m¤úwË I ÿgZvi
†cQ‡b µgvMZ QzU‡Q, Ávb I m¤ú` AvniY K‡i hv‡”Q,
mšÍv‡bi Rb¥ w`‡”Q, Nievwo evbv‡”Q, wKš‧ Zv‡ì Afve Avi
†kl nq bv| AR©b hZB _vKzK, Zvi Av‡iv PvB| Mwie gvbyl ¯^cœ
†`‡L m¤ú‡ì| hvi 1 jvL UvKv Av‡Q †m Pvq 2 jvL UvKv| hvi
2 jvL Av‡Q Zvi wPšÍv Kxfv‡e †mUv‡K 10 jvL evbv‡bv hvq|
me‡P‡q abx, me‡P‡q weL¨vZ gvbylUvI Zvi AR©‡b mš‧ó bq|
mviv Rxeb Gme wPšÍvB gvbyl‡K Zvov K‡i †eovq, hZw`b bv
Riv, e¨vwa ev g„Zz¨ G‡m Zv‡K MÖvm K‡i| GK Rxe‡bi mg¯Í
AR©b g„Zzï ci wb‡f hvIqv Av¸‡bi †auvqvi g‡ZvB wgwj‡q
hvq| GB A_©nxb Qz‡U Pjv †_‡K gyw³ †Kv_vq?
340
29 eQi eq‡m GK iv‡Z †M․Zg Ni Qvo‡jb| cwievi I
me m¤ú` Z¨vM K‡i feNy‡i n‡q mviv DËi fviZ P‡l †eov‡jb
gvby‡li `ytL‡gvP‡bi Dcvq LyuR‡Z| A‡bK AvkÖ‡g †M‡jb,
A‡bK ¸iæi m½ wb‡jb wKš‧ Zuvi cÖ‡kœi †Kv‡bv m‡šÍvlRbK DËi
wgjj bv| wKš‧ wZwb nvj Qv‡obwb| gvby‡li gyw³i c_ LyuR‡Z
GKvB Pvwj‡q †M‡jb mvabv| gvby‡li `y`©kvi KviY I cÖwZKvi
wb‡q `xN© Qq eQi a¨vbgMœ †_‡K Ae‡k‡l DËi †c‡jb| wZwb
wm×v‡šÍ G‡jb, gvby‡li GB `yt‡Li KviY g›`fvM¨, mvgvwRK
•elg¨ ev †Kv‡bv •è Av‡µvk bq| GB K‡ói g~‡j Av‡Q gvby‡li
wbR PwiÎ|
†M․Z‡gi g‡Z, †h-†Kv‡bv cwiw¯ wZ‡Z gvby‡li g‡bi
¯^vfvweK cÖwZwµqv n‡jv Kvgbv, Avi GB Kvgbv Ac~Y© _vK‡j
†mLvb †_‡K •Zwi nq AcÖvwß| †Kv‡bv †e`bv`vqK NUbvq
gvby‡li gb hš¿Yv †_‡K gyw³ Pvq| Avi Avb‡›ì mg‡q Pvq Zvi
Avb›` Av‡iv evo–K, Av‡iv ¯ vqx †nvK| GB PvIqvi Kvi‡YB
gvby‡li gb KL‡bv kvwšÍ cvq bv, w¯ iZv cvq bv| Avgv‡ì
AwfÁZv †_‡KB Avgiv GUv eyS‡Z cvwi| hLb Avgiv e¨_v
cvB, †mB e¨_v †_‡K gyw³i Rb¨ Avgiv m¤¢ve¨ mewKQz Kwi, Avi
†mUvB Avgv‡ì gvbwmK w¯ iZv bó K‡i| Avevi hLb Avgiv
Avb‡›` _vwK, ZL‡bv †mUv Avgv‡ì kvwšÍ †`q bv, g‡bi g‡a¨
†R‡M _v‡K †mB Avb›` nvivevi fq| gvbyl fv‡jvevmvi †Luv‡R
eQ‡ii ci eQi KvwU‡q †`q, wKš‧ fv‡jvevmvi gvbylwU‡K †c‡q
wK m¤ú~Y© kvwšÍ cvq? Kv‡iv g‡b _v‡K m½x‡K nvivevi fq,
Avevi †KD fv‡e Gi †P‡qI fv‡jv m½x cvIqv †hZ| A‡b‡Ki
†ÿ‡Î †Zv GB `yiKg GKm‡½I N‡U|
341
g¨vc 6| †e․×a‡g©i cÖmvi
†èZviv e„wó Siv‡Z cv‡ib, bvbvb mvgvwRK cÖwZôvb Avgv‡ì

wbivcËv, b¨vqwePvi I my¯v^ ¯ ¨ wbwðZ Ki‡Z cv‡i, †m․fvM¨
KL‡bv KL‡bv G‡b w`‡Z cv‡i wecyj m¤ú`; wKš‧ Zv‡Z wK
gvby‡li †g․wjK wPšÍvavivq †Kv‡bv cwieZ©b nq? ZvB †Zv
me‡P‡q ÿgZvai ivRvI `ywðšÍvi nvZ †_‡K euvP‡Z cv‡ib bv,
my‡Li †cQ‡b Qz‡U Avi `ytL †_‡K cvwj‡q euvP‡Z gvbyl GK
Rxeb †kl K‡i †d‡j|
†M․Zg †`L‡jb, GB Pµ †_‡K gy³ nIqvi GKUv c_
Av‡Q| myL I `ytL‡K Kvgbv Qvov mnRfv‡e MÖnY Ki‡jB Avi
GB `y`©kv _v‡K bv| `yt‡Li mg‡q gyw³i Kvgbv Z¨vM Ki‡jB
`ytL Avi _v‡K bv, wKsev `ytL‡eva Ki‡jI Zv gvbyl‡K gvbwmK
cxov †`q bv| welYœZvi g‡aÏ Avm‡j GKiKg Hk^h© _vK‡Z
cv‡i| Avevi my‡Li mg‡qI myL P‡j hvIqvi `ywðšÍvUzKz †S‡o
†dj‡jB myLUzKz kvwšÍ‡Z Dc‡fvM Kiv hvq|
342
wKš‧ gvby‡li gb GB KvgbvUv‡K Z¨vM Ki‡e Kx K‡i?
†Kv‡bv cÖKvi Kvgbv Qvov wK myL ev `ytL‡K MÖnY Kiv hvq? GUv
m¤¢e Ki‡Z †M․Zg K‡qKwU bxwZ wba©viY Ki‡jb| GB bxwZ
Abykxj‡bi Rb¨ gvbyl‡K ÔKx n‡Z cviZÕ bv †f‡e fve‡Z n‡e
ÔKx n‡”QÕ| wb‡Ri wPšÍvaviv‡K Gfv‡e cwieZ©b KivUv KwVb
KvR, wKš‧ G‡Kev‡i Am¤¢e bq|
gvbyl‡K GB Kvgbv-evmbv Gwo‡q ev¯ÍeZv‡K MÖnY Kivi
mnR c_ wn‡m‡e †M․Zg K‡qKwU bxwZ cÖwZôv K‡ib| wZwb Zuvi
Abymvix‡ì nZ¨v, jvjmv I †P․h©ew„ Ë †_‡K weiZ _vKvi wb‡`©k
w`‡jb| KviY, GB KvR¸‡jvB gvby‡li g‡b ÿgZv, †h․bZv ev
m¤ú‡ì †gvn •Zwi K‡i| GB †gvngyw³i d‡j gvby‡li gb
wbf©vi, wbwðšÍ I cwic~Y© nq| GB Ae¯ v‡KB †e․×a‡g© ejv nq
Ôwbe©vYÕ jvf Kiv (Ôwbe©vYÕ-Gi kvwãK A_© ÔAv¸b wb‡f
hvIqvÕ)| hviv wbe©vY jvf K‡i Zviv me `y`©kv †_‡K m¤ú~Y© gy³
n‡q hvq| me iKg Kíbv I †gvn‡K `~‡i mwi‡q Zviv my¯úó
ev¯Íe‡K MÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡i| G‡Z Zviv `ytL-e¨v_v Abyfe K‡i bv
Zv bq, wKš‧ G¸‡jv Zv‡ì‡K Avi cxwoZ K‡i bv|
†e․×ag©g‡Z †M․Zg wb‡RI wbe©vY jvf K‡i me †kvK-Zvc
†_‡K gyw³ jvf K‡ib| GB gyw³jv‡fi ci Zuvi bvg nq Ôey×Õ
(Gi A_© ÔAv‡jvwKZÕ)| ey× Zuvi evwK Rxeb Ry‡o Zuvi GB Ávb
weZiY K‡i gvbyl‡K wbe©vY jv‡fi c_ †`Lvb| Zuvi GB wkÿv‡K
GK ev‡K¨ mn‡R ejv hvq Gfv‡e : Ô†gvn †_‡K `ytL Av‡m,
`ytL‡gvP‡bi GKgvÎ Dcvq †gvn †_‡K gy³ nIqv Avi
†gvngyw³i GKgvÎ Dcvq n‡jv ev¯ÍeZv †hgb, Zv‡K wVK
†mfv‡eB MÖnY Kiv|Õ
GB g~jbxwZ‡K ejv nq Ôag©Õ (wKsev Ôa¤§Õ)| ÔAcÖvwß †_‡K
`ytL Av‡mÕÑ †e․×ag© GUv‡K ¯ vb-Kvj wbwe©‡k‡l wPišÍb mZ¨
e‡j ¯^xKvi K‡i, wVK †hgb c`v_©weÁv‡bi E=mc2 m~Î me mgq
meLv‡b mZ¨| GB mZÜzKzB GKRb †e․‡×i wek^vm I me
Kg©Kv‡Ði †K›`ªwe›`y| Ck^‡i wek^vm KivUv Zvi Kv‡Q †M․Y|
†hLv‡b G‡Kkîev` cÖkœ K‡i, ÔCkî Av‡Qb, wZwb Avgvi KvQ
343
†_‡K Kx Pvb?Õ †mLv‡b †e․×ag© Rvb‡Z Pvq, Ô`ytL Av‡Q, G
†_‡K gyw³i Dcvq Kx?Õ
†e․×ag© Ckî ev †èZvi Aw¯ÍZ¡ A¯^xKvi K‡i bv| GLv‡b
e„wó bvgv‡bv ev hy‡× †RZv‡bvi g‡Zv ÿgZv †èZv‡ì Av‡Q, wKš‧
ÔAcÖvwß †_‡K `ytL Av‡mÕÑ GB mZ¨‡K cwieZ©b Kivi ÿgZv
Zv‡ì †bB| †gvngy³ gvbyl‡K `ytL †Ìqvi ÿgZv †Kv‡bv Ck^‡ii
†bB| Avevi †gvn †_‡K gy³ n‡Z bv cvi‡j †Kv‡bv Ckî Zv‡K
`y`©kv †_‡K euvPv‡Z cvi‡e bv|
Zvi ciI †e․×a‡g©i g‡Zv cÖvK-AvaywbK hy‡Mi cÖvK…wZK
ag©¸‡jv Ck^‡ii Dcvmbv cy‡ivcywi Z¨vM Ki‡Z cv‡iwb| †e․×ag©
e‡j gvbeRxe‡bi GKgvÎ jÿ¨ n‡jv wbe©vY jvf Kiv, m¤ú` ev
ÿgZv AR©b Kiv bq| A_P 99 kZvsk †e․×B wbe©vY jvf
Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| hviv fwel¨‡Z wbe©vY jv‡fi Avkvq _v‡K,
ZvivI Zv‡ì eZ©gvb‡K wewj‡q †`q RvMwZK AR©‡bi Rb¨| G
Kvi‡YB Zviv bvbvb †èZvi Dcvmbv K‡i| fvi‡Z wn›`ya‡g©i
†èZv, wZeŸ‡Zi ÔebÕ (Bon) I Rvcv‡bi Ôwkb‡ZvÕ (Shinto)
†èZviv A‡bK †e․‡×iB Dcvm¨|
cieZ©x mg‡q wewfbœ †e․× m¤cÖ`vq Zv‡ì wb‡R‡ì g‡Zv
K‡i ey× I †evwam‡Ë¡i aviYv •Zwi K‡i wb‡q‡Q| ey× n‡jv †mB
e¨w³ whwb wb‡R wbe©vY jvf K‡i‡Qb| Avi †evwamË¡ ej‡Z
†evSv‡bv nq gvbe ev gvbevZxZ †Kv‡bv mËv‡K whwb wb‡R
RvMwZK †kvK-`ytL †_‡K gyw³ cvIqvi ÿgZv AR©b Kiv m‡Ë¡I
AmsL¨ gvbyl‡K Rb¥-†kvK-Riv-g„Zzï AšÍnxb Pµ †_‡K gy³
Kivi Rb¨ †m my‡hvM cwiZ¨vM K‡i‡Qb| GKmgq A‡bK †e․×B
Ck^‡ii Avivabv Kivi cwie‡Z© GBme ey× ev †evwam‡Ë¡i
Avivabvq wb‡qvwRZ n‡jb| ïay wbe©vY jvf Zv‡ì GB Avivabvi
jÿ¨ wQj bv, RvMwZK bvbv mgm¨v mgvavb †LuvRvI wQj GB
Avivabvi Ab¨Zg KviY| d‡j, mgMÖ c~e© Gwkqv Ry‡o Avgiv
Ggb A‡bK ey× I †evwam‡Ë¡i †`Lv †cjvg hv‡ì AwaKvsk
mgq KvUZ cÖv_©bv, iwOb dzj, myMwÜ, avb I wgVvB Dcnvi
344
wn‡m‡e MÖnY K‡i cÖwZ`v‡b e„wó bvgv‡bv, gnvgvwi cÖwZKvi Avi
hy‡× Rqjv‡fi Dcvq evZ‡j w`‡Z|
gbyl¨‡Z¡i Avivabv
MZ 300 eQi‡K ejv hvq ag©wbi‡cÿZvi hyM| GB mg‡qi
g‡a¨ ag© µgk Zvi ¸iæZ¡ nvwi‡q‡Q| Ck^‡ii aviYv Av‡Q †hme
a‡g©, Zv‡ì Rb¨ GB K_vUv A‡bKvs‡k mZ¨| wKš‧ Ab¨vb¨
†hme cÖvK…wZK wbq‡g M‡o IVv ag© Av‡Q, †m¸‡jvi †ÿ‡Î
N‡U‡Q wVK Dj‡UvUv| MZ K‡qK kZvãx‡Z GB ag©¸‡jv †c‡q‡Q
e¨vcK cÖPviYv Avi NwU‡q‡Q BwZnv‡mi K‡qKwU fqsKiZg
hy×| GB mg‡q †hme cÖvK…wZK ag© gv_v Zz‡j‡Q Zv‡ì g‡a¨
Av‡Q D`vibxwZ, mvgëv`, cyuwRev`, RvZxqZvev` I bvrwmev‡ì
g‡Zv wKQz aviYv| A‡b‡K G¸‡jv‡K ag© ej‡Z Pvb bv, eis bxwZ
ev gZev` wn‡m‡e †`L‡Z Pvb| wKš‧ bv‡g Kx Av‡m hvq? hw`
ag©‡K Avgiv Ôgvby‡li †P‡q D”PZi †Kv‡bv kw³‡Z wek^vm †i‡L
gvby‡li cvwjZ AvPvi-AvPiYÕ e‡j msÁvwqZ Kwi, Zvn‡j ag©
wn‡m‡e †mvwf‡qZ mvgëv` Bmjv‡gi †P‡q †Kv‡bvfv‡eB Kg hvq
bv|
Bmjvg Aek¨B mvgëv` †_‡K wfbœ| Bmjvg a‡g© gnvwek^
P‡j GKRb me©kw³gvb Ck^‡ii B”Qvq, †mLv‡b mvgëv‡`
Ck^‡ii †Kv‡bv Aw¯ÍZ¡B †bB| wKš‧ †e․×a‡g©I †Zv Ck^‡ii aviYv
†bB, Zvi c‡iI †mUv‡K Avgiv wVKB ag© ewj| †e․×‡ì g‡Zv
mvgëv`x‡ì AvPiYI wKQz wbqgbxwZ Øviv wbqwš¿Z| †e․×iv
†hgb Rv‡b †h Zv‡ì AvPiYwewa †M․Zg ey‡×i cÖewZ©Z, †Zgwb
mvgëv‡ì bxwZ¸‡jv G‡m‡Q Kvj© gvK©m, †d«WwiK A¨v‡½jm Avi
føvw`wgi BwjP †jwb‡bi KvQ †_‡K| GLv‡bB †kl bq, Av‡iv
wgj Av‡Q| mvgëv‡ìI Av‡Q wbR¯^ ÔcweÎ MÖš Õ, †hgb gvK©‡mi
Wvm K¨vwcUvj (Das Kapital), †hLv‡b fwel¨ØvYx Kiv Av‡Q †h
BwZnv‡mi †kl n‡e †kvwlZ †kÖwYi Awbevh© weR‡qi gva¨‡g|
mvgëv‡ì wbw`©ó QzwU wKsev Drm‡ei w`b Av‡Q, †hgb cqjv †g
345
ev A‡±vei wecøe evwl©Kx| ag©¸iæI Lyu‡R cvIqv hv‡e G‡Z|
†mvwf‡qZ †mbvevwnbxi cÖ‡Z¨K `‡j GKRb K‡i ÔKwgmviÕ
(Commissar) _vK‡Zb, hvi KvR wQj †mbvm`m¨ I
†mbvbvqK‡ì Ôag©vbyivMÕ wbwðZ Kiv| GB a‡g©i Rb¨ ag©hy×
n‡q‡Q, †mme hy‡× kwnÌ n‡q‡Q A‡bK Abymvix|
Ôag©‡`ªvwnZvÕI Av‡Q mvgëv‡`, †hgb UªUw¯‥i gZev`| †mvwf‡qZ
mvgëv`‡K ejv hvq GKUv †Muvov cÖPvigyLx ag©| GKRb
wb‡ew`ZcÖvY mvgëv`x Zvi Rxe‡bi wewbg‡q n‡jI gvK©m I
†jwb‡bi evYx gvby‡li g‡a¨ Qwo‡q w`‡Z Pvq|
Gfv‡e wPšÍv KivUv A‡bK cvV‡Ki Rb¨ wKQzUv A¯^w¯ÍKi
n‡Z cv‡i| †ewk A¯^w¯Í n‡j cvVK mvgëv`‡K ag© bv e‡j
gZv`k©I ej‡Z cv‡ib| Z‡e Zv‡Z wKQz hvq Av‡m bv| Avgiv
Avgv‡ì wek^vm¸‡jv‡K Ckî‡Kw›`ªK ag© I Ckîwenxb cÖvK…wZK
gZv`k©Ñ GB `yB fv‡M fvM Ki‡Z cvwi| A_P ZL‡bv †e․× I
ZvIev`x‡ì wek^vm‡K Avgiv wVKB ag© wn‡m‡eB we‡ePbv Kwi|
Avevi Dj‡UvUvI nq, eZ©gv‡bi A‡bK gZv`‡k©B Ck^‡ii Aw¯ÍZ¡
¯^xKvi K‡i †bIqv nq| Gi g‡a¨ K‡qKUv, we‡kl K‡i
D`vibxwZ, me gvbyl GKB Ck^‡ii m„wó GiKg GKwU e¨vcvi
†g‡b bv wb‡j †h aviYvwUi Aw¯ÍZ¡B cÖvq A_©nxb n‡q c‡o|
346
ag© n‡jv gvby‡li wKQz cÖPwjZ AvPvi I g~j¨‡ev‡ai mgwó, hv ùvwo‡q _v‡K Ggb
wKQz wel‡q wek^v‡mi Ici hv gvby‡li ÿgZvi E‡aŸ©| c`v_©weÁv‡bi Av‡cwÿKZv
ZË¡‡K ag© ejv hv‡e bv, KviY AvR ch©šÍ †Kv‡bv gvbyl‡K Gi Ici wfwË K‡i
†Kv‡bv cÖ_v cvjb Ki‡Z †`Lv hvqwb, GUv gvby‡li †Kv‡bv g~j¨‡evaI M‡o
†`qwb| dzUejI ag© bq, KviY Gi wbqg¸‡jv gvby‡li •Zwi, †mUv AwZgvbexq
wKQz bq| Bmjvg, †e․×ag© Avi mvgëv`Ñ G wZbUvB ag©, KviY G¸‡jv gvby‡li
AvPiY wbqš¿Y K‡i Avi †mB wbqš¿‡Yi wbqg¸‡jv gvby‡li •Zwi bq| (GLv‡b
jÿ¨ ivL‡Z n‡e, ÔAwZgvbexqÕ Avi ÔAwZcÖvK…ZÕ G `y‡Uv welq Avjv`v|
†e․×a‡g©i cÖK…wZi wbqg Avi gvK©mxq mvgëv‡ì BwZnv‡mi wbqgÑ G‡ì
†Kv‡bvUvB gvby‡li nv‡Z •Zwi nqwb, ZvB Giv AwZgvbexq| wKš‧ AwZcÖvK…Z bq
†Kv‡bvUvB|)
eZ©gvb we‡k¦ cÖPwjZ wek^vm¸‡jvi g‡a¨ my¯úó mxgv‡iLv bv

Uvb‡j †m¸‡jv wb‡q Av‡jvPbv KivUv KwVb n‡q hv‡e| GB
wek^vm¸‡jvi g‡a¨ †h wgkÖY †`Lv hvq Zv G‡Kkîev`x wKsev
†e․×a‡g©i †P‡q †Kv‡bv As‡k Kg bq| GKRb †e․× †hgb wn›`y
†èZvi c~Rv K‡i, G‡Kkîev`x gvbyl †hgb kqZv‡bi Aw¯Í‡Z¡
wek^vm K‡i, wVK †Zgwb GKRb Av‡gwiKvb GKB m‡½
RvZxqZvev`x, cyuwRev`x Ges gvbeZvev`x n‡Z cv‡i|
RvZxqZvev`x wn‡m‡e †m fv‡e c„w_exi BwZnv‡m Av‡gwiKvb
RvwZUv we‡kl †Kv‡bv f‚wgKv ivL‡Z cv‡i| cyuwRev`x wn‡m‡e †m
347
fv‡e gy³evRvi A_©bxwZ‡Z gvby‡li hvi hvi e¨w³MZ ¯^v‡_© KvR
KivUvB mgv‡Ri mvwe©K Dbœq‡bi c_| Avevi D`vigbv
gvbeZvev`x n‡q †m fv‡e cÖ‡Z¨K gvbyl m„wóKZ©vi KvQ †_‡K
wbw`©ó wKQz AwaKvi wb‡q G‡m‡Q| GB me iKg wek^vm I
wPšÍvaviv GKB m‡½ GKRb gvbyl‡K cÖfvweZ Ki‡Z cv‡i| 18
b¤î Aa¨v‡q Avgiv RvZxqZvev` wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Kie| Aa¨vq
16-Gi cy‡ivUv Ry‡o _vK‡e eZ©gvbKv‡ji me‡P‡q mdj ag©
cyuwRev‡ì K_v| GB Aa¨v‡q AvcvZZ wewfbœ gvbweK a‡g©i
w`‡K bRi †Ìqv hvK|
G‡Kkîev`x ev eû-Ckîev`x a‡g© †èZvi Dcvmbv Kiv
nq| gvbeZvev`x ag© Dcvmbv K‡i gvbeZvi, wVK K‡i ej‡j
†nv‡gv †mwc‡q‡Ýi| gvbeZvev`x wek^v‡m †nv‡gv †mwc‡qÝ n‡jv
m¤ú~Y© cÖvwYRMr †_‡K Avjv`v, Abb¨ •ewk‡óï GKwU cÖvYx|
gvbeZvev`x‡ì g‡Z †nv‡gv †mwc‡q‡Ýi GB Abb¨ •ewkó¨B
n‡jv we‡kî me‡P‡q ¸iæZ¡c~Y© welq| gvbyl Qvov G gnvwek^
A_©nxb| †nv‡gv †mwc‡q‡Ýi Kj¨vYB we‡kî Kj¨vY| c„w_exi
Avi evwK hv wKQz Av‡Q †mm‡ei GKgvÎ mv_©KZv n‡jv gvby‡li
DcKv‡i Avmvq|
me gvbeZvev`xB gvbeZvi Dcvmbv K‡i e‡U, wKš‧ Gi
msÁvUv G‡KKR‡bi Kv‡Q G‡KK iKg| ÔgvbeZvÕi mwVK msÁv
w`‡Z gvbeZvev` wZb fv‡M fvM n‡q †M‡Q, wVK †hgb Ckî‡K
msÁvwqZ Ki‡Z wef³ n‡q‡Q wLªóvbiv| eZ©gv‡b gvbeZvev‡ì
cÖavb aviv n‡jv D`vicwš  gvbeZvev` (Liberal humanism)|
GLv‡b gvbeZv‡K gvby‡li e¨w³MZ •ewkó¨ e‡j we‡ePbv Kiv
nq, ZvB gvby‡li e¨w³¯^vaxbZv GLv‡b me‡P‡q ¸iæZ¡c~Y©,
me‡P‡q cweÎ| D`vigbviv wek^vm K‡i, gvbeZvi ¸YUv Avjv`v
Avjv`vfv‡e cÖ‡Z¨K †nv‡gv †mwc‡q‡Ýi g‡a¨ we`¨gvb| GB
gvbeZv‡evaB Rxeb‡K A_©c~Y© K‡i, GLvb †_‡KB gvbyl cvq me
•bwZK wb‡`©kbv| hLbB Avgiv †Kv‡bv •bwZK ev ivR‣bwZK
348
msk‡q cwo, ZLb GB gvbeZviB Øvi¯  nB| D`vi‣bwZK
gvbeZvev‡ì me©cÖavb bxwZ n‡jv gvby‡li †fZ‡ii GB
gbyl¨Z¡‡K me iKg ÿqÿwZ †_‡K iÿv Kiv| GBme bxwZ‡KB
mvgwóKfv‡e Avgiv ewj ÔgvbevwaKviÕ|
gvbeZvev`xiv †h kvw¯Í wn‡m‡e wbh©vZb I g„Zz¨`‡Ði
we‡ivax, Zvi KviY GUvB| ïiæi w`‡K AvaywbK BD‡iv‡c g‡b
Kiv n‡Zv †KD gvbyl nZ¨v Ki‡j Zv gnvRvMwZK k„•Ljv j•Nb
K‡i| ZvB †mB k„•Ljv wdwi‡q Avb‡Z nZ¨vKvix‡K Rbmg‡ÿ
wbh©vZb I nZ¨v Kiv n‡Zv| †kKmwcqi I gwj‡q‡ii hy‡M jÛb
wKsev c¨vwi‡mi evwm›`v‡ì Rb¨ Gme b„ksm g„Zz¨`‡Ði `„k¨
ixwZg‡Zv Dc‡fvM¨ wQj| Avi AvR‡Ki BD‡iv‡c binZ¨v‡K
†`Lv nq gvbeZvi Ic‡i AvNvZ wn‡m‡e, Avi Gi wePvi Ki‡Z
nZ¨vKvix‡K nZ¨v ev wbh©vZb bv K‡i h_vm¤¢e ÔgvbweKÕ Dcv‡q
kvw¯Í †Ìqv nq| Gi gva¨‡gB AvnZ gvbeZv‡K Avevi mvwi‡q
†Zvjv nq| nZ¨vKvixI gvbyl, ZvB gvbeZvi cweÎZv iÿv K‡i
Zv‡K g„Zz¨`Ð †Ìqv nq bv| eis gvbyl nZ¨v K‡i nZ¨vKvix †h
fzj K‡i‡Q, nZ¨vKvix‡K nZ¨v bv K‡i †mB fzj ms‡kvab Kiv
nq|
D`vi‣bwZK gvbeZvev` gvbyl‡K m‡e©v”P ¸iæZ¡ w`‡jI Ck^‡ii
Aw¯ÍZ¡ A¯^xKvi K‡i bv| eis Ck^‡ii e¨vcv‡i GLv‡b G‡Kkîev`x
aviYvB cÖPwjZ| D`vibxwZ‡Z cÖ‡Z¨K gvby‡li cweÎ I ¯^vaxb
gvbweKZvi GB aviYvUv mivmwi wLªóa‡g©i cweÎ AvZ¥vi aviYv
†_‡K G‡m‡Q| wPi¯ vqx AvZ¥v I GKRb m„wóKZ©vi K_v ev` w`‡j
Ô†mwc‡qÝ †Kb Avi me cÖvYx †_‡K AbïKgÕ G cÖ‡kœi DËi w`‡Z
gvbeZvev`x‡ì GKUz mgm¨vq co‡Z nq|
Av‡iKUv aviv n‡jv mgvRZvwš¿K gvbeZvev` (Socialist
Humanism)| mgvRZš¿xiv ÔgvbeZvÕ‡K mgMÖ mgv‡Ri •ewkó¨
wn‡m‡e †`‡L| Zv‡ì Kv‡Q GKRb gvbyl bq, eis †MvUv †nv‡gv
†mwc‡qÝ cÖRvwZi gvbweKZvB gyL¨| D`vi‣bwZK gvbeZvev`
349
†hLv‡b GKRb e¨w³i m‡e©v”P ¯^vaxbZvi K_v e‡j, †mLv‡b
mgvRZvwš¿K gvbeZvev` `vwe K‡i me gvby‡li mgZv| mgvRZ‡š¿
gvby‡l gvby‡l •elg¨ n‡jv gvbemgv‡Ri Rb¨ me‡P‡q e‡ov
Ab¨vq, KviY G‡Z gbyl¨‡Z¡i †P‡q gvby‡li Ab¨ †Kv‡bv •ewkó¨
†ewk ¸iæZ¡ cvq| †hgb, †Kv‡bv mgv‡R hw` abxiv Mwie‡ì †P‡q
†ewk myweav cvq, Zvn‡j ejv hvq IB mgv‡R gbyl¨‡Z¡i †P‡q
m¤ú` †ewk g~jëvb| A_P gbyl¨Z¡ abx-Mwie mevi Rb¨B mgvb|
D`vi‣bwZK gvbeZvev‡ì g‡Zv mgvRZvwš¿K gvbeZvev‡ì
g~‡jI Av‡Q G‡Kkîev`x †PZbv| Ck^‡ii Kv‡Q cÖwZwU AvZ¥vB
mgvbÑ GB aviYvB cwiewZ©Z n‡q GLv‡b n‡q †M‡Q Ôme gvbylB
mgvbÕ| gvbeZvev‡ì †h avivwU GB aviYv †_‡K †ei n‡q G‡m‡Q
†mUv n‡jv weeZ©bxq gvbeZvev` (Evolutionary Humanism)| GB
avivi me‡P‡q e‡ov D`vniY n‡jv bvrwmiv| gvbeZvev‡ì Ab¨vb¨
avivq gvbeZv‡K †hfv‡e msÁvwqZ Kiv nq, bvrwm‡ì Kv‡Q
e¨vcviUv †Zgb bq| g~j cv_©KÜv n‡jv, bvrwm‡ì wPšÍvavivq
weeZ©b Z‡Ë¡i Mfxi cÖfve †`Lv hvq| bvrwmiv gvbyl‡K cwieZ©bkxj
cÖvYx cÖRvwZ wn‡m‡eB †`‡L| weeZ©‡bi c_ a‡i GB cÖRvwZwU
gvby‡li †P‡q DbœZ ev AbybœZ cÖRvwZ‡Z cwiYZ n‡ZB cv‡i|
bvrwm‡ì D‡Ïk¨ wQj gvbeRvwZi AebwZ †iva K‡i
weeZ©b‡K Dbœq‡bi w`‡K wb‡q hvIqv| GRb¨B Zviv ejZ Zv‡ì
ÔAvh©Õ RvwZB gvby‡li me‡P‡q DbœZ iƒc, Avi GB RvwZi
weï×Zv iÿv Ki‡Z n‡j Zvi Rb¨ we‡kl h‡Zœi cÖ‡qvRb|
†mRb¨ Bûw`, wRcwm, mgKvgx wKsev gvbwmK fvimvg¨nxb †hme
wbgœgv‡bi †nv‡gv †mwc‡qÝ Av‡Q Zv‡ì‡K Avjv`v K‡i ivL‡Z
n‡e, A_ev wbwðý K‡i †dj‡Z n‡e| bvrwmiv Gi †h e¨vL¨v
†`q Zv n‡jv GiKg, Avw`g gvbyl †_‡K weeZ©‡bi gva¨‡g GKUv
ÔDbœZÕ cÖRvwZ wn‡m‡e †nv‡gv †mwc‡q‡Ýi Avwef©ve nq| Avi
wbqvÛv_©v‡ji g‡Zv ÔAbybœZÕ cÖRvwZ¸‡jv wejyß n‡q hvq| Giv
mevB GKmgq GKB RvwZ wQj, wKš‧ c‡i weeZ©‡bi wfbœ wfbœ c‡_
350
GwM‡q †M‡Q| GgbUv fwel¨‡Z AveviI n‡Z cv‡i| bvrwm‡ì
g‡Z, †nv‡gv †mwc‡qÝ BwZg‡a¨B wewfbœ RvwZ‡Z wef³ n‡q
†M‡Q, G‡KK RvwZi •ewkóÏ G‡KK iKg| GB me RvwZi g‡a¨
Avh© RvwZB n‡jv m‡e©vrK…ó| †m․›`h©, †h․w³KZv, PvwiwÎK `„pZv I
GKvMÖZvq Zviv Abb¨| ZvB Av‡iv DbœZ †Kv‡bv cÖRvwZ‡Z
weewZ©Z nIqvi m¤¢vebv Avh©‡ì g‡a¨B me‡P‡q †ewk| Ab¨ me
RvwZ, †hgb Bûw` I K…òv½ gvbylÑ Giv n‡jv G hy‡Mi
wbqvÛv_©vj, hviv me w`K †_‡KB Avh©‡ì †_‡K A‡bK wcwQ‡q|
hw` Gme gvbyl eske„w×i my‡hvM cvq, we‡kl K‡i †mUv hw`
Avh©‡ì m‡½ nq, Zvn‡j †mUv cy‡iv gvbeRvwZi weï×Zv bó
Ki‡e, †nv‡gv †mwc‡qÝ cÖRvwZwU‡K †V‡j †`‡e wejywßi w`‡K|
RxeweÁvbxiv bvrwm‡ì GB RvwZZË¡ Dwo‡q w`‡q‡Qb|
1945-Gi c‡ii A‡bK wRbZvwË¡K M‡elYvq †`Lv †M‡Q gvby‡li
wewfbœ RvwZi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ mvgvb¨B, bvrwmiv hv e‡j Zvi Zzjbvq
wKQzB bq| wKš‧ Gi Av‡M, 1933 ch©šÍ msM„nxZ Z‡_ï wfwË‡Z
bvrwm‡ì aviYv wQj AbïKg| gvby‡li g‡a¨ wewfbœ RvwZi
Aw¯ÍZ¡, Zv‡ì g‡a¨ †k^Zv½‡ì †kÖôZ¡, Zv‡ì †kÖôZ¡ iÿvi
cÖ‡qvRbxqZvÑ Gme aviYv ZLbKvi cwðgv AwfRvZ †kÖwYi
gvby‡li Kv‡Q Lye ¯^vfvweK wQj| bvgx`vwg wek^we`¨vjq¸‡jv †_‡K
cÖKvwkZ A‡bK M‡elYvc‡Î Ô•eÁvwbKfv‡eÕ cÖgvY Kiv n‡q‡Q,
eyw×‡Z, Pwi‡Î, `ÿZvq †k^Zv½iv Avwd«Kvb ev fviZxq gvby‡li
†P‡q KZ DbœZ| IqvwksUb, jÛb I K¨vb‡eivi ivRbxwZ‡Kiv
†k^Zv½‡ì weï×Zv iÿvi `vwqZ¡ Kuv‡a Zz‡j wb‡qwQ‡jb| †m
mg‡q hy³ivóª wKsev A‡÷ªwjqvi g‡Zv ÔAvh©Õ †`‡k Pxb, GgbwK
BZvwji gvbyl‡ì mxwgZ cÖ‡ekvwaKvi †mUviB D`vniY|
351
gvbeZvev`x ag©
D`vi‣bwZK mgvRZvwš¿K weeZ©bxq
gvbeZvev` gvbeZvev` gvbeZvev`
cÖK…wZMZfv‡eB †nv‡gv †mwc‡qÝ Avi me cÖRvwZ †_‡K m¤ú~Y©
Avjv`v| gvby‡li Kj¨vYB cig Kj¨vY|
ÔgvbeZvÕ GKwU ÔgvbeZvÕ GKUv ÔgvbeZvÕ GKUv
e¨w³MZ welq, mvgwóK •ewkó¨, ZvB cwieZ©bkxj welq,
cÖ‡Z¨K †nv‡gv †mUv n‡jv †nv‡gv weeZ©‡bi gva¨‡g
†mwc‡q‡Ýi g‡a¨B †mwc‡qÝ cÖRvwZi gvbyl Av‡iv DbœZ ev
†mUv Av‡Q| me m`‡mï Rb¨ AbybœZ cÖRvwZ‡Z
mgvb| cwiYZ n‡Z cv‡i|
gvbeZvev‡ì g~j gvbeZvev‡ì g~j gvbeZvev‡ì g~j

K_v n‡jv cÖ‡Z¨K K_v n‡jv me †nv‡gv K_v n‡jv †nv‡gv
†nv‡gv †mwc‡q‡Ýi †mwc‡q‡Ýi mgZv †mwc‡q‡Ýi
e¨w³¯^vaxbZv iÿv wbwðZ Kiv| weeZ©b‡K AebwZi
Kiv| w`‡K †h‡Z bv w`‡q
G‡K DbœZZi GK
cÖRvwZ‡Z cwiYZ
Kiv|
Gme aviYvi †cQ‡b †h ïay DbœZ •eÁvwbK M‡elYviB Ae`vb

Av‡Q Zv bq| eis Gi †cQ‡b mvgvwRK I ivR‣bwZK AMÖMwZi
Ae`vbB †ewk| †mw`K †_‡K wPšÍv Ki‡j wnUjvi †Kej wb‡Ri
me©bvkB †W‡K Av‡bbwb, eY©ev`x Av`‡k©iI ÿwZmvab K‡i‡Qb|
wnUjvi wØZxq wek^hy× ïiæ Kivi ci Zuvi kÎæ‡ì Kv‡Q me
gvbyl ÔAvgivÕ Avi ÔIivÕÑ Ggb `y‡Uv fv‡M fvM n‡q †Mj|
cieZ©x‡Z, bvrwm‡ì gZv`‡k©i †fZ‡ii eY©ev`x wPšÍvavivi
Kvi‡YB †mUv cwðgv we‡k^ GKUv cÖej N„Yvi e¯‧ n‡q ùvovj|
352
Z‡e G cwieZ©b GK w`‡b nqwb| 1960 wLªóvã ch©šÍ Av‡gwiKvi
ivRbxwZ‡Z RvwZMZ cÖvavb¨ fv‡jvfv‡eB wU‡K wQj| 1973
ch©šÍ A‡÷ªwjqv‡Z A‡k^Zv½ gvby‡li c~Y© cÖ‡ekvwaKvi wQj bv|
1960 ch©šÍ A‡÷ªwjqvi Avwèvmx gvby‡liv ivR‣bwZK
mgvbvwaKvi †_‡K ewÂZ wQj| Zv‡ì wbe©vP‡b †fvU †Ìqvi
AwaKvi wQj bv, KviY Zv‡ì‡K †`‡ki c~Y© bvMwiK wn‡m‡eB
we‡ePbv Kiv n‡Zv bv|
30| bvrwmev‡ì cÖPviYvi Rb¨ AuvKv GKUv †cv÷v‡i Wv‡b GKRb Ôweï× Avh©Õ
Ges euv‡q GKRb ÔmsKi Rv‡ZiÕ gvby‡li Qwe| gvbe‡`‡ni cÖwZ bvrwm‡ì
gy»Zv Ges ÔwbPz Rv‡ZiÕ gvby‡li Øviv Zv‡ì weï×Zv bó nIqvi fq GLv‡b
¯úó
bvrwmiv †h D`vi gvbeZvev`, gvbevwaKvi I mvgëv‡ì we‡ivax

wQj, Zvi KviY GB bq †h Zviv gvbeZv‡K N„Yv KiZ| eis
Zv‡ì †Pv‡L gvbeZv wQj GK gnvN© e¯‧, hv gvbeRvwZi wecyj
m¤¢vebvi Avavi| wKš‧ WviDB‡bi weeZ©bev‡ì hyw³ †`wL‡q
Zviv `vwe KiZ, cÖvK…wZK wbe©vP‡bi gva¨‡g A‡hvM¨‡ì ev` cov
DwPZ, ïay †hvMïvB wU‡K _vK‡e Avi eskwe¯Ívi Ki‡e|
D`vibxwZ I mvgëv` AbymiY Ki‡j GB A‡hvM¨ gvby‡liv ïay
353
wU‡KB _vK‡e bv, hviv †hvM¨ Zv‡ì mgvb my‡hvM-myweavI cv‡e|
A‡hvM¨ gvby‡livI hw` mgvbfv‡e eskwe¯Ívi K‡I, Zvn‡j
A‡hvM¨‡ì wf‡o †hvMïv Av‡¯Í Av‡¯Í nvwi‡q hv‡e| cÖRb¥ †_‡K
cÖR‡b¥ gvbyl Av‡iv AbybœZ n‡Z n‡Z nq‡Zv GKw`b wejyßB n‡q
hv‡e|
31| 1933 mv‡ji GKwU bvrwm KvUz©b| GLv‡b wnUjvi‡K GKRb fv¯‥i wn‡m‡e
Dc¯ vcb Kiv n‡q‡Q †h wKbv AwZgvbe •Zwi Ki‡Q| cvkvcvwk †`Lv hv‡”Q GKRb
Pkgv civ D`vibxwZ‡Z wek^vmx eyw×Rxex‡K †h GB AwZgvbe •Zwii cÖwµqvi wnsmªZv
†`‡L nZf¤^ n‡q hv‡”Q|
1942 mv‡ji Rvg©vwbi RxeweÁvb eB‡qi ÔcÖK…wZ I gvbyl †h

wbq‡g P‡jÕ Aa¨v‡q ejv n‡Zv, wU‡K _vKvi Rb¨ wbišÍi
354
Aby‡kvPbvnxb msMÖvgB cÖK…wZi m‡e©v”P wbqg| gvwUi `L‡ji Rb¨
Mv‡Qi msMÖvg, wKsev m½x cvIqvi Rb¨ †cvKvgvK‡oi msMÖvg‡K
D`vniY wn‡m‡e †`wL‡q Gme eB‡q ejv n‡Zv :
Aw¯ÍZ¡ wUwK‡q ivLvi ÿgvnxb KwVb jovBB Rxeb avi‡Yi
GKgvÎ c_| G jovB A‡hvM¨‡ì wbg©~j K‡i, Avi wUwK‡q ivLvi
Rb¨ †e‡Q †bq †hvM¨‡ì| GB wbq‡gi †Kv‡bv e¨Z¨q †bB, cÖwZwU
Rxe wU‡K _vKvi gva¨‡g †mUvB cÖgvY K‡i| G jovB‡q †Kv‡bv
ÿgvi AeKvk †bB| †h-B G wbq‡gi weiæ‡× ùvov‡e †m-B wbwðý
n‡q hv‡e| RxeweÁv‡bi GB wkÿv †Kej Dw™¢` I cÖvYx bq, eis
Avgv‡ì Rxe‡bi me †ÿ‡ÎB cÖ‡hvR¨| GB jovBB Avgv‡ì g‡a¨
†eu‡P _vKvi cÖej B”Qv RvMvq| Rxeb gv‡bB hy×Ñ G hy‡× †h
bvg‡e bv, Zvi Rb¨ _vK‡e Acwimxg `y`©kv|
Gici _vKZ †gBb K¨vç (Mein CampfÑ wnUjv‡ii
AvZ¥Rxebx) †_‡K GKUv jvBb : Ô†h cÖK…wZi wbq‡gi weiæ‡×
ùvovq †m Avm‡j Zvi Aw¯Í‡Z¡i Kvi‡YiB we‡ivwaZv K‡i|
cÖK…wZi weiæ‡× hy× Kiv Avi wb‡R‡K aŸsm K‡i †djv GKB
K_v|Õ3
GB wLªóxq Z…Zxq mnmªv‡ãi †Mvovi w`‡K G‡m weeZ©bxq
gvbeZvev‡ì fwel¨r Kx n‡e wVKg‡Zv Av›`vR Kiv hv‡”Q bv|
wØZxq wek^hy‡×i c‡ii 60 eQi a‡i weeZ©‡bi m‡½ gvbeZv‡K
Rov‡bv wKsev RxeweÁv‡bi cÖ‡qv‡Mi gva¨‡g †nv‡gv †mwc‡q‡Ýi
ÔDbœwZ mva‡biÕ aviYv cÖvq wbwl×B wQj| wKš‧ B`vbxs GB
welqUv Avevi Av‡jvPbvq D‡V Avm‡Q| GLb †KD Ôwbgœgv‡biÕ
gvbyl‡ì †kl K‡i †Ìqvi K_v e‡j bv, eis RxeweÁv‡bi bZzb
bZzb Ávb‡K Kv‡R jvwM‡q Av‡iv DbœZ gvbyl m„wó Kivi K_v
fv‡e|
Gw`‡K D`vi gvbeZvev` I RxeweÁv‡bi eZ©gvb
Avwe®‥vi¸‡jvi g‡a¨Kvi `~iZ¡Uv †e‡oB hv‡”Q, †mUv Avi D‡cÿv
Kivi g‡Zv †bB GLb| Avgv‡ì D`vi‣bwZK ivRbxwZ I
wePvieë¯ vi g~‡j †h bxwZ Av‡Q Zv n‡jv, cÖ‡Z¨K gvby‡li g‡a¨
†h cweÎ gvbeZv‡eva Av‡Q Zv AcwieZ©bxq I Awe‡”Q`¨| GB
355
gvbeZvi Rb¨B RMr A_©gq| Avgv‡ì me •bwZKZvi Drm GB
gvbeZv| AvR‡Ki GB wek^vm Avm‡j wLªóa‡g©i Ôme gvbylB gy³,
wPi¯ vqx AvZ¥vi AwaKvixÕÑ GB wek^v‡mi cwiewZ©Z iƒc| A_P
MZ 200 eQ‡ii RxeweÁv‡bi AMÖMwZ GB wek^vm‡K A‡bKUv
`ye©j K‡i w`‡q‡Q| weÁvbxiv gvby‡li me A½cÖZ¨½ we‡kølY
K‡iI AvZ¥vi Aw¯ÍZ¡ Lyu‡R cvbwb| eis †`Lv †M‡Q †h gvby‡li
AvPvi-AvPiY wbqš¿Y K‡i B”Qv bq, ni‡gvb, wRb I wbDi‡bi
ms‡hvMÑ wVK wk¤úvwÄ, †bK‡o wKsev wcucovi g‡ZvB| cÖkœUv
n‡jv, Rxe‣eÁvwbK mZ¨ Avi Zvi m‡½ mvsNwl©K AvBb Ges
wePvieë¯ vi ga¨Kvi GB †h KwíZ D`vi‣bwZK †Ìqvj Zv‡K
gvbyl Avi KZw`b wUwK‡q ivL‡Z cvi‡e?
356
Aa¨vq 13
mvd‡jï inm¨
evwYR¨, mvgªvR¨ I a‡g©i we¯Ívi wewfbœ gnv‡`‡ki wew”Qbœ
†mwc‡qÝ‡ì‡K GKwÎZ K‡i GKwU GKxf‚Z gvbemgvR M‡o
Zzj‡Z mnvqZv K‡i| Z‡e c„w_ex Ry‡o †mwc‡q‡Ýi GB Qwo‡q
cov Ges GKÎ nIqvi cÖwµqvUv †gv‡UB mij wQj bv, Avi
G‡Kev‡i wbwe©‡NœI †mUv m¤úbœ nqwb| hwÌ †gvUv `v‡M †`L‡j
g‡b nq, A‡bK¸‡jv †Qv‡Uv ms¯‥…wZi iƒcvšÍwiZ n‡q K‡qKUv
e‡ov ms¯‥…wZ‡Z cwiYZ nIqv Ges Ae‡k‡l K‡qKwU cÖavb
ms¯‥…wZ wg‡jwg‡k wekê¨vcx GKwU GKK gvbemgv‡Ri cÖwZôv,
GmeB wQj †mwc‡q‡Ýi Awbevh© wbqwZ|
†mwc‡q‡Ýi Rb¨ GKwU •ewk^K mgvR M‡o IVvUv Awbevh©
wQjÑ G K_vi A_© Aek¨ GB bq †h, AvR Avgiv c„w_exUv‡K †h
iƒ‡c †`LwQ †mwc‡q‡Ýi Rb¨ Awbevh© •ewk^K mgv‡Ri Ae¯ v wVK
†miKgUvB nIqvi K_v wQj| c„w_exi AvR‡Ki mgvReë¯ vi
weKí eë¯ v¸‡jv †Kgb n‡Z cviZ †mUv Avgiv PvB‡jB Kíbv
Ki‡Z cvwi| Avgv‡ì cÖkœ RvM‡ZB cv‡iÑ `ywbqv Ry‡o †Kb
AvR Bs‡iwRi RqRqKvi, †Wwbk fvlvi †Kb bq? †Kb AvR
c„w_ex‡Z 200 †KvwU wLªóvb Avi 125 †KvwU gymwjg? A_P
Ri_y¯e¿ v` I g¨vwbwKqvb a‡g©i Abymvix †Kb gvÎ †ò jvL?
Avgiv hw` 10 nvRvi eQi †cQb †_‡K Avevi ïiæ Ki‡Z
cviZvg, Zvn‡j AveviI wK •ØZev`‡K †cQ‡b †d‡j
G‡Kkîev`x ag© c„w_ex‡Z ivRZ¡ KiZ?
357
†h‡nZz nv‡Z-Kj‡g AZ¸‡jv eQi wcwQ‡q hvIqvi my‡hvM
Avi †bB, †m Kvi‡Y Gme cÖ‡kœi mwVK DËi Kx n‡Zv †mUvI
wbwðZ K‡i ejv Am¤¢e| wKš‧ BwZnv‡mi `y‡Uv ¸iæZ¡c~Y© •ewkó¨
†Lqvj Ki‡j G cÖ‡kœi DËi m¤ú‡K© wKQz aviYv cvIqv †h‡Z
cv‡i|
1| †Pvi cvjv‡j eyw× ev‡o

BwZnv‡mi c‡_i cÖwZ †gv‡o †gv‡o _v‡K A‡bK¸‡jv euvK|
AZxZ †_‡K GKwU Rvbv c‡_ †nu‡U Avgiv eZ©gv‡b †cu․Qv‡Z
cvwi| wKš‧ eZ©gvb †_‡K AMwYZ ARvbv c_ P‡j †M‡Q
fwel¨‡Zi w`‡K| GB AMwYZ c‡_i g‡a¨ BwZnvm me mgq
mnR, gm„Y, cÖvq-†Pbv c_UvB †e‡Q †b‡e, GgbUv fvevB
¯^vfvweK| wKš‧ A‡bK mgqB BwZnv‡mi w`Kcv‡jiv BwZnvm‡K
†U‡b wb‡q hvq AcÖZ¨vwkZ, Agm„Y c‡_|
wLªóxq PZz_© kZvãxi ïiæi w`‡K †ivgvb mvgªv‡R¨ A‡bK¸‡jv
a‡g©i we¯Ív‡ii m¤¢vebv •Zwi nq| †ivgvbiv †mme m¤¢vebv bvKP
K‡i Zv‡ì cy‡iv‡bv, •ewPÎ¨c~Y© eû-Ckîev`x ag© wb‡qI _vK‡Z
cviZ| †ivgvb‡ì Gi Av‡Mi kZvãxUv †K‡U‡Q wZ³ M„nhy‡×i
ga¨ w`‡q| †ivgvb mgªvU Kb÷¨vbwUb †m K_v gv_vq †i‡LB
m¤¢eZ †f‡ewQ‡jb, cy‡iv mvgªv‡Rï bvbv iKg gvbyl‡K GK
KvZv‡i Avb‡Z n‡j cÖ‡qvRb Ggb †Kv‡bv ag©, hvi bxwZ¸‡jv
n‡e mywbw`©ó| †e‡Q †bIqvi g‡Zv A‡bK ag©B Zuvi mvg‡b wQj|
wZwb †e‡Q wb‡Z cvi‡Zb g¨vwbwKqvwbRg, †e‡Q wb‡Z cvi‡Zb
cvi‡mï †èZv wg_ªvm wKsev wmwewji †èx AvBwmm‡K, A_ev
MÖnY Ki‡Z cvi‡Zb Ri_y¯¿ev` ev Bûw` ag©, GgbwK
†e․×ag©‡KI| GZ wKQzi g‡aÏ wZwb †Kb whïwLª‡ói c‡_
nuvU‡jb? wLªóa‡g© wK Ggb wKQz wQj, hvi cÖwZ mgªv‡Ui e¨w³MZ
we‡kl AvMÖn wQj? bvwK wLªóa‡g©i gva¨‡g Zuvi †Kv‡bv D‡Ïk¨
mn‡R c~iY n‡Zv? wLªóag© †e‡Q †bIqvi †cQ‡b wK Zuvi ag©xq
†Kv‡bv AwfÁZvi f‚wgKv wQj? bvwK wLªóa‡g©i cÖmvi †`‡L Zuvi
Dc‡`óviv Zuv‡K civgk© w`‡qwQ‡jb †mUv MÖnY Ki‡Z?
358
BwZnvmweìv Ggb A‡bK iKg aviYv Ki‡Z cv‡ib, wKš‧ mwVK
KviYUv †ei K‡i Avb‡Z cv‡ib bv| wLªóag© Kxfv‡e †ivgvb
mvgªvR¨ `Lj Kij Zvi wek` eY©bv Zuviv w`‡Z cv‡ib, wKš‧ wVK
Kx Kvi‡Y †mUv m¤¢e n‡jv Zv ej‡Z cv‡ib bv|
†Kv‡bv wKQz ÔKxfv‡eÕ n‡jv Zvi eY©bv †Ìqv, Avi Ô†KbÕ
n‡jv Zv e¨vL¨v KivÑ G `y‡Uvi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ Kx? cv_©K¨ n‡jv,
ÔKxfv‡eÕi DËi w`‡Z wewfbœ mg‡q NUv NUbv¸‡jv‡K
avivevwnKfv‡e mvRv‡jB nq| Avi Ô†KbÕi DË‡i †mB
NUbv¸‡jvi g‡a¨ Kvh©Kvi‡Yi m~Î •Zwi Ki‡Z nq|
we‡klÁ‡ì g‡a¨ †KD †KD wLªóa‡g©i DÌv‡bi g‡Zv
NUbv¸‡jvi mywbw`©ó e¨vL¨v w`‡Z cv‡ib| Zuviv gvby‡li BwZnvm‡K
cwi‡ek, RxeweÁvb I A_©‣bwZK Kg©Kv‡Ði wg_w¯…qvi djvdj
wn‡m‡e †`Lv‡bvi †Póv K‡ib| Zuv‡ì g‡Z, f‚ga¨mvMixq †ivgvb
AÂ‡ji †f․‡MvwjK •ewkó¨, eskMwZ I A_©bxwZB †mLv‡b
G‡Kkîev`x a‡g©i cÖwZôv Awbevh© K‡i †Zv‡j| Z‡e †ewkifvM
BwZnvmwe`B G ai‡bi Z‡Ë¡i e¨vcv‡i mw›`nvb| BwZnv‡mi
e¨vcviUvB GgbÑ †Kv‡bv GKUv mg‡qi K_v hZ †ewk Rvbv hvq,
Zvi NUbvcÖev‡ni e¨vL¨v †Ìqv ZZUvB KwVb n‡q c‡o| hviv IB
mg‡qi fvmv fvmv Ávb iv‡L, Zviv Kx N‡U‡Q Zvi Ic‡i †Rvi
†`q, c‡ii NUbv¸‡jv †`‡L KviY e¨vL¨v Kivi †Póv K‡i| Avi
hviv Lye fv‡jvfv‡e Rv‡b, Zviv Av‡iv Kx Kx NU‡Z cviZ wKš‧
N‡Uwb, †m¸‡jvi e¨vcv‡iI fv‡e|
mwZ¨ ej‡Z wK, hviv †mB mg‡qi K_v me‡P‡q fv‡jvfv‡e
RvbZ, gv‡b IB mg‡q hviv †eu‡P wQj, ZvivB wQj me‡P‡q
AÜKv‡i| mgªvU Kb÷¨vbwU‡bi Avg‡j mvaviY GKRb †ivgvb
bvMwi‡Ki Kv‡Q Zv‡ì mvgªv‡Rï fwel¨r wQj †auvqvkv|
BwZnv‡mi wbqgB GBÑ †cQ‡b †d‡j Avmv NUbv‡K hZUv
Aek¨¤¢vex g‡b nq, eZ©gvb Zvi av‡iKv‡QI hvq bv| GLbKvi
mg‡qi RbÏ K_vUv Lv‡U| Avgiv wK wekê¨vcx A_©‣bwZK g›`v
KvwU‡q DV‡Z †c‡iwQ? bvwK Av‡iv Lvivc mgq mvg‡b Avm‡Q?
Pxb wK mwZ¨B GKw`b mviv c„w_exi Ici Qwo †Nviv‡e?
359
Av‡gwiKvi AvwacZ¨ wK Le© n‡e †Kv‡bv w`b? G‡Kkîev`x
ag©¸‡jvi †g․jev`x AvPiY wK AwP‡iB _vg‡e, bvwK Av‡iv
A‡bK w`b ch©šÍ Pj‡e? Avgv‡ì mvg‡b Kx Av‡QÑ weivU †Kv‡bv
cwi‡ek wech©q bvwK cÖhyw³i Pig DrKl©? AvR Gme cÖ‡kœi
cÖ‡Z¨KUv DË‡ii c‡ÿB fv‡jv fv‡jv hyw³ †Ìqv m¤¢e, wKš‧ Kx
n‡e †mUv wbwðZ K‡i ej‡Z cvi‡e bv †KD| A_P AvR †_‡K
10 wK 20 eQi c‡i gvbyl hLb †cQ‡bi K_v fve‡e, ZLb
Zv‡ì g‡b n‡e, hv hv N‡U‡Q wVK †m¸‡jvB †Zv nIqvi K_v!
Avevi A‡bK mgq †hUv nIqvi m¤¢vebv Lye Kg †mUvB nq|
306 wLªóv‡ã Kb÷¨vbwUb hLb ivRv n‡jb, ZLb c„w_ex‡Z
wLªóag© cvjb KiZ Aí wKQz gvbyl| ZLb hw` †KD ejZ GB
wLªóag©B n‡Z hv‡”Q †ivgvb mvgªv‡Rï ivóªag©, Zv‡Z gvby‡li
cÖwZwµqv Kx n‡Zv Rvb‡Z n‡j Ô2050 mvj bvMv` hy³iv‡óªi
cÖavb ag© n‡e wn›`yag©ÕÑ G K_vUv GKUz cÖPvi K‡i †`L‡Z
cv‡ib| 1913-Gi A‡±ve‡i ej‡kwfKiv wQj ivwkqvi GKUv
†Qv‡Uv `j| GB †Qv‡Uv `jUvB †h Pvi eQ‡ii g‡a¨ cy‡iv †`kUv
`Lj Ki‡eÑ G K_vUv wQj Awek^vm¨| 600 wLªóv‡ãi Avi‡ei
giæevmx gvbyl AvUjvw›U‡Ki Zxi †_‡K fviZ ch©šÍ wR‡Z †b‡e,
G K_v †Zv Av‡iv Awek^vm¨ wQj| evBRvbUvBb (Byzantine)
†mbvevwnbx hw` Avie‡ì cÖv_wgK AvµgY †VwK‡q w`‡Z cviZ,
Zvn‡j Bmjvg ag©I Avi‡ei Aí wKQz gvby‡li ag© n‡qB _vKZ|
ZLb Avgv‡ì BwZnvmweìvI g°vi GKRb gaëqwm ewY‡Ki
Ici AeZxY© Hk^wiK evYx †Kb gvby‡li g‡a¨ we¯Í…Z n‡Z cvij
bvÑ †mUv Lye mn‡R e¨vL¨v Ki‡Zb|
Gm‡ei gv‡b GB bq †h, gvby‡li mgv‡R †h-†Kv‡bv mgq
†h-†Kv‡bv wKQz NUv m¤¢e| wewfbœ †f․‡MvwjK, Rxe‣eÁvwbK ev
A_©‣bwZK Kvi‡Y cwiw¯ wZi Ici bvbv iKg mxgve×Zv •Zwi
nq| Avevi †mme mxgve×Zvi †fZi †_‡KB BwZnv‡mi Ggb
me c_ Ly‡j hvq, hv‡K †Kv‡bvfv‡eB †Kv‡bv wbq‡gi g‡a¨ †djv
hvq bv|
360
hviv BwZnv‡mi Pjvi c_‡K mywbw`©ó ev wbqgZvwš¿K fv‡eb,
GB gšÍe¨ Zv‡ì‡K nq‡Zv wKQzUv nZvk Ki‡e| BwZnv‡mi
MwZc_‡K wbqgZvwš¿K fvevi myweav n‡jv, †m‡ÿ‡Î c„w_exi
AvR‡Ki Ae¯ v I cÖPwjZ wek^vm¸‡jv‡K AZx‡Zi NUbv¸‡jvi
Awbevh© cwiYwZ wn‡m‡e †`Lv‡bv hvq| GB †h AvR‡K Avgiv
wewfbœ RvwZ n‡q wewfbœ †`‡k evm Kwi, cyuwRev`x KvVv‡gvi Ici
wbf©i K‡i RvwZi A_©‣bwZK wfwË M‡o Zzwj, gvbevwaKv‡ii K_v
ewjÑ G mewKQz‡KB ZLb cÖvK…wZKfv‡e D™¢Z ‚ Avgv‡ì Awbevh©
cwiYwZ wn‡m‡e e¨vL¨v Kiv hvq| BwZnvm‡K hw` Avgiv
wbqgZvwš¿K e‡j ¯^xKvi bv Kwi, Zvn‡j Zvi A_© ùvovq GB
RvZxqZvev`, cyuwRev` Avi gvbevwaKv‡i c„w_exi GZ gvby‡li
wek^vm †mªd KvKZvjxq GKUv e¨vcvi|
BwZnvm‡K KL‡bv wbw`©ó GKfv‡e e¨vL¨v Kiv hvq bv| KviY
BwZnvm †Kv‡bv wbqg †g‡b G‡Mvq bv| GKm‡½ GZ †ewk NUbv
N‡U, Av‡iKUv NUbvi Ici Ab¨vb¨ NUbvi cÖfve GZ †ewk †h
me wgwj‡q cy‡iv e¨vcviUv Lye RwUj n‡q ùvovq| †Kv‡bv GKUv
NUbvi GKUv †QvÆ cwieZ©b n‡jB Zvi djvdj GKmgq weivU
n‡q hvq| ïay Zv-B bq, BwZnvm n‡jv GKUv wØZxq gvÎvi
wek„•Lj wm‡÷g (Second Order Chaotic System)| wek„•Lj
wm‡÷g `yiKg n‡Z cv‡i| cÖ_g gvÎvi wek„•Lj wm‡÷‡gi Ici
fwel¨ØvYxi †Kv‡bv cÖfve †bB| Gi GKUv D`vniY n‡jv
AvenvIqv| AvenvIqv †Kgb n‡e †mUv A‡bK¸‡jv wel‡qi Ici
wbf©i K‡i| wKš‧ Avgiv †mUvi Kw¤úDUvi g‡Wj ùvo Kiv‡Z
cvwi, Avi †mB g‡Wj AvenvIqv wbqš¿K welq¸‡jv wb‡q wn‡me
K‡i wbfz©j fwel¨ØvYx Ki‡Z cv‡i| GB fwel¨ØvYx AvenvIqvi
Ici †Kv‡bv cÖfve †d‡j bv ev AvenvIqv cvj‡U †Ìqvi †ÿ‡Î
†Kv‡bv f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i bv|
wØZxq gvÎvi wek„•Ljvi mgm¨v n‡jv, †mUv wb‡q †Kv‡bv
fwel¨ØvYx Kiv n‡j †mB fwel¨ØvYxI cieZ©x NUbvi Ici cÖfve
we¯Ívi K‡i| evRvi n‡jv GiKg wm‡÷g| AvR hw` Ggb GKUv
Kw¤úDUvi †cÖvMÖvg †jLv nq, †hUv kZKiv 100 fvM wbðqZvq
361
AvMvgxKvj †Z‡ji `vg KZ n‡e †mUv e‡j †`‡e, Zvn‡j Kx
n‡e? fwel¨ØvYx nIqvi m‡½ m‡½ evRv‡i †Z‡ji `vg cvj‡U
hv‡e, d‡j IB fwel¨ØvYxI e¨_© n‡e| aiv hvK AvR cÖwZ Wªvg
†Z‡ji `vg 90 Wjvi, Avi Avgv‡ì Kw¤úDUvi †cÖvMÖvg ejj
AvMvgxKvj †mUv 100 Wjvi n‡q hv‡e| m‡½ m‡½ †Zj
eëmvqxiv †Zj wKb‡Z QzU‡e, KviY Zviv Rv‡b, AvR 90 Wjv‡i
†Zj wK‡b Kvj 100 Wjv‡i †mUv †ePv hv‡e| Zvn‡j Avi
AvMvgxKvj bq, AvRB †Z‡ji `vg 100 Wjvi n‡q hv‡e| Kvj
KZ n‡e? †KD Rv‡b bv †mUv|
ivRbxwZI Av‡iKUv wØZxq gvÎvi wek„•Lj wm‡÷g|
A‡b‡KB 1989 mv‡ji †mvwf‡qZ wecøe wKsev 2011 mv‡ji
ÔAvie emšÍÕ wecøe †Kb Av‡M †_‡K AuvP Kiv †Mj bv, †mRb¨
mswkøó we‡klÁ‡ì `vqx K‡ib| wKš‧ †mUv AbywPZ| wecøe Zvi
msÁvbyhvqxB Abygvb‡hvM¨ bq| Av‡M †_‡K †Kv‡bv wecø‡ei
Abygvb Kiv †M‡j †m wecø‡ei m¤¢vebvB bvKP n‡q hvq|
GLb cÖkœ n‡jv, †Kb Av‡M †_‡K Gme wecøe m¤ú‡K©
Abygvb Kiv hvqwb? aiæb, 2010 mv‡j K‡qKRb ivRbxwZ
we‡kølK Avi Zz‡Lvo Kw¤úDUvi †cÖvMÖvgvi wg‡j Ggb GKUv
A¨vjMwi`g •Zwi Kij, †hUv w`‡q K‡e †Kv_vq wecøe n‡e †mUv
Av‡M †_‡KB wbLyuZfv‡e Rvbv hv‡e| Zvici Zviv Zv‡ì •Zwi
†cÖvMÖvgUv wb‡q †Mj ivóªcwZ †nvmwb †gvevi‡Ki Kv‡Q Pov `v‡g
wewµi Avkvq| †mUv wK‡b †gveviK hLb †`L‡eb 2011 mv‡jB
wecøe Avmbœ, ZLb Kx Ki‡eb wZwb? wbðqB bvMwiK‡ì Ici
†_‡K K‡ii †evSv Kwg‡q †`‡eb, †KvwU †KvwU Wjvi LiP Ki‡eb
bvbv w`‡K, m‡½ Zuvi †Mvcb cywjk evwnbx‡KI •Zwi _vK‡Z
ej‡eb, hw` ìKvi nq| Gici 2011 mvj Avm‡e, hv‡e, wKš‧
wecøe Avi n‡e bv, KviY wecøe hv‡Z msMwVZ bv nq †m eë¯ v
†Zv Av‡MB Kiv Av‡Q| Gici †gveviK †mB ivRbxwZ we‡kølK
Avi †cÖvMÖvgvi‡K †W‡K UvKv †diZ PvB‡eb, KviY †cÖvMÖvgUv
KvR K‡iwb, Zvi fwel¨ØvYx e¨_© n‡q‡Q| nq‡Zv †mB UvKv w`‡q
wZwb bZzb GKUv cÖvmv`B evwb‡q †dj‡Z cvi‡Zb| †cÖvMÖvgviI
362
hyw³ †`Lv‡Z cv‡i, fwel¨ØvYx wVK n‡q‡Q e‡jB †Zv wecøe nqwb,
wKš‧ †gveviK Zv gvb‡eb †Kb?
Zvn‡j BwZnvm c‡o Kx jvf? BwZnvm †Zv c`v_©weÁvb
wKsev A_©bxwZ bq †h mewKQz G‡Kev‡i MvwYwZK m~Î †g‡b
Pj‡e| Avm‡j BwZnvm covi D‡Ïk¨ fwel¨r Rvbv bq, Gi
D‡Ïk¨ n‡jv Avgv‡ì wPšÍv‡K we¯Í…Z Kiv, GBUzKz eyS‡Z cviv †h
eZ©gv‡b hv n‡”Q Zv †gv‡UB c~e©wba©vwiZ wKQz bq| Gi D‡Ïk¨
n‡jv GUv †R‡b ivLv †h fwel¨r wb‡q Avgiv hv hv fvwe, m¤¢ve¨
NUbvi we¯Ívi Zvi †P‡qI A‡bK †ewk| Avgiv hLb
BD‡ivcxq‡ì Avwd«Kv `Lj Kivi K_v cwo, †mUv Avgv‡ì
Rvbvq †h GLv‡b Kv‡jv gvby‡li Ici mv`v gvby‡li Qwo
†Nviv‡bvUv †Kv‡bv Awbevh© cÖvK…wZK NUbv bq, †mUv A‡bK¸‡jv
m¤¢ve¨ NUbvi g‡a¨ GKUv gvÎ, Ges NUbvUv AbïKgI n‡Z
cviZ|
2| AÜ NyY‡cvKv
BwZnvm †Kvb c_ a‡i G‡Mv‡e Zvi e¨vL¨v Avgiv w`‡Z cvwi bv|
wKš‧ BwZnvm cÖm‡½ †h ¸iæZ¡c~Y© gšÍeÜv Avgiv Ki‡Z cvwi, Zv
n‡jv BwZnv‡mi MwZc_ gvby‡li fv‡jvg‡›ì avi av‡i bv|
BwZnvm †h me mgq gvby‡li Rb¨ me‡P‡q g½jRbK c_UvB
†e‡Q wb‡q‡Q, Ggb †Kv‡bv cÖgvY GL‡bv cvIqv hvqwb| Ggb
†Kv‡bv cÖgvY †bB hv †`‡L Avgiv ej‡Z cvwi gvby‡li Rb¨
Kj¨vYKi ms¯‥…wZ¸‡jvB wU‡K _v‡K Avi Ab¨¸‡jv nvwi‡q hvq|
wLªóag© †h g¨vwbwKqvwbwR‡gi †P‡q fv‡jvÑ G K_v †Rvi w`‡q
ejvi g‡Zv †Kv‡bv hyw³ Avgv‡ì nv‡Z †bB| cvi‡mï mvmvwb`
mvgªv‡Rï †P‡q Avie mvgªvR¨ †h gvby‡li †ewk DcKvi K‡i‡QÑ
G K_vI Avgiv wbwðZ K‡i ej‡Z cvwi bv|
BwZnvm †h gvby‡li Rb¨ Kj¨v‡Yi c_UvB †e‡Q †bqÑ G
K_v Avgiv ej‡Z cvwi bv, KviY GB ÔKj¨v‡YiÕ †Kv‡bv
me©RbMÖvn¨ gvcKvwV †bB| Ôfv‡jvÕ‡K G‡KK ms¯‥…wZ‡Z
G‡KKfv‡e msÁvwqZ Kiv nq| weRqxiv me mgq fv‡e Zv‡ì
363
aviYvUvB wVK| wKš‧ Avgiv †mUv †g‡b †be †Kb? wLªóvbiv g‡b
K‡i g¨vwbwKqvwbR‡gi Ici wLªóa‡g©i weRq gvbeRvwZi Rb¨
fv‡jv| wKš‧ Avgiv hw` wLªóa‡g©i Abymvix bv nB, Zvn‡j G K_v
†g‡b †bIqvi †Kv‡bv KviY †bB| GKBfv‡e gymjgvbiv g‡b K‡i
†h gymwjg kvm‡bi Kv‡Q mvmvwb` mvgªv‡Rï cZbI gvby‡li Rb¨
Kj¨vYKi NUbv| wKš‧ †h gymwjg bq, Zvi Kv‡Q GgbUv bvI
g‡b n‡Z cv‡i| wLªóag© I Bmjvg, `y‡Uvi †Kv‡bvUvB hw` Rqx bv
n‡Zv, Zvn‡j AvR †mUv‡KI wbðqB gvby‡li Rb¨ Ôfv‡jvÕ
wn‡m‡eB †`Lv n‡Zv|
A‡bK we‡kl‡Ái Kv‡Q ms¯‥…wZ wRwbmUv GKai‡bi gvbwmK
ciRxex msµg‡Yi g‡Zv GKUv e¨vcvi, wb‡Ri ARv‡šÍB hvi
evnK wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i gvbyl wb‡R| fvBiv‡mi g‡Zv •Re
ciRxex Zv‡ì evn‡Ki kix‡ii †fZ‡i †eu‡P _v‡K| Giv GK
evn‡Ki kixi †_‡K Ab¨ evn‡Ki kix‡i Qovq, evn‡Ki kixi
†_‡K cywó AvniY K‡i evnK‡K `ye©j K‡i †d‡j, A‡bK †ÿ‡Î
†g‡iI †d‡j| fvBiv‡mi ïay wb‡Ri Pvwn`v c~iY Kiv ìKvi,
GK kixi †_‡K Ab¨ kix‡i Qov‡bv ìKvi, evnK †eu‡P _vKj bv
gviv †Mj †mUv Zvi †`Lvi welq bq| wVK GKBfv‡e mvs¯‥…wZK
aviYv¸‡jvI wU‡K _v‡K gvby‡li gw¯Í‡®‥i †fZi| fvBiv‡mi
g‡Zv Gme aviYvI weKvk jvf K‡i, GK gvbyl †_‡K Ab¨
gvby‡li g‡a¨ Qwo‡q hvq| G¸‡jvi cÖwZ gvby‡li GKai‡bi
`ye©jZv •Zwi nq Ges A‡bK mgq ms¯‥…wZi Kvi‡Y gvbyl wb‡Ri
cÖvY Z¨vM Ki‡ZI wØav †eva K‡i bv| wLªóvb‡ì ¯^M© AvKv‡k,
wKsev KwgDwb÷‡ì ¯^M© GB c„w_ex‡ZBÑ GBiKg GKUv
mvs¯‥…wZK aviYv‡K jvjb I cÖPvi Ki‡Z A‡bK gvbyl Zv‡ì
mg¯Í Rxeb DrmM© K‡i †`q, A‡b‡K g„ZzëiY Ki‡ZI wcQcv
nq bv| fvBiv‡mi g‡ZvB gvbyl g‡i †M‡jI mvs¯‥…wZK aviYvUv
†eu‡P _v‡K, Av‡iv gvby‡li g‡a¨ Qwo‡q hvq| gv·©ev`x‡ì g‡Z
ms¯‥…wZ n‡jv Ab¨ gvby‡li KvQ †_‡K myweav Av`v‡qi Rb¨ wKQz
gvby‡li lohš¿, wKš‧ gvbwmK ciRxexi aviYvUv wVK †mUv e‡j
bv| GB aviYv Abyhvqx, ms¯‥…wZ n‡jv NUbvP‡µ D™¢‚Z wKQz
364
gvbwmK ciRxex, hviv wb‡Ri wU‡K _vKvi ¯^v‡_© AvµvšÍ gvbyl‡K
eënvi K‡i gvÎ|
G ai‡bi e¨vL¨v‡K A‡bK mgq ejv nq ÔwggZË¡Õ
(Memetics)| Rx‡ei weeZ©b †hgb nq ÔwRbÕ (Gene)-Gi
cÖwZwjwc •Zwii gva¨‡g, wVK †Zgwb ms¯‥…wZi weeZ©b nq ÔwggÕ
(Meme)-Gi cÖwZwjwc •Zwii gva¨‡g| GLv‡b wRb Ges wgg
`y‡UvB Z‡_ï ÿz`ªZg GKK, GKUv •RweK, AbÜv mvs¯‥…wZK|1
†hme ms¯‥…wZ Zv‡ì wgg¸‡jvi cÖwZwjwc •Zwi Ki‡Z I Qwo‡q
w`‡Z cv‡i, †m¸‡jvB †kl ch©šÍ wU‡K _vK‡Z mÿg nq| wKš‧
Gme wg‡gi evnK gvbyl¸‡jvi cwiYwZ Kx n‡”Q †mUv GLv‡b
AevšÍi|
A‡bK we‡klÁB GB wggZË¡‡K †Mvbvq ai‡Z Pvb bv| Zuv‡ì
Kv‡Q GUv n‡jv mvs¯‥…wZK cÖwµqv¸‡jv‡K •RweK cÖwµqv¸‡jvi m‡½
wgwj‡q †`Lvi GKUv Avbvwo cÖqvm gvÎ| wKš‧ Gu‡ì A‡b‡KB
Avevi wggZ‡Ë¡iB GK ÁvwZfvB ÔDËivaywbKZvÕ (Postmodernism)
ZË¡‡K gv‡bb| wggZË¡ †hLv‡b wgg‡K ms¯‥…wZi MvVwbK Dcv`vb
wn‡m‡e a‡i †bq, †mLv‡b DËivaywbKZv wWm‡Kvm©‡K (Discourse)
ms¯‥…wZi MvVwbK Dcv`vb wn‡m‡e we‡ePbv K‡i| GB †hgb
DËivaywbK wPšÍvwe`‡ì g‡Z, RvZxqZvev` n‡jv Ebwesk I wesk
kZ‡K mviv c„w_ex‡Z Qwo‡q cov GKwU ÔgnvgvwiÕÑ hvi cÖfv‡e GB
`yB kZvãx‡Z c„w_ex †`‡L‡Q GZ¸‡jv hy×, AZ¨vPvi, N„Yv Avi
MYnZ¨v| cÖ_‡g GK †`‡ki gvbyl GB gnvgvwi‡Z AvµvšÍ n‡q‡Q,
Zvici †mUv Qwo‡q †M‡Q Avkcv‡ki †`‡kI| GB ÔfvBivmÕUv
gvby‡li Rb¨ DcKvix wn‡m‡eB Avwef‚Z© n‡qwQj, wKš‧ †mUv wb‡Ri
DcKviB K‡i‡Q †Kej|
GKB iKg hyw³ mgvRweÁv‡bI †Mg w_Iwii (Game
Theory) GKUv Ask wn‡m‡e jÿ Kiv hvq| †Mg w_Iwi cy‡iv
e¨vcviUv‡K A‡bKRb †L‡jvqv‡oi GKUv †Ljv wn‡m‡e †`‡L|
†Ljvq †L‡jvqv‡oi †Kv‡bv `„wófw½ I AvPiY Ab¨ †L‡jvqv‡oi
Rb¨ ÿwZKi n‡jI †mUvB †Ljvi wbqg wn‡m‡e †_‡K hvq Ges
mevB †m wbqgUvB AbymiY K‡i †Ljvq wRZevi †Póv K‡i|
365
A‡¯¿i cÖwZ‡hvwMZv Gi GKUv fv‡jv D`vniY| GB cÖwZ‡hvwMZvq
†b‡g A‡bK cÖwZ‡hvMxB me©¯^všÍ n‡q hvq, wKš‧ †kl‡gk ÿgZvi
jovB‡q G‡Mv‡Z cv‡i bv †KDB| cvwK¯Ívb hLb Zvi
wegvbevwnbxi Rb¨ bZzb wegvb †K‡b, fviZI nvZ ¸wU‡q e‡m
_v‡K bv| Avevi fviZ hLb cvigvYweK †evgv evbvq, cvwK¯ÍvbI
†mw`‡K G‡Mvq| cvwK¯Ívb Zvi †b․evwnbxi kw³e„w× Ki‡j
fviZI Zvi DwPZ Reve †`q| GZ wKQzi c‡iI †`Lv hvq fviZ
Avi cvwK¯Ív‡bi mvgwiK kw³i fvimvgÜv Av‡M †hgb wQj
c‡iI †ZgbB Av‡Q, wKš‧ Gi gvSLvb w`‡q `yB †`kB LiP K‡i
†d‡j‡Q †KvwU †KvwU UvKv| †h UvKv Zviv LiP Ki‡Z cviZ
†`‡ki gvbyl‡K DbœZ wkÿv I ¯^v¯ ¨‡mev w`‡Z, Zv LiP n‡q †Mj
A¯¿ wKb‡Z| GB AcÖwZ‡iva¨ A‡¯¿i cÖwZ‡hvwMZv GKUv †Quvqv‡P
†iv‡Mi g‡ZvB GK †`k †_‡K Ab¨ †`‡k Qwo‡q c‡o| G‡Z
†Kv‡bv †`‡kiB DcKvi n‡”Q bv, wKš‧ cÖwZ‡hvwMZvUv wb‡R wU‡K
_vK‡Q, Av‡iv we¯Í…Z n‡”Q| e¨vcviUv A‡bKUv weeZ©‡bi g‡ZvB|
GKUv wRb wb‡R wU‡K _vKvi Rb¨ m‡PZbfv‡e wKQzB K‡i bv,
A_P cÖvK…wZK wbe©vP‡bi djvdj wn‡m‡e †mUv wU‡K hvq| A‡¯¿i
cÖwZ‡hvwMZvI wVK †Zgb| Gi wb‡R †_‡K wU‡K _vKevi †Kv‡bv
ÿgZv †bB, wKš‧ ÿgZvi jovB‡qi AbvKvw•ÿZ DcRvZ wn‡m‡e
GB cÖwZ‡hvwMZv mgv‡R wU‡K _v‡K|
†Mg w_Iwi, DËivaywbKZv ev wggZË¡Ñ hv w`‡qB e¨vL¨v Kiv
†nvK bv †Kb, BwZnv‡mi D‡Ïk¨ KL‡bvB gvbeKj¨vY bq|
c„w_exi me‡P‡q mdj ms¯‥…wZ¸‡jvB †h †nv‡gv †mwc‡q‡Ýi Rb¨
me‡P‡q fv‡jvÑ †mUv fvevi †Kv‡bvB KviY †bB| weeZ©‡bi g‡Zv
BwZnvmI GKRb e¨w³ gvby‡li myL-myweavi K_v fv‡e bv| Avevi
GKRb gvby‡li †mB cwigvY Ávb-eyw× ev ÿgZv _v‡K bv, hv w`‡q
BwZnvm‡K †m wb‡Ri myweav Abyhvqx PvwjZ Ki‡e|
Gfv‡eB BwZnvm GwM‡q hvq Zvi wb‡Ri c‡_| †Kv‡bv
inm¨gq Kvi‡Y †m A‡bK¸‡jv c‡_i g‡a¨ GKUv a‡i G‡Mvq,
Rvbv hvq bv| 1500 wLªóv‡ãi w`‡K BwZnvm Ggb GKUv c_ †e‡Q
wb‡qwQj, hv cieZ©x‡Z ïay gvbyl bq, mviv c„w_exi fvM¨ cvj‡U
366
†`q| GB NUbv‡K Avgiv ewj •eÁvwbK wecøe| GB wecø‡ei ïiæ
n‡qwQj wekvj Av‡d«v-Gkxq f‚L‡Ði cwðg †Kv‡Y, BD‡iv‡c| Gi
AvM ch©šÍ c„w_exi BwZnv‡m BD‡iv‡ci †Zgb †Kv‡bv f‚wgKvB wQj
bv| A_P †mLvb †_‡KB †Kb •eÁvwbK wecøe ïiæ n‡jv? †Kb Pxb
ev fvi‡Z †mUv n‡jv bv? †Kb †mUv wLªóxq wØZxq mnmªv‡ãi
gvSvgvwS †_‡K ïiæ n‡jv? Gi 200 eQi Av‡M, ev 300 eQi
c‡i †Kb bq? DËi Rvbv †bB| M‡elKiv Gi WRb WRb e¨vL¨v
w`‡Z cv‡ib, wKš‧ Zvi †Kv‡bvUvB ev¯ÍeZvi m‡½ cy‡ivcywi Lvc
Lvq bv|
BwZnv‡mi mvg‡b AmsL¨ m¤¢vebv, Gi g‡a¨ A‡bK¸‡jv‡KB
Avgiv A‡bKmgq DcjwäI Ki‡Z cvwi bv| •eÁvwbK wecøe‡K
ev` w`‡qI cÖR‡b¥i ci cÖRb¥ a‡i Pj‡Z _vKv gvby‡li BwZnvm
Kíbv Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| GKBfv‡e fvev †h‡Z cv‡i wLªóag©,
†ivgvb mvgªvR¨ A_ev ¯^Y©gy`ªvi eënvi Qvov gvby‡li Ab¨ †Kv‡bv
m¤¢ve¨ BwZnvm|
367
P Zz _© c e©
•e Áv wb K we cø e
24| A¨vjv‡gvMi‡Wv, 16 RyjvB, 1945, †fvi 5Uv 29 †e‡R 53

†m‡KÛ| cÖ_g AvYweK †evgv we‡ùvi‡Yi 8 †m‡KÛ ci|
cvigvYweK weÁvbx ievU© I‡cbnvBgvi we‡ùviYwU †`Lvi ci MxZv
†_‡K Dw³ Ki‡jb : ÔGevi Avwg mvÿvr g„Zz¨, gnvwe‡kî aŸsmKvixÕ
368
Aa¨vq 14
Rvwb bv ej‡Z †kLv
aiv hvK, AvbygvwbK 1000 wLªóv‡ãi †Kv‡bv GK iv‡Z GKRb
K…lK Nywg‡q co‡jb Ges Zuvi Nyg fvOj cÖvq 500 eQi ci GK
nÆ‡Mv‡j| Kj¤^v‡mi mn‡hvMx bvweKiv hLb wbbv, wc›Uv I mvšÍv
gvwiqv bv‡g wZbwU RvnvR Qvovi Rb¨ †Zvo‡Rvo ïiæ Ki‡jb,
ZLbB GB nÆ‡Mv‡ji m~ÎcvZ| Nyg †_‡K D‡V wZwb c„w_exi †h
iƒc †`L‡Zb, †mUv Zvi Kv‡Q wKš‧ Lye †ewk A‡Pbv e‡j g‡b
n‡Zv bv| GB mg‡qi g‡a¨ cÖhyw³, gvby‡li AvPvi-AvPiY Ges
ivR‣bwZK mxgv‡iLvi †ek wKQz cwieZ©b n‡jI Avgv‡ì
ga¨hyMxq Kz¤¢KY©wUi Kv‡Q †mB c„w_ex‡K wb‡Ri †Pbv c„w_ex
e‡jB g‡b n‡Zv| wKš‧, Kj¤^v‡mi Rvnv‡Ri †Kv‡bv bvweK hw`
GiKg j¤^v Ny‡g Zwj‡q hvb Ges cÖvq 500 eQi c‡i GKwesk
kZ‡Ki GKwU AvB‡dv‡bi wis‡Uvb ï‡b Zvi Nyg fv‡O, Z‡e
c„w_exi †h iƒc Zvi mvg‡b D‡b¥vwPZ n‡e, †mUv Zvi Kv‡Q ïay
Avðh©RbKB bq, †mB c„w_ex Zvi Kv‡Q KíbviI AZxZ e‡j
g‡b n‡e| wZwb nq‡Zv wb‡R‡K wb‡RB wR‡Ám Ki‡eb, ÔGUvB
wK ¯^M©? bvwK GiB bvg biK?Õ
MZ 500 eQ‡i c„w_ex †`‡L‡Q gvby‡li kw³i Af‚Zc~e© I
we¯§qKi weKvk| 1500 wLªóv‡ã c„w_ex Ry‡o †gvU 50 †KvwU
†nv‡gv †mwc‡qÝ emevm KiZ| AvR‡Ki c„w_ex‡Z 700
†KvwUiI †ewk †nv‡gv †mwc‡q‡Ýi evm| 1500 wLªóv‡ã `ywbqvi
me gvbyl wg‡j GK eQ‡i †h cwigvY cY¨ I †mev Drcv`b
369
KiZ, AvR‡Ki w`‡bi Wjv‡ii wn‡m‡e Zvi AvbygvwbK g~j¨gvb
n‡e 25 nvRvi †KvwU Wjvi|2 AvR‡Ki `ywbqvq GK eQ‡i
gvby‡li Drcvw`Z cY¨ I †mevi g~j¨gvb 60 jvL †KvwU Wjvi|3
†mmgq, mgMÖ gvbeRvwZ GKw`‡b 13 wUªwjqb (1 wUªwjqb=
1,00,000 †KvwU) K¨vjwi Lv`¨kw³ wn‡m‡e MÖnY KiZ|
AvR‡Ki c„w_ex‡Z gvbyl cÖwZw`b 1 nvRvi 500 wUªwjqb K¨vjwi
Lv`¨kw³ wn‡m‡e MÖnY K‡i|4 GLb Avevi GKevi
cwimsL¨vb¸‡jvi w`‡K ZvKvbÑ GB 500 eQ‡i gvby‡li msL¨v
n‡q‡Q 14 ¸Y, Drcv`b n‡q‡Q 240 ¸Y Avi Lv`¨kw³ MÖn‡Yi
cwigvY ùvwo‡q‡Q 115 ¸Y|
aiv hvK, AvR‡Ki w`‡bi GKwU AvaywbK hy×RvnvR‡K
Kj¤^v‡mi Avg‡j wb‡q hvIqv n‡q‡Q| †m‡ÿ‡Î, gvÎ K‡qK
†m‡K‡Ûi g‡a¨ GwU ¸uwo‡q w`‡Z cvi‡e Kj¤^v‡mi RvnvR wbbv,
wc›Uv I mvšÍv gvwiqv‡K| Zvici wb‡Ri Mv‡q GZUzKz AuvPo bv
jvwM‡q G‡K G‡K Abvqv‡m Wzwe‡q w`‡Z cvi‡e †mKv‡ji
c„w_exi me civkw³i hy×RvnvR¸‡jv‡K| †mmgq mviv c„w_exi
ewYK‡ì me¸‡jv gvjevnx RvnvR hZ cY¨ enb Ki‡Z cviZ,
GKv‡ji cuvPwU AvaywbK gvjevnx RvnvR Zv Abvqv‡m enb Ki‡Z
cvi‡e|5 ga¨hy‡Mi me¸‡jv jvB‡eªwi‡Z hZ¸‡jv mvs‡KwZK eB-
cy¯ÍK Ges KvMR ev Pvgovq †gvov‡bv cyw_ wQj Zv‡Z wjwce×
me Z_¨ aviY Ki‡Z cvi‡e AvR‡Ki w`‡bi AvaywbK GKwU
Kw¤úDUvi| cÖvK-AvaywbK hy‡M me iv‡Rï A_© GKwÎZ Ki‡j hv
ùvovZ, AvR‡Ki GKwU e„n`vqZb AvaywbK e¨vsK Zvi †P‡q †ewk
cwigvY A_© msiÿY K‡i|6
1500 mv‡j, Lye AímsL¨K kn‡iB 1 jv‡Li †ewk RbMY
emevm KiZ| †ewkifvM evwoNi •Zwi n‡Zv Kv`v, KvV Ges Lo
ev ïK‡bv Nvm w`‡q, †m mgq GKwU wZbZjv `vjvb‡KB
AvKvkPz¤^x BgviZ g‡b Kiv n‡Zv| iv¯Ív¸‡jv‡Z †j‡M _vKZ
Mvwoi PvKvi `vM, MÖx®§Kv‡j iv¯Ív _vKZ ay‡jvq fiv Avi
370
el©vKv‡j Kv`vq gvLvgvwL| †mB iv¯Ív eënvi K‡iB c_Pvix,
†Nvov, QvMj, gyiwM Ges Aí wKQz †Mviæi Mvwo c_ PjZ| kni
GjvKvq k‡ãi AZ¨vPvi ej‡Z gvbyl Ges cïcvwLi Mjvi kã
Ges gv‡Sg‡a¨ nvZzwo I Kiv‡Zi AvIqvR‡K †evSv‡bv n‡Zv|
mÜ¨vi ci kni Ry‡o †b‡g AvmZ AÜKvi, †mB AÜKv‡i KL‡bv
nq‡Zv GKwU †gvgevwZ ev GKwU gkv‡ji Av‡jv D¾¡j n‡q dz‡U
_vKZ| GiKg GKRb kn‡ii Awaevmx hw` AvR‡Ki w`‡bi
AvaywbK †UvwKI, wbD BqK© ev gy¤^vB kni †`‡Lb, Zvn‡j †Kgb
n‡e Zvi Abyf‚wZ?
†lvok kZ‡Ki Av‡M, †Kv‡bv gvbylB cy‡iv c„w_ex cÖ`wÿY
K‡ibwb| G Ae¯ vi cwieZ©b NUj hLb 1522 mv‡j ch©UK
g¨v‡Mjv‡bi RvnvR evnvËi nvRvi wK‡jvwgUvi c_ cvwo w`‡q
cy‡iv c„w_ex cÖ`wÿY K‡i †¯ú‡b wd‡i G‡jv| G cÖ`wÿY m¤úbœ
Ki‡Z cÖvq wZb eQi mgq †j‡MwQj Ges g¨v‡Mjvbmn
Awfhv‡bi AwaKvsk bvweK‡KB cÖvY w`‡Z n‡qwQj| 1873 mv‡j
Ryjfvb© Zuvi KíKvwnwb‡Z wdwjqvm dM bv‡g GK weªwUk
AwfhvÎxi K_v †j‡Lb, whwb 80 w`‡b c„w_ex cÖ`wÿY Ki‡Z
mÿg n‡qwQ‡jb| AvR‡Ki w`‡b gvSvwi DcvR©‡bi GKRb gvbyl
gvÎ 48 NÈvq Lye mn‡R Ges wbivc‡` cy‡iv c„w_ex cÖ`wÿY K‡i
Avm‡Z cv‡ib|
1500 mv‡j gvbyl‡K Ave× _vK‡Z n‡q‡Q f‚c„‡ôB|
¯ jfv‡M ZLb Zviv UvIqvi evbv‡Z cviZ, DV‡Z cviZ
cvnv‡o| wKš‧, AvKvkUv ZL‡bv wQj cvwL, cwi, †è‡èx Avi
kqZv‡bi `L‡j| 1969 mv‡ji 20 RyjvB gvbyl cÖ_g Puv‡ì
ey‡K cv ivLj| GUv †Kej GKwU HwZnvwmK NUbvB bq, GwU
gvby‡li BwZnv‡mi GKwU e‡ov wecøe Ges gvby‡li GK
gnvRvMwZK weRq| KviY, Gi Av‡Mi 400 †KvwU eQ‡i
RxeRM‡Zi †KD Puv‡` cv A_ev ïuo ivLv †Zv `~‡ii K_v,
c„w_exi cwigÐ‡ji evB‡iB †ei n‡Z cv‡iwb|
371
BwZnv‡mi AwaKvsk mgq Ry‡o, AYyRxe‡ì m¤ú‡K© gvby‡li
†Kv‡bv aviYvB wQj bv| A_P RxeRM‡Zi 99.99 kZvsk
m`m¨B n‡jv AYyRxe| GB bv Rvbvi KviY Ggb bq †h, Zv‡ì
wb‡q gvby‡li †Kv‡bv gv_ve¨_v wQj bv| cÖwZwU gvbyl‡KB me
mgq †KvwU †KvwU GK‡Kvlx Rxe‡K wb‡Ri kix‡i enb Ki‡Z
nq| Zviv †h †Kej _vKvi Rb¨ _v‡K Zv bq| Zv‡ì †KD
Avgv‡ì †miv eÜz, Avevi †KD-ev Avgv‡ì e‡ov kÎæ| †KD
Avgv‡ì Lvevi cwicvK Avi Aš¿ cwi®‥vi ivLvi KvR K‡i, †KD
Avevi Avgv‡ì Amy¯  K‡i †d‡j, wb‡q Av‡m gnvgvwi| 1674
mv‡j AvšÍb fb wjD‡qbûK (Anton Van Leeuwenhoek) Zuvi
wb‡Ri evmvq •Zwi AYyexÿ‡Y GKwU cvwbi we›`yi g‡a¨ GiKg
jvL jvL AYyRx‡ei GK A‡`Lv c„w_exi mÜvb †c‡jb| Avi
ZviB d‡j gvbyl GB cÖ_g AYyRxe‡K wb‡Ri †Pv‡L †`L‡Z
†cj| cieZ©x 300 eQ‡i gvby‡li m‡½ GiKg A‡bK ai‡bi
AvYyexÿwYK Rx‡ei cwiPq n‡q‡Q| †hme AYyRxe bvbv iKg
fqsKi msµvgK †iv‡Mi Rb¨ `vqx Zv‡ì AwaKvskB gvby‡li
Kv‡Q civ¯Í n‡q‡Q| Ab¨w`‡K gvby‡li Rb¨ DcKvix AYyRxe¸‡jv
jvjbcvjb K‡i gvbyl Zv‡ì eënvi K‡i‡Q Ilya •Zwii Kv‡R
Ges wkíKviLvbvq| AvRKvj Avgiv Ilya •Zwi, ev‡qvM¨vm
Drcv`b Ges ÿwZKi ciRxex `g‡bi Rb¨ ìKvwi e¨vK‡Uwiqvi
Drcv`b wk‡L †MwQ|
wKš‧, MZ 500 eQ‡ii g‡a¨ me‡P‡q ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Ges cÖfve
we¯ÍviKvix gyn~‡Zi© m~Pbv n‡jv 1945 mv‡ji 16 RyjvB‡q, mKvj
5Uv 29 wgwbU 45 †m‡K‡Û| GB mg‡qB Av‡gwiKvi weÁvbxiv
wbD †gw·‡Kvi A¨vjv‡gvMi‡Wv‡Z (Alamogordo) cÖ_g AvYweK
†evgvwUi we‡ùviY NUv‡jb| wVK GB gyn~Z© †_‡KB gvbyl eyS‡Z
cvij, BwZnv‡mi MwZc_ e`‡j †Ìqvi ÿgZvi g‡a¨B gvbyl
Avi mxgve× †bB, BwZnv‡mi BwZ Uvbevi kw³I Zviv AR©b
K‡i‡Q|
372
†h HwZnvwmK cÖwµqvi gva¨‡g A¨vjv‡gvMi‡Wv‡Z AvYweK
†evgv we‡ùviY Ges gvby‡li Puv‡` hvIqv m¤¢e n‡jv Zvi bvg
•eÁvwbK wecøe| GB mgqUv‡Z gvbyl •eÁvwbK M‡elYvq wewb‡qvM
Kivi gva¨‡g wecyj ÿgZvi AwaKvix n‡q DV‡Z †c‡i‡Q| GUv‡K
Avgiv wecøe ejwQ KviY 1500 wLªóv‡ãi AvM ch©šÍI c„w_exi
gvbyl ¯^v¯ ¨, mgi I A_©bxwZi †ÿ‡Î Zvi bZzb m¤¢vebv ev
AMÖMwZi e¨vcv‡i mw›`nvb wQj| hwÌ Gi Av‡M ivóª Ges abx
c„ô‡cvl‡Kiv wkÿv Lv‡Z wewb‡qvM Ges e„wËi eë¯ v Ki‡Zb, Z‡e
bZzb bZzb D™¢ve‡bi cwie‡Z© AwR©Z Ávb‡K a‡i ivLvB wQj
Gm‡ei g~j D‡Ïk¨| cÖvK&-AvaywbK hy‡Mi GKRb MocoZv kvmK
mvgvwRK k„•Ljv wbqš¿Y Ges AvBbKvby‡bi •eaZv cÖgv‡Yi Rb¨
ag©hvRK, `vk©wbK Ges Kwe‡ì †cQ‡b A_© e¨q Ki‡Zb| Zviv
bZzb Ilya, hy‡×i wbZ¨bZzb A¯¿ ev A_©bxwZ‡Z bZzb MwZi mÂvi
Ki‡eb GiKg Avkv kvm‡Ki _vKZ bv|
weMZ 500 eQ‡i gvbyl µgvMZ wek^vm Ki‡Z ïiæ K‡i‡Q †h,
•eÁvwbK M‡elYvq wewb‡qv‡Mi gva¨‡g Zviv Zv‡ì mvg_©¨‡K Av‡iv
evov‡Z cvi‡e| GB wek^vm †Kej AÜ aviYvi Ici M‡o I‡Vwb
eis BwZnv‡mi wewfbœ ch©v‡q evievi GB aviYvi mZ¨Zv cÖgvwYZ
n‡q‡Q| weÁv‡bi ÿgZvi cÖgvY hZB evo‡Z jvMj, miKvi Ges
abKz‡eiiv ZZB GB e¨vcv‡i wewb‡qv‡M AvMÖnx n‡jb| GBme
wewb‡qvM Qvov Avgiv KLbB nq‡Zv Puv‡` wePiY Ki‡Z, AYyRxe
M‡elYv Ki‡Z ev cigvYy‡K Av‡iv ÿz`ªZg As‡k fvM Ki‡Z
cviZvg bv| D`vniY wn‡m‡e ejv hvq, Av‡gwiKvb miKvi MZ
K‡qK `k‡K wbDwK¬qvi c`v_©weÁvb wb‡q M‡elYvi Rb¨ †KvwU
†KvwU Wjvi eivÏ K‡i‡Q| GBme M‡elYvq AwR©Z Áv‡bi d‡jB
m¤¢e n‡q‡Q Av‡gwiKvq cvigvYweK we`y¨r‡K›`ª wbg©vY, hv
Av‡gwiKvi wkícÖwZôvb¸‡jv‡K ¯^í Li‡P we`y¨‡Zi †RvMvb w`‡”Q|
GB cÖwZôvb¸‡jv miKvi‡K w`‡”Q Ki, †mB K‡ii GKwU AskB
373
Avevi wewb‡qvM Kiv n‡”Q wbDwK¬qvi c`v_©weÁvb wb‡q Av‡iv
M‡elYv Kivi Rb¨|
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Rb¨ ìKvi nq weÁvb, ivRbxwZ Avi A_©bxwZi mw¤§wjZ D‡`¨vM| ivR‣bwZK
Ges A_©‣bwZK cÖwZôvb¸‡jv †RvMvb †`q weÁv‡bi GwM‡q Pjvi im`, hv Qvov
•eÁvwbK M‡elYv GwM‡q †bIqv †gvUvgywU Am¤¢e| wewbg‡q weÁvb †`q bZzb
ÿgZv Avi kw³, hv eëüZ nq bZzb m¤ú` •Zwi‡Z| GiB wKQz Ask Avevi
wewb‡qvM Kiv nq •eÁvwbK M‡elYvi Kv‡R|
M‡elYvi gva¨‡g †h Av‡iv ÿgZvi AwaKvix nIqv hvqÑ GB

wek^vm gvbyl †cj †Kv_v †_‡K? Kxfv‡e weÁvb, ivRbxwZ Avi
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f‚wgKvUzKz †`Le, Z‡e †mUv n‡e GB cÖ‡kœi AvswkK Reve|
c‡ii `y‡Uv Aa¨v‡q Avgiv GB wÎgyLx m¤úK©Uv‡K †`Le Av‡iv
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RvbZvg bv †Zv!
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†evSvi †Póv K‡i Avm‡Q| c„w_ex †Kvb †Kvb cÖvK…wZK wbq‡gi
Aaxb Zv Rvbvi Rb¨ Avgv‡ì c~e©cyiæ‡liv A‡bK mgq I kÖg
374
w`‡q‡Q| wKš‧ cÖvPxbKv‡ji Ávb AR©‡bi GB cÖ‡Póvi †_‡K
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†_‡K wfbœÑ
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j¨vwUb kã ÔIgnoramusÕ-Gi Ici wfwË K‡i cÖwZwôZ hvi A_©Ñ
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Rvwb bv| Av‡iv m~²fv‡e ej‡j ejv hvq, AvaywbK weÁvb GUvI
¯^xKvi K‡i Avgiv AvR‡K hv Rvwb e‡j g‡b KiwQ, Kvj Av‡iv
†ewk Ávb AR©‡bi d‡j AvR‡Ki Rvbv fzj cÖgvwYZ n‡Z cv‡i|
†Kv‡bv aviYv, gZev` ev ZË¡ CkîcÖ`Ë bq Ges weZ‡K©i E‡aŸ©
bq|
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MvwYwZK c×wZi mvnv‡h¨ GB ch©‡eÿY‡K Z‡Ë¡ iƒc †Ìqvi
†Póv K‡i|
M) bZzb bZzb mÿgZv AR©‡bi cÖeYZv| AvaywbK weÁvb
†Kej ZË¡ •Zwi K‡iB mš‧ó _v‡K bv| GB ZË¡¸‡jv‡K †m
eënvi K‡i bZzb bZzb ÿgZv AR©‡bi Kv‡R Ges we‡klfv‡e
ej‡j bZzb bZzb cÖhyw³ D™¢ve‡bi Kv‡R|
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bv|
Ab¨w`‡K Bmjvg ag©, wLªóag©, †e․×ag© Ges
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n‡q †M‡Q| AmsL¨ kw³ai †èZv ev GK I AwØZxq gnvkw³ai
mªóv ev AZx‡Zi Ávbx e¨w³‡ì wjwLZ cyw_ ev gy‡L gy‡L P‡j
375
Avmv Mv_vi g‡a¨B wbwnZ Av‡Q mg¯Í ÁvbfvÛvi| mvaviY
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Rvbv-m¤úwK©Z AÁZv| GB AÁZv `~i Kivi Rb¨ Zv‡K
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wbwðZfv‡eB a‡i wbZ, †Kej wLªóa‡g©i g‡a¨B Av‡Q G cÖ‡kœi
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ag©hvR‡Ki|
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welq| D`vniY¯îƒc, BqK©kvqv‡ii †mB K…lK hw` Rvb‡Z PvBZ
gvKomv Kxfv‡e Zvi Rvj †ev‡b, †m m¤ú‡K© ag©hvRK‡K
wR‡M¨m Kiv wQj wbZvšÍB A_©nxb| KviY, wLªóa‡g©i cweÎ
MÖš ¸wj‡Z G-msµvšÍ †Kv‡bv wb‡`©kbv †bB| Gi gv‡b GB bq
†h, wLªóa‡g©i g‡a¨ Áv‡bi †Kv‡bv NvUwZ Av‡Q| eis Zv‡ì
wek^vm wQj, gvKomvi Rvj †evbvi †K․kj ¸iæZ¡nxb e‡jB Zv
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Rvj †ev‡b| GB Z_¨ hw` gvby‡li DbœwZ ev gvbeRvwZ‡K iÿvi
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GKwU e¨vL¨v evB‡e‡j hy³ Ki‡Zb|
wLªóa‡g© gvKomvmsµvšÍ cov‡kvbvi e¨vcv‡i †Kv‡bv
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376
BD‡iv‡c †_‡KI _v‡K, mgv‡Ri cÖvšÍRb n‡qB Zv‡K _vK‡Z
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we‡klÁ gvKomv, cÖRvcwZ ev M¨vjvcv‡Mvm Øx‡ci cvwL‡ì
m¤ú‡K© †h Z_¨B Avwe®‥vi KiæK, Zv wQj †mKv‡ji gvby‡li
`„wó‡Z bMY¨ Ávb, mgv‡Ri g~j †mªvZ, ivRbxwZ Ges A_©bxwZi
m‡½ G‡Kev‡iB m¤úK©nxb|
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evovevwoi hy‡MI Ggb wKQz †jvK wQ‡jb, huviv `vwe Ki‡Zb Ggb
wKQz ¸iæZ¡c~Y© wRwbm Av‡Q †hm‡ei e¨vcv‡i mgv‡Ri me gvbylB
AÁ| GB ai‡bi †jvK¸‡jv‡K nq GKN‡i Kiv n‡Zv A_ev
nZ¨v Kiv n‡Zv| wKsev Giv wb‡RivB GKwU bZzb gZev‡ì
cÖwZôv Ki‡Zb Ges `vwe Kiv ïiæ Ki‡Zb, GB bZzb gZev‡`B
gvby‡li me wRÁvmvi DËi cvIqv hv‡e| †hgb Bmjvg ag©g‡Z,
Avi‡ei gvby‡liv hLb Acwimxg AÁZvq wbgw¾Z wQj, †Zgb
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ej‡jb, wZwb cwic~Y© m‡Zï mÜvb †c‡q‡Qb, Zvi ci †_‡K
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Zuvi e³‡eï evB‡i bZzb K‡i m‡Zï mÜvb Kivi Avi Kx
ìKvi?
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KL‡bv wb‡R‡K Ôme©‡kl RxeweÁvbxÕ e‡j `vwe K‡ibwb Ges
†NvlYv K‡ibwb †h wZwb RxeRM‡Zi me in‡mï P‚ovšÍ Ges
wPiKvjxb mgvavb Ki‡Z †c‡i‡Qb| 100 eQ‡iiI †ewk mgq
a‡i we¯Íi •eÁvwbK M‡elYv m‡Ë¡I, RxeweÁvbxiv ¯^xKvi K‡ib
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377
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K‡i w`‡”Q ev AKvh©Ki cÖgvY Kivi †Póv Ki‡Q| G e¨vcv‡i
me‡P‡q e‡ov D`vniY n‡Z cv‡i Kxfv‡e GKwU †`‡ki A_©bxwZ
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A_©‣bwZK g›`v, †kqvievRv‡ii fivWzwei ci Zuv‡ì GB
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gvbyl‡K GKÎ K‡i Avgv‡ì‡K wekvj AvKv‡ii mgvR, ivóª,
378
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mgvR I iv‡óªi k„•Ljv a‡i ivLvi me AvaywbK cÖ‡Póv‡K
ZvB eva¨ n‡qB `ywU A‣eÁvwbK c×wZi GKwU‡K AbymiY Ki‡Z
n‡”QÑ
K) weÁv‡bi mf¨Zvi g~j K_v Ôfz‡ji m¤¢vebvÕ‡K A¯^xKvi
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Kiæb| GB c×wZ AbymiY KiwQj bvrwm evwnbx (hviv `vwe
K‡iwQj †h RvwZ‡Z RvwZ‡Z •ewkó¨MZ cv_©‡Kï e¨vcviwU
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gvK©m I †jwjb mgv‡Ri A_©‣bwZK KvVv‡gvi P‚ovšÍ mÜvb
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L) weÁvb‡K G‡Kev‡iB `~‡i mwi‡q ivLyb Ges †Kv‡bv
A‣eÁvwbK P‚ovšÍ mZ¨‡K †g‡b †bIqvi gva¨‡g Rxebhvcb
Kiæb| GB c×wZ Abyhvqx Pj‡Q D`vi gvbeZvev`, hvi wfwËwU
KvíwbKÑ cÖ‡Z¨K gvby‡li wbR¯^ e¨w³MZ mvg_©¨ I AwaKvi|
`ytLRbKfv‡e •eÁvwbK AbymÜv‡bi gva¨‡g †Pbv gvbeRvwZi
cwiP‡qi m‡½ GB aviYvi wgj LyeB mvgvb¨|
wKš‧ G‡Z AevK nIqvi wKQz †bB| weÁvb‡KI wKš‧ Zvi
M‡elYvi †cQ‡bi A_© eivÏ‡K hyw³msMZ cÖgv‡Yi Rb¨ ag©xq
Ges gZv`k©MZ wek^v‡mi Ici wbf©i Ki‡Z nq!
AÁZv‡K ¯^xKvi K‡i †bIqvi e¨vcv‡i eZ©gvb we‡kî
ms¯‥…wZ Ab¨ †h-†Kv‡bv mg‡qi ms¯‥…wZi †P‡q †ewk D`vi|
AvR‡Ki e„n`vKvi gvbemgvReë¯ v †h GKm‡½ wU‡K Av‡Q Zvi
GKUv Ab¨Zg cÖavb KviY n‡jv cÖhyw³ Ges •eÁvwbK M‡elYvi
mdjZvq c„w_exi AwaKvsk gvby‡li cÖvq ag©m`„k wek^vm hv cig
mZ¨ ev cig Ck^‡ii cÖwZ wek^v‡mi RvqMv‡K wKQzUv n‡jI
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379
weÁv‡bi gš¿, weÁv‡bi weavb
AvaywbK weÁvb AÜ wek^vm ev †Muvovwgi cÖfvegy³| wKš‧ Zv‡KI
wKQz mvaviY M‡elYvc×wZi Aax‡b Pj‡Z nq| Gm‡ei g~‡j
i‡q‡Q cÖZ¨ÿ ch©‡eÿ‡Yi wfwË‡Z Bw›`ªqMÖvn¨ Z_¨ msMÖn Ges
MvwYwZK cÖwµqvi gva¨‡g †mm‡ei g‡a¨ mgš^q mvab Kiv|
BwZnv‡mi cy‡ivUv mgq Ry‡oB gvbyl cÖZ¨ÿ AbymÜv‡bi
gva¨‡g Z_¨ msMÖn Ki‡jI †mme Z‡_ï ¸iæZ¡ wQj mxgve×|
Avcbvi Kv‡Q hw` me cÖ‡kœi DËiB †_‡K _v‡K, Zvn‡j Ah_v
ch©‡eÿ‡Yi gva¨‡g Z_¨ msMÖ‡ni Rb¨ Avcwb evowZ LiP †Kb
Ki‡eb? wKš‧ AvaywbK gvbyl †h‡nZz ¯^xKvi K‡i wbj ¸iæZ¡c~Y©
A‡bK welqB Zviv Rv‡b bv, Zv‡ì Rb¨ bZzb Áv‡bi mÜvb KivUv
cÖ‡qvRbxq n‡q †`Lv w`j| d‡j, cy‡iv‡bv Áv‡bi Ac~Y©Zv‡K
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GKUv Awe‡”Q`¨ Ask n‡q ùvovj| cy‡iv‡bv HwZn¨‡K Rvbv I Zvi
PP©vi †P‡q †ewk ¸iæZ¡c~Y© n‡q coj ch©‡eÿY I cixÿv-wbixÿv|
hLb eZ©gv‡bi ch©‡eÿY c~‡e©i cÖPwjZ Áv‡bi m‡½ mvsNwl©K n‡q
ùvovq Avgiv †m‡ÿ‡Î eZ©gv‡bi ch©‡eÿY‡K cÖvavb¨ w`B| Aek¨B
c`v_©weÁvbxi `~ieZ©x M¨vjvw·i eY©vwj we‡kølY, b„ZvwË¡‡Ki
†eªvÄhy‡Mi wejyß †Kv‡bv bM‡ii aŸsmve‡kl wb‡q M‡elYv,
mgvRweÁvbxi cyuwRev‡ì D™¢e wb‡q cov‡kvbv AZx‡Zi Áv‡bi
HwZn¨‡K A¯^xKvi K‡i bv| Gme M‡elYvi ïiæB nq c~e©Zb cwÐZ
e¨w³eM© mswkøó wel‡q Kx e‡j Ges wjwce× K‡i †M‡Qb Zv Rvbvi
gva¨‡g| wKš‧ K‡j‡Ri cÖ_g eQi †_‡KB DVwZ c`v_©we`,
b„ZË¡we` Ges mgvRweÁvbx‡K †kLv‡bv nq †h Zv‡ì jÿ¨B n‡”Q
AvBb÷vBb, †nBbwiL wkjg¨vb I g¨v· I‡qev‡ii Rvbvi cwiwa‡K
Qvwo‡q hvIqv|
hwÌ †ewk ch©‡eÿY gv‡bB †ewk Ávb bq| GB gnvwek^‡K
†evSvi Rb¨ Avgv‡ì ch©‡eÿY¸wj‡K ci¯ú‡ii m‡½ hy³ K‡i
†evaMg¨ Z‡Ë¡ iƒcvšÍi Ki‡Z n‡e| c~‡e© Áv‡bi kvLv¸‡jv
380
KvíwbK M‡íi Ici wfwË K‡i Zv‡ì ZË¡ ùvo KivZ| AvaywbK
weÁvb mvnvh¨ †bq MwY‡Zi|
evB‡ej, †KviAvb ev †e` ev Kbdzwmqv‡mi evYx NuvU‡j Lye
mvgvb¨B mgxKiY, †jLwPÎ ev MvwYwZK wnmvewbKv‡ki mÜvb
cvIqv hv‡e| cÖvPxb cyivY I ag©MÖš ¸‡jv mgxKiY bq eis
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ejv n‡”Q, c„w_ex n‡jv my›ì Avi kqZv‡bi jovB‡qi GK
hy×‡ÿÎ| kqZv‡bi kw³ m„wó K‡i‡Q kix‡ii Avi my›`‡ii kw³
m„wó K‡i‡Q AvZ¥v| gvbyl GB `yB kw³i cÖfv‡ei gvqvRv‡j ew›`
Ges Zvi DwPZ kqZv‡bi kw³‡K A¯^xKvi K‡i my›`‡ii kw³i
Abymvix nIqv| GZ wKQz ejvi c‡iI G a‡g©i ag©¸iæ gvwb
(Mani) Ggb †Kv‡bv MvwYwZK m~Î †`bwb, hvi gva¨‡g gvbyl
wnmve K‡i †`L‡Z cv‡i †m KZ kZvsk kqZvb‡K AbymiY
Ki‡Q Avi KZ kZvsk my›ì‡K AbymiY Ki‡Q| wZwb KL‡bv
GiKg wnmve e‡jbwb †h, Ôgvby‡li Ici wµqviZ e‡ji cwigvY
Zvi AvZ¥vi Z¡iY Ges Zvi kix‡ii f‡ii fvMd‡ji mgvbÕ|
Ab¨w`‡K weÁvbxiv wKš‧ wVK GB KvRwUB Kivi †Póv
K‡ib| 1687 mv‡j m¨vi AvBR¨vK wbDUb Zuvi Ôg¨v_‡gwUK¨vj
wcÖwÝcvj Ae b¨vPvivj wd‡jvmwdÕ eBwU cÖKvk K‡ib| A‡b‡Ki
g‡ZB GwU AvaywbKKv‡ji BwZnv‡m cÖKvwkZ nIqv me‡P‡q
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GwU gvÎ wZbwU MvwYwZK wbq‡gi mvnv‡h¨ MvQ †_‡K cošÍ
Av‡cj †_‡K ïiæ K‡i AvKvk †_‡K L‡m cov Zviv mn
gnvwe‡kî me e¯‧i MwZ‡K e¨vL¨v Ges Abygvb Ki‡Z cviZÑ
● cÖ_g m~Î : evwn¨K †Kv‡bv ej cÖ‡qvM bv Ki‡j w¯ i e¯‧
w¯ i Ges MwZkxj e¯‧ mylg MwZ‡Z mij c‡_ Pj‡Z
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● wØZxq m~Î : †Kv‡bv e¯‧i fi‡e‡Mi cwieZ©‡bi nvi cÖhy³
e‡ji mgvbycvwZK Ges ej †h w`‡K wµqv K‡i e¯‧i
fi‡e‡Mi cwieZ©b †mw`‡KB N‡U|
381
● Z…Zxq m~Î : cÖ‡Z¨K wµqviB mgvb I wecixZ cÖwZwµqv
i‡q‡Q৷
GB m~Î¸‡jv Rvbvi ci †_‡K GKwU Kvgv‡bi †Mvjv ev GKwU
MÖ‡ni MwZc_ wnmve Ki‡Z gvbyl‡K †Kej e¯‧wUi fi, w`K,
Z¡iY Ges Gi Ici wµqvkxj e‡ji cwigvY wnmve Ki‡Z
n‡q‡Q| Gici wbDU‡bi mgxKi‡Y GB ivwk¸‡jvi gvb ewm‡q
mn‡RB e¯‧wUi fwel¨r Ae¯ vb wbY©q Kiv m¤¢e n‡jv| wbDU‡bi
m~Î KvR Kij Rv`yi g‡Zv| Ebwesk kZ‡Ki †klw`‡K wKQz
c`v_©weÁvbx hLb Ggb wKQz e¯‧i MwZc_ ch©‡eÿY Ki‡jb, hv
wbDU‡bi m~Î †g‡b P‡j bv ZLbB m~Pbv n‡jv wbDU‡bi m~Î‡K
Qvwc‡q c`v_©weÁv‡bi cieZ©x wecø‡ei, D™¢e n‡jv Av‡cwÿKZv
ZË¡ Ges †Kvqv›Uvg ejwe`¨vi|
wbDUb †`Lv‡jb †h, cÖK…wZi wbqg‡K MwY‡Zi fvlvq cÖKvk
Kiv m¤¢e| Zvi eB‡qi wKQz wKQz Aa¨v‡qi g~j jÿ¨B wQj my¯úó
MvwYwZK mgxKiY cÖwZcv`b Kiv| wKš‧ Gici weÁvbxiv hLb
RxeweÁvb, A_©bxwZ Ges g‡bvweÁv‡bi welq¸‡jv‡K wbDU‡bi
g‡Zv mgxKiY AvKv‡i cÖKvk Ki‡Z †M‡jb, ZLb Zviv †Lqvj
Ki‡jb †h GB welq¸‡jv‡Z wKQz evowZ RwUjZv Av‡Q, hvi Kvi‡Y
G¸‡jv‡K wVK c`v_©weÁv‡bi g‡Zv MvwYwZK m~Î AvKv‡i cÖKvk
Kiv m¤¢e bq| Gi gv‡b GB bq †h, Zviv MwY‡Zi Ici Av¯ v
nvwi‡q †dj‡jb| MZ 200 eQ‡i MwY‡Zi GKwU bZzb kvLviB
D™¢e n‡q‡Q, †hwU ev¯ÍeZvi Av‡iv RwUj wKQz w`K‡K MvwYwZKfv‡e
Dc¯ vcb Kivi Rb¨ eëüZ nq| MwY‡Zi GB kvLvi bvg n‡jvÑ
cwimsL¨vb|
1744 wLªóv‡ã hvRK‡ì g„Zzï ci Zv‡ì ¯¿x Ges mšÍvb‡ì
fvZv cÖ`vb Kivi j‡ÿ¨ Av‡jKRvÛvi I‡qe÷vi Ges ievU©
Iqv‡jm bv‡g ¯‥Uj¨v‡Ûi †cÖmwe‡Uwiqvb Pv‡P©i `yRb hvRK GKwU
Rxebwegv Znwej MV‡bi wm×všÍ †bb| Zuviv cÖ¯Íve K‡ib, Pv‡P©i
hvRKMY Zv‡ì †ivRMv‡ii GKwU Ask GKwU Znwej MV‡bi
Rb¨ `vb Ki‡eb| †Kv‡bv hvR‡Ki g„Zzï ci Zvi cwievi wbqwgZ
GB Znwej †_‡K AwR©Z gybvdvi GKwU Ask cv‡e| GwU
382
Zv‡ì‡K Zv‡ì evwK Rxeb ¯^v”Q‡›`¨ KvUv‡Z mvnvh¨ Ki‡e|
wKš‧, hvR‡Kiv Kx cwigvY A_© Rgv ivL‡j Zv‡ì g„Zzï ci
Zv‡ì cwiev‡ii fiY‡cvl‡Yi Rb¨ h‡_ó cwigvY A_© Znwej
†_‡K eivÏ Kiv m¤¢e n‡e Zv Rvbvi Rb¨ I‡qe÷vi Ges
Iqv‡j‡mi cÖwZeQi M‡o KZRb hvRK gviv hvb, M‡o Zv‡ì
cwiev‡ii †gvU KZRb m`m¨ Zviv †i‡L hvb Ges ¯^vgxi g„Zzï
ci Zvi cwiev‡ii m`mïv M‡o KZ eQi †eu‡P _v‡KÑ Gme
e¨vcv‡i GKUv my¯úó Abygvb Kiv Riæwi n‡q coj|
GLv‡b GKUv e¨vcvi ¸iæZ¡ mnKv‡i jÿ Kiæb| GB mgm¨v
mgvav‡bi Rb¨ GB hvRKØq Ck^‡ii Kv‡Q cÖv_©bv ïiæ K‡ibwb|
cweÎ ag©MÖš  ev ag©kv‡¯¿i c~e©Zb we‡klÁ‡ì wj‡L ivLv evYxi
g‡aÏ Zuviv GB cÖ‡kœi DËi LyuR‡Z hvbwb| GgbwK Zuviv AvkÖq
†bbwb †Kv‡bv RwUj `vk©wbK Z‡K©i| †m mg‡qi ¯‥Uj¨v‡Ûi
Awaevmx nIqvi ìæb Zuviv wQ‡jb ev¯Íeev`x| myZivs, G mgm¨v
mgvav‡bi Rb¨ Zuviv Avgš¿Y Rvbv‡jb GwWbeiv wek^we`¨vj‡qi
MwY‡Zi Aa¨vcK Kwjb g¨vKjwib‡K| Zuviv wZb Rb wg‡j
gvby‡li g„Zzï eqm-m¤úwK©Z Z_¨ msMÖn Ki‡jb Ges GB Z_¨
eënvi K‡i Zuviv Abygvb Kivi †Póv Ki‡jb cÖwZeQi M‡o
KZRb hvRK gviv †h‡Z cv‡ib|
Zuv‡ì GB KvR AvR‡Ki w`‡bi cwimsL¨vb Ges m¤¢vebv
Z‡Ë¡i †ek wKQz •ecøweK Avwe®‥v‡ii †ÿ‡Î mnvqK f‚wgKv cvjb
K‡i‡Q| Gi g‡a¨ GKwU n‡jv R¨vKe ev‡b©vwji Ôj Ae jvR©
bv¤^vimÕ| ev‡b©vwj MwY‡Zi fvlvq †`wL‡q‡Qb †h, GKwU wew”Qbœ
NUbvi m¤¢ve¨Zv Abygvb Kiv KwVb, Z‡e GKB iKg A‡bK¸‡jv
NUbvi Mo m¤¢ve¨Zvi Abygvb †ek wbcyYfv‡eB Kiv m¤¢e| A_©vr
AvMvgx eQi I‡qe÷vi ev Iqv‡jm gviv hv‡eb wK bv GUv
g¨vKjwi‡bi c‡ÿ Abygvb Kiv m¤¢e bq wKš‧ h‡_ó cwigvY Z_¨
_vK‡j g¨vKjwib †gvUvgywU wbLuyZfv‡e AvMvgx eQi ¯‥Uj¨v‡Û
†gvU KZRb †cÖmwe‡Uwiqvb hvRK gviv †h‡Z cv‡ib Zv
I‡qe÷vi ev Iqv‡jm‡K Rvbv‡Z cvi‡eb| my‡Li welq n‡jv,
GB Kv‡Ri Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq Z_¨ Av‡M †_‡KB msMÖn Kiv wQj|
383
50 eQi Av‡M GWgÛ n¨vwji cÖKvk Kiv Rxeb-g„Zzï LwZqvb
(Actuary Table) G Kv‡R †ek mnvqK f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i| n¨vwj
Zuvi cÖKvwkZ wnmv‡e Rvg©vwbi †eªmjvD kn‡ii 1 nvRvi 238
R‡bi Rb¥ Ges 1 nvRvi 174 R‡bi g„Zzï LwZqvb cÖKvk
K‡ib| n¨vwji †Uwe‡ji mvnv‡h¨B Rvbv m¤¢e n‡qwQj †h, GKwU
wbw`©ó eQ‡i 20 eQi eq¯‥ GKRb gvby‡li g„Zzï m¤¢vebv
1/100, Ab¨w`‡K 50 eQi eq¯‥ GKRb gvby‡li g„Zzï m¤¢vebv
1/39|
GBme Z_¨ we‡kølY K‡i I‡qe÷vi I Iqv‡jm GB wm×v‡šÍ
DcbxZ n‡jb †h, MocoZv †h-†Kv‡bv eQ‡i RxweZ ¯‥wUk
†cÖmwe‡Uwiqvb hvR‡Ki msL¨v n‡e 930 Ges M‡o cÖwZeQi 27
Rb hvR‡Ki gviv hvIqvi m¤¢vebv Av‡Q, hv‡ì g‡a¨ 18 R‡bi
weaev ¯¿x †i‡L hvIqvi m¤¢vebv| G‡ì g‡a¨ M‡o cuvPR‡bi
weaev ¯¿x _vK‡e bv wKš‧ GwZg mšÍvb _vK‡e Ges weaev ¯¿x‡ì
g‡a¨ M‡o `yR‡bi AcÖvßeq¯‥ mšÍvb _vK‡e, hv‡ì eqm GL‡bv
16 eQ‡ii mxgv AwZµg K‡iwb| Zuviv GUvI wnmve K‡i
†`L‡jb †h, weaev bvixiv ¯^vgxi g„Zzï ci KZ eQi Av‡iv
euvP‡Z cv‡ib A_ev bZzb K‡i weevneÜ‡b Ave× n‡Z Zv‡ì
AvbygvwbK KZ mgq jvM‡Z cv‡i (GB `yB †ÿ‡ÎB Zviv fvZv
cÖvwßi AvIZvgy³ n‡eb)| †hme hvR‡Kiv Zv‡ì wcÖqR‡bi
myiÿvi Rb¨ Znwej MVb Ki‡Z Pvb Zv‡ì‡K Kx cwigvY A_©
Rgv ivL‡Z n‡e, †mUv wba©viY Ki‡Z Gme Z_¨ I‡qe÷vi I
Iqv‡jm‡K mvnvh¨ Kij| hvR‡Kiv hw` cÖwZeQi `yB cvDÛ, 12
wkwjs, `yB †cwb K‡i Rgv iv‡Lb, Zvn‡j wZwb †gvUvgywU wbwðšÍ
†h Zvi g„Zzï ci Zvi weaev cZœx eQ‡i Kgc‡ÿ 10 cvDÛ K‡i
cv‡eb| ZLbKvi w`‡bi 10 cvDÛ gv‡b A‡bK UvKv| †Kv‡bv
hvRK hw` g‡b K‡ib GB A_© Zuvi ¯¿xi fwel¨r fiY‡cvl‡Yii
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K‡i Rgv ivL‡Z cv‡ib, hv wbwðZ Ki‡e Zuvi g„Zzï ci Zuvi
weaev ¯¿x eQ‡i 25 cvD‡Ûi g‡Zv GKUv e‡ovm‡ov fvZv
cv‡eb|
384
Zuv‡ì wnmve Abyhvqx, 1765 mvj bvMv` weaev Ges
bvevjK mšÍvb‡ì Avw_©K mvnv‡hï Rb¨ MVb Kiv GB Znwe‡ji
cwigvY wM‡q ùvov‡e 58 nvRvi 348 cvD‡Û| Zv‡ì GB
MvwYwZK wnmve ev¯Í‡ei mÂ‡qi cwigv‡Yi m‡½ Avðh©RbKfv‡e
wg‡j wM‡qwQj| 1765 mv‡j G‡m †`Lv †Mj Zv‡ì Znwe‡ji
cÖK…Z mÂ‡qi cwigvY ùvwo‡q‡Q 58 nvRvi 347 cvD‡Û| A_©vr,
AbywgZ mÂ‡qi cwigv‡Yi m‡½ gvÎ GK cvD‡Ûi †ni‡di! GB
wnmve AZx‡Zi nvev°yK, †R‡iwg ev †m›U R‡bi Kiv fwel¨ØvYxi
†_‡K A‡bK †ewk mwVK wQj| eZ©gv‡b, Ô¯‥wUk DB‡WvRÕ bv‡g
cwiwPZ I‡qe÷vi Ges Iqv‡j‡mi Znwej `ywbqvi Ab¨Zg †miv
Aemi fvZv Ges wegv †Kv¤úvwb|7
cieZ©xKv‡j `yRb hvR‡Ki m¤¢vebv ZË¡ wb‡q GBme
wnmvewbKvk †Kej A¨vKPzqvwiqvj (Actuarial) we`¨vi wfwË
¯ vc‡bi g‡a¨B mxgve× _v‡Kwb, n‡q D‡V‡Q Aemi fvZv, wegv-
eëmvq Ges RbmsL¨vZ‡Ë¡i (Av‡iKRb D”Pc`¯  A¨vs‡jv hvRK
ievU© g¨vj_vm GB we`¨vi cÖe³v) g~j †cÖiYv| GKmgq Avevi
RbmsL¨vZË¡B n‡q I‡V †mB wfwË, hvi Ici ùvwo‡q Pvj©m
WviDBb (whwb GKwU A¨vs‡jv wMR©vi hvRK cÖvq n‡qB wM‡qwQ‡jb)
wbg©vY K‡ib Zuvi weL¨vZ ÔweeZ©b ZË¡Õ| GKwU wbw`©ó cwi‡e‡k
Rx‡ei wR‡b iƒcvšÍ‡ii (Mutation) gva¨‡g †Kvb †Kvb cÖRvwZi
D™¢e NU‡e Zv Abygv‡bi Rb¨ hwÌ †Kv‡bv MvwYwZK mgxKiY †bB,
wKš‧ wRbweÁvbxiv m¤¢vebv ZË¡ eënvi K‡i GKwU wbw`©ó
Rb‡Mvôx‡Z GKwU wbw`©ó wRbMZ iƒcvšÍi NUvi m¤¢vebv KZUzKz Zv
wnmve Ki‡Z cv‡ib| m¤¢vebv Z‡Ë¡i GBme aviYv A_©bxwZ,
mgvRweÁvb, g‡bvweÁvb, ivóªweÁvb Ges Ab¨vb¨ mvgvwRK I
cÖK…wZ we`¨vi †K›`ªwe›`y‡Z cwiYZ n‡q‡Q| GgbwK c`v_©weÁvbI
wbDU‡bi c`v_©weÁv‡bi cy‡iv‡bv m~Î¸‡jv‡K †Kvqv›Uvg ejwe`¨vq
eëüZ m¤¢vebv Z‡Ë¡i cÖ‡qvM Øviv Av‡iv mymsMZ, AwaKZi
m¤ú~Y©iƒ‡c cÖKvk K‡i‡Q|
wkÿveë¯ vi BwZnv‡mi Lye Mfx‡i bv †M‡jI G K_v Avgiv
mn‡RB eyS‡Z cvwi †h, bZzb GB MvwYwZK c×wZi PP©v Avgv‡ì
385
AMÖMwZ‡Z KZUv f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i‡Q| BwZnv‡mi cÖvq cy‡ivUv
mgq Ry‡oB MwYZ wQj RwUj, D”P¯Í‡ii Ávb hv wKbv wkwÿZ
†jv‡K‡ì c‡ÿI †evSv A‡bKmgq m¤¢e n‡Zv bv| ga¨hy‡Mi
BD‡iv‡c hyw³we`¨v, e¨vKiY Ges AjsKvikv‡¯¿i mgš^‡q •Zwi
n‡qwQj wkÿveë¯ vi wfZ, †hLv‡b mvaviY wnmvewbKvk Avi
R¨vwgwZ Qvov MwY‡Zi Ab¨vb¨ wel‡q wkÿv`v‡bi my‡hvM cÖvq wQj
bv ej‡jB P‡j| cwimsL¨vb ZLb mevi Kv‡QB A‡Pbv| myZivs,
†mKv‡j Áv‡bi me kvLvi cÖfz wn‡m‡e ivRZ¡ KiZ ag©ZË¡|
AvR‡Ki w`‡b Lye Kg QvÎB AjsKvikv¯¿ Aa¨qb K‡i,
hyw³we`¨v n‡q c‡o‡Q †Kej `k©‡bi QvÎ‡ì cvV¨ welq Avi
ag©ZË¡ n‡q c‡o‡Q mfv-mwgwZi g‡Â e³…Zvi welqe¯‧|
Ab¨w`‡K w`b w`b Av‡iv †ewkmsL¨K QvÎ MwY‡Zi Aa¨q‡bi
e¨vcv‡i AvMÖnx n‡”Q ev Av‡iv †ewkmsL¨K QvÎ‡K eva¨ Kiv n‡”Q
MwYZ Aa¨q‡bi e¨vcv‡i| weï× weÁv‡bi PP©vi e¨vcv‡i •Zwi
n‡q‡Q Acwimxg AvMÖn| weï× weÁvb ej‡Z GLv‡b MvwYwZK
c×wZ AbymiY Kiv weÁv‡bi kvLvmg~‡ni K_v ejv n‡”Q|
GgbwK fvlvZË¡, g‡bvweÁv‡bi g‡Zv Áv‡bi kvLv¸‡jv hv‡ì‡K
GKmgq gvbweK Áv‡bi Ask wn‡m‡e aiv n‡Zv, Zv‡ìI
µgvMZ MwY‡Zi Ici wbf©ikxjZv evo‡Q Ges Zviv wb‡R‡ì‡K
weï× weÁv‡bi kvLv wn‡m‡e cÖgv‡Yi †Póvq e¨¯Í| cwimsL¨v‡bi
†Kvm© GLb †Kej c`v_©weÁvb Avi RxeweÁv‡bi Rb¨B bq eis
g‡bvweÁvb, mgvRweÁvb, A_©bxwZ Ges ivóªweÁvb Aa¨q‡bi
RbÏ eva¨Zvg~jK|
Avwg †h wek^we`¨vj‡q covB †mLvbKvi g‡bvweÁvb wefv‡Mi
wm‡jev‡mi cÖ_g eva¨Zvg~jK †Kv‡m©i bvg n‡jvÑ Ôg‡bv‣eÁvwbK
M‡elYvq cwimsL¨vb I c×wZMZ g‡bvweÁv‡bi m~PbvÕ| wØZxq
e‡l©i g‡bvweÁv‡bi QvÎ‡ì Rb¨ Avewk¨K †Kvm© n‡jvÑ
Ôg‡bv‣eÁvwbK M‡elYvq eëüZ cwimsL¨vb c×wZÕ| gvby‡li
gb‡K cwic~Y©iƒ‡c †evSvi Rb¨ Ges Zvi gvbwmK my¯ Zv weav‡bi
Rb¨ cwimsL¨vb Aa¨qb RiæwiÑ Kbdzwmqvm, ey×, whï ev
386
†gvnv¤§`‡K G ai‡bi †Kv‡bv K_v ejv n‡j Zviv we¯§‡q nZevK
n‡q †h‡Zb|
ÁvbB kw³
weÁv‡bi MvwYwZK fvlv Avgiv mn‡R eyS‡Z cvwi bv Ges A‡bK
mgq Gi g~j e³e¨ Avgv‡ì •`bw›`b Rxe‡bi AwfÁZvi m‡½
mvsNwl©K e‡j †ewkifvM gvby‡li Kv‡QB AvaywbK weÁvb †ek
`y‡e©va¨| c„w_exi cÖvq 700 †KvwU gvby‡li g‡a¨ KRbB-ev
†Kvqv›Uvg ejwe`¨v, †Kvlxq RxeweÁvb ev g¨v‡µv-A_©bxwZ
†ev‡Sb? wKš‧ Zv m‡Ë¡I weÁv‡bi cÖwZ mvaviY gvby‡li †h AMva
kÖ×v I wek^vmÑ Zvi cÖavb KviY weÁvb Avgv‡ì‡K w`‡q‡Q
Awek^vm¨ ÿgZv, bZzb m¤¢vebvi mÜvb| GKwU †`‡ki †cÖwm‡W›U
Ges mvgwiK Kg©KZ©v nq‡Zv wbDwK¬qvi c`v_©weÁvb m¤ú‡K© Rv‡bb
bv, Z‡e wbDwK¬qvi †evgvi AvMÖvmx f‚wgKv KZ fqsKi n‡Z cv‡i
†m m¤ú‡K© wZwb h‡_ó aviYv iv‡Lb|
1620 mv‡j d«vwÝm †eKb Ôw` wbD BÝUªy‡g›UÕ bv‡g GK
•eÁvwbK Bk‡Znvi cÖKvk K‡ib| GB Bk‡Znv‡i wZwb e‡jb,
ÔÁvbB kw³Õ| †Kv‡bv Ávb Avgv‡ì bZzb kw³‡Z ejxqvb Ki‡Z
cv‡i wK bv †mUvB Áv‡bi cÖavb cixÿv, Áv‡bi welqwU KZUzKz
mZ¨ †mUv Zvi cixÿvi welq bq| weÁvbxiv mvaviYZ a‡iB
†bb †h, †Kv‡bv ZË¡B kZfvM mwVK bq| cÖK…Zc‡ÿ, mZ¨Zvi
gvcKvwV‡Z DËxY© nIqv Áv‡bi Rb¨ †Zgb Riæwi †Kv‡bv welq
bq| me‡P‡q Riæwi welq n‡jv Zvi Dc‡hvwMZv| †h ZË¡
Avgv‡ì bZzb wKQz Kievi mÿgZv `vb K‡i †mUvB cÖK…Zc‡ÿ
Áv‡bi welqe¯‧‡Z cwiYZ nq|
weMZ K‡qK kZ‡K, weÁvb Avgv‡ì‡K A‡bK bZzb mÿgZv
`vb K‡i‡Q| Gi g‡a¨ g„Zzï nvi Ges A_©‣bwZK cÖew„ ×i nvi
Abygvb Kivi g‡Zv welq¸‡jv gvbwmK mÿgZv| weÁv‡bi myev‡`
cÖhyw³MZ †ÿ‡Î Avgiv Gi †P‡qI †ewk mÿgZv AR©b K‡iwQ|
eZ©gv‡b weÁvb I cÖhyw³i m¤úK© GZUvB `„p †h A‡bK mgq
387
G‡ì‡K Avjv`v K‡i †PbvB gykwKj n‡q c‡o| GgbwK eZ©gv‡b
Avgiv A‡bK mgq Gfv‡e fvwe †h, •eÁvwbK M‡elYv Qvov bZzb
cÖhyw³ D™¢veb m¤¢e bq| †h •eÁvwbK M‡elYvi d‡j bZzb †Kv‡bv
cÖhyw³i D™¢veb nq bv, †m •eÁvwbK M‡elYvi †Zgb †Kv‡bv g~j¨
†bB|
Avm‡j weÁvb I cÖhyw³i ga¨Kvi GB m¤ú‡K©i e¨vcviwU
wKš‧ †ek bZzb| 1500 mv‡ji c~‡e© weÁvb I cÖhyw³ wQj m¤ú~Y©
Avjv`v `ywU †ÿÎ| mß`k kZ‡Ki ïiæ‡Z d«vwÝm †eKb hLb GB
`ywU †ÿÎ‡K GKwÎZ Ki‡jb, ZLb Zv wQj GKwU •ecøweK
NUbv| mß`k kZK Ges Aóv`k kZ‡K GB eÜb Av‡iv `„p
nq| Z‡e weÁvb I cÖhyw³i ga¨Kvi GB m¤úK© cÖK…Z c~Y©Zv cvq
Ebwesk kZ‡K| 1800 mv‡jI †Kv‡bv kvmK GKwU kw³kvjx
†mbvevwnbx MV‡bi Rb¨ wKsev GKRb abKz‡ei eëmv‡q mdjZv
AR©‡bi Rb¨ c`v_©weÁvb, RxeweÁvb ev A_©bxwZ‡Z M‡elYvi
Rb¨ A_© eiv‡Ïi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv Abyfe Ki‡Zb bv|
Aek¨ G wbq‡gi †h e¨wZµg wQj bv Ggb `vwe Avwg KiwQ
bv| GKRb gvSvwi gv‡bi HwZnvwmK AZx‡Zi NUbv¸‡jvi
AvcvZKviY AbymÜvb Ki‡Z cv‡ib| wKš‧, mwZ¨Kv‡ii fv‡jv
GKRb HwZnvwmK GB AvcvZKviY¸‡jvi Avov‡j jyKv‡bv g~j
KviYUvI †`L‡Z cvb| †gvUv `v‡M †`L‡j †ewkifvM cÖvK-
AvaywbK hy‡Mi kvmK I eëmvqxiv bZzb cÖhyw³ D™¢ve‡bi j‡ÿ¨
gnvwe‡k¦i cÖK…wZ Rvbvi Rb¨ m¤ú` wewb‡qvM K‡ibwb Ges †m
mg‡qi wPšÍvwe` ev M‡elKivI Zv‡ì wPšÍv ev M‡elYv‡K †Kv‡bv
h‡š¿i cÖhyw³‡Z cwiYZ Kivi Rb¨ D`&MÖxe wQ‡jb bv| †mKv‡ji
kvm‡Kiv †mBme wkÿvcÖwZôv‡bi †cQ‡b wewb‡qvM Ki‡Zb,
hv‡ì jÿ¨ wQj AvengvbKvj a‡i P‡j Avmv Ávb‡K jvjb Kiv,
Qwo‡q †Ìqv Ges iv‡Rï kvwšÍ-k„•Ljv iÿvq f‚wgKv cvjb
Kiv|
†m mg‡qI bvbv RvqMvq gvbyl wew”Qbœfv‡e bZzb cÖhyw³
D™¢veb K‡i‡Q| Z‡e †mm‡ei †ewkifvMB wQj AwkwÿZ, `ÿ
KvwiM‡ii AmsLëvi †Póvi dmj, †Kv‡bv D”PwkwÿZ cwÐ‡Zi
c×wZMZ •eÁvwbK M‡elYvi AR©b bq| hviv †Mviæi Mvwo
388
evbv‡Zb Zviv eQ‡ii ci eQi a‡i GKB c×wZ‡Z, GKB
Dcv`vb eënvi K‡i †Mviæi Mvwo evbv‡Zb| †Mviæi Mvwoi bZzb
g‡Wj D™¢ve‡bi Rb¨ Zv‡ì evwl©K jv‡fi GKUv Ask Zviv
M‡elYv Kv‡R eivÏ Ki‡Zb bv| gv‡S gv‡S Mvwoi bKkvq
cwieZ©b AvmZ wKš‧ Gm‡ei g~‡j wQj ¯ vbxq KvwiMi‡ì AwfÁZv
I `ÿZv hv‡ì BDwbfvwm©wUi wWwMÖ _vKv †Zv `~‡ii K_v, A‡bK
†ÿ‡ÎB Zviv wQ‡jb AÿiÁvbnxb|
miKvwi I †emiKvwi me Lv‡Zi Rb¨B GB GKB wbqg
cÖ‡hvR¨ wQj| AvaywbK ivóª Zvi ivóª bxwZ, R¡vjvwb LvZ, ¯^v¯ ¨, eR©¨
eë¯ vcbv me †ÿ‡ÎB wm×všÍ †bIqvi Av‡M weÁvbx‡ì kiYvcbœ
nb| cÖvPxb ivóª¸‡jv‡Z GgbUv n‡Zv bv| GB `yB mg‡qi ga¨Kvi
cv_©KÜv me‡P‡q †ewk `„k¨gvb nq hy×v‡¯¿i w`‡K bRi w`‡j|
hLb we`vwq †cÖwm‡W›U WzqvBU AvB‡mbnvIqvi 1961 mv‡j wkí I
†mbvevwnbxi µgea©gvb kw³i e¨vcv‡i me‡K mZK© K‡ib ZLb
Avm‡j GKwU e¨vcvi wZwb Zvi K_vq En¨ †i‡L hvb| Zvi DwPZ
wQj me‡K wkí, †mbvevwnbx I weÁv‡bi µgea©gvb kw³i e¨vcv‡i
mZK© K‡i †Ìqv| KviY, eZ©gv‡bi hy×¸‡jv •eÁvwbK AMÖMwZi
dmj| mviv c„w_exi me •eÁvwbK I cÖhyw³MZ M‡elYvi
AwaKvskB cwiPvjbv I A_©vqb K‡i †Kv‡bv-bv-†Kv‡bv
†mbvevwnbx|
cÖ_g wek^hy× hLb `yB c‡ÿi AšÍnxb aŸsm Avi nZ¨vi
†ÿ‡Î cwiYZ n‡jv, ZLb `yB cÿB G APjve¯ v wbimb K‡i
wb‡R‡ì †`k‡K euvPv‡bvi Rb¨ weÁvbx‡ì kiYvcbœ n‡jb| GB
Wv‡K mvov w`‡jb weÁvbx bv‡gi mv`v †cvkv‡Ki gvbyl¸wj Avi
Zv‡ì j¨ve‡iUwi †_‡K G‡Ki ci GK †e‡iv‡Z jvMj Pg‡K
†Ìqvi g‡Zv AMwYZ A¯¿Ñ hy×evR wegvb, welv³ M¨vm, U¨vsK,
Wz‡evRvnvR, ZvK jvMv‡bv †gwkbMvb, Kvgvb, ivB‡dj, †evgv
Av‡iv KZ Kx!
389
33| Dr‡ÿc‡Yi Rb¨ cÖ¯‧Z Rvg©vb wf-2 i‡KU| GUv kÎæwkwei‡K wbwðý K‡i
†`qwb mwZ¨, wKš‧ GUv Rvg©vb‡ì GKUv cÖhyw³i Rv`yi Avkvq euvwP‡q †i‡LwQj
wØZxq wek^hy‡× weÁv‡bi cÖfve wQj Av‡iv e¨vcK| 1944

mv‡ji †klw`‡K wØZxq wek^hy‡× Rvg©vwbi cZb GKiKg wbwðZ
n‡q c‡o| Gi GK eQi Av‡MB BZvwj‡Z Rvg©vb‡ì eÜzcÖwZg
ivóªbvqK gy‡mvwjwbi cZb N‡U Ges Zviv wgÎevwnbxi Kv‡Q
AvZ¥mgc©Y K‡i| wgÎevwnbxi weªwUk, Av‡gwiKvb Ges †mvwf‡qZ
•mbïv hLb Rvg©vwb‡K GKiKg †KvYVvmv K‡i †d‡j‡Q, ZL‡bv
Rvg©vb †mbviv AvZ¥mgc©Y bv K‡i hy× Pvwj‡q †M‡Q| Gi
Ab¨Zg cÖavb KviY, †kl gyn~Z© ch©šÍ Rvg©vb •mb¨ I mvaviY
bvMwiK‡ì GB wek^vm wQj †h mewKQz GL‡bv †kl n‡q hvqwb,
†kl gyn~‡Z© n‡jI Zv‡ì wek^‡miv weÁvbxiv wf-2 i‡KU ev
†RUPvwjZ hy×wegv‡bi g‡Zv Ggb wKQz gvivZ¥K A¯¿ •Zwi K‡i
†dj‡e, hv cvkvi `vb cy‡ivcywi Dj‡U †`‡e Ges †kl‡gk
Rvg©vbivB hy‡× Rqx n‡e|
Gw`‡K Rvg©vb weÁvbxiv hLb i‡KU Avi hy×wegvb •Zwi‡Z
e¨¯Í, ZZÿ‡Y Av‡gwiKv g¨vbnvUb cÖK‡íi AvIZvq evbv‡Z ïiæ
K‡i‡Q AvYweK †evgv| 1945 mv‡ji AvM÷ gv‡mi ïiæi w`‡K
390
hLb g¨vbnvUb cÖK‡íi KvR cy‡ivcywi †kl n‡jv, ZZw`‡b
Rvg©vbiv wgÎevwnbxi Kv‡Q AvZ¥mgc©Y K‡i †d‡j‡Q|
weiæ×kw³¸‡jvi g‡a¨ GKgvÎ RvcvbB ZL‡bv jovB Pvwj‡q
hv‡”Q| Av‡gwiKvb †mbvevwnbx Rvcvb AwaK…Z wKQz f‚LÐ `L‡ji
wm×všÍ wbj| Rvcvwbiv cÖvY w`‡q n‡jI GB Avµg‡Yi weiæ‡×
jovB Pvwj‡q hvIqvi cÖwZÁv Ki‡jb| Rvcvwb‡ì M„nxZ
c`‡ÿc, AvZ¥NvZx †evgv nvgjv (Kamikaze) mevi mvg‡b
Zv‡ì GB msK‡íi `„pZv Zz‡j aij| Av‡gwiKvi †mbvcÖavbiv
Zv‡ì ivóªcwZ n¨vwi Gm Uªyg¨vb‡K Rvbv‡jb, Gfv‡e Pj‡j
Rvcvb `L‡ji GB Awfhv‡b jvL jvL Av‡gwiKvb •mb¨‡K cÖvY
w`‡Z n‡Z cv‡i Ges GB cÖwµqv nq‡Zv mg¯Í hy×Uv‡KB 1946
mvj Awã `xN©vwqZ Ki‡e| Uªyg¨vb GB mgm¨v mgvav‡b Zv‡ì
bZzb D™¢vweZ †evgv eënv‡ii wm×všÍ wb‡jb| `yB mßv‡n Rvcv‡b
gvÎ `y‡Uv AvYweK †evgv wb‡ÿc Kiv n‡jv, AvZ¥mgc©‡Y eva¨
n‡jv cÖwZ‡iv‡a `„pmsKí Rvcvb| Avi m‡½ m‡½B hy‡×iI NUj
BwZ|
Aek¨ weÁvb †Kej Avµg‡Yi nvwZqviB •Zwi K‡i bv,
AvµgY cÖwZnZ Kivi †ÿ‡ÎI weÁv‡bi Ae`vb ¸iæZ¡c~Y©|
AvR‡Ki w`‡b A‡bK Av‡gwiKvbB g‡b K‡ib †h, mš¿vmev‡ì
cÖK…Z mgvavb Av‡Q Z_¨cÖhyw³i Kv‡Q, ivRbxwZi c‡_ bq|
Zv‡ì wek^vm, b¨v‡bv‡UK‡bvjwRi †cQ‡b Av‡iv K‡qK jvL
†KvwU UvKv wewb‡qvM Kiv †M‡jB Zv‡ì •Zwi Ly‡` ev‡qvwbK
†Mv‡q›`v D‡o hv‡e AvdMvb‡ì ¸nvq, B‡q‡g‡bi Bûw`‡ì
aŸsmve‡k‡l ev DËi Avwd«Kvi hvhvei‡ì Zuvey‡Z| Avi †mUv
Kiv †M‡j Imvgv web jv‡`‡bi DËim~wi‡ì GK Kvc Pv
evbv‡bvi Lei ch©šÍ j¨vswj‡Z Av‡gwiKvb †Mv‡q›`v ms¯ vi mì
`ß‡i ZrÿYvr †cu․‡Q †`‡e †mme gvwQm`„k Ly‡` †Mv‡q›`vi `j|
wKsev gw¯Í‡®‥i M‡elYvi †cQ‡b Av‡iv jvL †KvwU UvKv wewb‡qvM
Kiæb, cÖwZ wegvbe›`‡i _vK‡e me gvby‡li gw¯Í®‥ ¯‥¨vb Kivi
GdGgAviAvB (FMRI) hš¿, hv wbwg‡lB e‡j †`‡e †Kvb
gvbylwU Zvi gv_vi †fZi aŸsmvZ¥K †Kvb cwiKíbv AuvU‡Q ev
391
†Kvb gvbylwU †i‡M Av‡Q| Zv‡ì GBme wek^vm ev aviYv¸‡jv wK
Av‡`․ mgvavb Ki‡Z cvi‡e gvby‡li mgm¨vi? †K Rv‡b! DošÍ
ev‡qvwbK †Mv‡q›`vgvwQ ev gw¯Í‡®‥i wPšÍv co‡Z cviv hš¿
Avwe®‥vi Kiv wK Av`‡Z gvby‡li Kj¨vY e‡q Avb‡e? g‡b nq
bv| wKš‧ Gme g‡b nIqv ev bv nIqvq Avm‡jB wKQz hvq Av‡m
bv, KviY Avcwb hLb GB jvBb¸‡jv co‡Qb, ZLbB nq‡Zv
Av‡gwiKvi wbivcËv Awa`ßi b¨v‡bv‡UK‡bvjwR Ges gw¯Í®‥ wb‡q
M‡elYv Kivi j¨ve‡iUwi‡Z Gme aviYv Ges Av‡iv bZzb A‡bK
aviYv wb‡q KvR Kivi Rb¨ K‡qK †KvwU UvKv wewb‡qvM Ki‡Qb|
Avðh© e¨vcvi n‡jv, U¨vsK †_‡K ïiæ K‡i AvYweK †evgv
wKsev ev‡qvwbK Ly‡` †Mv‡q›`v, mvgwiK Kv‡R Z_¨cÖhyw³i e¨vcK
eënv‡ii GB cÖeYZv wKš‧ Lye †ewkw`‡bi cy‡iv‡bv bq| Ebwesk
kZ‡Ki Av‡M ch©šÍI †ewkifvM mvgwiK wecøe¸‡jviB KviY
wQj †Mvôx m¤ú‡K©i cwieZ©b, bZzb cÖhyw³i D‡b¥l bq| †m
mgq, hLb `y‡Uv A‡Pbv mf¨Zvi gvbyl cÖ_gev‡ii g‡Zv G‡K
Ac‡ii mvÿvr †cZ, ZLb Zv‡ì g‡a¨ cÖhyw³MZ ZviZg¨
gv‡Sg‡a¨ wKQz cv_©K¨ M‡o w`Z| wKš‧ †mme †ÿ‡ÎI Lye
KgmsL¨K gvbylB cÖhyw³MZ ZviZg¨ evov‡bv ev Kgv‡bv wb‡q
m‡PZbfv‡e wPšÍv K‡i‡Q| †mKv‡ji AwaKvsk mvgªvR¨B †Kv‡bv
Rv`yKwi cÖhyw³i Ici wbf©i K‡i M‡o I‡Vwb, kvm‡KivI ZvB
cÖhyw³i DrKl© mvab wb‡q †Zgb GKUv gv_v Nvgv‡Zb bv| DbœZ
wZi ev Zievwii Kj¨v‡Y Avieiv mvmvwbW mvgªvR¨ Rq K‡iwb,
†mjRyKiv (Seljuk) †Kv‡bv A‡_©B cÖhyw³MZfv‡e
evB‡RbUvBb‡ì (Byzantine) †_‡K GwM‡q wQj bv Ges
†gv½jiv †Kv‡bv kw³kvjx bZzb A‡¯¿i †Rv‡i Pxbv mvgªvR¨
AwaKvi K‡iwb| eis Gme †ÿ‡ÎB weRqx `‡ji †_‡K
wewRZivB mgi Ges •`bw›`b Rxe‡bi cÖhyw³‡Z GwM‡q wQj|
G‡ÿ‡Î †ivgvb †mbvevwnbx GKwU fv‡jv D`vniY n‡Z
cv‡i| †m mg‡q †ivgvb †mbvevwnbx cÖhyw³MZ w`K †_‡K Kv‡_©R,
†g‡m‡Wvwbqv ev †mjywmW mvgªv‡Rï †P‡q †Kv‡bv As‡k DbœZ bv
n‡jI ZvivB wQj c„w_ex †miv| `ÿ mvsMVwbK kw³, B¯úvZ`„p
392
wbqgwbôv Ges wekvj Rbkw³B wQj Zv‡ì †miv n‡q DVevi
cÖavb wbqvgK| cÖhyw³i DbœwZi Rb¨ †ivgvb †mbvevwnbx KL‡bv
M‡elYv Ges D™¢veb Awa`ßi M‡o †Zv‡jwb| †k‡li cÖvq 100
eQi Ry‡o Zv‡ì eëüZ nvwZqv‡ii cÖK…wZ †gvUvgywU GKB iKg
wQj| †mbvbvqK wmwcI Avwgwjbvm, hvi †bZ…Z¡vaxb evwnbx
wLªóc~e© wØZxq kZ‡K Kv‡_©R mvgªvR¨‡K ¸uwo‡q w`‡qwQj Ges
civwRZ K‡iwQjb bygvbwkqvb‡ì (Numantian), wZwb hw`
†Kv‡bv Rv`ygš¿e‡j 500 eQi ci Kb÷vbwUb w` †MÖU-Gi
ivR‡Z¡ G‡m D`q nb, Z‡e Zvi evwnbxi GKUv fv‡jv iKg
m¤¢vebv _vK‡e Kb÷vbwU‡bi evwnbx‡K civwRZ Kivi| GLb
wPšÍv K‡i †`Lyb gvÎ K‡qK kZvãx Av‡Mi †b‡cvwjqv‡bi g‡Zv
GKRb weL¨vZ †mbvbvqK hw` ûU K‡i AvR‡Ki `ywbqvq G‡m
Avwef‚Z© nb Ges Zvi msNe× evwnbx wb‡q G hy‡Mi †Kv‡bv
iv‡óªi weiæ‡× hy× †NvlYv K‡ib, Z‡e Zvi djvdj Kx n‡Z
cv‡i| †b‡cvwjqv‡bi iY‡K․kj AmvaviY Ges Zuvi †mbvevwnbxi
mevB wbLyuZ, †ckv`vi †hv×v, wKš‧ AvR‡Ki w`‡bi AZ¨vaywbK
mgiv‡¯¿i Kv‡Q Zv‡ì iY‡K․kj n‡q co‡e wbZvšÍB A_©nxb I
A‡K‡Rv|
cÖvPxb †iv‡gi K_vB ejyb, A_ev †mKv‡ji Px‡bi K_vÑ
†ewkifvM mgibvqK Ges `vk©wb‡Ki †KDB bZzb bZzb A‡¯¿i
D™¢veb‡K Zv‡ì Aek¨KZ©e¨ e‡j g‡b Ki‡Zb bv| Px‡bi
BwZnv‡mi me‡P‡q e‡ov mvgwiK Avwe®‥vi wQj eviæ`| WvIB÷
(Daoist) Avj‡Kwg÷ huviv gvby‡li Agi‡Z¡i mgvavb wb‡q KvR
Ki‡Zb, GB Avwe®‥vi wQj Zuv‡ì GK AvKw¯§K `yN©Ubvi dmj|
†KD fve‡ZB cv‡ib, eviæ` Avwe®‥viB Pxb‡K `ywbqvi Ici
cÖfzZ¡ ¯ vc‡b mnvqZv K‡i‡Q| wKš‧ gRvi K_v n‡jv, PvBwbRiv
g~jZ AvZkevwR evbv‡bvi Kv‡RB Zv‡ì D™¢vweZ GB eviæ`
eënvi KiZ| GgbwK Px‡bi weL¨vZ ms mvgªvR¨ hLb †gv½j‡ì
Avµg‡Yi gy‡L coj, ZL‡bv Px‡bi mgªvU †Kv‡bv weaŸsmx A¯¿
•Zwii j‡ÿ¨ Ôg¨vbnvUb cÖ‡R±Õ-Gi Av`‡j †Kv‡bv ga¨hyMxq
cÖKí ïiæ K‡ibwb| eviæ` Avwe®‥v‡ii cÖvq 600 eQi ci,
393
cÂ`k kZ‡K G‡m Av‡d«v-Gwkqvb hy×‡ÿ‡Î eviæ` hy‡×i
djvdj wba©vi‡Yi cÖavb wbqvgK wn‡m‡e Avwef‚Z © n‡jv|
eviæ‡ì GB aŸsmvZ¥K ÿgZv‡K Dcjwä Ki‡Z gvby‡li GZ
mgq jvMj †Kb? KviY, ZLbKvi ivRv, cwÐZ ev eëmvqx‡ì
†KDB fve‡Zb bv †h bZzb mvgwiK cÖhyw³ Zv‡ì wbivcËvi
Kv‡R jvM‡Z cv‡i ev Zv‡ì‡K Av‡iv ab m¤ú‡ì AwaKvix K‡i
Zzj‡Z cv‡i|
cÂ`k ev †lvok kZ‡Ki w`‡K G‡m G Ae¯ vq cwieZ©b
ïiæ n‡jI bZzb bZzb A¯¿ •Zwii M‡elYv I D™¢ve‡bi Rb¨ A_©
wewb‡qv‡Mi e¨vcv‡i Drmvnx n‡Z kvmK‡ì Av‡iv `yB kZvãx
†j‡M †M‡Q| ZZw`b ch©šÍ cÖhyw³i †P‡q •mb¨ Ges gvjvgvj
mieiv‡ni cÖwµqv Ges iY‡K․kjB hy× R‡qi †ÿ‡Î cÖavb
f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i‡Q| †b‡cvwjqv‡bi †h `ÿ †mbvevwnbx
A÷viwjrR (1805) G BD‡ivcxq kw³‡K ¸uwo‡q w`‡qwQj
Zv‡ì A¯¿ wQj †gvUvgywU †lvok jyB‡qi †mbvevwnbxi mggv‡bi|
†b‡cvwjqvb wb‡R GKRb hy×evR mgibvqK n‡jI, weÁvbx I
D™¢ve‡Kiv DošÍ hvb, mve‡gwib ev i‡KU •Zwii e¨vcv‡i
wewb‡qvM Ki‡Z Aby‡iva Kiv m‡Ë¡I Zv‡Z wZwb G e¨vcv‡i
†Zgb Drmvn †`Lvbwb|
cyuwRev`x mgv‡Ri D™¢e Ges wkíwecø‡ei c‡iB †Kej
weÁvb, wkí I mvgwiK cÖhyw³ GKm‡½ nvZ aivawi K‡i nuvU‡Z
ïiæ K‡i‡Q| Zv‡ì mevi GK iv¯Ívq Pjvi GB wm×všÍ e`‡j
w`‡q‡Q c„w_exi cÖPwjZ iƒc|
GKUv bZzb wKQz K‡iv

•eÁvwbK wecø‡ei AvM ch©šÍ gvby‡li †ewkifvM ms¯‥…wZ
cwieZ©‡b wek^vmx wQj bv| Zviv fveZ, AZxZ me‡P‡q
Hk^hg© wÐZ, eZ©gvb AZx‡ZiB cÖwZ”Qwe A_ev eZ©gvb AZx‡Zi
ÿwqòz iƒc| hyM hyM a‡i P‡j Avmv wbqg¸‡jv‡K K‡Vvifv‡e
Abymi‡Yi gva¨‡gB AZx‡Zi ¯^Y©hyM wdwi‡q Avbv m¤¢e Ges
394
gvby‡li eyw×i KvR n‡jv •`bw›`b Rxe‡b GB aviYvwUi ¸iæZ¡
mwVKfv‡e Abyaveb Kiv| GUv a‡iB †bIqv n‡Zv †h, c„w_exi
†g․wjK mgm¨v¸‡jvi mgvavb Rvbv gvby‡li c‡ÿ Am¤¢e|
†gvnv¤§`, whï, ey× ev Kbdzwmqv‡mi g‡Zv me©Á gnvcyiælivB
hLb `ywf©ÿ, gnvgvwi, `vwi`ª¨ I hy× `~i Ki‡Z cv‡ibwb, ZLb
Avgv‡ì g‡Zv mvaviY gvby‡li †m †Póv Kiv a„óZv Qvov Avi Kx
n‡Z cv‡i!
A‡bK ag©B Ggb wek^vm KiZ †h, GKw`b †Kv‡bv gnvcyiæl
Avwef‚Z
© n‡eb Ges c„w_exi eyK †_‡K me hy×, `ywf©ÿ GgbwK
me Riv-g„Zz¨ `~i Ki‡eb| gvbyl wb‡RB bZzb Ávb Ges
Avwe®‥v‡ii Øviv Gme mgm¨v mgvav‡bi †Póv Ki‡Z cv‡iÑ
GiKg aviYv †Kej nvm¨Ki wbe©yw×ZvB bq eis Ae©vPxb
AvZ¥vwfgv‡bi bvgvšÍi| ev‡e‡ji UvIqvi, BKviv‡mi Mí,
†Mv‡jg-Gi Kvwnwb Ges Av‡iv AmsL¨ †c․ivwYK Kvwnwb gvbyl‡K
GB wkÿv w`‡qwQj †h, †Kv‡bv e¨vcv‡iB mxgv j•Nb Kivi †Póv
cwiYv‡g gvby‡li Rb¨ e¨_©Zv Avi `y‡f©vMB †W‡K Av‡b|
AvaywbK hy‡Mi ms¯‥…wZ ÔA‡bK ¸iæZ¡c~Y© wRwbmB Avgiv
GL‡bv Rvwb bvÕÑ G K_v hLb ¯^xKvi K‡i wbj Ges GB
¯^xKv‡ivw³i m‡½ hLb hy³ n‡jv ÔweÁv‡bi Avwe®‥vi gvbyl‡K
bZzb bZzb kw³i mÜvb w`‡Z cv‡iÕÑ GB aviYv, ZLb gvbyl
µgvMZ cwieZ©b I AMÖMwZi aviYvq Av¯ v ¯ vcb Kij| weÁvb
hLb G‡Ki ci GK bvbv AgxgvswmZ mgm¨vi mgvavb Ki‡Z
ïiæ Kij, gvby‡li g‡b Ggb aviYv Rb¥vj †h bZzb Ávb
Avni‡Yi gva¨‡gB gvbeRvwZi †h-†Kv‡bv mgm¨vi mgvavb Kiv
m¤¢e| `vwi`ª¨, †ivM-e¨vwa, hy×, `ywf©ÿ, eva©K¨ GgbwK g„ZzÏ
gvby‡li Acwinvh© wbqwZ bq| †m¸‡jv gvby‡li AÁvbZviB dmj
gvÎ|
395
34| †èZvi nvZ †_‡K eRª †K‡o wb‡”Qb †eÄvwgb d«vsKwjb
G e¨vcv‡i eRªcvZmsµvšÍ D`vniYwU †ek RbwcÖq| A‡bK

mf¨ZvB wek^vm KiZ, eRªcvZ n‡jv cvcx †jvK‡ì kv‡q¯Ív
Kivi Rb¨ AvKvk †_‡K †b‡g Avmv †èZvi nvZzwo| Aóv`k
kZ‡Ki gvSvgvwS weÁvbx †eÄvwgb d«vsKwjb BwZnv‡m
we‡klfv‡e ¯§iYxq n‡q _vKv cixÿvwU Ki‡jb| AvKv‡ki
eRªcv‡Zi g‡a¨ Nywo Dwo‡q cÖgvY Ki‡jb AvKv‡ki eRªcv‡Z
we`y¨r Qvov Avi wKQzB †bB| weÁvbx d«vsKwj‡bi ch©‡eÿY
ÿgZv, we`y¨rkw³ m¤ú‡K© Zvi Ávb Zv‡K mvnvh¨ Kij AvKv‡ki
we`y¨r‡K gvwU‡Z bvwg‡q Avb‡Z, †èZvi nvZ †_‡K Zvi kvw¯Íi
nvZzwo †K‡o wb‡Z|
G cÖm‡½ `vwi‡`ªï K_vI D‡jøL Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| A‡bK
mf¨ZvB `vwi`ª¨‡K Zv‡ì fzjÎæwU fiv mgv‡Ri GKwU Awbevh©
Abyl½ wn‡m‡eB we‡ePbv K‡i G‡m‡Q| wbD †U÷v‡g›U whï‡K
µzkwe× Kivi wKQzÿY Av‡M GKRb bvix Zv‡K 300 w`‡bwiqvm
mgg~‡jï `vwg †Zj gvwjk K‡i w`w”Q‡jb| GB `„k¨ †`‡L whïi
Abymvixiv AvZ©bv` K‡i Zv‡K GZ `vwg †Zj whïi Mv‡q gvwjk
bv K‡i GB cwigvY A_© Mwie-`ytLx‡ì g‡a¨ weZiY K‡i w`‡Z
396
ej‡jb| whï Zvi Abymvix‡ì kvšÍ Ki‡jb Ges igYx‡K
ej‡jb, ÔZzwg mvnvh¨ Kivi Rb¨ Mwie‡ì me mgqB †Zvgvi
Avkcv‡k cv‡e wKš‧ Avgvi †mev Kivi GB †Zvgvi †kl my‡hvMÕ
(gvK© 14:7)| AvR‡Ki w`‡b, whïi GB e³‡eï m‡½ mngZ
cÖKvk Ki‡e Ggb †jv‡Ki msL¨v µgkB K‡g Avm‡Q| `vwi`ª¨‡K
eZ©gv‡b GKwU †K․kjMZ mgm¨v wn‡m‡eB we‡ePbv Kiv nq, hvi
mgvavb Am¤¢e bq| eZ©gvbKv‡ji meviB mvaviY wek^vm n‡jv
K…wl, A_©bxwZ, wPwKrmv Ges mgvRweÁv‡bi mv¤cÖwZK
D™¢veb¸‡jv‡K Kv‡R jvwM‡q GKwU mywPwšÍZ cwiKíbv cÖYqb
Kiv †M‡j Aek¨B `vwi`ª¨ †_‡K gyw³ cvIqv m¤¢e|
GgbwK, c„w_exi A‡bK AskB eZ©gv‡b `vwi‡`ªï P‚ovšÍ
AgvbweK iƒc †_‡K gyw³ †c‡q‡Q| gvby‡li BwZnv‡m Avgiv
mgv‡R `yB ai‡bi `vwi`ª¨ †`L‡Z cvB| GKwU mvgvwRK `vwi`ª¨,
†hLv‡b wKQz e¨w³ Ab¨ me e¨w³‡K mvgvwRK my‡hvM-myweav †_‡K
ewÂZ K‡i iv‡L| `yB, •RweK `vwi`ª¨, †hLv‡b cwiwgZ Lv`¨ Avi
evm¯ v‡bi Afv‡e wKQz gvbyl g„Zz¨SzuwK‡Z _v‡K| mvgvwRK `vwi`ª¨
`~i Kiv m¤¢eZ KL‡bvB m¤¢e n‡e bv, Z‡e c„w_exi A‡bK
†`‡kB •RweK `vwi‡`ªï welqwU GLb BwZnvm|
A_P wbKU AZx‡Zi BwZnvm †`L‡j Avgiv eyS‡Z cvie
†ewkifvM gvbylB ZLb `vwi`ª¨mxgvi Lye KvQvKvwQ evm KiZ|
`vwi`ª¨mxgvi wb‡P emevm Ki‡j GKRb gvby‡li c‡ÿ †eu‡P
_vKvi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq K¨vjwii ms¯ vb Kiv KwVb n‡q c‡o|
ZvB, wn‡m‡ei GKUz Miwgj ev †Kv‡bv cÖvK…wZK ev gvbem„ó
`y‡f©vM gvbyl‡K †V‡j w`Z Awbevh© Abvnv‡ii w`‡K| Gme `y‡h©vM
ZvB cÖvqB Rbc` Ry‡o Rb¥ w`Z `ywf©‡ÿi, hvi cwiYvg jvL jvL
gvby‡li AKvjg„Zz¨| AvR‡Ki w`‡b `ywbqvi AwaKvsk gvby‡liB
†eu‡P _vKvi b~¨bZg my‡hvM-myweav Av‡Q| e¨w³MZ ch©v‡q gvbyl
wegv Kivi gva¨‡g Zvi AbvKvw•ÿZ wec`-Avc` †gvKvwejv
Ki‡Z cv‡i, miKvwi Ges AmsL¨ †emiKvwi cÖwZôvb KvR K‡i
hv‡”Q gvby‡li mvgvwRK wbivcËv, †eu‡P _vKvi AwaKvi wbwðZ
Kivi Rb¨| †Kv‡bv AÂ‡j `y‡h©vM †`Lv w`‡j mviv c„w_exi gvbyl
397
†mB `y‡h©vMm„ó gvb‡eZi cwiw¯ wZ mvgvj †Ìqvi Rb¨ mvnv‡hï
nvZ evwo‡q †`q| c„w_ex Ry‡o gvbyl AvRI bvbv iKg
cÖwZK‚jZv, eÂbv Avi `vwi`ª¨RwbZ Amy¯Z   vi wkKvi nq, Z‡e
c„w_exi AwaKvsk GjvKv‡ZB gvbyl AvR Abvnv‡i gviv hvq bv|
GgbwK, c„w_exi wKQz AÂ‡j gvbyl AvR Lv‡`ï Afv‡ei Kvi‡Y
bq eis gvÎvwZwi³ Lv`¨MÖn‡Yi Kvi‡Y ¯^v¯ ¨SzuwKi gy‡L co‡Q|
wMjMv‡gk cÖKí
GLb ch©šÍ †h mgm¨v¸‡jvi mgvavb gvby‡li mv‡aï AZxZB
†_‡K †M‡Q, †m¸‡jvi g‡a¨ nZvkv, †K․Z‚nj Avi ¸iæ‡Z¡i w`K
†_‡K me‡P‡q GwM‡q Av‡Q †h mgm¨vwU, †mwU n‡jv Ôg„Zz¨Õ|
AvaywbK hy‡Mi †klfv‡Mi AvM ch©šÍ †ewkifvM ag© Ges gZev`
Ôg„Zz¨Õ‡K gvbeRxe‡bi GK Awbevh© wbqwZ wn‡m‡eB we‡ePbv
K‡i‡Q| GgbwK, A‡bK ag©wek^vm g„Zz¨‡KB GKwU A_©c~Y©
Rxe‡bi cÖavbZg Dcv`vb wn‡m‡e †`Lv‡bvi †Póv K‡i‡Q| Agi
gvby‡li GKwU mgv‡R Bmjvg, wLªóag© ev cÖvPxb wgkixq a‡g©i
Aw¯Í‡Z¡i K_v GKevi †f‡e †`Lyb| GB ag©wek^vm¸‡jv gvbyl‡K
wkwL‡q‡Q g„Zz¨‡K A¯^xKvi Kivi †Póv bv K‡i ev wPiKvj
c„w_ex‡Z emev‡mi ¯^cœ bv †`‡L gvby‡li DwPZ mwVK Kv‡Ri
gva¨‡g wb‡R‡K g„Zz¨cieZ©x Rxe‡bi Rb¨ cÖ¯‧Z Kiv| †m
mgqKvi †kÖô cwÐ‡Ziv g„Zz¨‡K A_©c~Y© Avi gwngvwš^Z K‡i
†Zvjvi †Póvq gMœ wQ‡jb, g„Zz¨‡K duvwK †Ìqvi K_v Zviv
fve‡ZI cv‡ibwb|
g„Zz¨msµvšÍ †c․ivwYK Kvwnwb¸‡jvi g‡a¨ me‡P‡q cÖvPxb
n‡j cÖvPxb my‡g‡ii wMjMv‡g‡ki Kvwnwb| GB Kvwnwbi bvqK
wQ‡jb DiæK iv‡Rï ivRv wMjMv‡gk (King Gilgamesh of
Uruk)| wMjMv‡gk wQ‡jb c„w_exi me‡P‡q kw³kvjx I
mvg_©ëvb cyiæl, whwb hy‡× †h-KvD‡K Abvqv‡m civ¯Í Ki‡Z
cvi‡Zb| GKw`b wMjMv‡g‡ki me‡P‡q AšÍi½ eÜz BbwK`y gviv
†M‡jb| †kv‡K ¯Íä n‡q wMjMv‡gk A‡bKw`b BbwK`yi jv‡ki
398
cv‡k e‡m _vK‡jb| GKw`b BbwK`yi jv‡ki bvmviÜ« w`‡q
wKjwej K‡i GKwU †cvKv †ei n‡q G‡jv| GB `„k¨ †`‡L
wMjMv‡gk cÖPÐ fq Avi nZvkvq KzuK‡o †M‡jb Ges wVK
Ki‡jb wZwb g„Zz¨‡K Rq Ki‡eb| AbšÍRxeb jvf Kivi Rb¨
wZwb †h K‡iB †nvK GKUv Dcvq †ei Ki‡eb| GB j‡ÿ¨
wMjMv‡gk hvÎv ïiæ Ki‡jbÑ P‡l †dj‡jb mg¯Í c„w_ex, wkKvi
Ki‡jb wmsn, jovB Ki‡jb fqsKi KuvKovwe‡Q-gvb‡ei m‡½,
†cu․‡Q †M‡jb cvZvjcyix‡Z| †mLv‡b wM‡q wZwb cv_i •`Z¨
Dikvbwe Avi g„Zz¨b`x cvivcv‡ii gvwSi m‡½ jovB K‡i Zv‡ì
P‚Y©weP‚Y© Ki‡jb Ges †LuvR †c‡jb cÖvPxbZg eb¨vi †kl
DËiRxex DUbvwckwU‡gi| wKš‧, GZ wKQz K‡iI †kl‡gk
wMjMv‡g‡ki †Póv e¨_© n‡jv| wZwb k~b¨ nv‡Z, Av‡Mi g‡ZvB
giYkxj evwo wd‡i G‡jb| wKš‧ GZw`‡b wZwb bZzb GKwU welq
†R‡b‡QbÑ Ckî hLb gvbyl‡K m„wó K‡ib, ZLb g„Zz¨‡K Zvi
Rxe‡bi Awbevh© wbqwZ wn‡m‡eB wbw`©ó K‡i †`b, gvby‡li DwPZ
GB Awbevh© wbqwZi K_v gv_vq †i‡LB my›ìfv‡e Rxeb hvcb
Ki‡Z †kLv|
cwieZ©‡bi c‡_i Abymvixiv GiKg nvi †g‡b †bIqv
`„wófw½i m‡½ GKgZ †cvlY Ki‡Z bvivR| weÁv‡bi
Abymvix‡ì Kv‡Q, g„Zz¨ †Kv‡bv Awbevh© cwiYwZ bq eis GKwU
†K․kjMZ mgm¨v| weavZv g„Zz¨‡K wbqwZ wn‡m‡e wbw`©ó K‡i
w`‡q‡Qb e‡jB gvbyl g‡i bv, eis gvbyl g‡i ü`&‡ivM, K¨vbmvi,
RxevYymsµg‡Yi g‡Zv bvbv iKg kvixwiK †K․kjMZ mgm¨vi
Kvi‡Y| Avi cÖwZwU †K․kjMZ mgm¨viB GKwU †K․kjMZ
mgvavb m¤¢e| hw` ü`&hš¿ mwVKfv‡e Zvi wµqvKg© bv Ki‡Z
cv‡i Z‡e †cm‡gKvi w`‡q Zvi DÏxcbv evov‡bv †h‡Z cv‡i ev
ürwcÐ cÖwZ¯ vcb Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| hw` kix‡i K¨vbmvi-AvµvšÍ
†Kvl Qwo‡q c‡o Z‡e Ilya cÖ‡qv‡M ev †ZRw¯…qZvi Øviv Zv‡ì
wbqš¿Y Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| e¨vK‡Uwiqvi msµgY †e‡o †M‡j,
A¨vw›Uev‡qvwUK w`‡q Zv‡ì m‡½ †gvKvwejv Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| G
K_v mwZ¨, Avgiv GL‡bv g„Zzï me iKg †K․kjMZ mgm¨vi
399
mgvavb Rvwb bv| wKš‧ Avgiv µgvMZ †mme mgm¨v mgvav‡bi
†Póv K‡i hvw”Q| Avgv‡ì †miv †gavexiv g„Zz¨‡K gwngvwš^Z K‡i
†Zvjvi Kv‡R e¨¯Í bb| eis Zuviv †ivMe¨vwa I eva©‡Kï
kvixwiK, ni‡gvbMZ Ges wRbMZ KviY AbymÜv‡b wb‡qvwRZ|
cÖwZwbqZ Zuviv Avwe®‥vi K‡i P‡j‡Qb bZzb bZzb Ilya, •ecøweK
wPwKrmvc×wZ Ges cÖwZ¯ vcb‡hvM¨ K…wÎg A½, hv Avgv‡ì Avqy
evov‡Z mnvqZv Ki‡Q| nq‡Zv, GB wbijm cÖ‡PóvB GKw`b
gvbyl‡K Ôg„Zz¨Õiƒcx GB •`Z¨‡K cy‡ivcywi wbwðý Ki‡Z mÿg
Ki‡e|
wKQzw`b Av‡MI Avcwb weÁvbx ev Ab¨ KvD‡K G e¨vcv‡i
GiKg ¯úó K‡i ej‡Z †kv‡bbwbÑ Ôg„Zz¨‡K Rq Kiv? ej‡jB
n‡jv! †m GL‡bv A-‡b-K `~‡ii c_! Avgiv m‡egvÎ K¨vbmvi,
h²v Avi Avj‡SBgvi †iv‡Mi wPwKrmv Kivi †Póv KiwQ|Õ
AvR‡K gvbyl g„Zz¨‡K Rq Kivi welqwU wb‡q evovevwo Ki‡Z
Pvq bv G Kvi‡Y †h, j‡ÿ¨ †cu․Qv‡Z Zv‡ì GL‡bv A‡bK †`wi|
Ab_©K cÖZ¨vkvi Pvc •Zwi K‡i Kx jvf? Avgiv GLb Ggb
GKUv Ae¯ vq AvwQ hLb g„Zz¨ wb‡q Avgiv ¯úófv‡e gšÍe¨
Ki‡Z cvwi| •eÁvwbK wecø‡ei †miv cÖKí¸‡jvi jÿ¨ n‡jv
gvbyl‡K AbšÍRxe‡bi mÜvb †Ìqv| hwÌ g„Zz¨‡K Rq Kiv
GL‡bv A‡bK A‡bK `~‡ii c_, wKš‧ ¯^v¯ ¨‡ÿ‡Î Avgiv Ggb
wKQz DbœwZ K‡iwQ, K‡qK kZK Av‡MI hv wQj Kíbvi AZxZ|
1199 mv‡j Bsj¨v‡Ûi wmsnü`q ivRv wiPvW© (King Richard the
Lionheart) GKwU wZi Øviv Zuvi Kv‡a AvNvZ cvb| GwU
GLbKvi NUbv n‡j Avgiv ejZvg Dwb Kuv‡a mvgvb¨ †PvU
†c‡q‡Qb| wKš‧ †mB 1199 mv‡j A¨vw›Uev‡qvwUK‡mi D™¢veb bv
nIqvq Ges ÿZ¯ vb RxevYygy³ ivLvi †Kv‡bv Kvh©Ki c×wZ bv
_vKvq ivRvi Kuv‡ai GB mvgvb¨ †Pv‡U RxevYyi msµgY NUj
Ges evmv euvaj M¨vswMÖb| wek kZ‡Ki BD‡iv‡c kix‡i
MÖ¨vswMÖ‡bi we¯Ívi Gov‡bvi GKUvB Kvh©Ki Dcvq wQj, †mUv
n‡jvÑ AvµvšÍ ¯ vb †K‡U kixi †_‡K ev` †Ìqv| G‡ÿ‡Î
msµgYUv †h‡nZz Kuv‡a, ZvB AvµvšÍ A½ †K‡U ev` †Ìqvi
400
†Kv‡bv Dcvq _vKj bv| ivRvi mviv kix‡i M¨vswMÖb Qwo‡q coj
Ges †KD Zv‡K †Kv‡bv mvnvh¨ Ki‡Z cvij bv| `yB mßvn ci
wb`viæY hš¿Yv wb‡q ivRvi g„Zz¨ n‡jv|
GgbwK Ebwesk kZvãx‡ZI we‡kî †miv wPwKrmKiv AvµvšÍ
†KvlKjvi cPb cÖwZ‡iva ev cPb eÜ Kivi †Kv‡bv Kvh©Ki
Dcvq Rvb‡Zb bv| hy‡× •mbïv nv‡Z ev cv‡q mvgvb¨ AvNvZ
†c‡jB M¨vswMÖ‡bi Avk¼vq Wv³viiv wbqwgZB AvµvšÍ cv ev nvZ
†K‡U †dj‡Zb| GB A½‡Q`b Ges ùvZ Zz‡j †djvi g‡Zv
†mKv‡ji cÖPwjZ Ab¨vb¨ wPwKrmv cÖwµqv¸‡jv Kiv n‡Zv
†Kv‡bviKg †PZbvbvkK QvovB| B_vi, †K¬v‡ivdg© I giwd‡bi
g‡Zv cÖ_g w`KKvi †PZbvbvkK¸‡jv cwðgv wPwKrmvkv‡¯¿
avivevwnKfv‡e eëüZ n‡Z ïiæ K‡i Ebwesk kZ‡Ki ga¨fvM
†_‡K| †K¬v‡ivdg© Avwe®‥v‡ii Av‡M AvµvšÍ †mbvi A½‡Q`‡bi
mgq Pvi Rb •mb¨‡K Zvi nvZ-cv k³ K‡i a‡i ivL‡Z n‡Zv|
IqvUvijy hy‡×i (1815) ciw`b mKv‡j hy×vnZ †mbv‡ì †mev
†Ìqv nvmcvZvj¸‡jvi Avkcv‡k AvµvšÍ •mb¨‡ì †K‡U †djv
nvZ I cv‡qi ¯Íc ‚ †`Lv †M‡Q| †mKv‡j †mbvevwnbx‡Z †hvM
†Ìqv KvVwgw¯¿ ev KmvB‡ì‡K cÖvqB †mbvevwnbxi ¯^v¯ ¨‡mev
kvLvq cvVv‡bv n‡Zv| KviY, ZLb Qzwi I Kiv‡Zi eënvi RvbvB
wQj A‡¯¿vcPvi Kivi g~j †hvM¨Zv|
IqvUvijy hy‡×i gvÎ 200 eQ‡ii g‡a¨B GB cwiw¯ wZi Avg~j
cwieZ©b n‡q‡Q| †hme AmyL Ges RLg Av‡M Avgv‡ì AeavwiZ
g„Zz¨ †W‡K AvbZ, AvR Ilya, Bb‡RKkb Avi m~² A‡¯¿vcPv‡ii
gva¨‡g mn‡RB Avgiv Gme †_‡K Av‡ivM¨ jvf Ki‡Z cvwi|
G¸‡jv Avgv‡ì‡K cÖwZw`‡bi bvbv iKg e¨v_v-†e`bv I Amy¯ Zv
†_‡KI iÿv K‡i, †h¸‡jv‡K Av‡M gvbyl Zv‡ì Rxe‡bi Acwinvh©
Ask wn‡m‡eB †g‡b wbZ| cy‡iv we‡k^ Mo Avqy 25 †_‡K †e‡o
n‡q‡Q 40 eQi, eZ©gv‡b we‡kî gvby‡li Mo Avqy 67 eQi| DbœZ
†`‡k GB Mo Avqyi gvb cÖvq 80 eQi|8
me‡P‡q †ewk K‡g‡Q wkïg„Zzï nvi| wek kZK ch©šÍ,
K…wlcÖavb mgvR¸‡jv‡Z GK-PZz_©vsk ev GK-Z…Zxqvsk wkï
401
c~Y©eq¯‥ nIqvi Av‡MB g„ZzëiY KiZ| wWc‡_wiqv, nvg I
¸wUemšÍ wQj wkï‡ì Rb¨ me‡P‡q cÖvYNvZx †ivM| mß`k kZ‡Ki
Bsj¨v‡Û cÖwZ nvRvi Rb m`¨ Rb¥ †bIqv wkï‡ì g‡a¨ 150 RbB
Zv‡ì eqm GK eQi c~iY nIqvi Av‡MB gviv †hZ, eqm 15 c~iY
nIqvi Av‡MB gviv †hZ GK-Z…Zxqvsk wkï|9 AvR‡Ki w`‡b
nvRvi Rb wkïi g‡a¨ gvÎ cuvP Rb GK eQi eq‡mi Av‡MB gviv
hvq, 15 eqm c~Y© nIqvi Av‡M gviv hvq nvRv‡i gvÎ mvZRb|10
Gme msL¨v Avi cwimsL¨vb mwi‡q Avgiv hw` wKQz Mí ewj
Zvn‡j cy‡iv e¨vcviUv m¤ú‡K© Av‡iKUz ¯úó aviYv cvIqv m¤¢e
n‡e| G cÖm‡½ ivRv cÖ_g GWIqvW© (1237-1307) Ges Zuvi
¯¿x ivwb Bwjb‡ii (1241-90) cwievi GKwU fv‡jv D`vniY
n‡Z cv‡i| ga¨hy‡Mi BD‡iv‡c GKRb wkï hZUv hZœ Avi
cwiPh©v †c‡Z cv‡i Zuv‡ì mšÍvbiv Zvi meB †c‡q‡Q| Zuviv evm
KiZ cÖvmv‡`, Zv‡ì wQj Lv‡`ï cÖvPzh,© ch©vß kxZ‡cvkvK, Ni
Mig ivLevi dvqvi‡cøm, cwi®‥vi cvbxq R‡ji †RvMvb Ges
Zv‡ì †mevq wb‡qvwRZ wQj GKMv`v `vm-`vmx I wPwKrmK|
wb‡P Avgiv ivwb Bwjb‡ii 1255 †_‡K 1284 mvj ch©šÍ Rb¥
†Ìqv 16 Rb mšÍv‡bi e¨vcv‡i RvbeÑ
1| bvgnxb Kb¨vmšÍvb, 1255 mv‡j Rb¥, R‡b¥i mgqB gviv
hvb|
2| Kb¨v K¨v_wib, m¤¢eZ GK eQi ev wZb eQi eq‡m gviv
hvb|
3| Kb¨v †Rvqvb, Qq gvm eq‡m gviv hvb|
4| cyÎ Rb, cuvP eQi eq‡m gviv hvb|
5| cyÎ †nbwi, Qq eQi eq‡m gviv hvb|
6| Kb¨v Bwjbi, 29 eQ‡i gviv hvb|
7| bvgnxb Kb¨v, cuvP gvm eq‡mB gviv hvb|
8| Kb¨v †Rvqvb, 35 eQi eq‡m gviv hvb|
9| cyÎ Avjdb‡mv, 10 eQi eq‡m gviv hvb|
10| Kb¨v gvM©v‡iU, 58 eQi eq‡m gviv hvb|
11| Kb¨v ev‡i‡Äwiqv, `yB eQi eq‡m gviv hvb|
402
12| bvgnxb Kb¨v, R‡b¥i ciciB gviv hvb|
13| Kb¨v g¨vwi, 53 eQi eq‡m gviv hvb|
14| bvgnxb cyÎ, R‡b¥i ciciB gviv hvb|
15| Kb¨v GwjRv‡e_, 34 eQi eq‡m gviv hvb|
16| cyÎ GWIqvW©|
cyÎ mšÍvb‡ì g‡a¨ me©Kwbô GWIqvW©B †Kej •kk‡ei
fqsKi eQi¸‡jv cvi n‡q Avm‡Z †c‡i‡Qb Ges wcZvi g„Zzï
ci wZwbB wØZxq ivRv GWIqvW© wnmv‡e Bsj¨v‡Ûi wmsnvm‡b
e‡mb| Ab¨fv‡e ej‡Z †M‡j, weª‡U‡bi ivwb wn‡m‡e Gwjb‡ii
cÖavb KZ©e¨ wQj ivRvi cyiæl DËivwaKvixi Rb¥ †Ìqv, Avi
†mB KZ©e¨ wVKg‡Zv cvjb Ki‡Z Zv‡K †Póv Ki‡Z n‡q‡Q 16
evi|| ivRv wØZxq GWIqv‡Wi© gv wbtm‡›`‡n GKRb AmvaviY
•ah©kxj I mwnòz igYx wQ‡jb| GWIqv‡Wi© ¯¿x d«v‡Ýi Bmv‡ejv
AZUv •ah© cÖ`k©b Ki‡Z cv‡ibwb| 43 eQi eqwm ivRv‡K wZwb
nZ¨v K‡ib|11
hZ`~i Rvbv hvq, Bwjbi I cÖ_g GWIqvW© ¯^v¯ ëvb `¤úwZ
wQ‡jb Ges Zv‡ì eskai‡ì g‡a¨ †Kv‡bv Rb¥MZ Amy¯Z   v wQj
bv| Zv m‡Ë¡I, 16 Rb mšÍv‡bi g‡a¨ 10 RbB, A_©vr cÖvq 62
kZvs‡kiB g„Zz¨ N‡U •kk‡e| gvÎ Qq Rb 11 eQ‡ii †ewk eqm
ch©šÍ †eu‡P wQj Ges G‡ì g‡a¨ gvÎ wZb Rb, A_©vr †Kej 18
kZvs‡ki eqm 40-Gi †KvVv AwZµg Ki‡Z †c‡i‡Q| Rb¥
†Ìqv GB mšÍvb¸‡jv ev‡Ì m¤¢eZ Bwjbi Av‡iv K‡qKevi
Mf©eZx n‡qwQ‡jb, M‡f©B †mme mšÍv‡bi g„Zz¨ nq| M‡o
GWIqvW© Ges Bwjbi cÖwZ wZb eQi ci ci G‡K G‡K Zv‡ì
10 Rb mšÍvb‡K nvwi‡q‡Qb| AvR‡Ki w`‡bi GKRb `¤úwZi
c‡ÿ mšÍvb‡ì GiKg g„Zzï †mªvZ Kíbv KivI KwVb|
GLb cÖkœ, wMjMv‡g‡ki Awfhvb, A_©vr Agi‡Z¡i c‡_
gvby‡li hvÎv mdj n‡Z Avi KZ †`wi? 100 eQi? 500 eQi?
nvRvi eQi? hw` Avgiv LwZ‡q †`wL 1900 mv‡j Avgiv
gvbe‡`n m¤ú‡K© KZ Kg RvbZvg, Avi gvÎ GK kZ‡K Avgiv
gvbe‡`n m¤ú‡K© KZ bZzb wKQz Rvb‡Z †c‡iwQ, †mUv nq‡Zv
403
Avgv‡ì Agi‡Z¡i e¨vcv‡i wKQzUv n‡jI Avkvev`x K‡i Zzj‡Z
cv‡i| mv¤cÖwZK Kv‡j wRbweÁvbxiv wmbinvewWwUm Gwj‡Mbm
(Caenorhabditis Elegans) bvgK †Ku‡PvRvZxq †cvKvi Kvw•ÿZ
Avqy cÖvq wØ¸Y Ki‡Z mÿg n‡q‡Qb| 12 gvby‡li †ÿ‡ÎI wK
Zviv †ZgbUv Ki‡Z mÿg n‡eb? b¨v‡bvcÖhyw³ we‡klÁiv jvL
jvL Ly‡` †ive‡Ui mgš^‡q GKwU ev‡qvwbK †ivM cÖwZ‡ivax eë¯ v
•Zwi wb‡q KvR Ki‡Qb, †hB †iveU¸‡jv Avgv‡ì kix‡i emevm
Ki‡e, eÜ n‡q hvIqv i³bvwj¸‡jv‡K mPj Ki‡e, fvBivm-
e¨vK‡Uwiqvi m‡½ jovB Ki‡e, K¨vbmvi †Kvl aŸsm Ki‡e,
GgbwK eywo‡q hvIqvi c×wZ‡KI Dj‡Uv c‡_ PvwjZ Ki‡e|13
wKQz we‡kl‡Ái g‡Z, 2050 mvj bvMv` wKQz gvbyl ÔARiÕ n‡Z
cvi‡e (ÔAgiÕ bq, KviY Zviv `yN©Ubvq gviv †h‡ZB cv‡i,
†Kv‡bv Rive¨vwa Zv‡ì AvµvšÍ Ki‡e bv, †Kv‡bv `yN©Ubv bv
NU‡j Zviv Awbw`©ó Kvj ch©šÍ †eu‡P _vK‡Z cvi‡eb)|
wMjMv‡g‡ki Agi‡Z¡i GB AwfhvÎv mdj †nvK Avi bv-B
†nvK, HwZnvwmK w`K †_‡K GKUv PgrKvi cwieZ©‡bi m~Pbv
wKš‧ n‡q †M‡Q| AwaKvsk DËi-AvaywbK ag© I a¨vbaviYv g„Zz¨
Ges g„Zzï c‡ii Rxe‡bi wnmvewbKvk QvovB M‡o D‡V‡Q|
Aóv`k kZ‡Ki AvM ch©šÍ ag© I `k©b, g„Zz¨ Ges Zvi c‡ii
NUbv‡KB A_©c~Y© Rxe‡bi †K›`ªwe›`y wn‡m‡e we‡ePbv K‡i
G‡m‡Q| e¨w³¯^vaxbZv, mgvRZš¿, bvixev‡ì g‡Zv Aóv`k
kZK †_‡K ïiæ nIqv ag© Ges `k©b¸‡jv ciR‡b¥i cÖwZ †Kv‡bv
AvMÖn bv †`wL‡qB †e‡o D‡V‡Q| g„Zzï ci GKRb KwgDwb‡÷i
Rxe‡b Kx N‡U? Kx N‡U GKRb cyuwRev`xi Rxe‡b? GKRb
bvixev`xi ciRb¥B ev †Kgb? gvK©m, A¨vWvg w¯§_ ev wmgb `¨
ey‡fqv‡ii MÖ‡š  Gme cÖ‡kœi DËi LyuR‡Z hvIqv A_©nxb|
AvaywbK `k©b¸‡jvi g‡a¨ GKgvÎ RvZxqZvev`B g„Zz¨‡K †K›`ª
K‡i M‡o D‡V‡Q| RvwZi Amnvq Ges Kve¨gq gyn~Z©¸‡jv‡Z
RvZxqZvev` cÖwZkÖæwZ †`q RvwZi m¤§vb iÿvq †h cÖvY DrmM©
Ki‡e, mgMÖ RvwZi ¯§„wZ‡Z Zvi bvg ¯^Y©vÿ‡i †jLv _vK‡e|
wKš‧ g„Zz¨‡Kw›`ªK n‡jI GB cÖwZkÖæwZ GZUvB Vzb‡Kv †h A‡bK
404
mgq A‡bK KÆi RvZxqZvev`xI wVK ey‡S DV‡Z cv‡ib bv,
g„Zzï ci RvwZi mg¯Í gvby‡li ¯§„wZ‡Z VuvB K‡i wb‡q Zvi
jvfUv †Kv_vq|
weÁv‡bi iÿK wcZv

Avgiv GLb h‡š¿i hy‡M evm KiwQ| A‡b‡KB wek^vm K‡ib, weÁvb
I cÖhyw³i AMÖMwZi g‡a¨B wbwnZ Av‡Q gvby‡li me cÖ‡kœi DËi|
Avgiv †Kej weÁvbx Ges cÖhyw³we‡ì Kv‡Ri Dchy³ cwi‡ek
•Zwi K‡i †è Ges Zviv wb‡q Avm‡e ay‡jvKv`vi c„w_ex‡Z ¯^‡M©i
mylgv| wKš‧ weÁvb bvgK cÖwZôvbwU gvby‡li †P‡q e‡ov †Kvb
•bwZK ev Ava¨vwZ¥K mËvi Ici fi K‡i M‡o I‡Vwb| ms¯‥…wZi
Ab¨vb¨ Dcv`vb¸‡jvi g‡ZvB, mgv‡Ri A_©‣bwZK, ivR‣bwZK I
ag©xq cwiw¯ wZ¸‡jvB Gi cÖK…wZ M‡o Zz‡j‡Q|
weÁv‡bi m‡½ Rwo‡q _v‡K e‡ov A‡¼i LiP| gvby‡li
†ivMcÖwZ‡iva-ÿgZv eyS‡Z Pvb †h weÁvbx Zvi wb‡`bc‡ÿ ìKvi
GKwU M‡elYvMvi, †U÷wUDe, ivmvqwbK `ªe¨vw`, B‡jKUªb
AYyexÿY hš¿| G Qvov M‡elYv mnKvix, we`y¨‡Zi wgw¯¿, R‡ji
cvB‡ci wgw¯¿, cwi”QbœZvKg©x Gme †Zv Av‡QB| GKRb
A_©bxwZwe` whwb GKwU evRv‡ii F‡Yi cÖK…wZ Abyaveb Ki‡Z Pvb,
Zvi Aek¨B ìKvi Kw¤úDUvi, evRvi-m¤úwK©Z A‡bK Z_¨ Ges
ìKvi RwUj Z_¨ cÖwµqvKiY †cÖvMÖvg| GKRb cÖZœZË¡we` whwb
cÖvPxbKv‡ji wkKvwi-msMÖvn‡Ki Rxebhvcb m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z Pvb,
Zuv‡K eû `~‡i hvÎv Ki‡Z n‡e, Lbb Ki‡Z n‡e cÖvPxb aŸsmve‡kl
Ges cy‡iv‡bv Rxevk¥ I wRwbmc‡Îi eqm wba©viY Ki‡Z n‡e|
Gme wKQzi Rb¨B A‡_©i cÖ‡qvRb|
MZ 500 eQ‡i weÁvb †h Af‚Zc~e© DbœwZ mvab Ki‡Z
†c‡i‡Q Zvi g~j KviY n‡jv wewfbœ †`‡ki miKvi, eëmvq-
cÖwZôvb, msMVb I `vZv ms¯ vi weÁv‡bi M‡elYvq wecyj cwigvY
A_© wewb‡qv‡Mi mw`”Qv| GB wecyj cwigvY A_© gnvwek^ m¤ú‡K©
Rvb‡Z, c„w_exi gvbwPÎ wbg©v‡Y Ges cÖvwYRM‡Zi mywbw`©ó web¨vm
405
Kivi e¨vcv‡i †h K…wZZ¡ †`wL‡q‡Q, M¨vwjwjI M¨vwjwj, wµ‡÷vdvi
Kj¤^vm I Pvj©m WviDBb ZZUv K…wZZ¡ †`Lv‡Z cv‡ibwb| †Kv‡bv
GKRb we‡kl cÖwZfvevb weÁvbxi hw` Rb¥ bvI n‡Zv, Ab¨ mg‡q,
c„w_exi Ab¨ †Kv_vI Zvi mgKÿ †gavi GKRb †KD nq‡Zv Rb¥
wb‡Zb| wKš‧ h‡_ó cwigvY A‡_©i †RvMvb bv w`‡j, †Kv‡bv
†gavexB †mUvi Afve c~iY Ki‡Z cvi‡Zb bv| D`vniY¯îƒc, hw`
WviDB‡bi Rb¥ bv n‡Zv, Zvn‡j weeZ©bev` Avwe®‥viK wn‡m‡e
Avgiv nq‡Zv Avj‡d«W iv‡mj Iqv‡jm‡K K…wZZ¡ w`Zvg| KviY,
wZwb WviDB‡bi weeZ©bev` Avwe®‥v‡ii K‡qK eQi ci wb‡R
¯^vaxbfv‡e cÖvK…wZK wbe©vP‡bi gva¨‡g weeZ©‡bi K_v †NvlYv
K‡ib| wKš‧ BD‡ivcxq civkw³¸‡jv hw` f‚‡Mvj, cÖvwYweÁvb I
Dw™¢`weÁv‡bi M‡elYvi Rb¨ h‡_ó A‡_©i eivÏ bv KiZ, Zvn‡j
WviDBb ev Iqv‡jm weeZ©‡bi ZË¡ ùvo Kiv‡bvi Rb¨ h‡_ó
cwigvY cixÿYjä Z_¨ †c‡Zb bv| Lye m¤¢eZ, Gme Z_¨ bv
_vK‡j weeZ©bmsµvšÍ †Kv‡bv ZË¡ Avwe®‥v‡ii †Kv‡bv †Póv KivI
Zv‡ì c‡ÿ m¤¢e n‡Zv bv|
GB Kuvwo Kuvwo UvKv Kx D‡Ï‡k¨ miKv‡ii †KvlvMvi Avi
eëmv‡qi Znwej †_‡K M‡elYvMvi Avi wek^we`¨vj‡q D‡o hvq?
cÖvwZôvwbK wkÿvi RM‡Z, A‡b‡KB †evKvi g‡Zv ï× weÁv‡bi
PP©vq wek^vm K‡i _v‡Kb| Zuv‡ì wek^vm, miKvi I eëmvq-
cÖwZôvb †Kv‡bv ¯^v_© QvovB gvbeKj¨v‡Yi D‡Ï‡k¨ GB A_© eivÏ
K‡ib, hv‡Z weÁvbxiv Zv‡ì ¯^vaxb B”Qv Abymv‡i M‡elYv
Ki‡Z cv‡ib| wKš‧, weÁv‡bi A_©vq‡bi cÖK…Z D‡Ïk¨ GB
a¨vbaviYvi m‡½ fxlY iKg mvsNwl©K|
•eÁvwbK M‡elYv †Kv‡bv wbw`©ó ivR‣bwZK, A_©‣bwZK
A_ev ag©xq jÿ¨ c~iY Ki‡eÑ GB Avkvq †ewkifvM M‡elYvq
A_© eivÏ Kiv nq| D`vniY wn‡m‡e ejv hvq, †lvok kZ‡K
ivRv Ges e¨vsKviMY bZzb f‚LÐ Avwe®‥v‡ii Awfhv‡b Kuvwo Kuvwo
UvKv wewb‡qvM K‡i‡Q wKš‧ g‡bvweÁv‡bi M‡elYvi †cQ‡b GKUv
cqmvI LiP K‡iwb| KviY, ivRv I e¨vsKvi‡ì aviYv wQj,
f‚‡MvjmsµvšÍ bZzb Ávb Zuv‡ì bZzb f‚LÐ `Lj Ges bZzb
406
e¨vemvwqK †K›`ª ¯ vc‡b mnvqZv Ki‡e, Ab¨w`‡K GKwU wkïi
gb¯ÍË¡ Avwe®‥v‡ii †cQ‡b Zuviv †Kv‡bv gybvdvi m¤¢vebv †`L‡Z
cvbwb|
1940-Gi `k‡K Av‡gwiKv I †mvwf‡qZ BDwbq‡bi miKvi
RjR cÖZZ œ ‡Ë¡i †P‡q wbDwK¬qvi c`v_©we`¨v M‡elYvq wecyj
cwigvY A_© wewb‡qvM Ki‡jb| KviY Zv‡ì aviYv wQj †h,
wbDwK¬qvi c`v_©we`¨v wb‡q †ewk †ewk M‡elYv n‡j Zv Zv‡ì‡K
bZzb wbDwK¬qvi A¯¿, †evgv evbv‡Z mnvqZv Ki‡e, wKš‧ cvwbi
wb‡Pi cÖZZœ Ë¡ Zv‡ì hy× R‡qi †ÿ‡Î †Zgb mvnvh¨ Ki‡e bv|
weÁvbxiv A‡bK mg‡qB A‡_©i †RvMvb`vZv‡ì GBme
ivR‣bwZK, A_©‣bwZK I ag©xq D‡Ïk¨ m¤ú‡K© IqvwKenvj
_v‡Kb bv; A‡bK weÁvbxB weÁv‡bi cÖwZ eyw×e„wËK †K․Z‚nj
†_‡KB •eÁvwbK M‡elYv Pvwj‡q hvb| weÁv‡bi jÿ¨ Kx n‡e,
Zv Lye Kg †ÿ‡ÎB weÁvbxiv wba©viY Kivi my‡hvM cvb|
hw` Avgiv †Kv‡bv ivR‣bwZK, A_©‣bwZK A_ev ag©xq
D‡Ïk¨ Qvov weï× •eÁvwbK M‡elYvq wewb‡qvM Ki‡ZI
PvBZvg, Zv ev¯Í‡e Kiv m¤¢eci n‡Zv bv| Zvi cÖavb KviY,
Avgv‡ì m¤ú‡ì cwigvY mxwgZ| GKRb msm` m`m¨‡K
RvZxq weÁvb mwgwZi cÖv_wgK M‡elYv Kv‡Ri Rb¨ †KvwU UvKv
wewb‡qv‡Mi cÖ¯Íve w`b, wZwb msMZ Kvi‡YB wR‡M¨m Ki‡eb, Gi
†P‡q wkÿK‡ì cÖwkÿ‡Yi e¨vcv‡i ev GKwU Wze‡Z emv
KviLvbvi Ki †iqv‡Zi Kv‡R GB A_© e¨q Ki‡j Zv wK †ewk
Kvh©Ki n‡e bv? mxwgZ m¤ú‡ì eÈ‡bi Rb¨ me mgq Avgv‡ì
†h cÖkœwUi gy‡LvgywL n‡Z nq Zv n‡jvÑ Ô†Kvb KvRwU me‡P‡q
†ewk ¸iæZ¡c~Y©?Õ Ges Ô†Kvb KvRwU Kj¨vYKi?Õ GB cÖkœ¸‡jvi
DËi weÁv‡bi Av‡jvPbvi welq bq| weÁvb `ywbqv‡Z Kx Kx
Av‡Q Zvi we¯ÍvwiZ e¨vL¨v †`q, †Kvb wRwbmwU Kxfv‡e KvR K‡i
Zv Rvbvq Ges fwel¨‡Zi c„w_ex †Kgb n‡Z cv‡i †m m¤ú‡K©
Avgv‡ì GKUv aviYv †`q| msÁvbyhvqxB, fwel¨‡Zi c„w_ex
†Kgb nIqv DwPZ GB cÖkœwU weÁv‡bi AvIZvi evB‡i| ag© I
`k©b¸‡jvB †Kej GB ai‡bi cÖkœ wb‡q Av‡jvPbv K‡i|
407
GLb, aiv hvK, GKB iKg †ckv`vwi †hvM¨Zvm¤úbœ, GKB
wefv‡Mi RxeweÁv‡bi `yRb Aa¨vcK Zuv‡ì eZ©gvb M‡elYv
eve` 1 †KvwU UvKv eiv‡Ïi Rb¨ Av‡e`b K‡i‡Qb| Aa¨vcK
¯øvMnb© Pvb †Mviæi GKwU AmyL wb‡q M‡elYv Ki‡Z †h Amy‡Li
Kvi‡Y †Mviæi `ya Drcv`‡bi cwigvY 10 kZvsk K‡g hv‡”Q|
Ab¨w`‡K Aa¨vcK ¯úªvDU evQzi‡K †Mviæ †_‡K Avjv`v Kiv n‡j
†Mviæ gvbwmK Aemv‡` †fv‡M wK bv Zv wb‡q M‡elYv Ki‡Z
Pvb| A‡_©i cwigvY hw` mxwgZ nq Ges `y‡Uv cÖK‡í A_©vqb
Kivi Rb¨ h‡_ó cwigvY A_© bv _v‡K, Zvn‡j †Kvb cÖK‡í
A_©vqb Kiv DwPZ?
GB cÖ‡kœi †Kv‡bv •eÁvwbK DËi †bB| ivR‣bwZK, A_©‣bwZK
I ag©xq `„wó‡KvY †_‡K G cÖ‡kœi bvbv iKg DËi †LuvRvi †Póv Kiv
†h‡Z cv‡i| AvR‡Ki `ywbqvi Ae¯ v wPšÍv Ki‡j cÖ‡dmi ¯øvMn‡b©i
cÖK‡í A_©vqb nIqvi my‡hvM †ewk| GB Kvi‡Y bq †h, kvixwiK
AmyL wb‡q M‡elYv gvbwmK ¯^v¯ ¨ wb‡q M‡elYvi †P‡q
•eÁvwbKfv‡e †ewk †K․Z‚n‡jvÏxcK, eis G Kvi‡Y †h, cÖ_g
M‡elYv †_‡K `y» wk‡íi A_©‣bwZK I ivR‣bwZKfv‡e jvfevb
nIqvi m¤¢vebv wØZxq M‡elYv †_‡K †ewk|
Avevi NUbvwU hw` GKwU wn›`y mgv‡R nq, †hLv‡b †Mviæ GKwU
cweÎ cÖvYx ev Ggb †Kv‡bv mgv‡R †hLvbKvi gvbylRb cÖvYx‡ì
AwaKvi iÿvi e¨vcv‡i †mv”Pvi, †mLv‡b Aa¨vcK ¯úªvD‡Ui cÖ‡R‡±
A_©vqb nIqvi m¤¢vebv †ewk| wKš‧ hLb wZwb Ggb GK mgv‡R
evm Ki‡Qb †hLv‡b †Mviæi `y‡ai e¨vemvwqK g~j¨ Ges gvby‡li
¯^v‡¯ ï ¸iæZ¡ Ab¨ †Kv‡bv cÖvYxi gvbwmK ¯^v‡¯ ï †_‡K †ewk
¸iæZ¡c~Y©, ZLb Zv‡K Gme K_v gv_vq †i‡LB Zvi M‡elYvi
cÖ¯Ívebv •Zwi Ki‡Z n‡e| D`vniY¯îƒc, wZwb Zvi cÖ¯Ívebvq
wjL‡Z cv‡ibÑ ÔgvbwmK nZvkv Mvwfi `ya Drcv`‡bi cwigvY
Kwg‡q †`q| Avgiv hw` Mvwfi gvbwmK Ae¯ v eyS‡Z cvwi, Zvn‡j
Avgiv nq‡Zv Ggb wKQz Ilya •Zwi Ki‡Z cvie, hv Zv‡ì‡K
gvbwmKfv‡e Pv½v ivL‡Z mvnvh¨ Ki‡e Ges dj¯îƒc 10 kZvsk
408
ch©šÍ `y‡ai Drcv`b evo‡e| Avgvi aviYv, c„w_ex‡Z Mvwfi gvbwmK
Ily‡ai evwl©K Pvwn`v 250 wgwjqb Wjvi|Õ
weÁvb Zvi wb‡Ri Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq ev ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Kx Zv wba©vi‡Y
Aÿg| weÁv‡bi Avwe®‥vi‡K †Kvb Kv‡R jvMv‡bv n‡e Zvi †Kv‡bv
aviYvI weÁv‡bi c‡ÿ Kiv m¤¢e bq| †hgbÑ weï× •eÁvwbK
`„wófw½ w`‡q GUv wbY©q Kiv KwVb †h, wRb weÁv‡bi µgea©gvb
Ávb gvby‡li †Kvb Kv‡R jvM‡Z cv‡i| GB Ávb wK Avgiv
K¨vbmv‡ii wPwKrmvq eënvi Kie, bvwK GB Ávb cÖ‡qvM K‡i
wekvj ÿgZvm¤úbœ mycvig¨v‡bi RvwZ •Zwi Kie, bvwK GB Ávb
Kv‡R jvMve e‡ov Ijvbwewkó Mvwf Drcv`‡b? G K_v ¯úó †h
GKwU MYZvwš¿K miKvi, mgvRZvwš¿K miKvi, •¯îZvwš¿K miKvi
ev GKwU cyuwRev`x eëmvq-cÖwZôvb GB GKB •eÁvwbK Avwe®‥vi‡K
wewfbœfv‡e Zv‡ì wb‡R‡ì myweavi AbyK‚‡j eënvi Ki‡e| Gi
†Kv‡bv eënvi‡KB •eÁvwbK `„wó‡KvY †_‡K Ab¨wUi †P‡q fv‡jv ev
Lvivc ejv hvq bv|
ms‡ÿ‡c ejv hvq, †Kvb ag©xq ev `k©‡bi mnvqZv‡ZB †Kej
•eÁvwbK a¨vbaviYvi weKvk N‡U| GKwU wbw`©ó gZev`B †Kv‡bv
•eÁvwbK M‡elYvi m‡½ RwoZ A_©vq‡bi b¨vh¨Zv cÖgvY K‡i|
wewbg‡q, †mB gZv`k© •eÁvwbK Avwe®‥v‡ii MwZc_‡K cÖfvweZ
K‡i Ges †mB Avwe®‥vi Kx Kv‡R jvM‡e Zv wba©viY K‡i †`q|
myZivs, gvbyl Ab¨ †Kv‡bv RvqMvq bv wM‡q †Kb A¨vjv‡gvMi‡Wv
ev Puv‡` †Mj Zv mwVKfv‡e eyS‡Z †M‡j †Kej c`v_©we`,
RxeweÁvbx Avi mgvRweÁvbx‡ì AR©‡bi K_v Rvb‡jB Pj‡e
bv| Rvb‡Z n‡e †mme gZv`k©, ivR‣bwZK I A_©‣bwZK kw³
m¤ú‡K© hviv c`v_©we`¨v, Rxewe`¨v I mgvRweÁvb‡K M‡o‡Q,
wbw`©ó K‡i w`‡q‡Q Zv‡ì Pjvi c_|
GB kw³¸‡jvi g‡a¨ `y‡Uv kw³i w`‡K we‡klfv‡e bRi
†Ìqv ìKviÑ mvgªvRëv` Ges cyuwRev`| A‡b‡Ki g‡Z,
weÁvb, mvgªvR¨ Ges cyuwRi PµB MZ 500 eQi a‡i BwZnv‡mi
g~j PvwjKvkw³ wn‡m‡e KvR Ki‡Q| cieZ©x Aa¨vq¸‡jv‡Z
Avgiv GB welq¸‡jv wb‡q Av‡jvPbvi †Póv Kie| cÖ_‡g Avgiv
409
†`Le weÁvb I mvgªvR¨ GB `yB kw³ Kxfv‡e GK †gvnbvq G‡m
wgwjZ n‡jv, Zvici Avgiv Rvbe GB `yRb Kxfv‡e cyuwRi A‡_©i
wekvj eowk‡Z AvU‡K †Mj|
410
Aa¨vq 15
weÁvb Avi mvgªvRëv‡ì MuvUQov
c„w_ex †_‡K m~h© KZ `~‡i? A‡bK †R¨vwZwe©`‡K Mj`Ng© K‡i
†Q‡o‡Q GB cÖkœUv| we‡kl K‡i †Kvcvwb©Kvm hLb ej‡jb c„w_ex
bq, m~hB© gnvwe‡k¦i †K›`ª, ZLb †_‡K Av‡iv †ewk K‡i GB
cÖ‡kœi DËi Lyu‡R‡Q mevB| A‡bK †R¨vwZwe©` Avi MwYZwe`
wewfbœ c×wZ‡Z GB `~iZ¡ gvcvi †Póv K‡i‡Qb, Avi Zuv‡ì
DËiI G‡m‡Q wewfbœ iKg| †kl‡gk AvVv‡iv kZ‡Ki
gvSvgvwSi w`‡K GKUv wbf©i‡hvM¨ Dcvq cvIqv †Mj| K‡qK
eQi cici ïµ MÖn c„w_ex Avi m~‡h©i g‡aï RvqMvUv AwZµg
K‡i| GB c_UzKz cvi n‡Z ïµ MÖ‡ni KZUzKz mgq jv‡M †mUv
c„w_exi G‡KK RvqMvq e‡m gvc‡j G‡KK iKg nq| wfbœ wfbœ
`„wó‡Kv‡Yi Kvi‡YB GB wfbœZv| GB mgqUzKzB hw` `y-wZbUv
gnv‡`k †_‡K gvcv hvq, Zvn‡jB GKUz wÎ‡KvYwgwZ Kv‡R
jvwM‡q c„w_ex Avi m~‡h©i `~iZ¡Uv wbfzj
© fv‡e Rvbv hvq|
†R¨vwZwe©ìv Av‡M †_‡KB Rvb‡Zb †h ïµ MÖn 1761 Avi
1769 mv‡j c„w_ex Avi m~‡h©i gvSLvb w`‡q hv‡e| ZvB
Av‡Mfv‡MB BD‡ivc †_‡K Pviw`‡K ch©‡eÿY `j cvwV‡q †Ìqv
n‡jv| 1761 mv‡j mvB‡ewiqv, DËi Av‡gwiKv, gv`vMv¯‥vi Avi
`wÿY Avwd«Kv †_‡K NUbvUv †`Lv †Mj| Gici 1769 mv‡j
BD‡iv‡ci weÁvbx mgvR GB cixÿvi Rb¨ me©kw³ wb‡qvM
Kij| Gevi †jvK cvVv‡bv n‡jv KvbvWvi DË‡i Avi
K¨vwj‡dvwb©qvq (ZLb †mLv‡b Nb R½j)| Z‡e jÛ‡bi iq¨vj
†mvmvBwUi (The Royal Society of London for the
411
Improvement of Natural Knowledge) Kv‡Q †mUv h‡_ó g‡b
n‡jv bv| Zviv ejj, G‡Kev‡i wbfzj © djvdj †c‡Z n‡j `wÿY-
cwðg cÖkvšÍ gnvmvM‡i KvD‡K †h‡ZB n‡e|
iq¨vj †mvmvBwU wm×všÍ wbj ZLbKvi WvKmvB‡U †R¨vwZwe©`
Pvj©m wMÖb‡K ZvwnwZ Øx‡c cvVv‡bvi| cÖPiz A_© I kÖgmv‡cÿ
Awfhvb| iq¨vj †mvmvBwU fvej, †Kej GKUv •eÁvwbK cixÿvi
Rb¨ GZ Kó, GZ LiP? Zvi †P‡q GKB Awfhv‡b Av‡iv wKQz
KvR †m‡i †djv hvK| d‡j Pvj©m wMÖ‡bi m‡½ hy³ n‡jv
weÁv‡bi Ab¨vb¨ kvLvi Av‡iv AvU Rb •eÁvwbK| `‡ji †bZv
wn‡m‡e wQ‡jb Dw™¢`weÁvbx †Rv‡md e¨vsKm Avi W¨vwb‡qj
†mvj¨vÛvi| m‡½ †Mj bZzb RvqMv, gvbyl Avi cïcvwLi Qwe
AuvKvi Rb¨ wkíxiv| Avi GB cy‡iv Awfhv‡bi †bZ…‡Z¡ wQ‡jb
AwfÁ bvweK I f‚‡Mvjwe` K¨v‡Þb †Rgm KzK|
GB †b․eni Bsj¨vÛ †_‡K hvÎv ïiæ K‡i 1768 mv‡j|
Zvici 1769 mv‡j ZvwnwZ‡Z ïµ MÖn ch©‡eÿ‡Yi ci cÖkvšÍ
gnvmvM‡ii Av‡iv K‡qKUv Øxc Ny‡i, A‡÷ªwjqv I wbDwRj¨vÛ
Ny‡i Avevi Bsj¨v‡Û †d‡i 1771 mv‡j| m‡½ wb‡q Av‡m
†R¨vwZwe©`¨v, f‚‡Mvj, Dw™¢`we`¨v, cÖvwYwe`¨v I b„Z‡Ë¡i cÖPiz bZzb
Ávb| GB bZzb ÁvbB weÁv‡bi wewfbœ kvLv‡K Av‡iv GwM‡q
wb‡q hvq| m‡½ m‡½ GKw`‡K †mUv cÖkvšÍ gnvmvMi wb‡q
gvby‡li Kíbvq Av‡iKUz is Povq, Avevi Ab¨w`‡K c‡ii
cÖR‡b¥i weÁvbx‡ì †`q bZzb Aby‡cÖiYv|
K¨v‡Þb Kz‡Ki Awfhv‡b wPwKrmvweÁv‡bi GKUv e‡ov
DcKvi nq| ZLbKvi w`‡b cÖvq A‡a©K gvbylB †eu‡P wdi‡Z
cvi‡e bvÑ GgbUv †R‡bB Gme `~icvjøvi Awfhvb ïiæ n‡Zv|
bv, †Kv‡bv Øx‡ci wnsmª gvbyl, kÎæ‡ì hy×RvnvR ev N‡ii UvbÑ
Gme wKQzB bv, bvweK‡ì me‡P‡q e‡ov kÎæ wQj ¯‥vwf©
(Scurvy) bvgK GK inm¨gq †ivM| G †iv‡M AvµvšÍ gvbyl
†Kgb †hb nZvk Avi welYœ n‡q c‡o, ùv‡Zi gvwo †_‡K i³
Si‡Z _v‡K| Gici Av‡¯Í Av‡¯Í ùvZ c‡o hvq, kix‡ii bvbv
RvqMvq Nv n‡Z _v‡K, Zvici R¡ivµvšÍ d¨vKv‡k kix‡ii wewfbœ
412
A½cÖZ¨½ †_‡K wbqš¿Y nviv‡Z nviv‡Z †ivMx gviv hvq| aviYv
Kiv nq, †lvok †_‡K Aóv`k kZvãx‡Z cÖvq 20 jvL bvwe‡Ki
cÖvY †M‡Q GB ¯‥vwf©‡Z| GB †iv‡Mi KviY †KD RvbZ bv,
cÖwZKvi †Zv bqB| Ae‡k‡l Avkvi Av‡jv †`Lv hvq 1747
mv‡j| †m eQi weªwUk wPwKrmK †Rgm wjÛ ¯‥vwf©-AvµvšÍ
bvweK‡ì Ici GKUv cixÿv Pvjvb| †m cixÿvq †ivMx‡ì
K‡qKUv `‡j fvM K‡i G‡KK `‡ji Ici G‡KK iK‡gi
Ily‡ai cÖfve ch©‡eÿY K‡ib wZwb| †kl ch©šÍ †h `‡ji
†ivMxiv wU‡K †Mj, †`Lv †Mj Zv‡ì LvIqv‡bv n‡q‡Q †jeyRvZxq
dj| ¯‥vwf©i Ilya wn‡m‡e †jeyi Kvh©KvwiZvi K_v †jvKgy‡L
†kvbv †hZ| †mB †jey-LvIqv †ivMxiv †ek `ªæZB †m‡i I‡V|
wjÛ Rvb‡Zb bv †jeyi wVK †Kvb Dcv`vbUv ¯‥vwf© mvivq, hwÌ
Avgiv GLb Rvwb wRwbmUv n‡jv wfUvwgb wm| ZLbKvi w`‡b `xN©
hvÎvq Rvnv‡R Lvevi wn‡m‡e †bIqv n‡Zv we¯‥zU Avi ïK‡bv
gvsm| dj Avi mewR ej‡Z wKQzB †bIqv n‡Zv bv Rvnv‡R, hvi
d‡j bvweK‡ì kix‡i †`Lv †hZ wfUvwgb wm-Gi Afve|
weªwUk †b․evwnbx wj‡Ûi ch©‡eÿY bv gvb‡jI †Rgm KzK
†g‡bwQ‡jb wVKB| wj‡Ûi ch©‡eÿY wVK wK bv, †mUv cÖgv‡Yi
`vwqZ¡ Zz‡j †bb wZwb| Zuvi †b․en‡i wZwb Lvevi wn‡m‡e cÖPiz
cwigv‡Y mqviµU (SauerkrautÑ MuvRv‡bv euvavKwc KzwP,
A‡bKUv AvPv‡ii g‡Zv) wb‡q hvb| Avi bvweK‡ì wb‡`©k w`‡q
iv‡Lb KL‡bv WvOvq bvg‡jB †ewk K‡i dj Avi mewR †L‡q
wb‡Z| †mB Awfhv‡b GKRb bvweKI ¯‥vwf©‡Z gviv hvqwb|
Gici †_‡K me Rvnv‡R Lvev‡ii aib cvj‡U hvq| K¨v‡Þb
Kz‡Ki c_ AbymiY Kivq †eu‡P hvq Ab¨ AMwYZ bvweK I hvÎxi
cÖvY|1
Z‡e GUvB me bq, K¨v‡Þb Kz‡Ki GB Awfhv‡bi GKUv
AÜKvi w`KI Av‡Q| KzK ïay GKRb `ÿ bvweKB wQ‡jb bv,
wZwb wQ‡jb weªwUk †b․evwnbxi GKRb Kg©KZ©vI| iq¨vj
†mvmvBwU GB Awfhv‡b UvKv w`‡jI RvnvR wKš‧ w`‡qwQj weªwUk
†b․evwnbxB| †mB Awfhv‡b bvweK I weÁvbx‡ì m‡½ wQj 85
413
Rb mk¯¿ †b․‡mbv, Avi Rvnv‡R wQj cÖPiz Kvgvb-e›`yK Avi
†Mvjveviæ`| GB Awfhv‡b cvIqv †f․‡MvwjK I b„ZvwË¡K Z‡_ï
•eÁvwbK ¸iæZ¡ hZUv wQj, ivR‣bwZK I mvgwiK ¸iæZ¡ Zvi
†P‡q †Kv‡bv As‡k Kg wQj bv| ¯‥vwf©i Kvh©Ki wPwKrmv Avwe®‥vi
nIqv‡Z IB me `~i mvM‡i weªwUk †b․evwnbxi wbqš¿Y Av‡iv `„p
n‡jv| Gici Zviv Av‡iv `~‡i, G‡Kev‡i c„w_exi Dj‡Uv w`‡KI
†mbvevwnbx cvVv‡Z ïiæ Kij| KzK wb‡RB Zuvi ÔAvwe®‥…ZÕ
A‡bK¸‡jv Øxc weªwUk kvm‡bi Aax‡b G‡b‡Qb, G¸‡jvi g‡a¨
me‡P‡q D‡jøL‡hvM¨ n‡jv A‡÷ªwjqv| Kz‡Ki Awfhv‡bi gva¨‡gB
A‡÷ªwjqv, wbDwRj¨vÛ Avi Zvmgvwbqvi `Lj cÖwµqv ïiæ nq|
Gici Av‡¯Í Av‡¯Í BD‡iv‡ci gvbyl †mLv‡b Dcwb‡ek •Zwi K‡i
Avi †mLvbKvi Avw` Awaevmx I Zv‡ì ms¯‥…wZ‡K wejywßi w`‡K
†V‡j †`q|2
GB Awfhv‡bi 100 eQ‡ii g‡a¨B A‡÷ªwjqv Avi
wbDwRj¨v‡Ûi cÖvq meUzKz Pvl‡hvM¨ gvwU `Lj`vi BD‡ivcxq
gvbyl‡ì nv‡Z P‡j hvq| †mLvbKvi Avwèvmx‡ì 90 kZvskB
cÖvY nvivq, Avi evwKiv †mB eY©we‡Ølx mgv‡R †Kv‡bvg‡Z wU‡K
_v‡K| A‡÷ªwjqvi Avwèvmx Rb‡Mvôx Avi wbDwRj¨v‡Ûi
gvIwi‡ì †h ÿwZ †m mgq n‡q‡Q, †mUv Zviv AvRI KvwU‡q
DV‡Z cv‡iwb|
Z‡e Zvmgvwbqvi Avwèvmx‡ì cwiYwZ nq me‡P‡q KiæY|
IB wew”Qbœ ØxcUv‡Z 10 nvRvi eQi a‡i hviv wU‡K wQj, Kz‡Ki
Awfhv‡bi gvÎ 100 eQ‡ii g‡a¨ Zv‡ì G‡Kev‡i †kl
gvbylUvI gviv hvq| BD‡ivcxq `Lj`viiv cÖ_‡g Øx‡ci me‡P‡q
mg„× AskUv `Lj K‡i †mLvb †_‡K Avwèvmx‡ì Zvwo‡q †`q|
Avwèvmx‡ì‡K cïi g‡ZvB wkKvi KiZ Zviv| Zvici †kl wKQz
gvbyl‡K †KvYVvmv K‡i AvU‡K ivLv nq ew›`wkwe‡i| †mLv‡b
Zv‡ì‡K Ômf¨ gvbylÕ evbv‡bvi †Póv Kiv nq| †mLv‡b
ag©cÖPvi‡Kiv Zv‡ì wLªóa‡g© `xÿv †`q, Zv‡ì‡K †jLvcov
†kLv‡bv nq, †mjvB Kiv Avi Pvlev‡mi g‡Zv ÔKv‡Ri KvRÕ
†kLv‡bviI †Póv Kiv nq| wKš‧ Zviv †m wkÿv MÖnY K‡iwb| ax‡i
414
ax‡i †mB †kl KRb Avwèvmx welYœ gvbyl Rxe‡bi cÖwZ me iKg
AvMÖn nvwi‡q †d‡j, GgbwK mšÍvb †bIqvI eÜ K‡i †`q| GB
mf¨ RM‡Zi •eÁvwbK DrKl© Avi cÖMwZi nvZ †_‡K euvP‡Z
GKgvÎ †Lvjv c_UvB Zviv †e‡Q †bqÑ g„Zz¨|
weÁv‡bi AMÖMwZ GB gvbyl¸‡jv‡K g„Zzï c‡iI kvwšÍ
†`qwb| Zvmgvwbqvi me©‡kl Avwèvmx‡ì g„Z‡`n¸‡jvI P‡j
hvq b„ZvwË¡K Avi Rv`yN‡ii †jvK‡ì Kv‡Q| †mme †`n
KvUv‡Quov K‡i, •`N¨©cÖ¯  Avi IRb †g‡c †mme Z_¨ w`‡q fvix
fvix •eÁvwbK wbeÜ †jLv nq| Zvici Zv‡ì K¼vj¸‡jvi
RvqMv nq wewfbœ Rv`yN‡i Avi cÖ`k©bx‡Z| †kl‡gk 1976 mv‡j
Zvmgvwbqvi Rv`yNi me©‡kl RxweZ Avwèvmx UªyMvwbwbi
(Truganini) K¼vj g„Zzï 100 eQi ci mgvwnZ K‡i| Zvi
Pvgov I Pz‡ji wKQz bgybv weª‡U‡bi •kj¨ wPwKrmv K‡j‡R (The
English Royal College of Surgeons) 2002 mvj ch©šÍ wQj|
Kz‡Ki Awfhvb‡K Avm‡j Kx ejv hvq? †mbv-cÖwZiÿv wewkó
•eÁvwbK Awfhvb? bvwK K‡qKRb weÁvbx‡K m‡½ wb‡q mvgwiK
Awfhvb? cÖkœUv AvavMøvm cvwb †`wL‡q MøvmUv A‡a©K fiv bv
A‡a©K Lvwj Rvb‡Z PvIqvi g‡ZvB| `y‡UvB wVK| weÁv‡bi
AMÖMwZ Avi mvgªvRëv‡ì weKvkÑ G `y‡Uv Avm‡j Awe‡”Q`¨|
GKUv †_‡K AbÜv‡K Avjv`v Kiv hvq bv| K¨v‡Þb †Rgm KzK
wKsev Dw™¢`weÁvbx †Rv‡md e¨vsKmÑ `yR‡bi †KDB cv‡ibwb|
UªyMvwbwbI bq|
†Kb BD‡ivc?
GB †h DËi AvUjvw›U‡Ki GKUv Øx‡ci wKQz gvbyl wM‡q
A‡÷ªwjqvi `wÿ‡Yi GKUv e‡ov Øxc `Lj K‡i wbjÑ GUv
gvby‡li BwZnv‡mi me‡P‡q A™¢zZ NUbv¸‡jvi GKUv| Kz‡Ki
Awfhv‡bi Lye †ewk Av‡Mi K_v bv, weªwUk ØxccyÄ Avi cwðg
BD‡ivc wQj f‚ga¨mvMixq AÂj †_‡K `~‡ii GKUv •ewkó¨nxb
GjvKv| Avi BD‡iv‡ci BwZnv‡mi ïiæi w`KKvi †h
415
civµgkvjx †ivgvb mvgªv‡Rï K_v Avgiv ewj, †m mvgªvRÏ
wb‡Ri m¤ú‡` mg„× wQj bv| †ivgvb mvgªv‡Rï cÖvq me m¤ú`B
wQj DËi Avwd«Kv, ejKvb Avi ga¨cÖvP¨ †_‡K jyU K‡i Avbv|
†ivgvb mvgªv‡Rï cwðg As‡ki Ae¯ v wQj LyeB KiæYÑ A‡bKUv
Avgiv †h ey‡bv cwð‡gi K_v ewj, †Zgb| wKQz Lwb Avi `vm
Qvov †m AÂj Avi wKQzB w`‡Z cv‡iwb †ivgvb mf¨Zv‡K| Avi
DËi BD‡ivc wQj GKUv weivbf‚wg, Rq K‡i †bIqvi g‡Zv
wKQzB wQj bv †mLv‡b|
35| Zvmgvwbqvi me©‡kl Avwèvmx gvbyl UªyMvwbwb

416
cÂ`k kZvãxi †k‡l G‡m BD‡ivc mvgwiK, ivR‣bwZK,
A_©‣bwZK Avi mvs¯‥…wZK w`K †_‡K †ek ¸iæZ¡c~Y© n‡q DVj|
1500 †_‡K 1750 mv‡ji ga¨Kvi mgqUv‡Z BD‡ivc ej‡Z
†M‡j evB‡ii c„w_exi gvwjK e‡b †Mj| `yB Av‡gwiKv gnv‡`k
Avi gnvmvMi¸‡jvi Ici ZLb Zv‡ì GK”QÎ AvwacZ¨| Zvi
ciI, kw³i Zzjbvq BD‡ivc Gwkqvi av‡iKv‡QI wQj bv|
BD‡ivc `yB Av‡gwiKv Avi mvMi¸‡jv `Lj Ki‡Z †c‡iwQj,
KviY Gwkqvi gvbyl I¸‡jv `Lj Kivi †Kv‡bv †PóvB K‡iwb|
AvaywbK hy‡Mi ïiæi w`‡K f‚ga¨mvM‡i A‡Uvgvb mvgªvR¨, cvi‡m¨
mvdvwf` mvgªvR¨, fvi‡Z †gvMj mvgªvR¨ Avi Px‡b wgs Avi wPs
mvgªv‡Rï ¯^Y©hyM PjwQj| G‡ì cÖ‡Z¨KUvB hvi hvi mxgvbv
evwo‡q hvw”Qj| 1775 mv‡j mviv c„w_exi me A_©‣bwZK
Kg©Kv‡Ði kZKiv 80 fvMB n‡Zv Gwkqvq| ïay fviZ Avi Px‡b
†h cwigvY m¤ú‡ì Drcv`b n‡Zv †mUvB wQj cy‡iv c„w_exi wZb
fv‡Mi `yB fvM| Gi Zzjbvq BD‡iv‡ci A_©bxwZ wQj bwm¨|3
A_P 1750 †_‡K 1850Ñ GB 100 eQ‡ii g‡a¨B c„w_exi
ÿgZvi †K›`ª m‡i †Mj BD‡iv‡c| GB mg‡q BD‡iv‡ci gvbyl
G‡Ki ci GK hy‡× Gwkqvi civkw³¸‡jv‡K †kvPbxqfv‡e
civf‚Z K‡i‡Q| Gwkqvi A‡bKLvwb GjvKv P‡j †Mj BD‡iv‡ci
`L‡j| 1900 mv‡ji g‡a¨B BD‡ivc c„w_exi AwaKvsk f‚wg Avi
A_©bxwZi Ici wbqš¿Y cÖwZôv K‡i| 1950-Gi g‡a¨ †`Lv †Mj,
cwðg BD‡ivc Avi hy³ivóª wg‡j c„w_exi A‡a©K m¤ú` Drcv`b
Ki‡Q| Iw`‡K Px‡bi Drcv`b Kg‡Z Kg‡Z 5 kZvs‡k G‡m
†VKj|4 BD‡iv‡ci Aax‡b c„w_exi ÿgZvi eÈb Avi ms¯‥…wZ
Avg~j e`‡j †Mj| AvR‡Ki c„w_ex‡ZB †Zv Avgiv †`L‡Z cvB,
cÖvq me gvbylB BD‡ivcxq‡ì g‡Zv †cvkvK c‡i, Zv‡ì g‡Zv
wPšÍv K‡i| AvR‡Ki †h gvbyl‡ì K_vq cÖej BD‡ivcwe‡Øl
cÖKvk cvq, †`Lv hvq ZvivI c„w_exUv‡K BD‡ivcxq `„wófw½
†_‡KB †`‡L| ivRbxwZ, wPwKrmvweÁvb, mvgwiK I A_©‣bwZK
welq¸‡jv‡K eZ©gvb Ae¯ vq G‡b‡Q BD‡ivc| bvbv †`‡ki
417
msMx‡Z BD‡ivcxq my‡ii cÖfve jÿYxq| Avi AvšÍR©vwZK fvlv
wn‡m‡e †hme fvlv GLb Pj‡Q Zvi meB †Zv BD‡iv‡ci| GB
†h Px‡bi A_©bxwZ AvR weivU AvKvi wb‡”Q, nq‡Zv AvMvgx
w`‡bi c„w_exUv Zv‡ìB n‡e, wKš‧ †m A_©bxwZi Drcv`b †_‡K
A_©vqbÑ mewKQz M‡o D‡V‡Q BD‡ivcxq g‡W‡jB|
BD‡iwkqv AÂ‡ji me‡P‡q `ye©j AskUvi gvbyl Kxfv‡e
cy‡iv c„w_exi `Lj wb‡q wbj? Gi Rb¨ me‡P‡q †ewk K…wZZ¡
w`‡Z n‡e BD‡iv‡ci weÁvbx‡ì‡KB| ¯^xKvi bv K‡i Dcvq †bB,
1850-Gi ci †_‡K BD‡iv‡ci GB ÿgZve„w×i †cQ‡b Av‡Q
Zv‡ì mvgwiK `ÿZv, wkí I weÁv‡bi weKvk Ges Aek¨B
Zv‡ì cÖhyw³i Dbœqb| AvR‡Ki hy‡M me †`kB cÖhyw³i DbœwZi
Rb¨ •eÁvwbK M‡elYvq g‡bv‡hvM w`‡”Q| Gme M‡elYvi cÖvq
meUvB Pj‡Q bZzb A¯¿ •Zwi Ki‡Z, bZzb bZzb wPwKrmvc×wZ
Avwe®‥vi Ki‡Z wKsev mvgªvRëv‡ì nvZ‡K Av‡iv kw³kvjx
Kivi bZzb †Kv‡bv †K․kj m„wó Ki‡Z| Avwd«Kvi gvby‡li m‡½
hLb BD‡iv‡ci gvby‡li hy× PjwQj, ZLb Zviv GKUv K_v
cÖvqB ejZ, ÔkÎæ †hw`K †_‡KB AvmyK, Avgv‡ì Av‡Q
†gwkbMvb, I‡ì †Zv †mUv †bB|Õ †emvgwiK cÖhyw³i DbœwZI
ZLb Kg nqwb| •mb¨‡ì LvIqv‡bvi Rb¨ Lvevi wU‡b fiv ïiæ
n‡jv, •mb¨‡ì hvZvqv‡Zi Rb¨ †ijjvBb emj, e‡ov e‡ov
RvnvR fvmj mvM‡i, AvnZ •mb¨‡ì Rb¨ DbœZ wPwKrmv Avi
Ilya Avwe®‥vi n‡jv| Avwd«Kv `Lj Kivi †cQ‡b Gm‡ei Ae`vb
wKš‧ †gwkbMv‡bi †P‡q †Kv‡bv As‡k Kg wQj bv|
1850 mv‡ji Av‡M hy×-wkí-weÁvbÑ GB wZb w`‡Ki
†Kv‡bvUv‡ZB gvbyl Lye GKUv DbœwZ Ki‡Z cv‡iwb| DbœZ
cÖhyw³i myweav gvbyl ZL‡bv wb‡Z cv‡iwb, ZvB BD‡ivc, Avwd«Kv
Avi Gwkqvi g‡a¨ kw³i cv_©K¨ Lye †ewk wQj bv| Avevi 1770
mv‡ji K_v wPšÍv Ki‡j †`Lv hvq, K¨v‡Þi KzK mvgwiK kw³‡Z
A‡÷ªwjqvi Avwèvmx‡ì †_‡K A‡bK GwM‡q wQ‡jb| wKš‧ GKB
iKg kw³ wb‡qI ZLbKvi Pxb mvgªv‡Rï K¨v‡Þb Iqvb †Sswm
wKsev A‡Uvgvb mvgªv‡Rï K¨v‡Þb û‡mb cvkv †Kb A‡÷ªwjqv
418
`Lj K‡ibwb? Zvi †P‡q e‡ov K_v n‡jv, 1770 mv‡j †h
BD‡ivc cÖhyw³i w`K †_‡K gymwjg, fviZxq ev •PwbK mf¨Zvi
KvQvKvwQ wQj, c‡ii 100 eQ‡ii g‡a¨B Zviv GZUv G‡Mvj
Kxfv‡e?
hy×-wkí-weÁv‡bi GB †h․_ weKvk fvi‡Z bv n‡q
BD‡iv‡cB †Kb n‡jv? weª‡Ub GwM‡q hvIqvi ciciB d«vÝ,
Rvg©vwb Avi hy³ivóªI G‡Mv‡Z ïiæ Kij, Pxb wcwQ‡q _vKj
†Kb? hLb ivwkqv, BZvwj Avi Aw÷ªqv kw³i cv_©KÜv Kwg‡q
AvbwQj, ZLb Bivb, wgki Avi A‡Uvgvb mvgªvR¨ †Kv_vq wQj?
wkíwecø‡ei cÖ_g av‡c †hme cÖhyw³ G‡mwQj †m¸‡jv †Zv Lye
RwUj wQj bv, Zvn‡j •PwbK ev A‡Uvgvb cÖ‡K․kjxiv ev®ú
BwÄb, †gwkbMvb Avi †ijMvwoi g‡Zv wKQz Avwe®‥vi Ki‡Z
cvij bv †Kb?
we‡kî cÖ_g evwYwR¨K †ijc_ Pvjy nq weª‡U‡b, 1830 mv‡j|
1850 mv‡ji g‡a¨ cwðgv †`k¸‡jv cÖvq 40 nvRvi wK‡jvwgUvi
†ijjvB‡b †Q‡q †Mj, A_P Gwkqv, Avwd«Kv Avi j¨vwUb
Av‡gwiKvi †gvU †ijjvB‡bi •`N©¨ wQj e‡ov‡Rvi 4 nvRvi
wK‡jvwgUvi| 1880 bvMv` cwð‡gi †gvU †ijjvBb n‡jv mv‡o 3
jvL wK‡jvwgUvi, Avi evwK c„w_ex‡Z 35 nvRvi wK‡jvwgUvi| Gi
†ewkifvMB wQj fvi‡Z, Avi †mUvI weªwUk‡ìB •Zwi|5 Px‡b
cÖ_g †ijjvBb e‡m 1876 mv‡j| gvÎ 25 wK‡jvwgUvi j¤^v, Ges
BD‡ivcxq‡ì ØvivB •Zwi| Aek¨ c‡ii eQiB Pxb miKvi †mUv
bó K‡i †d‡j| 1880 mv‡j Px‡b †ijc_ ej‡Z wKQz wQjB bv|
Biv‡bi cÖ_g †ijc_ •Zwi nq †Znivb Avi †mLvb †_‡K
wK‡jvwgUvi `‡kK `~‡ii GKUv kn‡ii g‡a¨| †mUv 1888 mv‡ji
K_v| GUvI •Zwi K‡iwQj †ejwRqv‡gi GKUv cÖwZôvb| 1950
mv‡j weª‡U‡bi †P‡q AvKv‡i mvZ ¸Y e‡ov †`k Biv‡bi †gvU
†ijc‡_i •`N©¨ wQj gvÎ AvovB nvRvi wK‡jvwgUvi|
Pxb Avi Biv‡bi gvby‡li ev®ú BwÄb •Zwi Kivi g‡Zv
cÖhyw³MZ `ÿZv wQj bv, Zv wKš‧ bq| AšÍZ weªwUk‡ìUv †`‡L
•Zwi Kiv †hZ, A_ev Zv‡ì KvQ †_‡K wK‡bI †Zv Avbv †hZ|
419
wKš‧ Gfv‡e `ªæZ GwM‡q hvIqvi Rb¨ weªwUk mgv‡Ri †hme
g~j¨‡eva, wg_, wePvieë¯ v ev mvgvwRK I ivR‣bwZK KvVv‡gv
f‚wgKv †i‡L‡Q, Pxb ev Biv‡b ZLb †m¸‡jv wQj bv| G¸‡jv †Zv
Avi A‡bïUv †`‡L •Zwi Kiv hvq bv| d«vÝ Avi hy³ivóª Zvj
wgwj‡q G‡Mv‡Z †c‡i‡Q, KviY Zv‡ì mgvR KvVv‡gv weªwUk‡ì
m‡½ A‡bKUvB wg‡j hvq| Pxb Avi Bivb †mUv cv‡iwb, KviY
Zv‡ì mgv‡Ri weKvk n‡q‡Q AbïKgfv‡e|
GB KviY †`wL‡q 1500 †_‡K 1850 ch©šÍ mgqUv‡K
A‡bKUv †evSv hvq| GB mv‡o 300 eQ‡i ivR‣bwZK,
A_©‣bwZK, mvgwiK ev cÖhyw³MZ w`K w`‡q BD‡ivc Gwkqvi
†P‡q Lye †ewk GwM‡q bv _vK‡jI m¤¢vebvUv •Zwi n‡q‡Q
ZLbB| Gi djvdjUv nVvr K‡i †`Lv †M‡Q 1850 Gi c‡i|
1750 mv‡ji BD‡ivc, Pxb Avi gymwjg wek^‡K mgkw³m¤úbœ
g‡b n‡jI Avm‡j Zv bq| aiæb, `yRb wgw¯¿ `y‡Uv UvIqvi
evbv‡”Q| GKRb evbv‡”Q KvV Avi gvwU w`‡q, Ab¨Rb B¯úvZ
Avi KswµU w`‡q| ïiæ‡Z †`Lv hv‡e `yR‡biB KvR mgvbfv‡e
G‡Mv‡”Q| wKš‧ GKUv mg‡q G‡m cÖ_g wgw¯¿ KvR _vgv‡Z eva¨
n‡e, KviY e‡ov UvIqvi •Zwii ÿgZv gvwU Avi Kv‡Vi †bB|
A_P wØZxq wgw¯¿i KvR GwM‡q hv‡e ZiZi K‡i|
Kx‡mi †Rv‡i BD‡ivc G‡Kev‡i ïiæ‡ZB evwK c„w_exi `Lj
wb‡q wbj? †h m¤¢vebvUv cÖ_‡g Zv‡ì g‡a¨ •Zwi n‡qwQj, †mUv
Kx wQj? GB cÖ‡kœi `yiKg DËi cvIqv hvqÑ GKUv n‡jv
AvaywbK weÁvb, AbÜv cyuwRev`| BD‡ivcxq‡ì wPšÍv Avi
AvPi‡Y weÁvbgb¯‥Zvi Qvc c‡o‡Q GB AMÖMwZ ïiæ nIqvi
A‡bK Av‡M| ZvB hLb Zv‡ì nv‡Z bZzb bZzb cÖhyw³ Avmv ïiæ
n‡jv, †m¸‡jv‡K Kv‡R jvMv‡Z Zv‡ì mgq †j‡M‡Q A‡bK Kg|
BD‡ivcxq mvgªvR¨ †h GKzk kZ‡Ki c„w_exi weÁvb Avi
cyuwRev`‡K cÖwZwôZ K‡i‡Q, †mUv †gv‡UB KvKZvjxq e¨vcvi
bq| †mB `ywbqv‡Rvov BD‡ivcxq mvgªvR¨ AvR †bB, wKš‧ weÁvb
Avi cyuwRev‡ì we¯Ívi wKš‧ †_‡g †bB| cyuwRev‡ì e¨vcv‡i c‡ii
Aa¨v‡q we¯ÍvwiZ Av‡jvPbv n‡e, AvcvZZ BD‡ivcxq mvgªvRëv`
420
Avi AvaywbK weÁv‡bi g‡a¨Kvi wbweo m¤úK©Uv Av‡iKUz
fv‡jvfv‡e †`Lv hvK|
R‡qi Zvobv
AvaywbK weÁv‡bi weKvk n‡q‡Q BD‡ivcxq mvgªv‡Rï nvZ
a‡iB| nu¨v, Gi g‡a¨ wMÖm, Pxb, fviZ Avi gymwjg‡ì cÖPiz
Ae`vb Av‡Q e‡U, wKš‧ weÁvb Zvi eZ©gvb Ae¯ vq G‡m‡Q
†¯úb, cZzM© vj, weª‡Ub, d«vÝ, ivwkqv Avi †b`vij¨v‡Ûi mvgªvR¨-
we¯Ív‡ii gva¨‡gB| •eÁvwbK wecø‡ei ïiæi w`‡K •PwbK,
fviZxq, gymwjg, Av‡gwiKvb Avi cwj‡bkxq‡ì mevB A‡bK
KvR K‡i‡Q| A¨vWvg w¯§_ Avi Kvj© gvK©mÑ `yR‡bB gymwjg
A_©bxwZwe`‡ì †jLv c‡o‡Qb| Av‡gwiKvi Avwèvmx
wPwKrmK‡ì wPwKrmvc×wZ A‡bK Bs‡iwR eB‡q RvqMv K‡i
wb‡qwQj| cwj‡bkxq‡ì msM„nxZ A‡bK Z_¨ cwðgv b„Z‡Ë¡i
eB‡q cvIqv hvq| GZw`b a‡i hviv mviv c„w_exi msM„nxZ Ávb
wb‡q weÁv‡bi bZzb bZzb kvLv •Zwi Kij ZvivB wesk kZ‡Ki
gvSvgvwSi w`‡K cy‡iv c„w_ex kvmb Ki‡Z jvMj| e‡ov e‡ov
weÁvbxI †ewi‡q G‡jb Zv‡ì ga¨ †_‡KB| cÖv‡P¨ Avi gymwjg
we‡kÎ Ávbx gvby‡li Avwef©ve n‡q‡Q, wKš‧ 1500 †_‡K 1950
wLªóv‡ãi g‡a¨ Gme GjvKv †_‡K Ggb wKQz Avwe®‥vi nqwb, hv
c`v_©weÁv‡b wbDU‡bi wKsev RxeweÁv‡b WviDB‡bi Ae`v‡bi
av‡i Kv‡Q †h‡Z cv‡i|
GLvb †_‡K †KD †hb bv fv‡e †h BD‡ivcxqiv
Rb¥MZfv‡eB weÁvbgb¯‥ ev Zv‡ì wR‡bi †fZ‡iB GUv Av‡Q|
Avevi GgbI bq †h ZvivB wPiKvj weÁv‡bi nvj a‡i _vK‡e|
Bmjvg ag© †hgb ïiæ n‡qwQj Avie‡ì g‡a¨ wKš‧ c‡i ZzwK©
Avi cviwmK‡ì nv‡Z P‡j †M‡Q, wVK †Zgwb weÁv‡bi ïiæUv
BD‡iv‡c †Rv‡i‡kv‡i n‡jI AvR †mUv me RvwZi g‡a¨B Qwo‡q
†M‡Q|
421
AvaywbK weÁvb Avi BD‡ivcxq mvgªvRëv‡ì eÜbUv •Zwi
n‡jv Kxfv‡e? Ebwesk I wesk kZ‡K cÖhyw³ hZUv ¸iæZ¡c~Y©
wQj, AvaywbK hy‡Mi ïiæ‡Z ZZUv wQj bv| wKš‧ bZzb bZzb
MvQcvjv Lyu‡R †eov‡bv GKRb Dw™¢`weÁvbx Avi bZzb bZzb †`k
Lyu‡R †eov‡bv GKRb bvwe‡Ki wPšÍvaviv wQj GKB iKg|
ÔILv‡b Kx Av‡Q Avwg GL‡bv Rvwb bvÕÑ GB K_vUvq Zviv
`yR‡bB hvi hvi RvqMv †_‡K GKgZ| ZvB bZzb GKUv RvqMvq
hvIqvi ZvobvUv Kv‡iv g‡a¨ Kg wQj bv| bZzb wKQz Rvbvi GB
AvMÖnB Av‡¯Í Av‡¯Í cy‡iv c„w_exUv‡K Zv‡ì Aax‡b G‡b w`j|
BD‡iv‡ci mvgªvRëv` BwZnv‡mi Ab¨ me mvgªvRëv` †_‡K
Avjv`v| Gi Av‡M hviv mvgªvR¨we¯Ívi K‡i‡Q Zviv a‡iB wbZ
Zviv c„w_exUv‡K cy‡iv †R‡b †d‡j‡Q| Zviv †Kej wb‡R‡ì
gZv`k© Ab¨vb¨ GjvKvq Qwo‡q w`‡Z †P‡q‡Q| Avieiv wKš‧
ARvbv‡K Rvbvi Avkvq wgki, †¯úb ev fviZ Rq K‡iwb|
†ivgvb, †gv½j Avi A¨vR‡UKiv bZzb RvqMv Rq K‡i‡Q ïay
ÿgZv Avi m¤ú‡ì Rb¨| wKš‧ BD‡iv‡ci gvbyl `~i `~iv‡šÍ hvÎv
K‡i‡Q ïay bZzb RvqMv LyuR‡Z bq, ARvbv‡K Rvbvi RbÏ|
Ggb wPšÍvaviv ïay †Rgm Kz‡Ki GKviB bq, cÂ`k I
†lvok kZvãxi †¯úbxq Avi cZzw© MR bvweK‡ì g‡aÏ wQj|
cZzw© MR ivRcyÎ †nbwi (Prince Henry the Navigator) Avi
bvweK fv‡¯‥v `v Mvgv Avwd«Kvi Zxi a‡i hvÎvq A‡bK Øxc Avi
DcK‚j Rq K‡i‡Qb| wµ‡÷vdvi Kj¤^vm Av‡gwiKv ÔAvwe®‥viÕ
Kivi ciciB †mLv‡b †¯ú‡bi ivRvi AwaKvi cÖwZôv K‡ib|
dvw`©bv›` g¨v‡Mjvb bZzb GKUv c_ Avwe®‥vi K‡i wdwjwc‡Ý
†cu․‡Q †mLv‡b †¯úbxq Dcwb‡ek •Zwi K‡ib|
Gici hZ w`b †Mj, ZZB ÁvbvR©‡bi Awfhvb Avi R‡qi
Awfhvb Av‡iv †ewk ci¯ú‡ii m‡½ Rwo‡q †Mj| Aóv`k Avi
Ebwesk kZ‡K BD‡ivc †_‡K hZ¸‡jv mvgwiK Awfhvb ïiæ
n‡q‡Q Zvi cÖvq cÖwZUv‡ZB weÁvbx‡ì m‡½ †bIqv n‡Zv| hy×
Kivi Rb¨ bq, bZzb wKQz Avwe®‥v‡ii Rb¨| 1798 mv‡j
†b‡cvwjqb hLb wgki AvµgY K‡ib, ZLb Zuvi m‡½ 165 Rb
422
cwÐZI wQ‡jb| †mB cwÐZ‡ì nvZ a‡iB ïiæ n‡jv Ôwgkiwe`¨vÕ
(Egyptology) bvgK Áv‡bi GK bZzb aviv| ag©, fvlvweÁvb
Avi Dw™¢`we`¨vq A‡bK ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Ae`vb †i‡L †M‡Qb Zuviv|
1831 mv‡j `wÿY Av‡gwiKvi DcK‚j, dKj¨vÛ I
Mvjvcv‡Mvm Øxccy‡Äi gvbwPÎ •Zwi Ki‡Z weªwUk †b․evwnbxi
RvnvR GBPGgGm weMj iIbv nq| hy‡×i AvMvg cÖ¯‧wZi Rb¨
ILv‡b †Kv_vq Kx Av‡Q Rvbv ìKvi wQj| †m Rvnv‡Ri K¨v‡Þb
wQ‡jb †k․wLb weÁvbx| wZwb m‡½ K‡i GKRb f‚‡Mvjwe`‡K
wb‡q †h‡Z PvB‡jb, bZzb †hme f‚LÐ mvg‡b Avm‡Z cv‡i
†m¸‡jv LyuwU‡q †`Lvi Rb¨| K‡qKRb f‚‡Mvjwe` Zuvi Avgš¿Y
wdwi‡q †Ìqvi ci wZwb wM‡q ai‡jb K¨vgweªR †_‡K cvm Kiv
GK 22 eQ‡ii hyeK‡K| hye‡Ki bvg Pvj©m WviDBb| WviDBb
wMR©vi cv`wi nIqvi Rb¨ cov‡kvbv Ki‡jI evB‡e‡ji †P‡q
f‚Z‡Ë¡B Zuvi AvMÖn †ewk wQj| K¨v‡Þ‡bi Avgš¿‡Y ivwR n‡jb
WviDBb, Gi c‡iiUzKz †Zv BwZnvm| Rvnv‡Ri K¨v‡Þb hLb
mgy‡`ªi gvbwPÎ •Zwi KiwQ‡jb, ZLb WviDBb Zuvi wb‡Ri
†RvMvo Kiv Z_¨-DcvË wb‡q bZzb ZË¡ ùvo Kivw”Q‡jb,
cieZ©x‡Z hv weeZ©bZË¡ bv‡g cwiwPZ nq|
1969 mv‡ji 20 RyjvB wbj Avg©÷ªs Avi evR AjwW«b
Puv‡ì gvwU‡Z cv iv‡Lb| GB P›`ªvwfhv‡bi K‡qK gvm Av‡M
†_‡KB A¨v‡cv‡jv 11-Gi hvÎxiv cÖwkÿY wbw”Q‡jb hy³iv‡óªi
cwð‡gi GK giæf‚wg‡Z| †mLv‡b ZLb wKQz Avwèvmxi emevm
wQj| ILvbKvi GK evwm›`vi m‡½ b‡fvPvix‡ì wKQz K_vevZ©v
n‡qwQj e‡j †kvbv hvq|
GKw`b cÖwkÿ‡Yi mgq b‡fvPvix‡ì m‡½ GK Avwèvmx
e„‡×i †`Lv nq| e„× b‡fvPvix‡ì Kv‡Q Rvb‡Z PvB‡jb Zuviv
ILv‡b Kx Ki‡Qb| DË‡i Zuviv ej‡jb wKQzw`‡bi g‡a¨B Zuviv
Puv‡` hv‡eb| e„× wKQzÿY Pzc K‡i †_‡K Zuv‡ì‡K GKUv KvR
K‡i w`‡Z Aby‡iva Ki‡jb|
ÔKx KvR?Õ Rvb‡Z PvB‡jb b‡fvPvixiv|
423
ÔAvgv‡ì †Mv‡Îi †jv‡Kiv wek^vm K‡i †èZviv Puv‡`
_v‡Kb| ZvB fvewQ Avcbv‡ì w`‡q Zuv‡ì Kv‡Q GKUv evZ©v
cvVv‡bv hvq wK bv|Õ
Ôejyb, Kx Avcbvi evZ©v?Õ
e„× Zuvi wb‡Ri fvlvq wKQz GKUv e‡j †mUv b‡fvPvix‡ì
w`‡q K‡qKevi ewj‡q wbwðZ Ki‡jb †h Zuv‡ì †mUv gyL¯ 
n‡q‡Q|
ÔGi A_© Kx?Õ Rvb‡Z PvB‡jb GKRb|
Ô†mUv †Zv ejv hv‡e bv| GUv Avgv‡ì †Mvcb fvlv, ïay
Avgiv Rvwb Avi †èZviv Rv‡bb|Õ
b‡fvPvixiv K¨v‡¤ú wd‡i IB A‡bK Lyu‡R IB fvlv eyS‡Z
cv‡i Ggb GKRb‡K Lyu‡R †ei Ki‡jb| Zv‡K e„‡×i wkwL‡q
†Ìqv K_vUv Abyev` K‡i w`‡Z ej‡j †jvKUv nvm‡Z ïiæ K‡i|
nvwm _vg‡j †jvKUv Zuv‡ì K_vUv eywS‡q †`q| GZ Kó K‡i
Zuviv †h K_vUv gyL¯  K‡i G‡m‡Qb, Zvi A_© n‡jv, ÔGiv hv
ej‡Q Zvi GKUv K_vI wek^vm †Kv‡iv bv, Giv Avm‡j †Zvgv‡ì
†`k `Lj Ki‡Z G‡m‡Q|Õ
duvKv gvbwPÎ
c„w_exi wewfbœ mg‡q AuvKv gvbwPÎ †`L‡j GB ÔAvwe®‥vi Ges
RqÕ Kivi e¨vcviUv fv‡jvfv‡e †evSv hvq| GB AvaywbK hyM
Avmvi A‡bK Av‡M †_‡KB c„w_exi bvbv RvqMvi gvbyl gvbwPÎ
Gu‡K‡Q| Z‡e Zv‡ì †KDB cy‡iv c„w_exi †Kv_vq Kx Av‡Q
RvbZ bv| Av‡d«v-Gwkqv GjvKvi gvbyl Av‡gwiKvi K_v RvbZ
bv, Av‡gwiKvi gvbyl Av‡d«v-Gwkqv AÂ‡ji K_v RvbZ bv| ZvB
Zv‡ì gvbwP‡Îi ARvbv AskUzKz nq _vKZB bv, bq‡Zv †mLv‡b
KvíwbK †Kv‡bv wKQzi Qwe AuvKv _vKZ| gvbwP‡Î †Kv‡bv RvqMv
duvKv _vKZ bv| ZvB †mUv †`‡L g‡b n‡Zv c„w_exi †Kv_vq Kx
Av‡Q meUvB Zv‡ì Rvbv|
cÂ`k I †lvok kZvãx‡Z BD‡ivcxq gvby‡liv †hme
gvbwPÎ Gu‡KwQj †m¸‡jv‡Z A‡bK duvKv RvqMv †`Lv †hZ| Gi
424
g‡a¨ GKw`‡K †hgb Zv‡ì weÁvbgb¯‥Zvi cwiPq cvIqv hvq,
†Zgwb Zv‡ì mvgªvRëv`x wPšÍvavivI dz‡U I‡V| Gme gvbwP‡Îi
duvKv RvqMv¸‡jv cÖgvY K‡i, BD‡ivcxqiv c„w_exi meUzKz ZL‡bv
†`‡Lwb|
1892 mv‡j GKUv ¸iæZ¡c~Y© NUbv N‡U| wµ‡÷vdvi Kj¤^vm
ZLb †¯úb †_‡K c~e© Gwkqvq hvIqvi Rb¨ cwðg w`‡K hvÎv
Ki‡jb| wZwb ZL‡bv cy‡iv‡bv Am¤ú~Y© gvbwPÎ‡KB wVK
Rvb‡Zb| †mB gvbwPÎ Abyhvqx wZwb wnmve K‡i †ei Ki‡jb,
Rvcvb †¯úb †_‡K cÖvq 7 nvRvi wK‡jvwgUvi cwð‡g| wKš‧
Avm‡j `~iZ¡Uv 20 nvRvi wK‡jvwgUv‡iiI †ewk, Avi gvSLv‡b
i‡q‡Q GKUv weivU f‚LÐ †hUvi K_v ZL‡bv †KD RvbZ bv|
1492-Gi 12 A‡±vei `ycyi 2Uvi w`‡K Kj¤^v‡mi †b․eni †mB
f‚L‡Ð †cu․Qvq| en‡ii Ôwc›UvÕ bv‡gi Rvnv‡Ri gv¯‧j †_‡K
bvweK ûqvb iw`ª‡MR ev‡g©‡Rv GKUv Øxc †`‡L ÔWvOv! WvOv!Õ
e‡j †PuwP‡q I‡V| †mB ØxcUv‡K AvR Avgiv evnvgv bv‡g Rvwb|
Kj¤^v‡mi aviYv wQj IUv c~e© Gwkqvi †Kv‡bv Øxc| wZwb
IB Øx‡ci gvbyl‡ì ej‡jb ÔBwÛqvbÕ, KviY Zuvi aviYv n‡qwQj
RvqMvUv n‡”Q ÔBwÛRÕÑ hv‡K Avgiv GLb B÷ BwÛR ev
B‡›`v‡bwkqv ØxccyÄ ewj| Kj¤^vm Zuvi evwK Rxeb GB fz‡ji
g‡a¨B KvwU‡q‡Qb| wZwb †h G‡Kev‡i bZzb GKUv gnv‡`k Lyu‡R
†c‡q‡Qb †mUv Zuvi ev Zuvi mg‡qi †jv‡K‡ì gv_v‡ZB Av‡mwb|
nvRvi nvRvi eQi a‡i wPšÍvwe`, cwÐZ, GgbwK ag©MÖš ¸‡jvI
ïay BD‡ivc, Gwkqv Avi Avwd«Kvi K_vB e‡j G‡m‡Q| evB‡ej
wK Avi A‡a©KUv c„w_exi K_v †egvjyg ev` w`‡q w`‡Z cv‡i?
aiæb 1969 mv‡j Puv‡ì w`‡K cvVv‡bv A¨v‡cv‡jv 11 wM‡q bvgj
c„w_ex‡K wN‡i Ny‡i Pjv Ab¨ GKUv DcMÖ‡n †hUv †KD GZw`b
†`‡LBwb| Zviv wK eyS‡Z cviZ †h IUv Puv` bq? ga¨hy‡Mi
gvbyl Kj¤^v‡mi aviYv wQj c„w_exi meUvB Zuvi †Pbv, hwÌ wZwb
wb‡RB GKUv Av¯Í ARvbv gnv‡`k Avwe®‥vi K‡i e‡m Av‡Qb!
BZvwji bvweK Av‡gwi‡Mv †fmcywP (Amerigo Vespucci)
1499 †_‡K 1504 mv‡ji g‡a¨ †ek K‡qKevi Av‡gwiKv
425
Awfhv‡b hvb| 1502 Avi 1504 mv‡j Gme Awfhvb wb‡q
BD‡iv‡c cÖKvwkZ `ywU †jLvq †fmcywPi K_v ejv nq| †mLv‡b ejv
nq, Kj¤^vm †h bZzb †`kUv Avwe®‥vi K‡i‡Qb †mUv c~e© Gwkqv †Zv
bqB, eis †mUv bZzb GKUv gnv‡`k hvi K_v ZLbKvi †Kv‡bv
f‚‡Mvjwe` Rvb‡Zb bv, †Kv‡bv ag©MÖ‡š I †bB| GB †jLvq cÖfvweZ
n‡q 1507 mv‡j cÖwm× gvbwPÎ-AuvwK‡q gvwU©b Iqvìwmgyjvi
(Martin Waldseemüller) c„w_exi GKUv bZzb gvbwPÎ Auv‡Kb|
BD‡ivc †_‡K cwð‡g †M‡j gvbyl †hLv‡b †cu․Qvq, Iqvìwmgyjv‡ii
gvbwP‡Î cÖ_gev‡ii g‡Zv †mUv‡K GKUv Avjv`v gnv‡`k wn‡m‡e
†`Lv‡bv nq| GLb gvbwP‡Î †h‡nZz RvqMvUv †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q, ZLb
Zvi GKUv bvg †Zv †Ìqv jv‡M| Iqvìwmgyjvi Rvb‡Zb †h
RvqMvUv Av‡gwi‡Mv †fmcywPi Avwe®‥vi, ZvB wZwb RvqMvUvi bvg
w`‡q w`‡jb ÔAv‡gwiKvÕ| Zuvi †mB gvbwPÎ mviv c„w_ex‡Z A‡bK
RbwcÖqZv cvq, Ab¨vb¨ gvbwPÎ-AuvwK‡qiv †mUv †_‡KB Av‡iv
gvbwPÎ Auv‡K| ZvB bZzb gnv‡`‡ki Av‡gwiKv bvgUvB wU‡K †Mj|
c„w_exi f‚L‡Ði cÖvq Pvi fv‡Mi GK fvM, mvZ gnv‡`‡ki g‡a¨
`y‡Uvi bvgKiY n‡jv Ggb GKRb ¯^í-cwiwPZ BZvjxq bvwe‡Ki
bv‡g, hvi g‡a¨ ÔRvwb bvÕ ejvi g‡Zv mvnmUzKz wQj|
426
36| 1459 mv‡j BD‡ivcxq‡ì AuvKv c„w_exi gvbwPÎ (Ic‡i euv w`‡K
BD‡ivc)| gvbwP‡Î †Kv_vI duvKv RvqMv †bB, GgbwK †hme RvqMvi K_v Zviv
RvbZB bv, †mmeI (†hgb `wÿY Avwd«Kv)
Av‡gwiKv Avwe®‥vi •eÁvwbK wecø‡ei wfwË wn‡m‡e KvR

K‡i‡Q| Gi gva¨‡g GKw`‡K BD‡ivcxqiv eyS‡Z cvij cy‡iv‡bv
Áv‡bi †P‡q bZzb ch©‡eÿY †ewk Riæwi, Ab¨w`‡K GB bZzb
†`kUv‡K fv‡jv K‡i Rvbvi cÖej B”Qv RvMj Zv‡ì g‡a¨| bZzb
cvIqv GB RvqMvUv‡K hw` `L‡j ivL‡Z nq, Zvn‡j †mB
RvqMvUvi m¤ú‡K© hZ †ewk m¤¢e Z_¨ †RvMvo Kiv ìKvi|
†mLvbKvi f‚ZË¡, Rjevqy, MvQcvjv, RxeRš‧, †mLvbKvi gvby‡li
fvlv, ms¯‥…wZ, BwZnvmÑ me| wLªóxq ag©MÖš , f‚‡Mv‡ji cy‡iv‡bv
eB Avi gvby‡li gy‡L gy‡L †kvbv MíÑ me †mLv‡b APj|
Gi ci †_‡K BD‡iv‡c ïay f‚‡Mvjwe` bq, weÁv‡bi me
kvLvi gvbylB Zv‡ì AuvKv gvbwP‡Îi ARvbv AskUv duvKv ivL‡Z
ïiæ K‡i| Zv‡ì Ávb †h m¤ú~Y© bq, Zv‡ì Rvbvi evB‡iI †h
427
Av‡iv wKQz _vK‡Z cv‡iÑ †mUv Zviv ¯^xKvi K‡i wb‡Z ïiæ
Kij|
†mB mgq †_‡KB gvbwP‡Îi duvKv RvqMv¸‡jv BD‡iv‡ci
gvbyl‡K Pz¤^‡Ki g‡Zv Uvb‡Z _v‡K| GB duvKv gvbwPÎ c~iY
Kivi Rb¨ BD‡ivc †_‡K †b․eni †Mj Avwd«Kvq, cÖkvšÍ
gnvmvMi cvi n‡q fviZ gnvmvM‡i, Avi mviv c„w_ex‡Z
wb‡R‡ì Dcwb‡ek cÖwZôv Kij| ZvivB cÖ_g wek^ Ry‡o mvgªvR¨
•Zwi K‡i eëmvq-evwYR¨ Ki‡Z ïiæ K‡i| BD‡ivcxq gvby‡li
GBme mvgªvRëv`x Awfhv‡bi d‡jB mviv c„w_exi bvbv RvqMvi
wew”Qbœ gvbe‡Mvôx¸‡jv wg‡j GKUv gvbeRvwZ‡Z cwiYZ n‡jv,
Avi †mLvb †_‡KB e`‡j †Mj c„w_exi BwZnvm|
37| 1525 mv‡ji mvjwfqvwZi wek^ gvbwPÎ| 1859 mv‡ji gvbwP‡ÎI A‡bK
†`k Avi Øx‡ci Z_¨ wQj, wKš‧ GLv‡b †ewkifvM RvqMvB duvKv| Av‡gwiKvi
DcK‚j a‡i `wÿ‡Y GKUz G‡Mv‡jB Avi wKQz †bB| GB gvbwPÎ †`‡L mvgvb¨Zg
†K․Z‚njx gvbylUvI Rvb‡Z PvB‡e, ÔILv‡b Kx Av‡Q?Õ wKš‧ Zvi †Kv‡bv DËi
†bB| Rvbvi GKUvB DcvqÑ wb‡R wM‡q †`‡L Avmv
BD‡ivcxq‡ì GB bZzb RvqMv Avwe®‥vi Ki‡Z wM‡q †mUv

`Lj K‡i Avmvi c×wZUv Avgv‡ì GZ cwiwPZ †h †mUv‡K
Avgv‡ì A¯^vfvweK e‡j g‡bB nq bv| wKš‧ GiKg NUbv Gi
Av‡M KL‡bvB N‡Uwb| GZ `~‡i `~‡i wM‡q †`k `Lj KivUv
†gv‡UB ¯^vfvweK bq| Avm‡j BwZnv‡mi ïiæ †_‡KB gvbyl
wb‡Ri GjvKvi hy×weMÖn wb‡q GZ e¨¯Í wQj †h `~‡ii †`k Rq
428
Kivi K_v Zv‡ì gv_vqB Av‡mwb| †ewkifvM e‡ov mvgªvR¨B
†Kej Zv‡ì Avkcv‡ki GjvKv¸‡jv `Lj K‡i K‡i e‡ov
n‡q‡Q| GBRb¨ †ivgvbiv †ivg‡K iÿv Kivi Rb¨ BÎæwiqv
(Etruria) `Lj K‡i (wLªóc~e© 350-300), Zvici BÎæwiqv‡K
euvPv‡Z `Lj K‡i †cv DcZ¨Kv (wLªóc~e© 200), Zvici †mUv‡K
euvPv‡bvi Rb¨ †cÖv‡fÝ (wLªóc~e© 120), †cÖv‡fÝ‡K euvPv‡Z Mj
(wLªóc~e© 50) Avi Mj‡K iÿv Ki‡Z Zviv weª‡Ub `Lj K‡i (50
wLªóvã)| Gfv‡e †ivg †_‡K jÛb ch©šÍ mvgªvR¨we¯Ívi Ki‡Z
Zv‡ì mgq jv‡M 400 eQi| wKš‧ wLªóc~e© 350 mv‡j †Kv‡bv
†ivgvb fv‡ewb †h Rvnv‡R K‡i †mvRv weª‡Ub wM‡q RvqMvUv `Lj
K‡i †djv hvq|
A‡bK mgq A‡bK D”PvKv•ÿx mgªvU `~‡ii †`k Rq Ki‡Z
†h‡Zb, wKš‧ Zvi D‡Ïk¨ n‡Zv cy‡ivcywi evwYwR¨K wKsev ïayB
RvqMv `Lj Kiv| mgªvU gnvb Av‡jKRvÛvi wKš‧ bZzb mvgªvR¨
cÖwZôv K‡ibwb, †Rvic~e©K cvi‡mï kvmbÿgZv `Lj K‡i‡Qb
†Kej| BD‡ivcxq mvgªv‡Rï c~e©m~wi cÖvPxb A¨v‡_Ý I Kv‡_©R
(Athens and Carthage), wKsev ga¨hy‡Mi B‡›`v‡bwkqv GjvKvi
gvRvcvwn‡Zi (Majapahit) BwZnv‡m †`Lv hvq, GB wZbUv
mgy`ªwfwËK mvgªv‡Rï gvby‡liv KL‡bv A‡Pbv mgy‡`ªi w`‡K †hZ
bv| Zviv Avkcv‡ki GjvKvq †hUzKz Awfhvb Pvwj‡q‡Q †mUv
cieZ©x mg‡q BD‡ivc hv K‡i‡Q Zvi Zzjbvq wKQzB bq|
A‡bK BwZnvmwe` e‡jb, Px‡bi wgs mvgªvR¨ †_‡K
A¨vWwgivj †Ss †n (Zheng He) †hme Awfhvb Pvwj‡qwQ‡jb
†m¸‡jv BD‡ivcxq‡ì Awfhvb¸‡jv‡KI ¤øvb K‡i w`‡Z cv‡i|
1405 †_‡K 1433 mv‡ji g‡a¨ †Ss mvZUv wekvj †b․eni wb‡q
fviZ gnvmvM‡ii A‡bK `~i ch©šÍ hvb| Gi g‡a¨ me‡P‡q e‡ov
en‡i cÖvq 300 RvnvR wQj, Avi Zv‡Z gvbyl wQj 30 nvRv‡ii
g‡Zv|7 A‡bK RvqMv Ny‡iwQj †mme RvnvRÑ B‡›`v‡bwkqv,
kÖxj¼v, fviZ, cvim¨ DcmvMi, †jvwnZ mvMi Avi c~e© Avwd«Kv|
†mme RvnvR †bvOi †d‡jwQj †nRvR (Hejaz) e›`‡ii cÖavb
cÖ‡ekc_ †RÏvq (Jedda) Avi †Kwbqvi DcK‚‡ji gvwjw›`‡Z
(Malindi)| Gw`‡K Kj¤^v‡mi 1492 mv‡ji Awfhv‡b wQj wZbUv
429
†Qv‡Uv RvnvR Avi Zv‡Z 120 Rb gvbyl| †Ss-Gi en‡ii
Zzjbvq †mUv A‡bKUv GK`j WªvM‡bi mvg‡b wZbUv gkvi
g‡Zv|8
wKš‧ Gi †P‡qI e‡ov GKUv cv_©K¨ wQj| †Ss †Kej mgy‡`ª
mgy‡`ª Ny‡i‡Qb, †`k `Lj Kivi †Kv‡bv †PóvB K‡ibwb| Zv Qvov
Zuvi Awfhv‡bi †cQ‡b †Kv‡bv ivR‣bwZK ev mvs¯‥…wZK KviYI wQj
bv| Awfhvb PjvKv‡j 1430-G hLb Px‡bi kvmK e`jvq, ZLb
bZzb ivRv G‡mB †Ss-Gi Awfhvb evwZj K‡i †`b| Awfhvb
†f‡¯Í †M‡j gvby‡liv bvbv w`‡K P‡j hvq, Avi Zv‡ì †RvMvo Kiv
wecyj cwigvY Z_Ï nvwi‡q hvq| AZ e‡ov †b․eni Px‡bi †Kv‡bv
e›ì †_‡K Avi KL‡bv †ei nqwb| Gi c‡i hZ ivRv e‡m‡Qb
Px‡bi wmsnvm‡b, Zuv‡ì †KDB Avi Gme wb‡q gv_v Nvgvbwb|
†Ss †ni Awfhvb †`‡L †evSv hvq, ZvK jvMv‡bvi g‡Zv cÖhyw³
†Kej BD‡ivcxq‡ì GKviB wQj bv| wKš‧ Zv‡ì bZzb RvqMv
Avwe®‥vi Avi Rq Kivi †h A`g¨ ¯ú„nv wQj †mUvB Zv‡ì‡K
Ab¨‡ì †_‡K Avjv`v K‡i w`‡q‡Q| †ivgvb‡ì ÿgZv wQj, wKš‧
Zviv KL‡bv fviZ wKsev ¯‥¨vwÛ‡bwfqv `Lj Ki‡Z hvqwb|
cvi‡mï gvbylI hvqwb †¯úb ev gv`vMv¯‥vi `Lj Ki‡Z| Px‡bi
kvm‡Kiv me‡P‡q Kv‡Qi †`k Rvcv‡bi w`‡KI nvZ evovqwb| wKš‧
†mUv †Zv A¯^vfvweK wKQz bv| A¯^vfvweK GUvB †h BD‡iv‡ci
gvbyl‡K `~‡ii ARvbv me †`‡k hvIqvi †bkvq †c‡q e‡mwQj|
ZvB Zviv m¤ú~Y© ARvbv †Kv‡bv †`‡k, A‡Pbv gvbyl Avi ixwZbxwZi
gvSLv‡b ùvwo‡q DuPz Mjvq ejZ, ÔAvR †_‡K GUv Avgvi ivRvi
†`k!Õ
evB‡ii AvµgY
1517 mv‡ji w`‡K K¨vwiweqvb mvM‡i GKUv KvbvNylv ïiæ
n‡jvÑ †gw·‡Kvi gvSvgvwS RvqMvq bvwK GKUv kw³kvjx ivR¨
Av‡Q| K¨vwiweqvb mvM‡i wePiYiZ ¯ú¨vwbk `Lj`vi‡ì Kv‡bI
†Mj K_vUv|
430
38| †Ss †n Avi Kj¤^v‡mi RvnvR
Gi eQi Pv‡i‡Ki g‡a¨B †`Lv †Mj, A¨vR‡UK‡ì (Aztec)

ivRavbxUv GKUv aŸsm¯Í‡‚ c cwiYZ n‡q‡Q| A¨vR‡UK mvgªvR¨
n‡q †Mj AZx‡Zi K_v, †mB RvqMvq nvb©vb K‡U©‡Ri (Hernán
Cortés) cÖwZwôZ ¯ú¨vwbk ivRÜvB n‡q †Mj eZ©gvb|
ivRÜv Rq K‡i ¯ú¨vwbkiv wb‡Ri‡ì wcVUv GKUz Pvc‡o
w`‡ZI mgq bó K‡iwb| GLvb †_‡KB Zviv me w`‡K ÔAvwe®‥vi
I R‡qiÕ Awfhvb ïiæ K‡i| ga¨ Av‡gwiKvq GZw`b hviv wQj,
A_©vr A¨vR‡UK, †Uvj‡UK (Toltecs) ev gvqviv (Maya)Ñ Zviv
†KD Rvb‡ZvB bv †h Zv‡ì `wÿY w`‡K `wÿY Av‡gwiKv e‡j
wKQz GKUv Av‡Q, †mw`‡K hvIqvi †Zv cÖkœB I‡V bv| 2 nvRvi
eQi a‡i IB RvqMv‡Z Zv‡ì evm, A_P Zv‡ì †KD `wÿY
w`‡K cv evovqwb| Gw`‡K ¯ú¨vwbk‡ì †gw·‡Kv R‡qi gvÎ 10
eQ‡ii g‡a¨B d«vwÝm‡Kv wcRv‡iv (Francisco Pizarro) BbKv
mf¨Zv (Inca Empire) Avwe®‥vi K‡i †d‡jb| cÖm½Z D‡jøL¨ †h
BbKv mf¨Zv 1532 mv‡ji g‡a¨ wejyß nq|
GB A¨vR‡UK Avi BbKviv hw` wb‡R‡ì †`k †Q‡o GKUz
evB‡i †ei n‡Zv, hw` Rvb‡Z cviZ ¯ú¨vwbkiv Zv‡ì DË‡ii
431
GjvKvUv Kxfv‡e MÖvm K‡i wb‡”Q, Zvn‡j nq‡Zv AvR BwZnvm
AbïKg n‡Zv| nq‡Zv Zviv ¯ú¨vwbk‡ì AvµgYUv †VwK‡qI
w`‡Z cviZ| Kj¤^vm cÖ_g Av‡gwiKv hvb 1492 mv‡j| Avi
nvb©vb K‡U©R †gw·‡Kv hvb 1519-G| GB mg‡qi g‡a¨
¯ú¨vwbkiv K¨vwiexq mvM‡ii AwaKvsk Øxc `Lj K‡i †bq|
IBme Øx‡c _vKv Avwèvmx‡ì Rb¨ RxebUv biK n‡q D‡VwQj|
`Lj`vi †jvfx gvby‡liv Zv‡ì †Rvi K‡i Lwb Avi †LZLvgv‡i
KvR Ki‡Z eva¨ K‡i| †KD mvgvb¨Zg cÖwZev` Ki‡jB Zv‡K
Lyb K‡i †djv n‡Zv| GB cÖPÐ cwikÖg, AZ¨vPvi Avi evB‡ii
bvweK‡ì m‡½ Avmv bvbv iKg †iv‡Mi Kvi‡Y †mme RvqMvi
AwaKvsk Avwèvmx gvbylB gviv hvq| 20 eQ‡ii g‡a¨ ILvbKvi
Avwèvmx gvby‡liv G‡Kev‡i †kl n‡q hvq| Zv‡ì k~b¨¯ vb c~iY
Ki‡Z ¯ú¨vwbkiv Avwd«Kv †_‡K `vm Avb‡Z ïiæ K‡i|
GB MYnZ¨v wKš‧ PjwQj A¨vR‡UK mvgªv‡Rï G‡Kev‡i
†`vi‡Mvovq| A_P K‡U©R A¨vR‡UK iv‡Rï c~e© DcK‚‡j nvwRi
nIqvi AvM ch©šÍ Zviv †mUv †UiB cvqwb| AvRKvj gv‡Sg‡a¨
†hme wfbMÖ‡ni cÖvYxi AvMg‡bi Mí †kvbv hvq, A¨vR‡UK‡ì
Kv‡Q ¯ú¨vwbk‡ì AvMgbUv wQj A‡bKUv †miKg| A¨vR‡UKiv
wek^vm KiZ Zviv cy‡iv c„w_exUv †`‡L †d‡j‡Q, Avi Zv‡ì
ivRÜvB n‡jv m¤ú~Y© c„w_ex, Gi evB‡i Avi wKQz †bB| AvR
Avgiv †h RvqMvUv‡K †fiv µzR (Vera Cruz) ewj, K‡U©R
†mBLv‡b G‡m nvwRi n‡j A¨vR‡UKiv cÖ_g evB‡ii gvbyl
†`‡L|
Kx Ki‡Z n‡e GUvB A¨vR‡UKiv cÖ_‡g ey‡S DV‡Z cv‡iwb|
GB bZzb Avmv gvbyl¸‡jv Zv‡ì fxlY weåvwšÍ‡Z †d‡j †`q|
Giv mevB gvby‡li g‡ZvB †`L‡Z, A_P G‡ì Mv‡qi is mv`v|
mevi gy‡L cÖPiz †Muvd`vwo| Kv‡iv Kv‡iv Pz‡ji is Avevi
†mvbvwj| Avi cÖ‡Z¨‡Ki Mv‡q fqven `yM©Ü| ZLb ¯ú¨vwbk‡ì
†P‡q A¨vR‡UK‡ì Ae¯ v A‡bK ¯^v¯ ¨Ki wQj| cÖ_g cÖ_g
¯ú¨vwbkiv †hLv‡bB †hZ, Avwèvmxiv Zv‡ì m‡½ a~c R¡vwj‡q
wb‡q †hZ| †mUv †`‡L ¯ú¨vwbkiv fveZ Zv‡ì †èZv †f‡e
432
m¤§vb †`Lv‡bv n‡”Q| wKš‧ c‡i A¨vR‡UK‡ì wKQz †jLv †_‡K
Rvbv hvq, Zviv Avm‡j GUv KiZ `yM©‡Üi nvZ †_‡K euvPvi
Rb¨|
g¨vc 7| ¯ú¨vwbk RqhÎvi mg‡q A¨vR‡UK Avi BbKv mvgªvR¨
GB ewnivMZ‡ì eënvh© mvgMÖx wQj Av‡iv wewPÎ| Zviv

†hme Rvnv‡R P‡o G‡mwQj, A¨vR‡UKiv AZ e‡ov RvnvR
†`‡LBwb †Kv‡bv w`b| Zviv e‡ov e‡ov `ªæZMvgx Rš‧i wc‡V P‡o
Ny‡i †eovZ| Zv‡ì nv‡Zi avZe jvwV¸‡jv †_‡K eRª †ei
n‡Zv| Zv‡ì nv‡Z wQj j¤^v j¤^v Zievwi Avi Mv‡q wQj KwVb
me eg©| AvR‡UK‡ì Kv‡Vi Z‡jvqvi Avi cv_‡ii ek©v Zv‡Z
AuvPoI KvU‡Z cviZ bv|
A¨vR‡UK‡ì †KD †KD fveZ Giv †evanq †èZv| Avevi
†KD ejZ †èZv bq, Giv kqZvb, f‚Z wKsev Rv`yKi|
¯ú¨vwbk‡ì wbg©~j Kivi Rb¨ me©kw³ wb‡qvM bv K‡i Zviv eis
Avc‡m hvIqvi †Póv Kij| Zviv †f‡ewQj, K‡U©‡Ri `‡j Av‡Q
433
e‡ov‡Rvi mv‡o 500 †jvK| GB jvL jvL gvby‡li †`‡k Giv
Avi KxB-ev Ggb Ki‡e?
K‡U©RI A¨vR‡UK‡ì e¨vcv‡i wKQzB Rvb‡Zb bv, wKš‧ Zuvi
`j A‡bKUvB myweavRbK Ae¯ v‡b wQj| A¨vR‡UKiv GBme
evB‡i †_‡K Avmv A™¢Zz `k©b `yM©Ügq gvbyl‡ì †`‡L weåvšÍ n‡q
hvq| wKš‧ ¯ú¨vwbkiv wVKB RvbZ †h mviv c„w_ex‡Z Av‡iv bvbv
Rv‡Zi gvbyl Av‡Q| Avi bZzb RvqMvq wM‡q †mLvbKvi gvbyl‡K
†g‡i‡K‡U RvqMvUv `Lj K‡i †bIqvi AwfÁZvq †Zv Zv‡ì
av‡iKv‡QI †KD wQj bv| weÁvbx‡ì g‡Zv GBme nvbv`vi
evwnbxI bZzb †Kv‡bv RvqMvq †h‡Z GKUzI fq †cZ bv|
K‡U©R hLb 1519 mv‡ji RyjvB‡q †gw·‡Kv hvb, KZ©e¨w¯ i
Ki‡Z Zuvi mgq jv‡Mwb GKUzI| AvRKvjKvi •eÁvwbK
KíKvwnwb‡Z †hgb †`Lv hvq, wewPÎ †Kv‡bv b‡fvhvb †_‡K
wfbMÖnevmxiv †b‡g G‡m e‡j, ÔAvgiv †Kv‡bv ÿwZ Ki‡Z
Avwmwb| Avgv‡ì‡K †Zvgv‡ì †bZvi Kv‡Q wb‡q P‡jv|Õ
K‡U©‡Ri AvMgbI wQj wVK †Zgb| wZwb ILvbKvi †jvK‡ì
ej‡jb, wZwb †¯ú‡bi ivRvi `~Z, mgªvU wØZxq g‡›URygvi
(Montezuma II) m‡½ †`Lv Ki‡Z Pvb| (G‡Kev‡i wbj©¾ wg‡_¨
K_v| K‡U©‡Ri Awfhvb †Kv‡bv ivRvi wb‡`©‡k wQj bv| †¯ú‡bi
ZLbKvi ivRv A¨vR‡UK‡ì †Zv `~‡ii K_v, K‡U©R‡KI wPb‡Zb
bv|) Gici K‡U©R‡K c_cÖ`k©K, Lvevi Avi •mb¨cÖnivÑ meB
†Ìqv n‡jv| wZwb wbwð‡šÍ P‡j †M‡jb A¨vR‡UK‡ì ivRavbx
†U‡bvKwUUjv‡b (Tenochtitlan)|
A¨vR‡UKiv GB bevMZ‡ì h_v‡hvM¨ gh©v`vmnKv‡i
ivRavbx ch©šÍ wb‡q wM‡q mgªvU g‡›URygvi m‡½ †`Lv Kivi
eë¯ v K‡i w`j| †mB mvÿv‡Zi GK ch©v‡q K‡U©‡Ri Bkvivq
Zvi mn‡hvMxiv mgªv‡Ui †`niÿx‡ì nZ¨v K‡i| Zv‡ì
B¯úv‡Zi A‡¯¿i mvg‡b KvV Avi cv_‡ii A¯¿avix •mwb‡Kiv
wKQzB Ki‡Z cv‡iwb| d‡j Lye mn‡RB AwZw_ wRw¤§ K‡i †djj
M„nKZ©v‡K|
Aek¨ K‡U©‡Ri Ae¯ vI ZLb †ek bvRyK| mgªvU‡K wZwb
wRw¤§ K‡i‡Qb e‡U, wKš‧ Pviw`K †_‡K Zuv‡K wN‡i Av‡Q nvRvi
434
nvRvi kÎæ‣mb¨ Avi jvL jvL weÿzä RbZv| Avi GB ARvbv-
A‡Pbv †`‡k Zuvi m¤^j gvÎ K‡qK k gvbyl| me‡P‡q Kv‡Qi
¯ú¨vwbk Dcwb‡ekI wKDev‡Z, †ò nvRvi wK‡jvwgUv‡iiI †ewk
`~‡i|
K‡U©R g‡›URygv‡K Zuvi cÖvmv‡`B ew›` K‡i iv‡Lb, †`‡L
g‡b nq mgªvU mgªv‡Ui g‡ZvB Av‡Qb, Avi GB Ô¯ú¨vwbk `~ZÕ
Av‡Qb Zuvi AwZw_ n‡q| A¨vR‡UK mvgªv‡Rï me ÿgZvi g~‡j
wQ‡jb mgªvU, GB cwiw¯ wZ‡Z †mUv †ek boe‡o n‡q †Mj|
g‡›URygv mgªv‡Ui g‡ZvB KvR Ki‡Z jvM‡jb, Avi mgv‡Ri
AwfRvZ †jv‡KivI Zuvi AbyMZ n‡qB iBj| Gi A_© n‡jv,
Zv‡ì AvbyMZÜv Avm‡j K‡U©‡Ri cÖwZI wQj| GB Ae¯ v Pjj
K‡qK gvm| GB mg‡q K‡U©R g‡›URygv Avi Zuvi Kg©Pvix‡ì
†Riv K‡i A‡bK wKQz Rvb‡jb, K‡qKRb‡K A¨vR‡UK‡ì fvlv
wkwL‡q †`vfvlx evwb‡q †dj‡jb Avi A¨vR‡UK mvgªv‡Rï
†Kv_vq Kx Av‡Q †mUv Av‡iv fv‡jv K‡i Rvb‡Z Pviw`‡K †jvK
cvVv‡jb|
GKmgq A¨vR‡UK‡ì AwfRvZ mgvR we‡`ªvn K‡i,
g‡›URygv Avi K‡U©R `yR‡bi weiæ‡×B| Zviv GKRb bZzb mgªvU
wbe©vPb K‡i, Avi ¯ú¨vwbk‡ì †U‡bvKwUUjvb †_‡K nwU‡q †`q|
wKš‧ ZZw`‡b kvmbeë¯ vq dvUj a‡i †M‡Q| K‡U©R †mUviB
my‡hvM wb‡jb| wZwb A¨vR‡UK‡ì †fZ‡i we‡f` •Zwi Ki‡Z
_v‡Kb| wZwb iv‡Rï A‡bK cÖRv‡KB `‡j wfwo‡q †d‡jb|
GLv‡bB Zviv GKUv e‡ov fzj K‡i e‡m| cÖRv‡ì A‡b‡KB
kvmK‡ì AcQ›` KiZ, wKš‧ K¨vwiexq Øxç‡jv‡Z ¯ú¨vwbkiv
Gi Av‡M Kx K‡i G‡m‡Q †mB Lei †Zv Zviv ivLZ bv| ZvB
Zv‡ì A‡b‡KB fvej, ¯ú¨vwbk‡ì mvnvh¨ wb‡q Gevi Zviv
A¨vR‡UK kvmb †_‡K gyw³ cv‡e| duvKZv‡j ¯ú¨vwbkivI †h
†`kUv `Lj K‡i †dj‡Z cv‡iÑ GUv Zv‡ì gv_vqB Av‡mwb|
Zviv †f‡ewQj K‡U©‡Ri †Zv †jvKRb †ewk †bB, Zviv hw` c‡i
Dj‡UvcvjUv wKQz K‡iI e‡m, Zvn‡jI Zv‡ì mn‡RB kv‡q¯Ív
K‡i †djv hv‡e| GB we‡`ªvnx RbZv‡K m‡½ wb‡q K‡U©R †c‡q
435
†M‡jb GKUv weivU †mbvevwnbx| †mB evwnbx‡K m‡½ wb‡q K‡U©R
†U‡bvKwUUjvb kniUv `Lj K‡i wb‡jb|
Gi g‡a¨ cÖPiz ¯ú¨vwbk •mb¨ Avi `Lj`vi gvbyl
†gw·‡Kv‡Z G‡m c‡oÑ †KD wKDev †_‡K, Avevi †KD †mB
†¯úb †_‡KB| †jvKRb hLb e¨vcviUv ai‡Z cvij, ZZÿ‡Y
A‡bK †`wi n‡q †M‡Q| †mB K‡U©‡Ri †fiv µz‡R AvMg‡bi w`b
†_‡K 100 eQ‡ii g‡a¨B †mLvbKvi Avw` Rb‡Mvôxi cÖvq 90
kZvskB †kl n‡q †Mj| Gi cÖavb KviY wQj ¯ú¨vwbk‡ì m‡½
Avmv bZzb wKQz †ivMe¨vwa| Avi hviv wU‡K wQj, Zv‡ì Ae¯ v
wQj Av‡iv †kvPbxq| Gi †P‡q A¨vR‡UK kvm‡bi mg‡qB Zviv
Av‡iv fv‡jvfv‡e †eu‡P wQj|
K‡U©‡Ri †gw·‡Kv hvIqvi 10 eQi ci wcRv‡iv BbKv
mvgªv‡R¨ †cu․Qvb| Zuvi •mb¨msL¨v wQj K‡U©‡Ri †P‡qI KgÑ gvÎ
168 Rb| wKš‧ Zv‡Z Kx, wcRv‡ivi m‡½ wQj Av‡Mi me
Awfhv‡bi AwR©Z Ávb Avi AwfÁZv| Iw`‡K BbKviv
A¨vR‡UK‡ì cwiYwZi K_v wKQzB RvbZ bv| wcRv‡iv cy‡ivcywi
K‡U©‡Ri †`Lv‡bv c‡_B Pj‡jb| cÖ_‡g wb‡Ri cwiPq w`‡jb
†¯ú‡bi `~Z wn‡m‡e, mgªvU AvUvûqvjcv‡K (Atahualpa) Avgš¿Y
Rvbv‡jb, Zvici Zuv‡K AvU‡K ivL‡jb| Zvici wcRv‡iv †mB
f½yi mvgªv‡Rï wKQz gvbyl‡K `‡j †fov‡jb, Zvici cy‡iv
†`kUvB `Lj K‡i wb‡jb| A_P BbKviv hw` GKUzI
A¨vR‡UK‡ì Lei ivLZ, Zvn‡j wKQz‡ZB Zviv wb‡R‡ì fvM¨
wcRv‡ivi nv‡Z mu‡c w`Z bv|
ïay wb‡R‡ì wb‡q e¨¯Í _vKvi g‡bvfv‡ei Rb¨B Av‡gwiKvi
Avw` evwm›`v‡ì GB Pov g~j¨ w`‡Z n‡jv| Gwkqvi hZ e‡ov
e‡ov mvgªvR¨ wQjÑ A‡Uvgvb, mvdvwf`, †gvMj Avi PxbÑ mevB
`ªæZB Rvb‡Z cv‡i †h BD‡iv‡ci gvbyl A‡bK e‡ov e‡ov
Avwe®‥vi K‡i †dj‡Q| Zvi ciI Zviv †mm‡e †Zgb AvMÖn
†`Lvqwb| ZL‡bv Zviv fveZ, GwkqvB c„w_exi mewKQz|
Av‡gwiKv gnv‡`k ev cÖkvšÍ I AvUjvw›UK gnvmvM‡ii `Lj
wb‡Z Zviv BD‡iv‡ci m‡½ cvjøv w`‡Z hvqwb| BD‡iv‡ci cyuP‡K
436
†`k ¯‥Uj¨vÛ Avi †Wbgv‡K©i gvbylI Av‡gwiKvq `y-GKUv
Awfhvb Pvwj‡q‡Q, wKš‧ Gwkqvi e‡ov e‡ov wZbUv mvgªv‡Rï
GKUvI Iw`‡K hvqwbÑ Avwe®‥vi Ki‡ZI bv, `Lj Ki‡ZI bv|
BD‡iv‡ci evB‡i Av‡gwiKvq cÖ_g mvgwiK AwfhvbUv ïiæ K‡i
Rvcvb| 1942 mv‡ji Ry‡b Rvcv‡bi GKUv †b․eni Avjv¯‥vi
DcK‚‡ji `y‡Uv †Qv‡Uv †Qv‡Uv Øxc wK¯‥v Avi AvZz (Kiska and
Attu) `Lj K‡i| †m Awfhv‡b Zviv ew›` K‡i 10 Rb
Av‡gwiKvb †mbv Av‡iKUv KzKzi‡K| ILv‡bB †klÑ Av‡gwiKvi
g~j f‚L‡Ði w`‡K Rvcvb Avi G‡Mvqwb|
A‡Uvgvb Avi Pxb †h A‡bK `~ieZ©x ivR¨ wQj, wKsev
cÖhyw³MZ, A_©‣bwZK Avi mvgwiK w`‡K †_‡K Zviv wcwQ‡q
wQjÑ Ggb wKš‧ bq| 1420-Gi w`‡K †Ss †n †h cwigvY m¤ú`
wb‡q Pxb †_‡K Avwd«Kvq wM‡qwQ‡jb †mUv w`‡q Av‡gwiKvqI
†cu․Qv‡bv †hZ| wKš‧ †mB B”QvUzKzB Zv‡ì wQj bv| 1602
mv‡ji Av‡M Px‡bi gvbwPÎ¸‡jv‡Z Av‡gwiKvi bvgMÜI wQj bv|
Avi cÖ_g †h Pxbv gvbwP‡Î Av‡gwiKv †`Lv hvq, †mUvI Gu‡KwQj
ILvbKvi BD‡ivcxq wgkbvwiiv|
300 eQi a‡i BD‡iv‡ci gvbyl Av‡gwiKv I A‡÷ªwjqv
gnv‡`‡k Avi cÖkvšÍ I AvUjvw›UK gnvmvM‡i wbwe©‡Nœ ivRZ¡ K‡i
†M‡Q| †mLv‡b ejvi g‡Zv †hme †ilv‡iwl n‡Zv, †m¸‡jv n‡Zv
BD‡iv‡ci `y‡Uv †`‡ki g‡a¨B| GZw`b a‡i BD‡ivc †h cwigvY
m¤ú‡ì gvwjK nq, Zvi fimv‡ZB Zviv Gici Gwkqvi
mvgªvR¨¸‡jv‡K G‡K G‡K Rq K‡i wb‡Riv fvMvfvwM K‡i †bq|
A‡Uvgvb, cvim¨, fviZ Avi Pxb mvgªv‡Rï gvbyl †mw`‡K
fv‡jvfv‡e g‡bv‡hvM w`‡Z wM‡q eyS‡Z cv‡i, A‡bK †`wi n‡q
†M‡Q|
wesk kZvãxi w`‡K G‡m BD‡iv‡ci evB‡ii gvbyl cy‡iv
c„w_ex m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z ïiæ K‡i| c„w_exe¨vcx BD‡iv‡ci
AvwacZ¨ Le© nIqvi GUv Ab¨Zg cÖavb KviY| Gi d‡jB
Avj‡Rwiqvi ¯^vaxbZvhy‡× (1954-1962) Avj‡Rwiqvi
†Mwijviv msL¨vq, cÖhyw³‡Z Avi A_©‣bwZK fv‡e GwM‡q _vKvi
437
Kvi‡Y divwm •mb¨‡ì nvwi‡q †`q| Zv‡ì R‡qi KviY wQj
Ab¨vb¨ Dcwb‡ekwe‡ivax‡ì mg_©b Avi MYgva¨‡g wb‡R‡ì‡K
Zz‡j aiv| GgbwK d«v‡Ýi gvbylI Zv‡ì mg_©b †`q| DËi
wf‡qZbv‡gi g‡Zv †Qv‡Uv GKUv †`‡kI weivU †`k Av‡gwiKvi
civR‡qi KviYI wQj GUvBÑ wb‡R‡ì †`‡ki msMÖvgUv‡K cy‡iv
c„w_exi mvg‡b Zz‡j aiv| mgªvU g‡›URygvI hw` †¯ú‡bi gvbyl‡K
Zuv‡ì K_v Rvbv‡Z cvi‡Zb Avi d«vÝ, cZzM© vj wKsev A‡Uvgvb
mvgªv‡Rï mg_©b Av`vq Ki‡Z cvi‡Zb, BwZnvm nq‡Zv AvR
Ab¨fv‡e †jLv n‡Zv|
weij gvKomv, nviv‡bv wjwc

AvaywbK weÁvb Avi AvaywbK mvgªvR¨Ñ `y‡Uvi †cQ‡bB Av‡Q
GKB iKg wPšÍvaviv, Rvbvi mxgvbvi evB‡i †Kv_vq Kx Av‡Q
†mUv Rvbvi A`g¨ Zvobv| ZvB G `y‡Uvi m¤úK© GZ Mfxi| ïay
ZvobvUzKBz bq, `y‡Uvi Kv‡Ri c×wZI GKB iKg| AvaywbK
BD‡ivcxq‡ì Rb¨ mvgªvR¨ •Zwi KivUv A‡bKUv •eÁvwbK
cÖK‡íi g‡Zv, Avevi •eÁvwbK M‡elYvI G‡KKUv ivóªxq cÖKí|
gymwjgiv hLb fviZ `Lj K‡i, Zv‡ì m‡½ †Kv‡bv
cyivZË¡we` G‡m fvi‡Zi BwZnvm Rvb‡Z Pvqwb, †Kv‡bv b„ZË¡we`
G‡m †mLvbKvi ms¯‥…wZ wb‡q cov‡kvbv K‡iwb, bZzb RvqMvi
gvwUi ¸Yv¸Y †`L‡Z Av‡mwb †Kv‡bv f‚ZË¡we`, wKsev fvi‡Zi
RxeRš‧¸‡jv Kv‡Q †_‡K †`Lvi Rb¨ †Kv‡bv cÖvwYweÁvbxI
Av‡mwb| A_P weªwUkiv hLb fviZ `Lj K‡i, ZLb Zv‡ì m‡½
G‡ì cÖ‡Z¨‡KB G‡mwQj| 1802 mv‡ji 2 GwcÖ‡j mviv
fviZe¨vcx Rwic ïiæ nq| GB Rwic P‡jwQj 60 eQi a‡i|
nvRvi nvRvi †`wk kÖwgK Avi we‡klÁ‡ì m‡½ wb‡q Zviv mgMÖ
fvi‡Zi wbLyuZ gvbwPÎ •Zwi K‡i| GgbwK Gfv‡i÷mn
wngvj‡qi cÖ‡Z¨KUv ce©‡Zi D”PZvI Zviv wbY©q K‡i †d‡j|
weªwUkiv fvi‡Zi mvgwiK kw³ Avi †mvbvi Lwbi †Luv‡R †h
AvMÖn wb‡q mviv fviZ P‡l †ewo‡q‡Q, wVK mgvb AvMÖn wb‡q
438
Zviv Lyu‡R †ewo‡q‡Q weij cÖRvwZi gvKomvi Lei Rvb‡Z,
cÖRvcwZi ZvwjKv evbv‡Z, fvi‡Zi wejyß nIqv fvlv¸‡jvi g~j
LyuR‡Z Avi gvwU Lyu‡o cÖvPxb mf¨Zvi nviv‡bv wb`k©b †ei
Ki‡Z|
Mv‡½q DcZ¨Kvi gvbemf¨Zvi Ab¨Zg cÖavb kni wQj
g‡n‡Äv`v‡iv (Mohenjo-daro)| wLªóc~e© Z…Zxq kZ‡K •Zwi
nIqv GB kni 1900 wLªóc~e©v‡ãi w`‡K aŸsm n‡q hvq|
weªwUk‡ì Av‡M hviv fviZ kvmb K‡i‡QÑ †g․h©, ¸ß, w`wjøi
myjZvb, GgbwK civµgkvjx †gvMjÑ †KDB †mme aŸsm¯Í~‡ci
w`‡K wd‡iI ZvKvqwb| Iw`‡K 1922 mv‡ji GK Rwi‡c
weªwUkiv †mUv Lyu‡R cvq, Zvici weªwUk‡ìB GKUv `j gvwU Lyu‡o
†ei K‡i Av‡b fviZxq mf¨Zvi GB cÖvPxbZg wb`k©bwU| A_P
fviZxqivB G Kv‡R †Kv‡bviKg AvMÖn †`Lvqwb|
•eÁvwbK wel‡q weªwUk‡ì †K․Z‚n‡ji Av‡iKUv D`vniY
n‡jv Zv‡ì Kzwbdg© (Cuneiform) wjwci A‡_©v×vi| ga¨cÖv‡P¨
cÖvq 3 nvRvi eQi a‡i GB wjLbc×wZ P‡j‡Q, wKš‧ GB fvlv
co‡Z cvivi g‡Zv me©‡kl gvbylwUI gviv hvq wLªóxq cÖ_g
kZvãx‡Z| Gi ci †_‡K IB GjvKvi gvby‡liv bvbvb RvqMvq
GB †jLv †`‡L‡QÑ e‡ov e‡ov †m․‡a, cÖ¯Íidj‡K wKsev fvOv
†Kv‡bv gvwUi cv‡Îi Mv‡q| wKš‧ GBme wewPÎ wP‡ýi ga¨ w`‡q
Zv‡ì c~e©cyiæ‡liv †h Kx ej‡Z †P‡q‡Q, Zv Zv‡ì †KD co‡Z
cv‡iwb, ev ejv fv‡jv c‡o †`Lvi †PóvB K‡iwb| 1618 mv‡j
GBme †jLv weªwUk‡ì bR‡i Av‡m| cvi‡m¨ _vKv ¯ú¨vwbk `~Z
hLb cvwm©‡cvwj‡mi (Persepolis) cÖvPxb kn‡ii aŸsmve‡kl
†`L‡Z hvb, ZLb GB wPý¸‡jv Zuvi †Pv‡L c‡o| G¸‡jvi A_©
Kx, †mUv eywS‡q †Ìqvi g‡Zv KvD‡K †c‡jb bv wZwb| GB Lei
BD‡ivcxq cwÐZ‡ì Kv‡b †M‡j Zuviv †K․Z‚njx n‡q I‡Vb|
Zuviv 1657 mv‡j cvwm©‡cvwj‡mi Kzwbdg© wjwci GKUv †jLv
cÖKvk K‡ib| Gici Av‡iv A‡bK †jLvB cÖKvwkZ nq, wKš‧
200 eQi a‡i cwðgv cwÐ‡Ziv A‡bK †Póv K‡iI †m¸‡jvi A_©
†ei Ki‡Z e¨_© nb|
439
1830-Gi `k‡K cvi‡mï kvn‡K Zuvi •mb¨‡ì BD‡ivcxq
Kvq`vq cÖwkÿY w`‡Z †nbwi iwjbmb (Henry Rawlinson)
bvgK GK weªwUk †mbv Kg©KZ©v Av‡mb| Aemi mg‡q wZwb
Gw`K-Iw`K Ny‡i †eov‡Zb| GKw`b wZwb K‡qKRb MvBW‡K
m‡½ wb‡q RvM‡ivm (Zagros) ce©Z‡kÖwY †`L‡Z hvb| †mLv‡bB
wZwb †`‡Lb †ewn¯‧‡bi weivU wkjvwjwc (Behistun
Inscription)| 15 wgUvi j¤^v Avi 25 wgUvi PIov GB
cÖ¯ÍidjKwU 500 wLªóc~e©v‡ãi w`‡K ivRv cÖ_g `vwiD‡mi
(Darius I) wb‡`©‡k GK DuPz cvnv‡oi GKcv‡k †Lv`vB Kiv nq|
IUv‡Z Kzwbdg© wjwc‡Z wZb fvlvi †jLv wQjÑ cÖvPxb cviwmK
fvlv, GjvgvBU (Elamite) Avi e¨vwejbxq fvlv| ILvbKvi me
gvbylB IUvi K_v RvbZ, wKš‧ †KDB IUv co‡Z cviZ bv|
iwjbmb eyS‡jb, IB †jLvUvi cv‡Vv×vi Ki‡Z cvi‡j ga¨cÖvP¨
Ry‡o hZ †jLv Avwe®‥…Z n‡q‡Q, Zvi me¸‡jvB †evSv hv‡e|
GKUv nviv‡bv RM‡Zi ìRv Ly‡j w`‡Z cv‡i GB †jLvUv|
Kv‡Ri cÖ_g avc wQj IB †jLvUvi ûeû Abywjwc •Zwi K‡i
BD‡iv‡c cvVv‡bv| iwjbmb g„Zzï SzuwK wb‡q †mB Lvov cvnvo
†e‡q D‡V KvRUv K‡ib| G Kv‡R ¯ vbxq K‡qKRb †jvKI Zuv‡K
mvnvh¨ K‡i| GKUv Kzw`© †Q‡j me‡P‡q Ic‡ii me‡P‡q `yM©g
RvqMvi †jLvUv wj‡L wb‡q Av‡m| 1847 mv‡j GB KvR †kl
nq| cy‡iv †jLvUvi GKUv wbLyuZ Abywjwc cvVv‡bv nq BD‡iv‡c|
GUzKz K‡iB iwjbmb wKš‧ e‡m _v‡Kbwb| †mbv Kg©KZ©v
wn‡m‡e Zuvi mvgwiK I ivR‣bwZK KZ©e¨ †Zv wQjB, wKš‧ Zvi
g‡aÏ wZwb GB †jLvi Rb¨ wbqwgZ mgq w`‡Zb| wewfbœfv‡e
wZwb GB †jLvi A_© †ei Kivi †Póv K‡ib| †kl ch©šÍ wZwb
cÖvPxb cviwmK wjwci A_© †ei Ki‡Z mg_© nb| cÖvPxb cviwmK
wjwc AvaywbK wjwci Lye KvQvKvwQ, iwjbmbI †mUv Rvb‡Zb,
ZvB GB c×wZUvB wQj me‡P‡q mnR| †jLvi GKUv As‡ki A_©
†R‡b hvIqvi Kvi‡Y GjvgvBU Avi e¨vwewjbxq wjwci A_© †ei
Kivi Dcvq †c‡q †M‡jb wZwb| †mB nviv‡bv RM‡Zi ìRv
†kl‡gk Lyjj| †m ìRvi Icvk †_‡K my‡gixq evRv‡ii
440
nuvKWvK, ivRv-ivRov‡ì Av‡`k-wb‡`©k, ivRKg©Pvix‡ì
ZK©weZK©Ñ me G‡KK K‡i mvg‡b G‡m nvwRi n‡jv| iwjbmb
wKš‧ weÁvbx wQ‡jb bv, wQ‡jb ivRKg©Pvix| A_P ZuviB †K․Z‚nj
I †Póvi Kvi‡Y cÖvPxb ga¨cÖv‡Pï A‡bK ARvbv Z_¨ c„w_exi
gvby‡li Kv‡Q Db¥y³ n‡q †Mj|
GiKg Av‡iK ivRKg©Pvix cwÐZ wQ‡jb DBwjqvg †Rvbm
(William Jones)| 1783 mv‡ji †m‡Þ¤^‡i fvi‡Z Avmvi ci
†_‡K wZwb evsjvi mywcÖg †Kv‡U©i wePvicwZ wn‡m‡e Kgi©Z wQ‡jb|
fviZ Zuv‡K GZUvB gy» K‡iwQj †h Avmvi Qq gv‡mi g‡a¨ wZwb
GwkqvwUK †mvmvBwU (Asiatic Society) cÖwZôv K‡ib| GB ms¯ vwUi
KvR wQj Gwkqvi, we‡kl K‡i fvi‡Zi ms¯‥…wZ, BwZnvm Avi
mgvReë¯ v wb‡q cov‡kvbv Kiv| gvÎ `yB eQ‡ii g‡a¨ †Rvbm
ms¯‥…Z fvlvi Ici Zuvi ch©‡eÿY¸‡jv cÖKvk K‡ib| GUv‡KB
Zzjbvg~jK fvlvweÁv‡bi (Comparative Linguistics)-Gi m~Pbv
ejv hvq|
†Rvbm Zuvi †jLvq cÖvPxb fvi‡Zi cweÎ fvlv-ms¯‥…‡Zi m‡½
wMÖK I j¨vwUb fvlvi wKQz we¯§qKi wgj Zz‡j a‡ib| ms¯‥…‡Z
ÔgvÕ‡K ejv nq ÔgvZvÕ, j¨vwUb fvlvq †mUv Ôgv‡ZiÕ (Mater) Avi
cÖvPxb †KwëK fvlvq Ôgvw_iÕ (Mathir)| Gme wgj †L‡K †Rvbm
aviYv K‡ib †h c„w_ex‡Z cÖPwjZ me¸‡jv fvlviB D™¢e n‡q‡Q
Aaybvjyß GKUv fvlv †_‡K| cieZ©xKv‡j GB fvlv¸‡jv‡K
GKm‡½ B‡›`v-BD‡ivcxq fvlvmgwó bvg †Ìqv nq|
†Rvbm †h GiKg GKUv e‡ovm‡ov aviYv‡K mvg‡b wb‡q
G‡mwQ‡jb, GUvB wKš‧ Zuvi me‡P‡q e‡ov Ae`vb bq| eis `y‡Uv
fvlvi Zzjbv Ki‡Z wZwb †h c×wZ¸‡jv AbymiY Ki‡Zb, †m¸‡jv
cieZ©x mg‡q fvlv M‡elYvq mviv c„w_exi fvlvwe`‡ì A‡bK
mvnvh¨ K‡i‡Q|
mvgªvRëv‡ì cÖZ¨ÿ mvnv‡h¨ weKvk jvf K‡i‡Q fvlvweÁvb|
BD‡ivcxqiv wek^vm KiZ †h wVKg‡Zv mvgªvR¨ Pvjv‡Z n‡j
cÖRv‡ì fvlv I ms¯‥…wZ Lye fv‡jvfv‡e Rvb‡Z n‡e| fvi‡Z Avmv
weªwUk Kg©KZ©v‡ì KjKvZv K‡j‡R wZb eQi a‡i cov‡kvbv Ki‡Z
441
n‡Zv| †mLv‡b Zuviv Bs‡iR AvB‡bi cvkvcvwk wn›`y I gymwjg
AvBb wkL‡Zb, wMÖK Avi j¨vwUb fvlvi m‡½ m‡½ ms¯‥…Z, D`©y Avi
dviwm wkL‡Zb, MwYZ, A_©bxwZ Avi f‚‡Mv‡ji m‡½ wkL‡Zb
Zvwgj, evsjv Avi fviZxq ixwZbxwZ| fviZxq fvlv¸‡jvi e¨vKiY
†kLvi RbÏ GB fvlvwkÿv A‡bK Kv‡R jvMZ|
GB DBwjqvg †Rvbm Avi †nbwi iwjbm‡bi g‡Zv gvbyl‡ì
Kv‡Ri Rb¨B BD‡iv‡ci kvm‡Kiv Zv‡ì we¯Í…Z mvgªvR¨‡K Lye
fv‡jvfv‡e Rvb‡Z †c‡iwQj| A‡bK e¨vcv‡i Zviv Av‡Mi kvmK,
GgbwK ¯ vbxq gvby‡li †_‡KI †ewk RvbZ| Áv‡bi cÖZ¨ÿ mydj
Zviv †c‡qwQj| GB Ávb bv _vK‡j Aí wKQz weªwU‡ki c‡ÿ
†KvwU †KvwU gvby‡li fviZ‡K 200 eQi a‡i kvmb Kiv wKQz‡ZB
m¤¢e n‡Zv bv| Ebwesk kZ‡Ki cy‡ivUv Avi wesk kZ‡Ki ïiæi
w`K Ry‡o GB Dcgnv‡`‡k weªwUk Kg©KZ©vi msL¨v wQj 5
nvRv‡iiI Kg| •mb¨ wQj 40 †_‡K 70 nvRvi, Avi eëmvqx,
cwi`k©K Avi Zv‡ì ¯¿x I mšÍvb wg‡j wQj GK jv‡Li g‡Zv|
Avi GB gvbyl¸‡jvB kvmb K‡i‡Q fvi‡Zi cÖvq 30 †KvwU
gvbyl‡K|9
BD‡ivcxq mvgªvR¨ †h ïay kvm‡bi myweavi Rb¨B
fvlvweÁvb, Dw™¢`weÁvb, f‚‡Mvj Avi BwZnvm M‡elYvq UvKv
†X‡j‡Q, Zv wKš‧ bq| eis GBme •eÁvwbK M‡elYv Zv‡ì
mvgªvR¨-we¯Ív‡ii †cQ‡b Av`k©MZ mg_©b w`Z| AvaywbK
BD‡ivcxqiv wek^vm KiZ, bZzb Ávb AR©b KivUv me mgqB
fv‡jv KvR| GB mvgªvR¨ †_‡K †h cÖwZwbqZ bZzb bZzb Ávb
Avm‡Q, GUvB wQj Zv‡ì cÖMwZkxjZvi cwiPvqK| AvRI
weÁv‡bi wewfbœ kvLvi BwZnv‡m †`Lv hvq, weÁv‡bi AMÖMwZi
†cQ‡b BD‡ivcxq mvgªv‡Rï c‡ivÿ n‡jI Ae`vb Av‡Q|
Dw™¢`weÁv‡bi BwZnv‡m A‡÷ªwjqvi Avwèvmx‡ì KiæY
cwiYwZi K_v †bB, wKš‧ †Rgm KzK Avi †Rv‡md e¨vsK‡mi
cÖkw¯Í Av‡Q wVKB|
G QvovI, me mgq ev¯Í‡e bv n‡jI AšÍZ KvM‡R-Kj‡g
†`Lv‡bv hvq, mvgªvR¨-we¯Ív‡ii m‡½ Avmv bZzb Ávb bZzb
442
cÖRv‡ì g‡a¨ ÔcÖMwZÕ mÂvi K‡iwQj| GB cÖRviv †c‡q‡Q DbœZ
wkÿv I wPwKrmv, †`‡k †ijjvBb e‡m‡Q, Lvj Lbb Kiv n‡q‡Q,
mykvmb I mywePvi cÖwZwôZ n‡q‡Q| GB mvgªvRëv`x gvby‡liv
A‡bK mgq GUvI `vwe K‡i †h, Zv‡ì GB mvgªvR¨we¯Ívi ïay
`Lj Kiv Avi wb‡R‡ì jv‡fi Rb¨ bq, eis BD‡iv‡ci evB‡ii
gvbyl‡K AMÖMwZ G‡b †Ìqvi GK wbt¯^v_© Awfhvb| G wb‡q
ivWBqvW© wKcwjs‡qi (Rudzard Kipling) GKUv KweZv Av‡Q
Ômv`v gvby‡li †evSvÕ (The White ManÕs burden) bv‡gÑ
Take up the White ManÕs burden–
Send forth the best ye breed–
Go bind your sons to exile
To serve your captivesÕ need;
To wait in heavy harness,
On fluttered folk and wild–
Your new-caught, sullen peoples,
Half-devil and half-child.
ev¯ÍeZv wKš‧ Ab¨ K_v e‡j| fvi‡Zi me‡P‡q mg„× cÖ‡`k wQj
evsjv| 1764 mv‡j weªwUkiv evsjv `Lj K‡i| evsjvi GB bZzb
kvm‡Kiv jyUcvU Qvov Avi †Zgb †Kv‡bv w`‡KB g‡bv‡hvM
†`qwb| Zviv Ggb GKUv A_©‣bwZK bxwZ wba©viY K‡I, hvi
d‡j K‡qK eQ‡ii g‡a¨ GLv‡b `ywf©ÿ †j‡M hvq (The Great
Bengal Famine)|
1769-G ïiæ nIqv GB `ywf©ÿ 1770-G Pi‡g †cu․Qvq,
Pj‡Z _v‡K 1773 ch©šÍ| GB K‡qK eQ‡i evsjvi cÖvq 1 †KvwU
gvbyl gviv hvq, hv wQj evsjvi m¤ú~Y© RbmsL¨vi wZb fv‡Mi GK
fvM|10
GB BD‡ivcxq mvgªvRëv‡ì m‡½ †kvlY I AZ¨vPvi wKsev
gwngvwš^Z Ômv`v gvby‡li †evSvÕÑ †hUvB ejv †nvK, †Kv‡bvUvB
cy‡ivcywi †g‡j bv| Avm‡j BD‡iv‡ci gvbyl GZ †ewk RvqMv
`Lj K‡i‡Q †h Zv‡ì m¤ú‡K© †h hv-B ejyK Zv wKQzUv n‡jI
Lv‡U| †KD hw` ej‡Z Pvq GB mvgªvRëv` mviv c„w_ex‡Z †Kej
AZ¨vPvi, AwePvi Avi g„Zz¨B Qwo‡q w`‡q‡Q, Zvn‡j Zv‡ì mg¯Í
443
Aciv‡ai weeiY w`‡q †gvUv †gvUv eB‡qi cvZv fwi‡q †djv
hv‡e| Avevi †KD hw` e‡j GB mvgªvR¨-we¯Ív‡ii Kvi‡YB Zv‡ì
cÖRviv DbœZ wPwKrmv, A_©‣bwZK ¯^v”Q›`¨ Avi wbivc` Rxeb
†c‡q‡Q, Zvn‡j †mUv wb‡qI A‡bK A‡bK eB wj‡L †djv hvq|
weÁvb‡K Lye fv‡jvfv‡e Kv‡R jvMv‡Z †c‡i BD‡ivcxq mvgªvR¨
Acwi‡gq ÿgZvi AwaKvix nq| GB ÿgZv w`‡q Zviv c„w_ex‡K
GZUvB e`‡j w`‡q‡Q †h Zv‡ì‡K mivmwi fv‡jv wKsev Lvivc
†Kv‡bvUvB ejvi Dcvq †bB| AvR‡Ki c„w_ex‡K Avgiv †hfv‡e
Rvwb Avi †hme `„wófw½ w`‡q Zvi wePvi KwiÑ Zvi mewKQz GB
mvgªvR¨ A‡bK Av‡MB wVK K‡i †i‡L‡Q|
wKš‧ weÁvb‡K †h me mgq fv‡jv Kv‡RB eënvi Kiv
n‡q‡Q Zv wKš‧ bq| A‡bK RxeweÁvbx, b„ZË¡we`, GgbwK
fvlvweÌ •eÁvwbKfv‡e cÖgvY Ki‡Z †P‡q‡Qb, BD‡ivcxqivB
me‡P‡q DrK…ó Rv‡Zi gvbyl, ZvB Zviv hw` evwK c„w_ex kvmb
K‡i Zvn‡j †mUv fzj wKQz bq| DBwjqvg †Rvbm hLb ej‡jb
me B‡›`v-BD‡ivcxq fvlviB DrcwË n‡q‡Q †Kv‡bv GKUv cÖvPxb
fvlv †_‡K, ZLb G wel‡qi A‡bK weÁvbxB †mB fvlvfvlx
gvby‡li e¨vcv‡i Drmvnx nb| Zuviv †`L‡jb cÖvPxb ms¯‥…‡Z K_v
ejv gvby‡liv ga¨ Gwkqv †_‡K G‡m wZb nvRvi eQ‡iiI †ewk
Av‡M fviZ AvµgY K‡i| GB gvby‡liv wb‡R‡ì‡K ejZ ÔAvh©Õ
(Arya)| Avevi cÖvPxb dviwm fvlvfvlx †jv‡KivI wb‡R‡ì
ejZ ÔAvBwiqvÕ (Airiia)| Gme †`‡L BD‡ivcxq cwÐ‡Ziv aviYv
Ki‡jb, †h cÖv_wgK fvlv †_‡K GB `y‡Uv cÖvPxb fvlvi (Ges
m‡½ wMÖK, j¨vwUb, Mw_K Avi †KwëK fvlviI) DrcwË n‡q‡Q,
†mB fvlvq hviv K_v ejZ, ZvivB wbðqB Avh©| Ggb wK n‡Z
cv‡i, †h †mB Avh©‡ì nvZ a‡iB •Zwi n‡q‡Q fviZxq, cvim¨,
wMÖK Avi †ivgvb mf¨Zv?
Gici weªwUk, divwm I Rvg©vb we‡klÁiv GB fvlvZ‡Ë¡i
m‡½ WviDB‡bi cÖvK…wZK wbe©vPb ZË¡‡K wgwj‡q bZzb GKUv ZË¡
w`‡jb| Zuviv ej‡jb, Avh©iv ïay GKUv we‡kl fvlvq K_v ejv
Rb‡Mvôx bq, Avh© n‡jv m¤ú~Y© Avjv`v GKUv RvwZ| ZvI †h-†m
444
RvwZ bq, gvby‡li g‡a¨ †miv RvwZ| GB j¤^v, nvjKv i‡Oi Pzj
I bxj †Pv‡Li cwikÖgx I hyw³ev`x gvby‡liv c„w_exi DËi w`K
†_‡K G‡m mviv c„w_ex‡Z mf¨Zvi m~Pbv K‡i w`‡q‡Q| Z‡e
`yt‡Li welq n‡jv, fviZ Avi cvi‡m¨ †h Avh©iv wM‡qwQj, Zviv
†mLvbKvi gvby‡li m‡½ wg‡jwg‡k hvq Avi Zv‡ì m‡½B mšÍv‡bi
Rb¥ †`q| ZvB cieZ©x cÖR‡b¥i gvbyl‡ì ga¨ †_‡K Avh©‡ì
dimv Mv‡qi is, †mvbvwj Pzj, hyw³ev`x I cwikÖgx ¯^fveÑ meB
nvwi‡q hvq| ZvB fviZ I cvi‡mï mf¨ZvI †ewk G‡Mv‡Z
cv‡iwb| Ab¨w`‡K BD‡iv‡c Avh©iv Zv‡ì RvwZMZ weï×Zv a‡i
ivL‡Z †c‡iwQj e‡jB Zviv GKw`b cy‡iv c„w_ex KivqË Ki‡Z
†c‡i‡Q| ZvivB GB c„w_exi †hvM¨ kvmK, Avi Ab¨vb¨ wbPz
Rv‡Zi gvby‡li m‡½ bv wgk‡j Zviv GB †kÖôZ¡ a‡iI ivL‡Z
cvi‡e|
GB ai‡bi RvwZwe‡Ølx ZË¡ K‡qK `kK a‡i A‡bK cÖZv‡ci
m‡½ wU‡K wQj| weÁvbx Avi ivRbxwZwe`Ñ Df‡qB GB ZË¡‡K
mv`‡i MÖnY K‡i| Z‡e Gi weiæ‡× mvaviY gvby‡li msMÖvg Pj‡ZB
_v‡K| Z‡e Gi g‡a¨B GB †kÖô‡Z¡i wfwËUv ÔRvwZÕ †_‡K m‡i hvq
Ôms¯‥…wZÕi w`‡K| AvR‡Ki w`‡b †`Lv hvq, wewfbœ Rb‡Mvôxi g‡a¨
cv_©‡Kï Av‡jvPbvq kvixwiK cv_©‡Kï †P‡q mvs¯‥…wZK cv_©KÜvB
gyL¨ n‡q I‡V| GLb Avi †KD e‡j bv, ÔGUv I‡ì i‡³ wg‡k
Av‡QÕ, eis e‡j ÔI‡ì ms¯‥…wZB GiKgÕ|
Gme Kvi‡YB BD‡iv‡ci †h Wvbcwš  `j¸‡jv gymwjg‡ì
AbycÖ‡e‡ki we‡ivwaZv K‡i, ZvivI Zv‡ì K_vq RvwZwe‡Ø‡li
myi †hb bv _v‡K †mB †Póv K‡i| divwm ivRbxwZwe` †gwib jv
†cb‡K (Marine le Pen) hw` KL‡bv †Uwjwfkb e³…Zvq ej‡Z
†kvbv hvq, ÔAvgiv PvB bv Avie-we‡kî Gme wbPz Rv‡Zi gvbyl
GLv‡b G‡m Avgv‡ì Avh© i³‡K KjywlZ KiæK|Õ Zvn‡j Zuvi
e³…Zv‡jLK‡ì Zvwo‡q w`‡Z GKUzI mgq jvM‡e bv| ZvB
BD‡iv‡ci ivR‣bwZK `j¸‡jv e‡j, BD‡iv‡c weKwkZ nIqv
cwðgv ms¯‥…wZi g~j wfwË n‡jv MYZvwš¿K †PZbv,
cigZmwnòzZv I wj½‣elg¨nxbZv| Iw`‡K ga¨cÖv‡Pï
445
ms¯‥…wZ‡Z Av‡Q GK`jxq kvmb, ag©xq DMÖZv Avi bvix‡ì
Aegvbbv| ZvB Zv‡ì ms¯‥…wZ BD‡iv‡ci ms¯‥…wZi m‡½
mvsNwl©K| Zv Qvov gymwjg cÖevmxiv BD‡ivcxq ms¯‥…wZ‡K MÖnY
Ki‡ZI Awb”QzK wKsev A‡bK †ÿ‡Î AcviM| ZvB BD‡iv‡ci
MYZš¿ I e¨w³¯^vaxbZv iÿv‡_© Ges AšÍN©v‡Zi Avk¼v Kgv‡Z
gymwjg‡ì BD‡iv‡c cÖ‡ek Ki‡Z †Ìqv DwPZ bq|
GB hyw³i mg_©‡b gvbweK I mvgvwRK weÁv‡bi A‡bK
•eÁvwbK mgxÿvq wewfbœ mf¨Zvi we‡iva I mvs¯‥…wZK cv_©K¨
Zz‡j aiv nq| me BwZnvmwe` I b„ZvwË¡K Aek¨ GB hyw³¸‡jv
gv‡bb bv| wKš‧ RxeweÁvbxiv hZ mn‡R wewfbœ gvbe‡Mvôxi
g‡a¨ kvixwiK cv_©K¨‡K bMY¨ e‡j RvwZwe‡Øl‡K Dwo‡q w`‡Z
cv‡ib, mvs¯‥…wZK cv_©‡Kï †ejvq mgvRweÁvbxiv wKš‧ GZ mn‡R
†mUv cv‡ib bv| ms¯‥…wZ¸‡jvi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ hw` mvgvb¨B n‡Zv,
Zvn‡j hyM hyM a‡i BwZnvmwe` Avi b„ZvwË¡‡Kiv †mUv wb‡q GZ
cov‡kvbvB-ev Ki‡Q †Kb?
BD‡iv‡ci mvgªvR¨-we¯Ív‡i weÁvbxiv ev¯Íe Ávb, Av`k©MZ
b¨vh¨Zv Avi cÖhyw³MZ DcKiY mieivn K‡i‡Qb| Zuv‡ì
mvnvh¨ Qvov BD‡ivc c„w_ex `Lj Ki‡Z cviZ wK bv †mUv wb‡q
m‡›`n †_‡K hvq| Avi GB w`M&weRqx mvgªvRÏ Zuv‡ì‡K
w`‡q‡Q Z_¨, wbivcËv, bZzb bZzb Áv‡bi fvÛvi Avi c„w_exi
cÖv‡šÍ cÖv‡šÍ Qwo‡q w`‡q‡Q •eÁvwbK wPšÍvaviv| mvgªv‡Rï mvnvh¨
Qvov AvR‡Ki weÁvbI GB Ae¯ vq †Kv‡bvfv‡eB Avm‡Z cviZ
bv| weÁv‡bi Lye Kg kvLvB Av‡Q, hv GB mvgªvRëv‡ì Qvqvq
†e‡o I‡Vwb|
Z‡e GUzKzB me bq| weÁvb Zvi weKv‡ki Rb¨ mvgªvR¨
QvovI Av‡iv A‡bK RvqMv †_‡KB mvnvh¨ †c‡q‡Q| Avi
BD‡ivcxq mvgªv‡Rï DÌvb Avi cÖmv‡ii †cQ‡b weÁvb QvovI
Av‡iv A‡bK welqB wQj| weÁvb I mvgªvRëv‡ì GB nVvr
†e‡o IVvi †cQ‡b Av‡iv GKUv kw³ KvR K‡i‡Q| †mUv n‡jv
cyuwRev`| eëmvqxiv hw` UvKvi †cQ‡b bv QzUZ, Zvn‡j
Kj¤^vmI Av‡gwiKvq †cu․Qv‡Zb bv, †Rgm KzKI A‡÷ªwjqvq
446
†h‡Zb bv, Avi wbj Avg©÷ªs‡qiI KL‡bv Puv‡ì gvwU‡Z cv ivLv
n‡Zv bv|
447
Aa¨vq 16
cyuwRev‡ì `k©b
mvgªvR¨ •Zwi Avi weÁv‡bi weKv‡ki †cQ‡b UvKvi e‡ov iK‡gi
f‚wgKv wQj wVKB| wKš‧ UvKvB wK GB `y‡Uv Kv‡Ri cÖavb D‡Ïk¨
wQj?
BwZnv‡m A_©bxwZi Avmj f‚wgKvUv PU K‡i ey‡S IVv hvq
bv| UvKv hy‡M hy‡M mvgªvR¨ •Zwi Avi aŸsm K‡i‡Q, bZzb bZzb
m¤¢vebv •Zwi K‡i‡Q, wkíKviLvbvi PvKv Nywi‡q‡Q, Avevi jvL
jvL gvbyl‡K evwb‡q‡Q `vm, kZ kZ cÖvYx Avi Dw™¢`‡K wejyß
K‡i w`‡q‡Q GB UvKvB| †mme wb‡q c„ôvi ci c„ôv eB wj‡L
†djv hvq| A_P gvÎ GKUv k‡ã Gi cy‡ivUv eywS‡q †Ìqv
hvqÑ Ôe„w×Õ| eZ©gvb mg‡q c„w_exi Ae¯ v fv‡jvg›` hv-B †nvK
bv †Kb, A_©bxwZi e„w× wKš‧ GK gyn~‡Zi© RbÏ †_‡g _v‡K bv|
†m mvg‡b hv cvq †mUvB MÖvm K‡i, Avi m‡½ m‡½B Av‡iv e‡ov
n‡q hvq †Pv‡Li cj‡K|
BwZnv‡mi ïiæi †ewkifvM mgq Ry‡oB A_©bxwZ †gvUvgywU
¯ wei wQj| nu¨v, c„w_exi †gvU Drcv`b †e‡o‡Q e‡U, wKš‧ †mUv
n‡q‡Q gvby‡li bZzb bZzb RvqMvq hvIqv Avi bZzb bZzb †`k
Avwe®‥v‡ii Rb¨| gv_vwcQz Drcv`‡bi cwigvY ev‡owb| wKš‧ GB
AvaywbK hy‡M G‡mB cwiw¯ wZ cvj‡U †Mj| 1500 mv‡j c„w_exi
me cY¨ I †mev wgwj‡q †gvU Drcv`b wQj cÖvq 25 nvRvi †KvwU
Wjv‡ii g‡Zv| Avi AvR‡K †mUv cÖvq 60 jvL †KvwU Wjvi!
Zvi †P‡q e‡ov K_v, 1500 mv‡j gv_vwcQz Drcv`‡bi g~j¨ wQj
eQ‡i M‡o 550 Wjvi, Avi AvR‡Ki w`‡b me bvix-cyiæl-wkï
448
wg‡j Mo evwl©K gv_vwcQz Drcv`b 8800 Wjvi n‡q †M‡Q!1 GB
wecyj e„w×i KviYUv Kx?
A_©bxwZ e‡ovB ev‡R iK‡gi RwUj welq| Zvi g‡aÏ
Avmyb GKUv mnR D`vniY †`wL|
aiæb, K¨vwj‡dvwb©qvi Gj †Wviv‡Wvi Zz‡Lvo cyuwRcwZ
m¨vgy‡qj wMÖwW GKw`b GKUv e¨vsK cÖwZôv Ki‡jb|
GKB kn‡ii DVwZ wVKv`vi G G †÷vb Zvi cÖ_g e‡ov
KvRUv †kl K‡i nv‡Z †c‡jb bM` jvL `‡kK Wjvi| †mUv
wb‡q wZwb †mvRv P‡j †M‡jb wMÖwWi e¨vs‡K Rgv K‡i w`‡Z|
GLb e¨vs‡Ki cyuwRi cwigvY n‡q †Mj 10 jvL Wjvi|
Gw`‡K kn‡ii GKRb Svby iuvaywb †Rb g¨vK‡WvbvU †Lqvj
Ki‡jb †h, kn‡i fv‡jv †Kv‡bv †eKvwi †bB, Kv‡RB GB my‡hvM
GKUv bZzb eëmvq ïiæ Kivi| wKš‧ †mUv Kivi g‡Zv UvKv Zuvi
Kv‡Q †bB| Kv‡RB wZwbI †M‡jb e¨vs‡K, wM‡q wMÖwW‡K
†evSv‡jb †h GB †eKvwiUv n‡e UvKv LvUv‡bvi †gvÿg RvqMv|
eywS‡qmywS‡q wZwb 10 jvL Wjvi avi †bIqvi eë¯ vI K‡i
†dj‡jb| e¨vs‡Ki wnmv‡ei LvZvq Zvi bv‡gi cv‡k †hvM n‡jv
10 jvL Wjvi|
GLb †eKvwi •Zwi K‡i †Ìqvi Rb¨ g¨vK‡WvbvU wM‡q
ai‡jb wVKv`vi †÷vb‡K| GB KvR eve` †÷vb PvB‡jb 10 jvL
Wjvi|
g¨vK‡WvbvU †÷vb‡K wb‡Ri A¨vKvD›U †_‡K 10 jvL
Wjv‡ii GKUv †PK awi‡q w`‡jb| †÷vb †mUv Rgv Ki‡jb
wb‡Ri A¨vKvD‡›U|
Zvn‡j e¨vs‡K †÷v‡bi A¨vKvD‡›U GLb KZ Av‡Q? wVK
a‡i‡Qb, 20 jvL Wjvi|
wKš‧ e¨vs‡Ki wm›`y‡K bM` Wjvi Av‡Q KZ? 10 jvL!
GLv‡bB †kl bq| `ygvm ci †÷vb g¨vK‡WvbvU‡K Rvbv‡jb,
Gw`K-†mw`K w`‡q LiP †e‡o wM‡q GLb Avi 10 jvL Wjv‡i
†eKvwiUv •Zwi Kiv hv‡”Q bv, cy‡ivUv †kl Ki‡Z †gvU LiP 20
449
jvL Wjv‡i ùvov‡e| g¨vK‡WvbvU G‡Z Lywk bv n‡jI, KvR †Zv
Avi gvSc‡_ _vwg‡q †Ìqv hvq bv, ZvB wZwb Avevi †M‡jb
e¨vs‡K, wM‡q wMÖwW‡K eywS‡q Av‡iv 10 jvL Wjvi avi K‡i
Avb‡jb wb‡Ri A¨vKvD‡›U| Zvici †mUv cvwV‡q w`‡jb †÷v‡bi
A¨vKvD‡›U|
Zvn‡j GLb †÷v‡bi A¨vKvD‡›U KZ Rgj? 30 jvL|
wKš‧ e¨vs‡K Av‡Q KZ? e¨vsK wKš‧ †mB ïiæ †_‡KB gvÎ 10
jvL Wjvi wb‡q e‡m Av‡Q|
Av‡gwiKvi eZ©gvb AvBb Abyhvqx e¨vsKUv GB KvR Av‡iv
mvZevi Ki‡Z cv‡i, A_©vr †÷v‡bi A¨vKvD‡›Ui A¼Uv 1
†KvwU‡Z wM‡qI †VK‡Z cv‡i, hwÌ e¨vs‡Ki wm›`y‡K †mB 10
jvLB m¤^j| GKUv e¨vsK Zvi Kv‡Q _vKv cÖwZ Wjv‡ii wecix‡Z
10 Wjvi ch©šÍ FY w`‡Z cv‡i| Zvi gv‡b n‡jv GLbKvi w`‡b
e¨vs‡Ki A¨vKvD‡›U hZ UvKv †`Lv hvq Zvi 90 kZvskB Avm‡j
KvM‡Ri †bvU wKsev avZe gy`ªvi AvKv‡i †bB|2 AvR †h-†Kv‡bv
GKUv e‡ov e¨vs‡Ki me MÖvnK hw` GKB m‡½ hvi hvi
A¨vKvD‡›Ui me UvKv Zz‡j wb‡Z Pvq, †mB e¨vsK wKQzÿ‡Yi
g‡a¨B c‡_ em‡e (hw` bv miKvwi mvnvh¨ †g‡j)|
cy‡iv e¨vcviUv‡K wK GKUv weivU †auvKvevwR g‡b n‡”Q?
ZvB hw` nq, Zvn‡j eZ©gvb c„w_exi m¤ú~Y© A_©bxwZB GKUv
wekvj †auvKv Qvov wKQz bq| wKš‧ Avm‡j GUv †auvKvevwR bq,
eis gvby‡li Kíbvkw³i GKUv Pig wb`k©b| Avgiv AbvMZ
fwel¨‡Zi Ici fimv ivwL, Avi †mB fimvi wfwË‡ZB
e¨vsK¸‡jv wU‡K _v‡K, A_©bxwZ GwM‡q hvq| c„w_exi cÖvq meUzKz
UvKvcqmvi †Mvovq Av‡Q GB wek^vm|
Ic‡ii M‡í †÷v‡bi A¨vKvD‡›Ui UvKv Avi e¨vs‡Ki
m¤ú‡ì cv_©KÜvB n‡jv g¨vK‡Wvbv‡Ui UvKv| GB UvKvUv wMÖwW
cyuwR wn‡m‡e LvwU‡q‡Qb Av‡iv UvKv •Zwii Avkvq| †eKvwi †_‡K
GKUv iæwUI •Zwi nqwb GL‡bv, A_P wMÖwW Avi g¨vK‡WvbvU
`yR‡bB Avkv Ki‡Qb †h eQiLv‡b‡Ki g‡a¨B GB †eKvwi †_‡K
450
A‡bK iæwU, †KK Avi we¯‥zU •Zwi n‡e, †m¸‡jv wewµ K‡i
Avm‡e jv‡fi UvKv| †mB UvKv w`‡q g¨vK‡WvbvU Zvi FY my`mn
†kva K‡i w`‡Z cvi‡eb| ZLb hw` †÷vb Zvi A¨vKvD›U †_‡K
me UvKv Zz‡j wb‡Z Pvb, wMÖwWI †mUv w`‡Z cvi‡eb| Zvi gv‡b
mewKQzB n‡”Q GKUv KvíwbK fwel¨‡Zi Ici wek^vm †i‡L|
e¨vsK gvwjK Avi †eKvwi gvwjK wek^vm K‡i, GKw`b †eKvwiUv
wVKg‡Zv Pj‡e; Avi wVKv`vi wek^vm K‡I, GKw`b e¨vs‡K UvKv
Avm‡e|
Avgiv Av‡MB †`‡LwQ, UvKvi †h-†Kv‡bv wKQz‡Z cwiYZ
nIqvi GKUv we¯§qKi ÿgZv Av‡Q, Avevi †h-†Kv‡bv wKQz‡K
Ab¨ †h-†Kv‡bv wKQz‡Z cwiYZ Kivi ÿgZvI Av‡Q| Z‡e Av‡M
GB ÿgZvI mxwgZ wQj| ZLb UvKv Avi UvKvi wewbg‡q cvIqv
mewKQz ÔeZ©gv‡bBÕ AvU‡K wQj| ZvB bZzb bZzb eëmvq ïiæ
KivUv Lye mnR n‡Zv bv, Avi A_©bxwZi e„w×i MwZI wQj A‡bK
axi|
†eKvwii K_vUvB fveyb| g¨vK‡WvbvU wK wb‡Ri UvKvq, ev
wb‡Ri †Kv‡bv m¤ú` w`‡q †eKvwiUv •Zwi Ki‡Z cvi‡Zb?
cvi‡Zb bv| eZ©gv‡b Zvi †eKvwi •Zwii ¯^cœ Av‡Q, wKš‧ †mUv
ev¯Íevqb Kivi g‡Zv UvKv †bB| iæwU Avi †KK wewµ Ki‡Z bv
cvi‡j Zvi nv‡Z UvKv Avm‡eI bv| UvKv bv _vK‡j †Kv‡bv
wVKv`vi Zv‡K †eKvwi •Zwi K‡iI †`‡e bv|
K‡qK nvRvi eQi a‡i gvbyl GB P‡µ AvUKv c‡o wQj|
ZvB A_©bxwZI G‡Mvw”Qj ax‡i| GLvb †_‡K †e‡ivevi c_ gvbyl
Avwe®‥vi K‡i‡Q GB AvaywbK hy‡M G‡m, fwel¨‡Z wek^vm †i‡L
KvR Kivi GB bZzb c×wZ •Zwi K‡i| GLb gvbyl KvíwbK
c‡Y¨ wek^vm K‡i| A_©vr †h wRwbmUv eZ©gv‡b †bB, †mUvI Zviv
Ô†µwWUÕ bvgK avi Kiv UvKv w`‡q †K‡b| †µwW‡Ui gva¨‡g
gvbyl fwel¨r wewµ K‡i eZ©gvb‡K mvRvq| Gi †Mvovq Av‡Q
GKUvB wek^vmÑ fwel¨‡Z Avgiv †h m¤ú‡ì gvwjK ne †mUv
Avgv‡ì eZ©gvb m¤ú‡ì †P‡q †Xi †ewk| †mB fwel¨‡Z AwR©Z
451
m¤ú` LiP K‡i eZ©gv‡bi cY¨ †Kbvi GB my‡hvMUvB `viæY me
m¤¢vebv •Zwi Kij|
Zvn‡j †µwW‡Ui g‡Zv GB PgrKvi wRwb‡mi K_v gvbyl
Av‡iv Av‡M fv‡ewb †Kb? †f‡e‡Q †Zv e‡UB| †µwW‡Ui
KvQvKvwQ wKQz-bv-wKQz †mB cÖvPxb my‡gixq mf¨Zv †_‡K ïiæ
K‡i Avgv‡ì Rvbv cÖvq me mf¨Zv‡ZB wQj| wKš‧ ZLbKvi
gvbyl †mUv‡K Kv‡R jvMv‡Z cv‡iwb| KviY fwel¨r †h eZ©gv‡bi
†P‡q fv‡jv n‡eÑ GB wek^vmUv Zv‡ì g‡a¨ GZ †Rviv‡jv wQj
bv| mvaviYZ Zviv fveZ AZx‡Zi w`b¸‡jvB fv‡jv wQj, Avi
fwel¨r eZ©gv‡bi †P‡q Lye GKUv fv‡jv n‡e bv| A_©bxwZi
fvlvq ej‡Z †M‡j, Zviv fveZ, Zv‡ì †gvU m¤ú‡ì cwigvY
wbw`©ó, †mUv Kg‡jI Kg‡Z cv‡i, wKš‧ †e‡o hvIqvi †Kv‡bv
m¤¢vebvB †bB| ZvB 10 eQi c‡i Zv‡ì e¨w³MZ, ivóªxq,
GgbwK c„w_exi †gvU m¤ú‡ì Drcv`b †h Av‡iv evo‡Z cv‡i,
GUv Zviv wPšÍvB Ki‡Z cviZ bv| eëmvq-evwY‡Rï me †hvM-
we‡qv‡Mi dj n‡Zv k~b¨| nu¨v, GKUv †eKvwi nq‡Zv A‡bK jvf
Ki‡Z cv‡i, wKš‧ †mRb¨ cv‡ki †eKvwiUv‡KB nq‡Zv †jvKmvb
¸b‡Z n‡e| †fwbm kn‡ii DbœwZ Ki‡Z †M‡j †`Lv hv‡e
†R‡bvqv c‡_ e‡m hv‡”Q| Bsj¨v‡Ûi m¤ú` evov‡Z †M‡j nq‡Zv
d«vÝ †_‡KB jyU K‡i Avb‡Z n‡e| GKUv †KK‡K †hfv‡eB KvUv
†nvK bv †Kb, †mB UzK‡iv¸‡jv †Rvov w`‡j wK Avi †mUv IB
†KKUvi †P‡q e‡ov n‡Z cv‡i?
GB Kvi‡YB A‡bK mgv‡R †ewk UvKvi gvwjK nIqvUv‡K
cv‡ci KvR wn‡m‡e †`Lv n‡Zv| whïwLªó †Zv e‡j‡QbB, Ôabx
gvby‡li Ck^‡ii iv‡R¨ cÖ‡ek Kivi †P‡q myuB‡qi wQ‡`ªi †fZi
w`‡q D‡Ui P‡j hvIqv mnR|Õ (g¨vw_D 19:24)| GKUv †KK
†K‡U †KD hw` e‡ov UzK‡ivUv wb‡q hvq, Zvn‡j wbðqB †m Ab¨
Kv‡iv fv‡MiUzKzI wb‡q hv‡”Q| GBRb¨B abx gvby‡liv Zv‡ì
DØ„Ë m¤ú` `vb K‡i cvcÿvjb KiZ|
452
D‡`¨v³vi †`vUvbv
†KKUvi AvKvi hw` bv ev‡o, Zvn‡j Avm‡j †µwW‡Ui

e¨vcviUvB Avi _v‡K bv| AvR‡Ki †K‡Ki AvKvi Avi
AvMvgxKv‡ji †K‡Ki AvKv‡ii cv_©KÜvB n‡jv †µwWU| †K‡Ki
AvKvi hw` bv ev‡o, Zvn‡j †µwWU Avm‡e †Kv‡Ì‡K? †m‡ÿ‡Î
Ab¨ Kv‡iv fv‡MiUv `Lj Kiv Qvov Dcvq †bB| wKš‧ †mLv‡b
SzuwK Av‡Q| GRb¨B Av‡MKvi w`‡b UvKv avi †bIqvUv Lye KwVb
e¨vcvi wQj| avi wb‡Z cvi‡jI †mB UvKvi A¼Uv n‡Zv A‡bK
Kg, cvIqv †hZ Aí mg‡qi Rb¨, Avi †diZ †Ìqvi mgq
w`‡Z n‡Zv Pov my`| ZvB bZzb eëmvq ïiæ KivUv ZLb GZ
mnR wQj bv| ivRvivI bZzb GKUv cÖvmv` evbv‡bvi Av‡M, wKsev
hy× Pvwj‡q hvIqvi Rb¨ cÖRv‡ì Ici Ki evwo‡q w`‡q UvKv
†RvMvo Ki‡Zb|
ivRv‡ì Rb¨ GUv †Zgb †Kv‡bv mgm¨vB wQj bv (hw`
cÖRviv †L‡c bv hvq), wKš‧ mvaviY gvby‡li Rb¨ GUv wQj A‡bK
e‡ov evav| hvi †Pv‡L GKUv bZzb †eKvwi •Zwii ¯^cœ wQj, Zv‡K
nq‡Zv UvKvi Rb¨ Ab¨ Kv‡iv ivbœvN‡ii †g‡S cwi®‥vi Ki‡Z
n‡Zv|
453
GB cwiw¯ wZUv mevi Rb¨B Lvivc| †µwWU mxwgZ e‡j
gvbyl bZzb eëmvq ïiæ Ki‡Z cvi‡Q bv| ZvB A_©bxwZi
DbœwZI †_‡g hv‡”Q| Avevi A_©bxwZi DbœwZ n‡”Q bv e‡j gvbyl
Avkv nviv‡”Q, hviv cyuwRi gvwjK ZvivI †µwWU evov‡”Q bv|
mgm¨v¸‡jv wb‡RivB wb‡R‡ì wRB‡q iv‡L|
AvaywbK A_©bxwZi Rv`yPµ
†KKUv e‡ov n‡”Q

GiKg GKUv mg‡q weÁv‡bi RM‡Z NUj wecøe, ïiæ n‡jv
cÖMwZi hyM| GB cÖMwZi aviYvi g~‡j †h wPšÍv wQj †mUv GiKg,
hw` Avgiv AvR Avgv‡ì AÁZv‡K ¯^xKvi K‡i wbB Avi
Avgv‡ì m¤ú` M‡elYvi Kv‡R jvMvB, Zvn‡j Avgv‡ì fwel¨r
eZ©gv‡bi †P‡q Av‡iv fv‡jv n‡e| Lye `ªæZB Gi A_©bxwZ‡Z Gi
cÖfve †`Lv †Mj| hviv GB cÖMwZi aviYvq wek^vm K‡i, †`Lv
†Mj Zviv GUvI wek^vm K‡i †h wewfbœ †f․‡MvwjK Avwe®‥vi,
cÖhyw³i D™¢veb Avi cÖvwZôvwbK Dbœqb Avgv‡ì Drcv`b I
454
m¤ú` e„w×i Rb¨ mnvqK| fviZ gnvmvM‡ii eëmvq cy‡ivcywi
Pvjy †i‡LB cvkvcvwk Gevi AvUjvw›UK gnvmvM‡iI bZzb bZzb
eëmv‡qi c_ •Zwi n‡jv| Av‡Mi me m¤ú‡ì Drcv`b wVK
†i‡LB bZzb m¤ú‡ì Drcv`b ïiæ n‡jv| GB †hgb †Kv‡bv
†eKvwi †KK •Zwi ïiæ Ki‡j Zv‡Z Ab¨ †Kv‡bv †eKvwii iæwU
•Zwi‡Z fvUv coj bv| eis Zv‡Z gvby‡li Lvev‡i •ewPÎ¨ Gj,
gvbyl Av‡iv †ewk †L‡Z ïiæ Kij| Kv‡iv m¤ú` †K‡o bv wb‡qI
†h †KD Av‡iv abx n‡Z cv‡i, †mUv Gevi †`Lv †Mj| GKUz
Av‡M †h †KK fvMvfvwMi K_v nw”Qj, †mB †KKUv Gevi w`‡b
w`‡b Av‡iv e‡ov n‡Z jvMj| ZvB Ab¨ Kv‡iv fvM †_‡K bv
wb‡qI Av‡iv e‡ov UzK‡iv cvIqv m¤¢e n‡jv|
MZ 500 eQ‡i GB cÖMwZi Kvi‡YB gvby‡li fwel¨‡Zi
Ici Av¯ v Av‡iv †e‡o‡Q| GB Av¯ vi Kvi‡Y †e‡o‡Q †µwW‡Ui
cwigvY, Zvi d‡j G‡m‡Q A_©‣bwZK AMÖMwZ, Avi †mB
AMÖMwZB fwel¨‡Zi Ici Av¯ v Av‡iv evwo‡q w`‡”Q, d‡j Av‡iv
†µwWU •Zwi n‡”Q| GUv GKw`‡b nqwb| ïiæ‡Z A‡bK DuPwz bPz
c_ †cwi‡q G‡jI GLb †mUv A‡bKUvB gm„Y n‡q †M‡Q| mviv
c„w_ex‡Z AvR †µwW‡Ui QovQwo| ZvB GLb miKvi, e‡ov e‡ov
eëmvq-cÖwZôvb, GgbwK mvaviY gvby‡livI Aí my‡` `xN©‡gqv‡`
e‡ov A‡¼i FY wb‡Z cv‡i|
ms‡ÿ‡c c„w_exi A_©bxwZi BwZnvm

455
m¤ú‡ì cwigvY †h w`‡b w`‡b evo‡QÑ GB aviYvUvB A_©bxwZ‡Z
wecøe NwU‡q w`j| 1776 mv‡j ¯‥wUk A_©bxwZwe` A¨vWvg w¯§_
ÔThe Wealth of NationsÕ bv‡g GKUv hyMvšÍKvix eB †j‡Lb|
c„w_exi BwZnv‡m A_©bxwZ‡Z Gi †P‡q ¸iæZ¡c~Y© eB m¤¢eZ Avi
†jLv nqwb| †m eB‡qi cÖ_g L‡Ði Aóv`k Aa¨v‡q w¯§_
G‡Kev‡i bZzb wKQz hyw³ nvwRi K‡ib| wZwb e‡jb, hLb GKRb
Rwg`vi, A_ev †Kv‡bv ZuvwZ, wKsev gywP Zvi wb‡Ri cwiev‡ii
Pvwn`vi †P‡qI †ewk UvKv Avq K‡i, ZLb †m IB AwZwi³ UvKv
w`‡q mnKvix wb‡qvM K‡i Av‡iv †ewk UvKv Avq Ki‡Z cv‡i|
hZ †ewk UvKv Avq n‡e, ZZ †ewk mnKvix IB Kv‡R wbhy³
n‡e| Zvn‡j †`Lv hv‡”Q †h, †Kv‡bv †ckvRxexi e¨w³MZ jvf
hZ †ewk n‡e, mgv‡Ri †gvU m¤ú` I DbœqbI ZZB evo‡e|
Avgv‡ì Kv‡Q GB wRwbmUv LyeB mv`vgvUv g‡b n‡e,
ÔhyMvšÍKvixÕ †Zv †Kv‡bvfv‡eB bv| Gi KviY n‡jv, Avgiv evm
Kwi GKUv cyuwRev`x c„w_ex‡Z, †hUv wKbv BwZg‡a¨B w¯§‡_i K_v
Abyhvqx Pj‡Q| w¯§‡_i GB K_v¸‡jvB Ny‡iwd‡i bvbvfv‡e Avgiv
cÖwZw`b †Pv‡Li mvg‡b †`L‡Z cvB, ZvB GUv‡K Avi we‡kl wKQz
e‡j g‡b nq bv| A_P Ôe¨w³MZ ¯^v‡_© KvR K‡i, e¨w³MZ
m¤ú` evwo‡q mgv‡Ri mgwš^Z mg„w× AR©b KivÕÑ GB aviYvUv
ïay A_©‣bwZK bq, gvby‡li •bwZK I ivR‣bwZK `„wófw½‡ZI
GKUv e¨vcK cwieZ©b G‡b‡Q| w¯§_ e‡jb †h, †jvf wRwbmUv
Avm‡j Lvivc bq| Avwg abx n‡j Avm‡j Avgvi GKvi bq,
meviB †Kv‡bv-bv-†Kv‡bvfv‡e DcKvi nq| A_©vr ¯^v_©ciZvi
g‡a¨B Av‡Q civ_©ciZv|
w¯§_ gvbyl‡K †kLv‡jb GK bZzb A_©bxwZ, †hLv‡b meviB
jvf nq, V‡K bv †KDB| Avgvi jvf gv‡b †ZvgviI jvf| gv‡b
ïay Avwg †h †K‡Ki e‡ov UzK‡ivUv cve Zv-B bq, Avwg †ewk
†c‡j †Zvgvi UzK‡ivUvI e‡ov n‡e| Avwg Afv‡e _vK‡j †Zvgvi
AfveI hv‡e bv, KviY †Zvgvi •Zwi wRwbmUv ZLb Avwg wKb‡Z
cvie bv| Avwg abx n‡jB †Kej †Zvgvi •Zwi wRwbm Avgvi
456
Kv‡Q †e‡P ZzwgI abx n‡Z cvi‡e| m¤ú` Avi •bwZKZvi
g‡a¨Kvi Ø›ØUv‡K w¯§_ G‡Kev‡i Dwo‡q w`‡jb| ejv hvq ¯^‡M©i
†h ìRvUv abx‡ì Rb¨ GZw`b eÜ wQj, w¯§_ †mUv Ly‡j
w`‡jb| GLb abx nIqvUvB •bwZK| w¯§‡_i fvl¨g‡Z, gvbyl
A‡bï m¤ú` †K‡o wb‡q abx nq bv, eis wb‡R abx n‡Z wM‡q
mevi †gvU m¤ú‡ì cwigvYUvB Av‡iv evwo‡q †`q| Zv‡Z
meviB jvf| ZvB GLb abxiv Avi cvcx bq, eis ZvivB
mgv‡Ri me‡P‡q e‡ov wnZvKv•ÿx, KviY ZvivB A_©bxwZ‡K mPj
†i‡L mevi DcKvi K‡i|
Aek¨ Gi meUvB wbf©i K‡i abx‡ì Kv‡Ri Ici|
m¤ú‡ì gvwj‡Kiv hw` Zv‡ì jv‡fi UvKv †d‡j bv †i‡L †mUv
bZzb wKQz •Zwi Ki‡Z ev Av‡iv kÖwgK wb‡qvM Ki‡Z Kv‡R
jvMvq, Zvn‡jB ïay GUv m¤¢e| †ewk jvf n‡j †mB AwZwi³
UvKv wm›`y‡K †d‡j ivL‡j Kw`b cici †mUv ¸‡b †`Lv Qvov
Avi †Kv‡bv Kv‡RB Avm‡e bv| eis †mB UvKv‡K Av‡iv †ewk
Drcv`‡bi Rb¨ LiP Ki‡Z n‡e| GUvB w¯§‡_i cÖ¯ÍvweZ
A_©bxwZi g~jgš¿| AvaywbK cyuwRev‡ì g~j K_v GUvBÑ jv‡fi
UvKv Drcv`‡bi Rb¨ wewb‡qvM Ki‡Z n‡e, Zv‡Z Av‡iv †ewk
jvf n‡e, †mB UvKvI Avevi wewb‡qvM Ki‡Z n‡e, Zv‡Z Av‡iv
jvf Avm‡eÑ Gfv‡e Pj‡ZB _vK‡e, †_‡g hvIqvi cÖkœB I‡V
bv| wewb‡qvM bvbvfv‡e Kiv hvq| KviLvbvUv‡K Av‡iv GKUz
e‡ov Kiv hvq, M‡elYv Kiv hvq, bZzb †Kv‡bv cYÏ evbv‡bv
hvq| GB mewKQzB wewb‡qvM, †Kv‡bv-bv-†Kv‡bvfv‡e Drcv`b
evov‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i| ZvB cyuwRev‡ì cÖ_g I cÖavb bxwZB
n‡jvÑ jv‡fi UvKv‡K Av‡iv †ewk Drcv`‡bi Rb¨ wewb‡qvM
Ki‡Z n‡e|
GB Kvi‡YB cyuwRev`‡K ÔcyuwRev`Õ ejv nq, KviY GLv‡b
ÔcyuwRÕ Avi Ôm¤ú`ÕÑ G `yB‡qi g‡a¨ my¯úó cv_©K¨ Av‡Q| cyuwR
n‡jv UvKv, gvjvgvj ev †h-†Kv‡bv m¤ú` hv Drcv`‡bi Rb¨
wewb‡qvM Kiv nq| Ab¨w`‡K m¤ú` n‡jv gvwUi wb‡P cyu‡Z ivLv
UvKvi evwÛj, hv †Kv‡bv wKQz Drcv`‡bi Kv‡R jv‡M bv| †h
457
dvivI A‡bK UvKv LiP K‡i GKUv wekvj wcivwgW evwb‡q‡Q †m
cyuwRev`x bq| †h Rj`my¨ ¯ú¨vwbk †b․eni jyU K‡i cvIqv Kuvwo
Kuvwo †mvbvi †gvni †Kv‡bv K¨vwiweqvb Øx‡ci evwj‡Z cyu‡Z
†i‡L‡Q, †mI cyuwRev`x bq| cyuwRev`x n‡jv †mB kÖwgK, †h Zvi
cÖwZ gv‡mi hrmvgvb¨ †eZb †_‡K wKQz UvKv †kqvievRv‡i
LvUvq|
Ôjv‡fi UvKv Drcv`‡b wewb‡qvM Ki‡Z n‡eÕÑ GB aviYvUv
Avgv‡ì Kv‡Q Lye mvaviY g‡b n‡jI GKmgq gvby‡li Kv‡Q GUv
A¯^vfvweK wQj| GB AvaywbK hyM ïiæ nIqvi Av‡MI gvbyl g‡b
KiZ †gvU Drcv`‡bi cwigvY Kg‡ewk GKB iKg| Kv‡RB
Drcv`b hw` Avi bv-B ev‡o, Z‡e Av‡iv †ewk wewb‡qvM K‡i Kx
n‡e? ZvB ga¨hy‡Mi AwfRvZ †kÖwYi gvby‡li g‡a¨ `vb Avi †fvMÑ
G `y‡Uv e¨vcvi Lye †ewk †`Lv †hZ| Zv‡ì jv‡fi UvKv LiP n‡Zv
bvbv iKg cÖwZ‡hvwMZvq, hy‡×, cvb-†fvR‡b Avi †fvMwejv‡m,
bq‡Zv LiP n‡Zv Mwie‡K wKsev ag©xq Kv‡R `vb K‡i| Lye Kg
gvbylB jv‡fi UvKv w`‡q Pvlevm ev bZzb †Kv‡bv eëmv‡qi K_v
fveZ|
A_P eZ©gv‡b †mB AwfRvZ‡ì RvqMvUv wb‡q‡Q
cyuwRcwZiv| GB cyuwRev`x mgv‡R Av‡MKvi †mB mvgšÍ wKsev
Rwg`vi‡ì ¸iæZ¡ †bB, ¸iæZ¡ Av‡Q eëmvqx Avi wkícwZ‡ì|
AvR‡Ki cyuwRcwZiv ga¨hy‡Mi †mB AwfRvZ‡ì †P‡q A‡bK
†ewk abx, wKš‧ Zviv †fvM K‡i A‡bK Kg| GBme gvbyl Zv‡ì
Av‡qi Lye Aí AskB Abyrcv`bkxj Kv‡R LiP K‡i|
458
ga¨hy‡M AwfRvZ gvby‡liv †mvbv Avi †ik‡gi my‡Zvq †evbv
Kvco ciZ, e‡ov e‡ov †fvRmfv, Drme Avi cÖwZ‡hvwMZvq
A‡bKUv mgq w`Z| A_P AvR‡Ki w`‡bi †Kv‡bv cÖwZôv‡bi
m‡e©v”P Kg©KZ©v‡KI †`Lv hvq myU bv‡gi BDwbdg© ci‡Z, Avi
Kv‡Ri evB‡i †Ìqvi g‡Zv mgq Zv‡ì †bB ej‡jB P‡j|
GKRb cyuwRev`x eëmvqxi mviv w`b Kv‡U wgwUs‡q wgwUs‡q, Avi
Kxfv‡e bZzb bZzb RvqMvq wewb‡qvM Kiv hvq, †kqv‡ii `vg
evoj bv Kgj †mB wPšÍv K‡i K‡i| nu¨v, Zvi myUUv A‡bK `vwg
Kvc‡oi n‡Z cv‡i, Zvi PjvP‡ji Rb¨ wb‡Ri GKUv wegvbI
_vK‡Z cv‡iÑ wKš‧ Zvi c‡iI, Zvi wewb‡qv‡Mi Zzjbvq †fv‡Mi
cwigvYUv bMY¨|
ïay †h `vwg myU civ D”Pc`¯  Kg©KZ©vivB wewb‡qvM K‡I,
Zv bq| mvaviY gvbyl A_ev miKvwi cÖwZôvb¸‡jvI GKB iKg
wPšÍv K‡i| GRb¨B Lvevi †Uwe‡ji AvÇv‡ZI cÖvqB D‡V Av‡m
Rgv‡bv UvKv w`‡q †kqvi wKb‡j fv‡jv n‡e bvwK Rwg wKb‡j,
GB ai‡bi welq| miKviI K‡ii UvKv Ggbfv‡e LiP Ki‡Z
Pvq, †hb fwel¨‡Z Av‡iv †ewk Ki Av`vq Kiv hvq| GB †hgb,
miKvi hw` bZzb GKUv mgy`ªe›ì evbvq, Zvn‡j †mUv w`‡q
Av‡iv †ewk cY¨ ißvwb n‡e, Zv‡Z cY¨ Drcv`bKvixi Avq
evo‡e, †mLvb †_‡K miKvi Av‡iv †ewk AvqKi cv‡e| Avevi
459
†Kv‡bv miKvi nq‡Zv wkÿvLv‡Z †ewk wewb‡qvM K‡i, hv‡Z
wkwÿZ gvby‡liv Av‡iv fv‡jv fv‡jv Kv‡Ri †ÿÎ •Zwi K‡i Avi
†mLvb †_‡K Av‡iv †ewk Ki cvIqv hvq|
cyuwRev‡ì ïiæUv n‡qwQj eB‡qi cvZv †_‡K| UvKv
wRwbmUv Kxfv‡e KvR K‡i Avi jv‡fi UvKv wewb‡qvM Ki‡j
A_©bxwZ Kxfv‡e `ªæZ G‡MvqÑ †mUv eywS‡q w`‡qwQj GB ZË¡|
wKš‧ cyuwRev` †kl ch©šÍ †mªd GKUv ZË¡ n‡q eB‡qi cvZvq
AvU‡K _v‡Kwb| GUv GLb Avgv‡ì Rxebavivq wg‡k †M‡Q|
gvby‡li AvPiY †Kgb n‡e, wkï‡ì Kx †kLv‡Z n‡e, Kxfv‡e
wPšÍv Ki‡Z n‡eÑ mewKQz‡ZB cyuwRev‡ì Qvqv| cyuwRev‡ì g~j
K_v n‡jv A_©‣bwZK mg„w×B n‡jv Avmj mg„w×| GgbwK
mywePvi, ¯^vaxbZv, GgbwK gvby‡li my‡L _vKvI wbf©i K‡i
A_©‣bwZK mg„w×i Ici| GKRb †Nvi cyuwRev`x gvby‡li Kv‡Q
hw` Rvb‡Z PvIqv nq, wR¤^vey‡q wKsev AvdMvwb¯Ív‡b b¨vqwePvi
Avi ivR‣bwZK w¯ wZkxjZv Avb‡Z Kx Kiv ìKvi, Zvn‡j
m¤¢eZ Zvi Kv‡Q †_‡K ÔGKUv w¯ wZkxj MYZvwš¿K iv‡óª
A_©‣bwZK MwZkxjZv I ga¨weË †kÖwYi weKvkÕ m¤ú‡K© GKUv
†Qv‡UvLv‡Uv e³…Zv ï‡b Avm‡Z n‡e|
AvaywbK weÁv‡bi AMÖMwZi †cQ‡bI GB cyuwRev` bvgK
Ôa‡g©iÕ A‡bKUv cÖfve Av‡Q| mvaviYZ •eÁvwbK M‡elYvi †cQ‡b
UvKv Xv‡j miKvi A_ev †Kv‡bv eëmvq-cÖwZôvb| hLb †Kv‡bv
cyuwRev`x miKvi ev eëmvq-cÖwZôvb †Kv‡bv GKUv M‡elYv cÖK‡í
wewb‡qvM Ki‡Z hvq, ZLb Zv‡ì gv_vq cÖ_g †h cÖkœUv Av‡m †mUv
n‡jv, ÔGLv‡b wewb‡qvM K‡i wK Drcv`b evo‡e? †Kv‡bv jvf n‡e?
Gi gva¨‡g A_©‣bwZK DbœwZ KZUzKz n‡e?Õ GB cÖ‡kœi DËi w`‡Z
bv cvi‡j †m M‡elYv Avi G‡Mvq bv| ZvB AvaywbK weÁv‡bi
BwZnvm †_‡K †Kv‡bvfv‡eB cyuwRev`‡K ev` †Ìqv hvq bv|
Avevi Dj‡UvUvI mwZ¨| weÁvb‡K ev` w`‡q cyuwRev‡ì
BwZnvm †jLvI Am¤¢e| cyuwRev` wek^vm K‡i †h A_©bxwZi e„w×
Pj‡ZB _vK‡e, _vg‡e bv KL‡bv| wKš‧ GB wek^vm a‡i ivL‡Z n‡j
†Zv mvg‡b wK Av‡Q †mUv Rvb‡Z n‡e| GKUv †bK‡oi cvj hw`
460
g‡b K‡i †fovi msL¨v me mgq evo‡ZB _vK‡eÑ Zvn‡j †mUv n‡e
†mªd †evKvwg| gvbemgv‡Ri A_©bxwZ A‡bK eQi a‡i `ye©vi MwZ‡Z
†e‡o P‡j‡Q Ges GL‡bv †e‡o Pj‡QÑ Gi †cQ‡b GK‡PwUqv K…wZZ¡
weÁvbx‡ì I Zuv‡ì me Avwe®‥v‡ii| Av‡gwiKv Avwe®‥vi, AšÍ`©nb
(Internal Combustion) BwÄb Avwe®‥vi wKsev DbœZ cÖRvwZi
Mevw`cï Avwe®‥viÑ Gme wbZ¨bZzb Avwe®‥viB A_©bxwZi weKv‡ki
†cQ‡b f‚wgKv †i‡L P‡j‡Q| miKvi Avi e¨vsK KvM‡R UvKv Qv‡c
e‡U, wKš‧ †mB UvKv‡K g~jëvb K‡i †Zv‡j weÁvbxivB|
†ek K‡qK eQi a‡iB miKvi Avi e¨vsK¸‡jv UvKv †Q‡c
K‚j cv‡”Q bv| eZ©gvb msKUgq Ae¯ vq A_©bxwZi AMÖMwZ †_‡g
†h‡Z cv‡i, GB f‡q †µwW‡Ui bv‡g •Zwi n‡”Q †KvwU †KvwU
Wjvi, BD‡iv Avi B‡qb| A_©bxwZ dz‡j‡du‡c DV‡Q GKUv weivU
ey`&ey‡ì g‡Zv, †hUv †h-†Kv‡bv mgq †d‡U †h‡Z cv‡i †R‡bI
gvby‡liv †mUv‡K Av‡iv dzwj‡q Zzj‡Q| Zvi ciI gvbyl Avkv
Ki‡Q †h c„w_exi weÁvbx, cÖhyw³we` Avi cÖ‡K․kjxiv Av‡iv bZzb
bZzb wRwbm Avwe®‥vi K‡i e„w×Uv Ae¨vnZ ivL‡e, A_©bxwZi
ey`&eyÙv‡K †d‡U †h‡Z †`‡e bv| GLb •eÁvwbK M‡elYvB mevi
fimv| •RecÖ‡K․kj ev b¨v‡bv-cÖ‡K․k‡ji g‡Zv wel‡q GL‡bv
bZzb bZzb wkí M‡o DV‡Z cv‡i| †mUv m¤¢e n‡j 2008 †_‡K
AvMvg •Zwi nIqv †KvwU †KvwU UvKv mv_©K n‡e| Avi hw` †mUv
m¤¢e bv nq, Zvn‡j a‡i †bIqv hvq mvg‡bi w`b¸‡jv n‡e
A‡bK KwVb|
Kj¤^v‡mi UvKv PvB

cyuwRev` ïay weÁv‡bi weKv‡kB bq, BD‡iv‡ci mvgªvR¨-we¯Ív‡ii
†cQ‡bI GKUv weivU f‚wgKv †i‡L‡Q| cyuwRev‡` †µwW‡Ui
aviYvUvI G‡m‡Q ZLb †_‡KB| bv, †µwWU wRwbmUv AvaywbK
BD‡iv‡ci Avwe®‥vi bq| cÖvq me K…wlwfwËK mgv‡RB †µwW‡Ui
aviYv wQj Av‡iv Av‡M †_‡KB, Avi Gwkqvi A_©‣bwZK
AMÖMwZi m‡½ BD‡ivcxq cyuwRev‡ì m¤úK©UvI †ek Nwbô|
461
GLv‡b g‡b ivLv ìKvi, Aóv`k kZvãxi †kl w`K ch©šÍI
Gwkqv wQj c„w_exi A_©‣bwZK †K›`ª| Pxb, ga¨cÖvP¨ ev fvi‡Zi
Zzjbvq BD‡iv‡ci cyuwRi cwigvY wQj LyeB Kg|
Z‡e Pxb, fviZ Avi gymwjg we‡kî ZLbKvi mvgvwRK I
ivR‣bwZK Ae¯ vq †µwWU wRwbmUv Lye †ewk ¸iæZ¡ enb KiZ bv|
B¯Ív¤^yj, B¯úvnvb, w`wjø Avi †eBwRs‡qi eëmvqx I e¨vsK-
gvwjK‡ì g‡a¨ cyuwRev`x wPšÍv wKQzUv _vK‡jI ivRv Avi
†mbvcwZiv †mUv cQ›` KiZ bv| BD‡iv‡ci evB‡i †ewkifvM
mvgªvR¨B cÖwZwôZ n‡q‡Q nq byinvwP ev bvwì kv‡ni g‡Zv
`Lj`vi gvby‡li nv‡Z A_ev wPs Avi A‡Uvgvb mvgªv‡Rï g‡Zv
ivRv-ivRov‡ì nv‡Z| hy× Pvwj‡q hvIqvi Rb¨ †h UvKvcqmv
ìKvi n‡Zv †mUv Av`vq Kiv n‡Zv LvRbv Av`vq K‡i A_ev jyU
K‡i (hwÌ GB `y‡Uvi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ wQj mvgvb¨B)| †h‡nZz bM‡`B
me KvR n‡Zv, ZvB †µwWU, FY, my`, wewb‡qvMÑ Gme wb‡q Kv‡iv
†Zgb gv_ve¨_v wQj bv|
Ab¨w`‡K BD‡iv‡ci Ae¯ v wQj wVK Gi wecixZ| eëmvqx
Avi e¨vsKviiv ÿgZvi †K‡›`ª P‡j Avmvi Av‡M †_‡KB
†mLvbKvi ivRv Avi †mbvcwZ‡ì wPšÍvaviv wQj eëmvqx‡ì
g‡Zv| BD‡ivcxq‡ì wek^‡Rvov Awfhv‡bi LiP †RvMv‡bvi
†ÿ‡Î cÖRv‡ì LvRbvi †P‡q †µwW‡Ui f‚wgKvB †ewk wQj|
cyuwRev`x gvby‡liv †ewk jv‡fi Avkvq µ‡g Gme Awfhv‡b
AvMÖnx n‡q‡Q| GB n¨vU-†KvU civ eëmvqx‡ì •Zwi mvgªvR¨B
wKš‧ GKw`b †ikwg ivR‡cvkvK Avi avZe eg©avix gvby‡li
mvgªvR¨ `Lj K‡i wb‡q‡Q| Awfhv‡bi †cQ‡b UvKv Xvjvi
e¨vcv‡i BD‡ivcxqiv A‡bK †ewk wePÿYZvi cwiPq w`‡q‡Q|
LvRbv †KDB w`‡Z Pvq bv, A_P wewb‡qv‡M AvcwË †bB Kv‡iv|
1484 mv‡j wµ‡÷vdvi Kj¤^vm BD‡ivc †_‡K cwðg w`K
w`‡q c~e© Gwkqvq hvIqvi bZzb c_ LyuR‡Z hv‡eb e‡j Avw_©K
mvnvh¨ PvB‡jb cZzM© v‡ji ivRvi Kv‡Q| †m †Zv †hgb †Zgb
Awfhvb bq, RvnvR evbv‡Z n‡e, A‡bK w`‡bi im` wb‡Z n‡e,
bvweK Avi •mwbK‡ì †eZb w`‡Z n‡eÑ A‡bK UvKvi e¨vcvi|
462
Avevi GZ¸‡jv UvKvi wewbg‡q †h AwfhvbUv mdj n‡e, Zvi
we›`ygvÎ wbðqZv †bB| Kv‡RB ivRv †mvRv bv K‡i w`‡jb|
AvR‡Ki w`‡b bZzb D‡`¨v³viv hv K‡i, Kj¤^vm wVK ZvB
Ki‡jb| wZwb G‡K G‡K Av‡e`b Rvbv‡jb BZvwj, d«vÝ,
Bsj¨vÛ Avi cZzM© v‡ji abx †jvK‡ì Kv‡Q| †KDB ivwR n‡jv
bv| †kl‡gk wZwb †M‡jb †¯ú‡bi bZzb ivRv dvw`©bv›` I ivwb
Bmv‡ejvi Kv‡Q| GKv †M‡jb bv, †M‡jb Z`wei Kivi Rb¨
K‡qKRb Svby †jvK‡K m‡½ wb‡q| Zv‡ì mvnv‡h¨B †kl ch©šÍ
ivwb Bmv‡ejvi KvQ †_‡K mvnv‡hï Avk^vm wgjj| AvR †Zv
mevB Rv‡b, Bmv‡ejv Kx `viæY wewb‡qvMUv K‡iwQ‡jb †m mgq|
Kj¤^v‡mi Awfhv‡bi ci ¯ú¨vwbqvW©iv Av‡gwiKv `Lj K‡i †bq|
†mLv‡b Zviv †mvbv Avi iæcvi Lwb Lyu‡R †cj, cvkvcvwk wPwb
Avi Zvgv‡Ki e¨vcK Drcv`b ïiæ Kij| Avi Zv‡ZB †¯ú‡bi
ivRv, e¨vsKvi Avi eëmvqx‡ì m¤ú` dz‡j‡du‡c DV‡Z ïiæ
Kij|
Gi k-Lv‡bK eQi ci BD‡iv‡ci e¨vsKvi Avi ivReskxqiv
Gme Awfhv‡b wewb‡qvM Kiv Av‡iv evwo‡q †`q| Av‡gwiKv
†_‡K Avbv m¤ú` †Zv Zv‡ì Kv‡Q wQjB| ïay UvKvcqmvB bq,
GB ai‡bi Awfhv‡bi Ici Zv‡ì Av¯ vI †e‡owQj A‡bKLvwb|
GBfv‡eB ïiæ n‡jv mvgªvRëv` Avi cyuwRev‡ì jv‡fi PµÑ
UvKv w`‡q bZzb bZzb Awfhvb ïiæ n‡”Q, Zv‡Z bZzb bZzb RvqMv
Avwe®‥…Z n‡”Q, †mme RvqMvq Dcwb‡ek •Zwi n‡”Q, Dcwb‡ek
†_‡K Av‡iv UvKv Avm‡Q, Zv‡Z gvby‡li fimv evo‡Q, ZvB
wewb‡qvMI evo‡Q| byinvwP (Nurhaci) Avi bvwì kv‡ni (Nader
Shah) Awfhvb K‡qK nvRvi wK‡jvwgUvi wM‡q gyL _ye‡o
c‡owQj, A_P Gme cyuwRev`x Awfhvb w`‡b w`‡b Av‡iv MwZ
†c‡q‡Q|
Zvi ciI, Gme Awfhv‡b A‡bK iKg SzuwKI wQj, ZvB
wewb‡qvMI A‡bKUv mxwgZ wQj| GiKg A‡bK Awfhvb Lvwj
nv‡Z wd‡i G‡m‡Q| Bs‡iRiv DËi-cwðg w`‡K †giæ AÂ‡ji
ga¨ w`‡q Gwkqvq hvIqvi c_ LyuR‡Z A‡bK UvKv bó K‡i‡Q|
463
Gi g‡a¨ A‡bK Awfhvb Avi †d‡iBwb| wng‣k‡ji av°vq,
mvgyw`ªK S‡o A_ev Rj`my¨‡ì nv‡Z A‡bK RvnvR nvwi‡q‡Q
Zviv| wewb‡qvMKvixi msL¨v evov‡Z Avi Szwu Ki cwigvY Kgv‡Z
ZLb BD‡ivcxqiv †h․_ g~jawb eëmvq-cÖwZôvb (Limited
Liability Joint-stock Company) •Zwi K‡i| Gi c‡ii
Awfhvb¸‡jv‡Z GKRb gvby‡li cwie‡Z© GiKg cÖwZôvb¸‡jv
wewb‡qvM Ki‡Z ïiæ K‡i| Zv‡Z A‡bKRb gvbyl wg‡j UvKv
†`q, ZvB RbcÖwZ SzuwKi cwigvY A‡bK K‡g hvq| Z‡e SzuwK
mxwgZ n‡jI jvf wKš‧ mxwgZ bq| A‡bK mgq mvgvb¨
wewb‡qv‡M ïiæ nIqv Awfhvb †_‡KB AvmZ jvL jvL UvKv|
Gfv‡e K‡qK `k‡Ki g‡a¨B cwðg BD‡iv‡c †ek gReyZ
GKUv A_©‣bwZK KvVv‡gv ùvwo‡q †Mj| †mLv‡b Aí mg‡qi g‡a¨B
wewb‡qv‡Mi Rb¨ A‡bK UvKv †RvMvo Kivi eë¯ v n‡jv| †mB UvKv
miKvwi wKsev e¨w³MZ Kv‡R eënvi Kiv †hZ| Awfhvb
cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ iv‡Rï †P‡q GB ai‡bi cÖwZôvb A‡bK †ewk
mdjZvi cwiPq w`‡q‡Q| Gi cÖgvY cvIqv hvq †lvok kZ‡K
†¯úb Avi †b`vij¨v‡Ûi †ilv‡iwli g‡a¨| †¯úb ZLb BD‡iv‡ci
me‡P‡q kw³kvjx †`k, Zvi GjvKvI wekvj| BD‡iv‡ci
A‡bKLvwb, DËi Avi `wÿY Av‡gwiKvi weivU GjvKv, wdwjcvBb
ØxccyÄ Avi Gwkqv I Avwd«Kvi DcK‚‡ji A‡bK RvqMv †¯ú‡bi
`L‡j| cÖwZeQi Av‡gwiKv Avi Gwkqvi cÖPzi m¤ú` wb‡q †mwfqv
(Seville) Avi Kvw`R (Cadiz) e›`‡i wdiZ ¯ú¨vwbk †b․eni|
†b`vij¨vÛ ZLb †¯ú‡bi GK †Kvbvq c‡o _vKv GKUv m¤ú`nxb
†Qv‡Uv Rjv GjvKv|
WvP‡ì †ewkifvMB wQj †cÖv‡U÷¨v›U| 1568 mv‡j Zviv
¯ú¨vwbk K¨v_wjK kvm‡bi weiæ‡× we‡`ªvn K‡i e‡m| Wb
KzB‡·vU (Don Quixote) †hgb DBÛwg‡ji m‡½ jo‡Z
†MwQ‡jb, ïiæ‡Z WvP we‡`ªvnx‡ì Ae¯ v wQj wVK †Zgwb| A_P
Avwk eQ‡ii g‡a¨ Zviv †¯ú‡bi KvQ †_‡K ¯^vaxbZv †Zv Av`vq
K‡i‡QB, Zvi Ici mgy‡`ª ¯ú¨vwbk I Zv‡ì wgÎ cZzw© MR‡ì
464
†P‡qI †ewk AwaKvi cÖwZôv K‡i| wb‡R‡ì GKUv mvgªvR¨ •Zwi
K‡i Zviv BD‡iv‡ci me‡P‡q abx iv‡R¨ cwiYZ nq|
WvP‡ì GB mvd‡jï g~‡j Av‡Q †mB †µwWU| WvP‡ì g‡a¨
hviv mvaviY bvMwiK, hy‡× hv‡ì †Kv‡bv AvMÖnB †bB, ZvivB
¯ú¨vwbk‡ì m‡½ jovB Kivi Rb¨ fvov‡U •mwbK †RvMvo Kij|
Iw`‡K mgy‡`ªI Zviv bvwg‡q w`j e‡ov e‡ov hy×RvnvR| fvov‡U
•mb¨ Avi hy×Rvnv‡Ri †cQ‡b A‡bK UvKv LiP n‡jv, wKš‧ †mUv
†RvMvo Ki‡Z Zv‡ì †Kv‡bv mgm¨vB nqwb| KviY †m mg‡q
†¯ú‡bi ivRvi †P‡q †`‡ki A_©eë¯ vi Ici gvby‡li Av¯ v †ewk
wQj| wewb‡qvMKvixiv WvP‡ì •mb¨ msMÖn I RvnvR •Zwi‡Z mvnvh¨
Ki‡Z GwM‡q G‡jv| WvP‡ì wbqš¿‡Y _vKv evwYR¨c_¸‡jv †_‡K
jvf nw”Qj fv‡jvB| †mB jv‡fi UvKv w`‡q WvPiv Zv‡ì FY †kva
K‡i w`j, d‡j wewb‡qvMKvixivI Av‡iv wewb‡qvM Kivi fimv †cj|
Avg÷viWvg BD‡iv‡ci Ab¨Zg cÖavb mgy`ªe›ì †Zv e‡UB, Zvi
m‡½ BD‡iv‡ci A_©‣bwZK †K‡›`ªI cwiYZ n‡jv|
GLb cÖkœ n‡jv, WvPiv Kxfv‡e GB A_©‣bwZK eë¯ vi Av¯ v
AR©b Kij? cÖ_gZ, Zviv mgqg‡Zv m¤ú~Y© FY †kva Ki‡Z KL‡bv
fzj KiZ bv| ZvB wewb‡qvMKvixivI Av‡iv UvKv w`‡Z wØav KiZ
bv| wØZxq KviY n‡jv, †m †`‡ki wePvieë¯ v wQj ¯^vaxb, Avi
†mUv e¨w³MZ ¯^v_© I m¤ú` iÿvi wbðqZvI w`Z| GB wbðqZv
bv _vK‡j eëmvq Ki‡Z wM‡q cyuwR nviv‡bvi SzuwK _v‡K| ZvB
†`‡ki AvBbI wewb‡qv‡Mi Rb¨ mnvqK wQj|
aiæb, Rvg©vwbi GK weivU cyuwRcwZ eëmvqxi `yB †Q‡j|
wZwb BD‡iv‡ci wewfbœ kn‡i Zuvi eëmv‡qi kvLv †Lvjvi GKUv
`viæY m¤¢vebv †`L‡jb| wZwb Zuvi `yB †Q‡j‡KB g~jab wn‡m‡e
10 nvRviUv K‡i †mvbvi †gvni w`‡q e‡ov †Q‡j‡K cvVv‡jb
Avg÷viWv‡g, Avi †Qv‡UvwU‡K cvwV‡q w`‡jb gvw`ª‡`| †m mg‡q
†¯ú‡bi m‡½ d«v‡Ýi hy× Pj‡Q, †Qv‡Uv †Q‡j wM‡qB †¯ú‡bi
ivRv‡K •mb¨ †RvMvo Kivi Rb¨ Zvi me UvKv avi w`‡q w`j|
Avi e‡ov †Q‡j Zvi UvKv¸‡jv avi w`j GK WvP eëmvqx‡K|
†mB eëmvqx g¨vbnvUb bv‡gi GKUv †Sv‡cSv‡o XvKv Øx‡ci
`wÿY cÖv‡šÍ wKQz Rwg wKb‡Z Pvb, KviY nvWmb b`xc‡_
465
eëmvq-evwYR¨ ïiæ n‡jB IB Øx‡c Rwgi `vg ûû K‡i †e‡o
hv‡e| `yB fvBB Avkv Ki‡Q GK eQ‡ii g‡a¨ avi †Ìqv UvKv
†diZ cv‡e|
eQi †Mj| WvP eëmvqx Zuvi †Kbv Rwg †e‡P w`‡q cÖPiz
jvf Ki‡jb| K_vg‡Zv avi †kva Ki‡jb, my`mn| e‡ov †Q‡ji
mvd‡j¨ evevI Lywk n‡jb| Gw`‡K †Qv‡Uv †Q‡j coj wec‡`|
d«v‡Ýi m‡½ hy‡× †¯ú‡bi ivRv †ek myweavRbK Ae¯ v‡bB
Av‡Qb, wKš‧ Gi g‡a¨ wZwb Avevi bZzb K‡i hy‡× Rwo‡q‡Qb
ZzwK©‡ì m‡½| GB gyn~‡Z© avi †kva Kivi †P‡q bZzb hy× mvgvj
†Ìqv †ewk ìKvi| †Qv‡Uv †Q‡j ivRv‡K wPwV w`‡”Q, ìev‡ii
G‡K I‡K w`‡q g‡b Kwi‡q w`‡”Q, wKš‧ ivRvi †mw`‡K åæ‡ÿcI
†bB| Kv‡RB avi †Ìqv UvKvi my` †Zv `~‡ii K_v, †Qv‡Uv †Q‡j
GLb AvmjUvI nvwi‡q e‡m Av‡Q| ¯^vfvweKfv‡eB evevI
Amš‧ó|
Gw`‡K govi Ici Luvovi Nv wn‡m‡e †¯ú‡bi ivRv AveviI
†Qv‡Uv †Q‡ji Kv‡Q GKB A‡¼i UvKv `vwe K‡i em‡jb| Zvi
Kv‡Q ZLb GKUv UvKvI †bB| Dcvq †bB, ZvB †m A‡bK eywS‡q
UvKv †P‡q evev‡K GKUv wPwV w`j| nvRvi n‡jI †Qv‡Uv †Q‡ji
Ave`vi, evevI †dj‡Z cvi‡jb bv| Kv‡RB Av‡iv 10 nvRvi
¯^Y©g`y ªv †¯ú‡bi ivR‡Kv‡li †fZ‡i †Kv_vq †h nvwi‡q †Mj, Zvi
nw`m Avi cvIqv †Mj bv| Iw`‡K Avg÷viWv‡gi Ae¯ v cy‡iv
Dj‡Uv| e‡ov †Q‡j †mLv‡b G‡Ki ci GK eëmvqx‡ì UvKv
avi w`‡”Q Avi mgqg‡Zv †diZI cv‡”Q cy‡ivcywi| Z‡e mymgq
†Zv Avi wPiw`b _v‡K bv, ZvB GKevi NUj ANUb| GK divwm
eëmvqx fvej Kv‡Vi Ry‡Zv mvg‡b Lye Pj‡e, ZvB †m e‡ov
†Q‡ji KvQ †_‡K UvKv avi wb‡q c¨vwi‡m GKUv Ry‡Zvi †`vKvb
w`j| wKš‧ Kcvj Lvivc, Zvi †`vKv‡bi Ry‡Zv wewµB n‡jv bv|
Kv‡RB †m Rvwb‡q w`j Zvi c‡ÿ avi †kva Kiv m¤¢e bq|
me ï‡b evev Gevi fxlY †L‡c †M‡jb| `yB †Q‡j‡KB
civgk© w`‡jb AvB‡bi AvkÖq wb‡Z| Zvici †Qv‡Uv †Q‡j gvw`ª‡`
gvgjv Kij †¯ú‡bi ivRvi weiæ‡×, Avi e‡ov †Q‡j
Avg÷viWv‡g gvgjv Kij c¨vwi‡mi Ry‡ZvIqvjvi weiæ‡×|
466
†¯ú‡bi Av`vjZ Avevi ivRvi K_vqB I‡V-e‡m| wKš‧
†b`vij¨v‡Ûi Av`vjZ †`‡ki miKv‡iiB Avjv`v kvLv, †mLv‡b
ivRcwiev‡ii Rb¨ †Kv‡bv evowZ LvwZi †bB| Kv‡RB †Qv‡Uv
†Q‡ji gvgjv gvw`ª‡ì Av`vj‡Z cvËvB †cj bv, Iw`‡K
Avg÷viWv‡gi Av`vjZ avi †kva Kivi Rb¨ Ry‡ZvIqvjvi
m¤úwË ev‡Rqvß K‡i †djj| mewKQz †`‡L †Q‡j‡ì evevI
eyS‡jb, eëmvq Ki‡Z n‡j †mUv eëmvqx‡ì m‡½B Kiv DwPZ,
ivRv‡ì m‡½ bq| Avi Ki‡jI †mUv gvw`ª‡ì †P‡q
Avg÷viWv‡g KivUvB msMZ|
†Qv‡Uv †Q‡ji wec` ïay evo‡QB| †¯ú‡bi ivRvi Av‡iv
UvKv ìKvi, Avi †Kv_vq UvKv cvIqv hv‡e †mUvI GZw`‡b ey‡S
†d‡j‡Qb| Gevi wZwb ¸ßPie„wËi mvRv‡bv Awf‡hvM Pvwc‡q
w`‡jb †Qv‡Uv †Q‡ji Ici, m‡½ GUvI Rvwb‡q w`‡jb †h Lye
ZvovZvwo 20 nvRvi ¯^Y©gy`ªv G‡b w`‡Z bv cvi‡j evwK RxebUv
Zv‡K KvivMv‡iB KvUv‡Z n‡e|
eveviI wkÿv n‡q †M‡Q| wZwb UvKv w`‡q †Q‡j‡K Qvwo‡q
Avb‡jb, Avi cÖwZÁv Ki‡jb, †¯ú‡b Avi bq| Gici wZwb
gvw`ª‡ì eëmvq ¸wU‡q †Qv‡Uv †Q‡j‡K cvVv‡jb iUviWv‡g|
nj¨v‡ÛB `yB RvqMvq eëmvq Kivi eyw×Uv Lvivc bq| †kvbv
hv‡”Q, †¯ú‡bi eëmvqxivI bvwK Zv‡ì UvKv †¯ú‡bi evB‡i
cvPvi K‡i w`‡”Q| ZvivI ey‡S †M‡Q †Kv_vq eëmvq Kiv
jvfRbK Avi wbivc`|
Gfv‡eB GKmgq †¯ú‡bi ivRv wewb‡qvMKvix‡ì Av¯ v
nviv‡jb, Avi WvP eëmvqxiv Av‡iv AvZ¥wek^vmx n‡q DVj|
WvP‡ì mvgªvR¨ •Zwi K‡i w`‡q‡Q GB eëmvqxivB| †¯ú‡bi
ivRv hLb e¨w³MZ ¯^v_i©ÿv Ki‡Z wM‡q Ab¨vh¨fv‡e LvRbv
Av`vq K‡i cÖRv‡ì weivMfvRb n‡”Qb, ZLb WvP eëmvqxiv
UvKv avi wb‡q Avi eëmv‡qi jf¨vsk wewµ K‡i mvgªvR¨-we¯Ív‡i
mvnvh¨ Ki‡Q| †¯ú‡bi miKvi‡K UvKv †Ìqvi †Zv cÖkœB Av‡m
bv, †hme mZK© eëmvqx WvP miKvi‡K UvKv †Ìqvi Av‡MI
`yevi fveZ, ZvivI WvP eëmvqx‡ì UvKv w`‡q‡Q wbwØ©avq|
467
†h․_ g~jawb eëmv‡qi ïiæ ZLb †_‡KB| †Kv‡bv
†Kv¤úvwbi mvg‡b †ewk jvf Kivi my‡hvM †`Lv †M‡j gvbyl †mB
†Kv¤úvwbi †kqvi wKb‡Z ïiæ K‡i, GKUz †ewk `v‡g n‡jI|
Avevi †Kv¤úvwbi †jvKmv‡bi m¤¢vebv †`Lv †M‡j Kg `v‡g
†kqvi wewµI K‡i †`q| GB †kqvi †Kbv‡ePvi myweav‡_©
BD‡iv‡ci †ewkifvM e‡ov kn‡i ÷K G·‡PÄ cÖwZwôZ nq|
me‡P‡q weL¨vZ WvP †h․_ g~jawb †Kv¤úvwb Vereenigde
Oostindische Compagnie, ms‡ÿ‡c wfIwm (VOC) cÖwZwôZ
nq 1602 mv‡j, wVK hLb WvPiv GKUz GKUz K‡i ¯ú¨vwbk kvmb
†_‡K †ewi‡q Avm‡Q| wfIwm †kqvi wewµi UvKvq RvnvR evwb‡q
Gwkqvq cvVvZ Avi Pxb, fviZ Avi B‡›`v‡bwkqv †_‡K gvjvgvj
AvbZ| cÖwZØ›Øx †Kv¤úvwb ev Rj`mÿ‡ì †gvKvwejv Kivi RbÏ
Zviv UvKv w`Z| GgbwK B‡›`v‡bwkqv Rq Kivi Awfhv‡bi
LiPI w`‡q‡Q GB †Kv¤úvwb|
B‡›`v‡bwkqv c„w_exi me‡P‡q e‡ov ØxccyÄ| Gi nvRvi nvRvi
Øxc mß`k kZvãxi ïiæ †_‡KB kZ kZ ivRv, myjZvb Avi `‡ji
kvmb †`‡L G‡m‡Q| 1603 mv‡j hLb wfIwmi eëmvqxiv cÖ_gevi
ILv‡b hvq, ZLb Zv‡ì D‡Ïk¨ wQj ïayB eëmvq| wKš‧ w`‡b w`‡b
eëmvq I eëmv‡qi Askx`vi‡ì ¯^v‡_©B Zv‡ì bvbv iKg msNv‡Z
Rov‡Z n‡q‡Q| ¯ vbxq ÿgZvevb‡ì evowZ Ki Av`v‡qi weiæ‡×
wKsev Ab¨vb¨ BD‡ivcxq †Kv¤úvwbi m‡½ cÖwZ‡hvwMZv Ki‡Z wM‡q
bvbvfv‡e jo‡Z n‡q‡Q wfIwm‡K| Gme we‡iv‡ai Rb¨B GKw`b
wfIwmi evwYwR¨K Rvnv‡R †`Lv †Mj Kvgvb| Zviv BD‡ivc,
Rvcvb, fviZ Avi B‡›`v‡bwkqv †_‡K •mwbK †RvMvo Kij, bvbv
RvqMvq `yM© evbvj, GgbwK ixwZg‡Zv mvgbvmvgwb hy×I Ki‡Z ïiæ
Kij| GKUv eëmvq-cÖwZôv‡bi Ggb Kg©KvÐ †`‡L AevK jvM‡Z
cv‡i, wKš‧ †m mg‡q †emiKvwi †Kv¤úvwbi hy‡×i Av‡qvRb KivUv
†ek ¯^vfvweK e¨vcvi wQj| GKUv †emiKvwi e¨vemvwqK cÖwZôvb
GKUv Av¯Í mvgªvR¨ •Zwi K‡i †dj‡QÑ GUv mviv c„w_ex‡ZB Lye
¯^vfvweK e¨vcvi wQj|
468
wfIwmi •mbïv GKUvi ci GKUv Øxc `Lj Ki‡Z Ki‡Z
B‡›`v‡bwkqvi GKUv e‡ov Ask‡KB wb‡R‡ì Dcwb‡ek evwb‡q
†d‡j| cÖvq 200 eQi a‡i Zviv B‡›`v‡bwkqv kvmb K‡i‡Q|
1800 mv‡j WvPiv B‡›`v‡bwkqv `Lj K‡i c‡ii †ò k eQi
a‡i kvmb K‡i| GB GKwesk kZvãx‡Z Ki‡cv‡iU eëmvq-
cÖwZôvb¸‡jv A‡bK †ewk ÿgZvi AwaKvix n‡q DV‡QÑ Ggb
K_v Avgiv cÖvqB ïwb| A_P ¯^v‡_©i Rb¨ eëmvq-cÖwZôvb¸‡jv
†h KZ`~i †h‡Z cv‡i Zvi bgybv Gi Av‡Mi kZvãx¸‡jv‡Z Lye
fv‡jvfv‡eB †`Lv †M‡Q|
wfIwm hLb fviZ gnvmvM‡i Zv‡ì ÔevwYR¨Õ Pvwj‡q hv‡”Q,
wVK †mB mg‡q AvUjvw›U‡K GKB KvR KiwQj WvP I‡q÷ BwÛR
†Kv¤úvwb ev WweøDAvBwm| nvWmb b`x‡Z wb‡R‡ì `Lj a‡i ivLvi
Rb¨ Zviv IB b`xi gy‡LB GKUv Øx‡c ÔwbD Avg÷viWvgÕ bv‡gi
Dcwb‡ek •Zwi K‡i| BwÛqvbiv gv‡Sg‡a¨B †mLv‡b AvµgY
KiZ| Avi weªwUk‡ì AvµgY wQj wbqwgZ NUbv| 1664 mv‡j
weªwUkiv RvqMvUv `Lj K‡i wb‡q Zvi bvg †`q ÔwbD BqK©Õ|
AvµgY †VKv‡Z WweøDAvBwmi †jv‡Kiv †h †Ìqvj Zz‡jwQj, AvR
Zvi Ici w`‡q •Zwi iv¯Ív‡K mevB ÔIqvj w÷ªUÕ bv‡g †P‡b|
wb‡R‡ì Avwac‡Zï AvZ¥cÖmv‡` Avi GBme hy× Pvjv‡Z
wM‡qB GKmgq WvPiv wbD Bq‡K©i `Lj nvivq, nvivq BD‡iv‡ci
A_©‣bwZK †K‡›`ªi RvqMvUvI| †mB k~b¨¯ vb c~iY Kivi
cÖwZ‡hvwMZvq bv‡g d«vÝ Avi weª‡Ub| ïiæ‡Z d«vÝB GwM‡q wQj|
d«vÝ †`kUv AvKv‡i weª‡U‡bi †P‡q e‡ov, Zvi gvbyl Avi m¤úÌ
wQj †ewk| †mbvevwnbxI wQj `ÿ| Zvi ciI BD‡iv‡ci
A_©bxwZ‡Z d«v‡Ýi †P‡q weª‡UbB GwM‡q wQj| Aóv`k kZ‡K
BD‡iv‡ci me‡P‡q e‡ov †h A_©‣bwZK msKU †`Lv †`q †mUv
wgwmwmwc evej (Mississippi Bubble) bv‡g cwiwPZ| †mB mg‡q
d«v‡Ýi f‚wgKv wQj weZwK©Z| Avi ZLbB weª‡U‡bi A_©bxwZ gvby‡li
Av¯ v AR©b K‡i| wVK ZLbB GKUv †h․_ g~jawb †Kv¤úvwbi nv‡Z
•Zwi n‡”Q GKUv mvgªvR¨|
469
1717 mv‡j d«v‡Ýi wgwmwmwc †Kv¤úvwb wgwmwmwci
AeevwnKvq Dcwb‡ek •Zwii Rb¨ hvÎv K‡i| wbD AiwjqÝ
kniUv †m mg‡qB •Zwi nq| GB weivU cwiKíbv mdj Ki‡Z
cÖPiz UvKv ìKvi| d«v‡Ýi ivRv cÂ`k jyB‡qi ìev‡i
wgwmwmwc †Kv¤úvwbi fv‡jv Rvbv‡kvbv wQj| Zviv ZLb c¨vwim
÷K G·‡P‡Ä †Kv¤úvwbi †kqvi wewµ Ki‡Z ïiæ K‡i|
†Kv¤úvwbi cwiPvjK Rb j d«v‡Ýi †K›`ªxq e¨vs‡Ki Mfb©i|
ivRv Zuv‡K A_©vqb-wbqš¿‡Ki cÌ †`b (†hUv AvR‡Ki w`‡bi
A_©gš¿xi c‡ì mgZzj¨)| 1717 mv‡j wgwmwmwci Avkcv‡k
Kzwgi fiv Rjv RvqMv Qvov Avi wKQz wQj bv| wKš‧ Zv wb‡q
wgwmwmwc †Kv¤úvwb gvbyl‡K A‡Xj m¤ú`-mg„w×i ¯^cœ †`Lvq|
†mB ¯^‡cœ we‡fvi n‡q d«v‡Ýi eëmvqx, cyuwRcwZ Avi AwfRvZiv
cÖPiz wewb‡qvM K‡i| wgwmwmwc †Kv¤úvwbi †kqv‡ii `vg A‡bK
†e‡o hvq| ïiæ‡Z G‡KKUv †kqv‡ii `vg wQj 500 wjåv
(cvDÛ)| 1719-Gi AMv‡÷i 1 Zvwi‡L Gi `vg wQj 2 nvRvi
750 wjåv, Avi 30 Zvwi‡L †mUvB n‡q †Mj 4 nvRvi 100
wjåv| †m‡Þ¤^‡ii 4 Zvwi‡L Gi `vg 5 nvRvi Avi wW‡m¤^‡ii 2
Zvwi‡L 10 nvRvi Qvwo‡q †Mj| mviv c¨vwi‡m mvov c‡o †Mj|
gvby‡liv Zv‡ì mewKQz wewµ K‡i bv nq avi wb‡q QzUj
wgwmwmwci †kqvi wKb‡Z| ivZvivwZ abx nIqvi †bkvq †cj
mevB‡K|
470
39| g¨vbnvUb Øx‡ci †kl cÖv‡šÍ wbD Avg÷viWvg, 1660 mvj| GLvbKvi
cÖwZiÿv †Ìqv‡ji Ic‡iB •Zwi n‡q‡Q AvR‡Ki Iqvj w÷ªU
wKQzw`‡bi g‡a¨B †bkv †K‡U wM‡q G‡jv AvZ¼| A‡b‡KB †Ui

†cj, †kqv‡ii GB D”Pg~j¨ Avm‡j A¯ vqx Avi Aev¯Íe| Zviv
eyS‡Z cvij `vg †ewk _vK‡Z _vK‡ZB †kqvi †e‡P †Ìqv
DwPZ| mevB †kqvi wewµ ïiæ Ki‡ZB evRv‡i †kqv‡ii †RvMvb
evovi Kvi‡Y `vg K‡g †Mj| `vg c‡o †h‡Z †`‡L evwKivI hvi
hvi †kqvi ZvovZvwo †e‡P †Ìqvi †Póv Ki‡Z _v‡K| Kv‡RB
†kqv‡ii `v‡g am bv‡g| †kqv‡ii `vg w¯ wZkxj Ki‡Z d«v‡Ýi
†K›`ªxq e¨vsKÑ ejv evûj¨, Mfbi© Rb j‡qi wb‡`©‡kÑ
wgwmwmwci †kqvi wK‡b wb‡Z _v‡K| wKš‧ me †kqvi †Zv Avi
wK‡b †djv m¤¢e bq, e¨vs‡Ki UvKvI †Zv dzwi‡q hv‡e| GB
Ae¯ vq †`‡ki A_©vqb-wbqš¿K, A_©vr †mB Rb j, evwK †kqvi
†Kbvi Rb¨ bZzb UvKv Qvcv‡bvi wb‡`©k w`‡jb| Gi d‡j d«v‡Ýi
A_©‣bwZK eë¯ vUv n‡q †Mj GKUv ey`&ey‡ì g‡Zv| mevB wg‡j
Av‡Mwc‡Q bv †f‡e dzu w`‡q (UvKv †X‡j) †mUv‡K dzwj‡q Zz‡j‡Q,
wKš‧ dzj‡Z dzj‡Z ey`&eyÙv hLb †d‡UB †Mj, ZLb mevB wbt¯^,
Kv‡iv Avi wKQz Kivi †bB| bZzb UvKv †Q‡cI †kliÿv n‡jv
471
bv| wgwmwmwc †kqv‡ii `vg 10 nvRvi †_‡K 1 nvRvi n‡q
†Mj, Zvici Av‡iv Kg‡Z Kg‡Z G‡Kev‡i k~‡b¨ G‡m †VKj|
GLb †K›`ªxq e¨vsK Avi ivóªxq †KvlvMvi fiv †Kej wgwmwmwci
†kqv‡i, GKUv UvKvI †bB| e‡ov e‡ov eëmvqx‡ì Mv‡q
AuvPoI jvMj bv, Zviv cwiw¯ wZ AuvP Ki‡Z †c‡i Zv‡ì †kqvi
†e‡P w`‡q‡Q Av‡MB| wKš‧ ÿz`ª eëmvqx‡ì me©bvk n‡q †Mj|
A‡b‡K AvZ¥nZ¨vI K‡iwQj ZLb|
GB wgwmwmwc evej BwZnv‡mi me‡P‡q fqven A_©‣bwZK
am¸‡jvi g‡a¨ GKUv| d«vÝ GB msKU cy‡ivcywi KvwU‡q DV‡Z
cv‡iwb Avi KL‡bvB| wgwmwmwc †Kv¤úvwb †kqv‡ii `vg evov‡bv
Avi gvby‡li g‡a¨ †kqvi †Kbvi Db¥v`bv m„wó Ki‡Z †hfv‡e
ivR‣bwZK cÖfve LvwU‡qwQj Zv‡Z †`‡ki gvbyl divwm e¨vsK
eë¯ v Avi ivRvi A_©‣bwZK Áv‡bi Ici †_‡K wek^vm nvwi‡q
†d‡j| d‡j cÂ`k jyB‡qi Rb¨ wewb‡qvM evov‡bvUv Lye KwVb
n‡q c‡o| c„w_ex‡Z AvwacZ¨ we¯Ív‡ii cÖwZ‡hvwMZvq weªwUk‡ì
Kv‡Q divwm‡ì wcwQ‡q covi KviY GUvB| weªwUkiv Lye mn‡R
Avi Aí my‡` UvKv avi wb‡Z cviZ| Iw`‡K d«v‡Ý FY †bIqv
Av‡iv KwVb n‡q †Mj, Avi my‡ì nviI †e‡o †Mj| mviv †`‡ki
UvKvi msKU †VKv‡Z d«v‡Ýi ivRv‡K Pov my‡` A‡bK UvKv avi
wb‡Z n‡jv| 1780 mv‡j bZzb ivRv †lvok jyB wmsnvm‡b e‡mB
†`L‡jb †`‡ki ev‡R‡Ui A‡a©K UvKv P‡j hv‡”Q ïay avi †bIqv
UvKvi my` w`‡Z| ivR‡Kvl †`Dwjqv n‡Z †ewk evwK †bB| GB
mgm¨vi mgvavb LyuR‡ZB 1789 mv‡j ivRv Awb”Qv m‡Ë¡I †ò
k eQ‡ii g‡a¨ cÖ_gev‡ii g‡Zv AvBbmfvi m‡¤§jb WvK‡jb|
divwm wecø‡ei ïiæUv †mLvb †_‡KB nq|
Gfv‡eB c„w_ex‡Z hLb divwm mvgªv‡Rï cZb n‡”Q, wVK
ZLbB `ye©vi MwZ‡Z we¯Í…Z n‡”Q weªwUk mvgªvR¨| WvP mvgªv‡Rï
g‡ZvB Zv‡ì mvgªvRÏ •Zwi n‡q‡Q jÛb ÷K G·‡P‡Äi wKQz
e¨w³ gvwjKvbvaxb †h․_ g~jawb †Kv¤úvwbi nv‡Z| mß`k
kZvãxi ïiæ‡Z DËi Av‡gwiKvq Zv‡ì cÖ_g Dcwb‡ek •Zwi
K‡iwQj jÛb †Kv¤úvwb, wcøgvD_ †Kv¤úvwb, Wi‡P÷vi †Kv¤úvwb
Avi g¨vmvPz‡mUm †Kv¤úvwbi g‡Zv K‡qKwU cÖwZôvb|
472
weªwUk ivR¨ wKš‧ fviZxq Dcgnv‡`k `Lj K‡iwb, K‡i‡Q
weªwUk B÷ BwÛqv †Kv¤úvwbi †mbvevwnbx| Zv‡ì mvdj¨
wfIwmi †P‡qI †ewk| jÛ‡bi wj‡Wbnj w÷ª‡Ui cÖavb Kvh©vjq
†_‡K Zviv 100 eQi a‡i GB weivU mvgªvR¨ kvmb K‡i‡Q|
fvi‡Z Zv‡ì †mbvevwnbx‡Z mv‡o 3 jvL •mb¨ wQj, GZ •mb¨
†Lv` weªwUk mvgªv‡RïI wQj bv| 1858 mv‡j †Kv¤úvwbi
•mb¨m‡gZ GB wecyj f‚LÐ weªwUk mvgªv‡Rï Aaxb nq|
†b‡cvwjqb weªwUk‡ì Ô†`vKvb`v‡ii RvZÕ e‡j VvÆv Ki‡Zb|
A_P GB †`vKvb`v‡ii RvZ †b‡cvwjqb‡K †Zv civwRZ
K‡i‡QB, Avi c„w_exi BwZnv‡m me©Kv‡ji me©en„ r mvgªv‡Rï
gvwjKI wQj wKš‧ GB weªwUkivB|
cyuwRi bv‡g
GB †h B‡›`v‡bwkqvi WvP mvgªv‡Rï ev fvi‡Zi weªwUk mvgªv‡Rï
AšÍf³z© nIqvÑ GLv‡bB wKš‧ †kl bq, eis Gi ci †_‡K
mvgªvR¨ I cyuwRev‡ì m¤úK©Uv Av‡iv `„p n‡q‡Q| Dwbk kZ‡K
†`Lv †Mj, †h․_ g~jawb †Kv¤úvwb¸‡jvi Avi †`k `Lj K‡i
kvmb Kivi ìKvi †bB, eis †Kv¤úvwbi g¨v‡bRvi Avi
†kqvigvwjKivB jÛb, Avg÷viWvg Avi c¨vwi‡m e‡m ÿgZvi
KjKvwV bvo‡Q| Avi mvgªvR¨B Zv‡ì ¯^v_©iÿvi Rb¨ KvR
Ki‡Q| GRb¨B gvK©‡mi g‡Zv †jv‡Kiv e‡j †M‡Qb, cwðgv
†`k¸‡jvi miKvi Av‡¯Í Av‡¯Í GKUv cyuwRev`x †UªW BDwbqb n‡q
hv‡”Q|
miKvi Kxfv‡e UvKvi †cQ‡b †Qv‡U Zvi me‡P‡q wekÖx D`vniY
n‡jv 1840 †_‡K 1842 mv‡ji g‡a¨ nIqv weª‡Ub I Px‡bi cÖ_g
Avwd‡gi hy×| Dwbk kZvãxi cÖ_gv‡a© wewUk B÷ BwÛqv †Kv¤úvwb
QvovI A‡bK weªwUk †jvK Px‡b Avwdgmn wewfbœ iKg gv`K cvPvi
K‡i cÖPzi UvKv Kvwg‡qwQj| G‡Z Px‡bi jvL jvL †jvK Avwd‡g
Avm³ n‡q †MvUv †`kUv‡KB A_©‣bwZK I mvgvwRK SzuwKi gy‡L
†d‡j †`q| 1830-Gi `k‡Ki †k‡l Px‡bi miKvi AvBb K‡i
gv`K cvPvi wbwl× K‡i| wKš‧ weªwUkiv †m AvBb bv †g‡b Zv‡ì
473
KvR Pvwj‡q hvq| ZLb Pxbv KZ©…cÿ Gme gv`‡Ki Pvjvb ev‡Rqvß
K‡i bó K‡i †dj‡Z ïiæ K‡i| gv`K eëmvqx‡ì Avevi weª‡U‡bi
gš¿x Avi msm` m`m¨‡ì m‡½ fv‡jv Rvbv‡kvbv wQj| Zv‡ì
A‡b‡K Avevi wb‡RivI Gme eëmvqx‡ì gv`K gRyZ K‡i
ivL‡Zb, Kv‡RB Zviv mn‡RB GB e¨vcv‡i miKvwi n¯Í‡ÿ‡ci
eë¯ v K‡i †dj‡jb|
1840 mv‡j weª‡Ub Ôgy³ evwY‡RïÕ bv‡g Px‡bi m‡½ hy×
ïiæ K‡i| hy×Uv wQj cy‡ivcywi GKZidv| AwZ-AvZ¥wek^vmx Pxbv
†mbvevwnbx weªwUk‡ì iYZwi, fvix Kvgvb, i‡KU Avi
ivB‡d‡ji mvg‡b ùvov‡ZB cvij bv| †k‡l Zviv weªwUk gv`K
eëmvqx‡ì eëmvq evav †`‡e bv Avi Pxbv cywj‡ki nv‡Z bó
nIqv gvjvgv‡ji ÿwZc~iY †`‡eÑ GB k‡Z© kvwšÍPwz ³ K‡i| ïay
Zv-B bq, weªwUkiv Gici nsKs‡qI gv`K eëmv‡qi my‡hvM `vwe
K‡i Ges Zv Av`vqI K‡i| GB nsKs gv`K †PvivPvjv‡bi
wbivc` NuvwU‡Z cwiYZ nq| 1997 mvj ch©šÍ nsKs weªwUk‡ì
nv‡Z wQj| Dwbk kZ‡Ki †kl w`‡K Px‡bi cÖvq 4 †KvwU gvbyl
(†gvU RbmsL¨vi 10 fv‡Mi GK fvM) Avwd‡g Avm³ wQj|3
wgkiI GB weªwUk cyuwRev`‡K mgxn K‡i P‡j‡Q| Dwbk
kZ‡K divwm I weªwUk we‡qvMKvixiv wgk‡ii kvmK‡ì A‡bK
e‡ov A‡¼i UvKv FY w`‡ZbÑ cÖ_gZ my‡qR Lvj Lb‡bi LiP
†RvMv‡Z, Avi Gi c‡i †mLv‡b Aí jvfRbK wk‡íi cÖmv‡ii
Rb¨| G‡Z wgk‡ii F‡Yi cwigvY A‡bK †e‡o †Mj| Kv‡RB
BD‡ivcxq wewb‡qvMKvixiv wgk‡ii wewfbœ Af¨šÍixY wel‡q bvK
Mjv‡Z ïiæ Kij| †k‡l AwZô n‡q 1881 mv‡j wgk‡ii
RvZxqZvev`x gvbyl cÖwZev` ïiæ K‡i| Zviv me iKg •e‡`wkK
FY evwZ‡ji †NvlYv †`q| ivwb wf‡±vwiqv Aek¨ G‡Z Lywk n‡Z
cv‡ibwb| eQi Lv‡bK c‡iB wZwb wgk‡i ¯ j I †b․‡mbv
†gvZv‡qb K‡ib| wØZxq wek^hy‡×i AvM ch©šÍ wgki weªwUk‡ì
`L‡jB wQj|
cyuwRcwZ‡ì ¯^v‡_© msNwUZ hy‡×i msL¨v wKš‧ Kg bq|
Avm‡j GLv‡b hy×I Avwd‡gi g‡ZvB GKwU cY¨| 1821 mv‡j
wMÖKiv A‡Uvgvb mvgªv‡Rï weiæ‡× we‡`ªvn K‡i| weª‡U‡bi
474
†ivgvw›UK I ¯^vaxb‡PZv gvbyl‡ì KvQ †_‡K GB wecøe cÖPiz
mg_©b cvq| weªwUk Kwe jW© evqib †Zv wb‡RB wMÖ‡m P‡j
wM‡qwQ‡jb jovB‡q †hvM w`‡Z| cyuwRcwZivI GLv‡b GKUv
†gvÿg my‡hvM †c‡q hvq| Zviv we‡`ªvnx †bZv‡ì Aby‡iva K‡i
jÛ‡bi ÷K G·‡P‡Ä wb‡R‡ì eÛ Pvjy Ki‡Z| kZ© wQj wMÖKiv
¯^vaxb n‡j Gme e‡Ûi `vg my`mn †kva Ki‡e| wewb‡qvMKvixiv
jv‡fi Avkvq A_ev wMÖK‡ì mg_©b w`‡Z Gme eÛ wKbZ|
Gme e‡Ûi `vg Avevi hy‡× wMÖK‡ì Ae¯ vi m‡½ Zvj wgwj‡q
DVZ-bvgZ| †k‡l ZzwK©iv hLb hy‡× †ek myweavRbK Ae¯ v‡b
P‡j †Mj, ZLb eÛgvwjK‡ì †Pvqvj Sz‡j co‡Z jvMj| †h‡nZz
eëmvqx‡ì ¯^v_©B weªwUk‡ì RvZxq ¯^v_©, Kv‡RB 1827 mv‡j
weªwUk‡ì GKwU †b․eni bvfvwi‡bvi hy‡× (Battle of Navarino)
A‡Uvgvb‡ì GKUv †b․eni Wzwe‡q w`j| A‡bK kZvãx a‡i
civaxb _vKvi ci Ae‡k‡l wMÖm ¯^vaxb n‡jv| wKš‧ ¯^vaxbZvi
m‡½ m‡½ Zvi gv_vq GgbB GK weivU F‡Yi †evSv Pvcj †h
†mUv †kva Kivi Avi †Kv‡bv Dcvq iBj bv| Gici `k‡Ki ci
`kK a‡i wMÖ‡mi A_©bxwZ weªwUk cyuwRcwZ‡ì nv‡Z wRw¤§ n‡q
iBj|
cyuwRev` Avi ivRbxwZi GB Awe‡”Q`¨ m¤ú‡K©i e¨vcK
cÖfve i‡q‡Q cyuwRevRv‡i| †Kv_vI bZzb †Z‡ji Lwb cvIqv
†M‡Q, A_ev †KD bZzb †Kv‡bv hš¿ Avwe®‥vi K‡i‡QÑ G ai‡bi
A_©‣bwZK cÖfveK †hgb Av‡Q, †Zgwb †Kv_vI miKvi cwieZ©b
n‡”Q wKsev †Kvb †`k bZzb •e‡`wkK bxwZ •Zwi Ki‡QÑ G
ai‡bi ivR‣bwZK welq¸‡jvI cyuwRevRv‡i mivmwi cÖfve
†dj‡Q| bvfvwi‡bvi hy‡×i ci A‡bK weªwUk cyuwRcwZB we‡`‡k
SzuwKc~Y© wewb‡qv‡M AvMÖnx nq| KviY Zviv GLb Rv‡b, †KD hw`
UvKv avi wb‡q wVKg‡Zv †kva bv K‡i, Z‡e Zv‡K kv‡q¯Ív Kivi
Rb¨ ivwbi •mbëvwnbx †Zv Av‡QB!
GB Rb¨B AvR‡Ki w`‡b GKUv †`‡ki m¤ú‡ì cwigv‡Yi
†P‡q Zvi †µwWU †iwUs A_©‣bwZKfv‡e †ewk ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| †µwWU
†iwUs n‡jv UvKv avi wb‡j †mUv †kva Kivi m¤¢vebvi cwigvc|
†Kv‡bv †`‡ki †µwWU †iwUs wba©viY Kivi Rb¨ weï× A_©‣bwZK
475
Z_¨-Dcv‡Ëi cvkvcvwk †m †`‡ki ivR‣bwZK, mvgvwRK GgbwK
mvs¯‥…wZK Ae¯ vI Avg‡j †bIqv nq| GKUv †`‡k hw` •¯îvPvix
miKvi ÿgZvq _v‡K, me mgq hy×-weMÖn †j‡M _v‡K Avi
wePvieë¯ v `yb©xwZMÖ¯Í nq, Zvn‡j †m †`k †Z‡ji Ic‡i fvm‡jI
Zvi †µwWU †iwUs Kg n‡e| Gi d‡j †m †`k IB †Zj eënvi
K‡i cyuwR •Zwi Ki‡Z cvi‡e bv, †mUv `wi`ª †`k n‡qB _vK‡e|
Ab¨w`‡K †h †`‡k cÖvK…wZK m¤ú` †bB wKš‧ kvwšÍ Av‡Q, myôz
wePvieë¯ v Avi Db¥y³ miKvi eë¯ v (†hLv‡b miKv‡ii ÿgZv
AvBb, kvmb I wePvieë¯ vi g‡a¨ wef³ _v‡K) Av‡Q, †m †`‡ki
†µwWU †iwUs †ewk n‡e| †µwWU †iwUs †ewk nIqvi Kvi‡Y †mLv‡b
†ewk wewb‡qvM n‡e, d‡j mn‡R Av‡iv †ewk cyuwR •Zwi n‡e|
†mUv‡K Kv‡R jvwM‡q †mLv‡b wkÿv I wk‡íi DbœwZI †ewk n‡e|
gy³evRv‡ii f‚Z
cyuwRev` Avi ivRbxwZ Ggbfv‡e Rwo‡q †M‡Q †h GB `y‡Uvi
m¤úK© wb‡q A_©bxwZwe`, ivRbxwZwe` Avi AvgRbZvÑ Kv‡iv
g‡a¨B weZ‡K©i †kl †bB| †Nvi cyuwRev`xiv e‡jb cyuwRev`
ivRbxwZ‡K cÖfvweZ Ki‡ZB cv‡i, Zv‡Z mgm¨v †bB, wKš‧
ivRbxwZ †hb cyuwRevRv‡i cÖfve bv †d‡j| KviY miKvi hLb
evRv‡i n¯Í‡ÿc K‡i, ZLb ivR‣bwZK cÖfv‡e gvbyl wewb‡qv‡M fzj
K‡i Avi Zv‡Z A_©bxwZi AMÖMwZ e¨vnZ nq| aiæb, miKvi †fvU
evov‡bvi Rb¨ wkícwZ‡ì Ici †ewk Ki Pvwc‡q w`‡q †eKvi‡ì
my‡hvM-myweav evwo‡q w`j| Zv‡Z cyuwRcwZiv bv‡Lvk n‡e| KviY
Zv‡ì g‡Z, wkícwZ‡ì hw` Ki GKUz Kg w`‡Z nq, Zvn‡j Zviv
Av‡iv †ewk wewb‡qvM Ki‡Z cvi‡e, d‡j Av‡iv †eKvi gvby‡li
Kg©ms¯ vb n‡e|
Gw`K †_‡K †`L‡j m‡e©vËg A_©‣bwZK KvVv‡gv‡Z ivRbxwZ‡K
A_©bxwZ †_‡K `~‡i ivLv DwPZ, Ki Kwg‡q †Ìqv DwPZ, miKv‡ii
wbqš¿Y h_vm¤¢e Kgv‡bv DwPZ Avi evRvi‡K wbR MwZ‡Z Pj‡Z
†Ìqv DwPZ| wewb‡qvMKvixiv ivR‣bwZKfv‡e cÖfvweZ bv n‡q
476
m‡e©v”P jv‡fi Lv‡Z Zv‡ì UvKv wewb‡qvM Ki‡e| d‡j m‡e©v”P
A_©‣bwZK cÖew„ × AR©b Kiv hv‡e| Zv‡Z gvwjK I kÖwgK meviB
myweav| A_©vr A_©bxwZ‡Z miKv‡ii wbqš¿Y hZ Kg nq ZZ
fv‡jv| GB gy³evRvi bxwZB AvR‡Ki w`‡b cyuwRev‡ì me‡P‡q
†Pbv iƒc| gy³evRvi-mg_©Kiv †`‡ki evB‡i mvgwiK Awfhvb Avi
†`‡ki Kj¨vYg~jK Kg©KvÐÑ G `y‡Uv‡KB GKB iKg AcQ›` K‡i|
miKv‡ii cÖwZ Zv‡ì civgk© A‡bKUv †e․× ag©¸iæ‡ì g‡ZvBÑ
ÔwK”Qz Kivi ìKvi †bB, me †hfv‡e Pj‡Q Pj‡Z `vI|Õ
Z‡e GKUz Zwj‡q †`L‡j gy³evRv‡i wek^vm Kiv A‡bKUv
mvšÍv K¬‡R wek^vm Kivi g‡ZvB A_©nxb n‡q ùvovq| Avm‡j
†Kv‡bv evRv‡ii c‡ÿB ivR‣bwZK cÖfve †_‡K m¤ú~Y© gy³ nIqv
m¤¢e bq| AvR‡Ki A_©bxwZ‡Z me‡P‡q ¸iæZ¡c~Y© m¤ú` n‡jv
fwel¨‡Zi Ici gvby‡li Av¯ v| GB m¤úÌ wKš‧ Pzwi wKsev
RvwjqvwZi E‡aŸ© bq| evRvi KL‡bv RvwjqvwZ, Pzwi ev mš¿v‡mi
nvZ †_‡K m¤ú` euvPv‡bvi `vwqZ¡ †bq bv| †mUv wKš‧ ivR‣bwZK
KvVv‡gvi Kv‡Ri g‡a¨B c‡o| m¤ú‡ì wbivcËv †Ìqvi Rb¨
AvBb cÖYqb I cÖ‡qvM KivUv miKv‡iiB `vwqZ¡| miKvi GB
`vwqZ¡ cvj‡b e¨_© n‡j evRvi wbqš¿‡Yi evB‡i P‡j †h‡Z cv‡i,
Gi d‡j cyuwR Avi wewb‡qvM K‡g hvq Avi A_©bxwZ ¯ wei n‡q
c‡o| 1719 mv‡ji wgwmwmwc evej †_‡K cvIqv g~j wkÿv wKš‧
GUvB| GB wkÿv †h wb‡Z cv‡iwb Zvi Rb¨ Av‡Q 2007 mv‡ji
hy³iv‡óªi nvDwRs evej (US Housing Bubble)|
cyuwRev‡ì biK
wbqš¿Ynxb gy³evRvi‡K fq cvIqvi Av‡iv KviY Av‡Q| A¨vWvg
w¯§_ e‡jwQ‡jb jv‡fi DØ„Ë UvKv w`‡q Av‡iv kÖwgK wb‡qvM Kiv
hvq, Avi †jvf wRwbmUv mevi Rb¨B fv‡jvÑ G‡Z Drcv`b Avi
Kg©ms¯ vb `yB-B ev‡o|
GLb GKRb wkícwZ hw` kÖwgK‡ì †eZb Kg w`‡q Avi
AwZwi³ mgq KvR Kwi‡q Drcv`b evov‡Z Pvq? G‡ÿ‡Î
477
gy³evRvi A_©bxwZB kÖwgK‡ì iÿv Ki‡e| kÖwgKiv hw`
AwZwi³ KvR K‡iI Kg †eZb cvq, Zvn‡j fv‡jv kÖwgKiv
Av‡¯Í Av‡¯Í †mLvb †_‡K m‡i hv‡e, cÖwZØ›Øx wkícwZ‡ì
KviLvbvq KvR Lyu‡R †b‡e| d‡j †¯^”QvPvix wkícwZ `ÿ kÖwgK
nviv‡e| Kv‡RB Zv‡K nq wb‡Ri AvPiY wVK Ki‡Z n‡e bq‡Zv
KviLvbv eÜ K‡i w`‡Z n‡e| Gfv‡e Zvi wb‡Ri †jvfB Zv‡K
kÖwgK‡ì m‡½ fv‡jv AvPiY Ki‡Z eva¨ Ki‡e|
ZË¡ wnmv‡e Gme ïb‡Z fv‡jvB jv‡M, wKš‧ ev¯Íe
AbïKg| †h evRvi cy‡ivcywi gy³, A_©vr †hLv‡b †Kv‡bv ivóªxq
ev ag©xq wbqš¿Y †bB, †mLv‡b GKRb Amr wkícwZ GK‡PwUqv
eëmvq wKsev kÖwgK‡ì †kvlY Ki‡ZB cv‡i| †Kv‡bv GKUv
cÖwZôvb hw` †`‡ki †Kv‡bv wk‡íi me KviLvbv `Lj K‡i †bq,
A_ev hw` me KviLvbv gvwjKiv PµvšÍ K‡i GKm‡½ kÖwgK‡ì
†eZb Kwg‡q †`q, Zvn‡j kÖwgK‡ìI Avi hvIqvi †Kv‡bv
RvqMv _vK‡e bv|
ïay Zv-B bq, GKRb †jvfx gvwjK Zvi kÖwgK‡ì webv
cvwikÖwg‡K KvR Ki‡ZI eva¨ Ki‡Z cv‡i| ga¨hy‡Mi †kl w`‡K
µxZ`vm-cÖ_v Kx Zv wLªóvb Aay¨wlZ BD‡iv‡ci †jv‡K RvbZB
bv| Avi AvaywbK hy‡Mi ïiæ‡Z BD‡ivcxq cyuwRev‡ì m‡½ m‡½B
D‡V G‡m‡Q AvUjvw›UK mvM‡ii `vm-eëmvq| Gi Rb¨ wKš‧
†Kv‡bv •¯îvPvix kvmK ev eY©we‡Øl `vqx bq, `vqx Awbqwš¿Z
evRvi|
Av‡gwiKv Rq Kivi ci BD‡ivcxqiv †mvbv I iæcvi Lwbi
mÜvb cvq, Avi wPwb, ZvgvK I Zzjvi Lvgvi •Zwi K‡i| G¸‡jv
wQj Zv‡ì Drcv`b I ißvwbi cÖavb †ÿÎ| wPwbi KviLvbv¸‡jv
wQj we‡kl ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| ga¨hy‡M BD‡iv‡c wPwb wQj GK `yj©f
e¯‧| ga¨cÖvP¨ †_‡K cÖPiz `v‡g wPwb Avg`vwb Kiv n‡Zv| wewfbœ
gnvN© Lvev‡i wKsev mv‡ci †Z‡ji Ily‡a Ô†Mvcb DcKiYÕ
wn‡m‡eB †mUv eënvi Kiv n‡Zv| Av‡gwiKvq wPwbKj •Zwii ci
†_‡K BD‡iv‡c wPwbi mieivn evo‡Z _v‡K| d‡j wPwbi `vg
`ªæZ Kg‡Z ïiæ K‡i Avi BD‡iv‡ci gvby‡li wgwó Lvev‡ii cÖwZ
478
AvKl©YI evo‡Z _v‡K| iuvaywbivI bvbv iKg wgwó Lvevi I
cvbxq •Zwi Ki‡Z ïiæ K‡i| mß`k kZ‡Ki ïiæ‡Z Bsj¨v‡Ûi
GKRb gvby‡li evwl©K wPwbi Pvwn`v wQj k~‡bï KvQvKvwQ| A_P
Ebwesk kZ‡Ki ïiæ‡Z †mUv n‡q †Mj AvU †KwRi KvQvKvwQ|
Av‡Li Pvl I Zv †_‡K wPwb •Zwi KivUv LyeB kÖgmva¨ KvR|
Av‡gwiKvi µvšÍxq GjvKvi Mig AvenvIqvq g¨v‡jwiqv nIqvi
SzuwK wb‡q NÈvi ci NÈv KvR Ki‡Z †KDB PvBZ bv| Pzw³e×
kÖwg‡Ki nv‡Z •Zwi wRwbm Rbmvavi‡Yi nv‡Z Kg `v‡g †cu․Qv‡bv
m¤¢e bq| wKš‧ evRv‡i Pvwn`v cÖPzi| mewKQz †`‡L, jv‡fi Avkvq
Avi A_©bxwZ‡K GwM‡q †bIqvi Rb¨ †jvfx gvwj‡Kiv wPwb
Drcv`‡bi Kv‡R µxZ`vm eënv‡ii wm×všÍ wbj|
†lvok †_‡K Ebwesk kZvãx ch©šÍ Avwd«Kv †_‡K cÖvq 1
†KvwU µxZ`vm Av‡gwiKvq wb‡q hvIqv nq| Zv‡ì 70 kZvskB
KvR KiZ wPwbK‡j| †mLv‡b µxZ`vm‡ì Rxeb wQj AZ¨šÍ
`ywe©ln| Zviv †ewk w`b euvPZI bv| Avwd«Kvi †fZi †_‡K
Av‡gwiKvi DcK‚j ch©šÍ hvIqvi c‡_ bvbv hy×weMÖ‡n gvivI
coZ A‡b‡K| BD‡iv‡ci gvby‡li Pv‡q wPwbi †RvMvb w`‡Z Avi
wPwbKj gvwjK‡ì c‡K‡U UvKv Avb‡Z Gfv‡eB †kl n‡q †M‡Q
AmsL¨ µxZ`v‡mi Rxeb|
GB µxZ`vm-eëmvq wKš‧ †Kv‡bv †`k ev miKvi Pvjvqwb|
Gi KviY m¤ú~Y© A_©‣bwZK| Pvwn`v I †RvMv‡bi me m~Î †g‡b
gy³evRv‡ii bxwZ‡Z GB evwYR¨ P‡j‡Q| `vm-eëmvqx
†Kv¤úvwb¸‡jv Avg÷viWvg, jÛb Avi c¨vwi‡mi ÷K G·‡P‡Ä
†kqvi wewµ KiZ| BD‡iv‡ci ga¨weËiv Gme †kqvi wKbZ|
†kqvi wewµ K‡i cvIqv UvKvq `vm-eëmvqxiv RvnvR wKbZ,
bvweK I •mwbK †RvMvo K‡i †hZ Avwd«Kvq Avi †mLvb †_‡K
`vm wK‡b Av‡gwiKvq cvVvZ| Av‡gwiKvi bvbvb †LZLvgv‡i †mB
`vm‡ì wewµ K‡i Zviv wK‡b wb‡q AvmZ wPwb, †Kv‡Kv, Kwd,
ZvgvK, Zzjv I ivg| †mme wb‡q BD‡iv‡c wd‡i fv‡jv `v‡g wPwb
Avi Zzjv wewµ K‡i Avevi P‡j †hZ Avwd«Kvq, Av‡iK `dv
eëmv‡qi Rb¨| GB eë¯ vq †kqvigvwjKivI Lywk| cy‡iv
479
Aóv`k kZvãx a‡i eQ‡i cÖvq 6 kZvsk jv‡f P‡j‡Q GB `vm-
eëmvq| AvR‡Ki w`‡bI †h-†Kv‡bv evwYR¨-we‡klÁ G‡K
AZ¨šÍ jvfRbK e‡j ¯^xKvi K‡i †b‡eb wbwØ©avq|
GUvB n‡jv gy³evRvi A_©bxwZi mgm¨v| eëmv‡q mrc‡_
jvf n‡”Q wK bv, ev jv‡fi UvKv mylgfv‡e mevi g‡a¨ ewÈZ
n‡”Q wK bvÑ Zvi †Kv‡bv wbðqZv †KD †`q bv| eis Dj‡UvUvB
nqÑ Av‡iv †ewk Drcv`b I jv‡fi †bkv gvbyl‡K AÜ K‡i †`q,
†Kv‡bv evav-wecwË †m Avi gvb‡Z Pvq bv| AMÖMwZi c_ †_‡K
hLb •bwZK evavUzKz m‡i hvq, ZLb wech©q NU‡Z Avi †`wi nq
bv| †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv ag©, †hgb wLªóag© ev bvrwmev` †Kej N„Yvi
Kvi‡Y jvL jvL gvby‡li g„Zz¨ NwU‡q‡Q| Avi cyuwRev` jvL jvL
gvbyl †g‡i‡Q †jvf Avi wbwj©ßZv w`‡q| AvUjvw›U‡Ki `vm-
eëmv‡qi †cQ‡b †Kv‡bv eY©we‡Øl †bB| †hme gvbyl GB
eëmv‡qi †kqvi wK‡b‡Q, hviv wewµ K‡i‡Q, Avi hviv GB
eëmvq Pvwj‡q‡QÑ Avwd«Kvi gvbyl‡ì wb‡q Zv‡ì †KD KL‡bv
fv‡eBwb| fv‡ewb wPwbK‡ji gvwjKivI| †ewkifvM †ÿ‡ÎB Zviv
KviLvbv †_‡K `~‡i _vKZ, †mLvb †_‡K jvf-ÿwZi wnmve
†`‡LB Zviv Lywk|
µxZ`vm-eëmvq QvovI Av‡iv D`vniY Av‡Q| Av‡Mi
Aa¨v‡q †h evsjvi `ywf©‡ÿi K_v ejv n‡q‡Q, Zvi KviYUvI
GgbB| weªwUk B÷ BwÛqv †Kv¤úvwbi Kv‡Q 1 †KvwU evOvwji
Rxe‡bi †P‡q e¨vemvwqK jvfUvB †ewk ¸iæZ¡c~Y© wQj| Iw`‡K
B‡›`v‡bwkqvq wfIwmi Awfhv‡bi Rb¨ UvKv w`‡q‡Q hviv, ZvivI
mvsmvwiK gvbylB wQjÑ Zv‡ì cwievi wQj, mšÍvb wQj, Zviv
`vb-LqivZ KiZ, Mvb ïbZ, wk‡íi Kì eySZ| A_P Rvfv,
mygvÎv I gvjv°vi wbcxwoZ gvbyl‡ì Rb¨ we›`ygvÎ mnvbyf‚wZ
Zv‡ì wQj bv| eZ©gvb A_©bxwZi GB AMÖMwZi ci‡Z ci‡Z
Rwo‡q Av‡Q c„w_ex Ry‡o AMwYZ Aciva I †kvl‡Yi BwZnvm|
Dwbk kZ‡Ki cyuwRevÌ †Zgb †Kv‡bv gvbweKZvi cwiPq
†`qwb| BD‡ivc Ry‡o wkíwecø‡ei mg‡q e¨vsKvi Avi
wkícwZ‡ì c‡KU dz‡j‡du‡c D‡V‡Q, wKš‧ jvL jvL kÖwg‡Ki
480
Rxe‡b G‡b w`‡q‡Q AšÍnxb †fvMvwšÍ| BD‡iv‡ci
Dcwb‡ek¸‡jvi Ae¯ v wQj Av‡iv Lvivc| 1876 mv‡j
†ejwRqv‡gi ivRv wØZxq wjI‡cvì GKUv †emiKvwi gvbeKj¨vY
ms¯ v •Zwi K‡ib| †mB msMV‡bi D‡Ïk¨ wQj ga¨ Avwd«Kv
Avwe®‥vi I K‡½v b`xc‡_ `vm-eëmvq cÖwZ‡iva| Ab¨vb¨
D‡Ï‡kï g‡a¨ wQj †mLv‡b iv¯ÍvNvU, we`¨vjq Avi nvmcvZvj
evwb‡q ILvbKvi gvby‡li Rxebgvb DbœZ Kiv| 1885 mv‡j
BD‡iv‡ci wKQz †`k IB msMVb‡K K‡½v b`xi AeevwnKvq 23
jvL eM©wK‡jvwgUvi GjvKv `vb K‡i| AvKv‡i †mB GjvKvUv
†ejwRqv‡gi cÖvq 75 ¸Y| ZLb †_‡K †mB GjvKvUv‡KB Avgiv
K‡½v bvgK †`k wn‡m‡e Rvwb| Z‡e GZ e‡ov GKUv cwieZ©‡bi
Av‡M †KD †mLvbKvi 2-3 †KvwU Awaevmxi gZvgZ Rvb‡Z
Pvqwb GKeviI|
Gici Lye Aí mg‡qi g‡a¨B †mB gvbeKj¨vY ms¯ vUv
GKUv eëmvq-cÖwZôv‡b cwiYZ nq, hvi D‡Ïk¨ h_vixwZ cÖew„ ×
Avi gybvdv AR©b| ¯‥jz Avi nvmcvZvj gv_vq DVj, K‡½v b`xi
`yB Zxi f‡i †Mj Lwb Avi Lvgv‡i| †mm‡ei gvwj‡Kiv Aek¨B
†ejwRqv‡gi †jvK| Zviv ¯ vbxq gvbyl‡ì †kvl‡Yi †Kv‡bv KgwZ
iv‡Lwb| Gm‡ei g‡a¨ me‡P‡q KzL¨vZ wQj ILvbKvi iveviwkí|
ZLb ivev‡ii cÖ‡qvRbxqZv ûû K‡i evo‡Q, Avi K‡½vi Av‡qi
cÖavb Drm wQj ivevi ißvwb| iveviPvwl‡ì Kv‡Q A‡bK †ewk
ivevi `vwe Kiv n‡Zv| †m `vwe c~iY Ki‡Z bv cvi‡j GB
ÔAjmZviÕ Rb¨ Zv‡ì †Ìqv n‡Zv wbg©g kvw¯Í| Zv‡ì nvZ †K‡U
†djv n‡Zv| A‡bK mgq cy‡iv GKUv MÖv‡gi me gvbyl‡K nZ¨v Kiv
n‡Zv| aviYv Kiv nq, 1885 †_‡K 1908 mv‡ji g‡a¨ Kg K‡i
n‡jI 60 jvL gvby‡li cÖvY †M‡Q ïay GB ivev‡ii Rb¨, hv wKbv
K‡½vi †gvU RbmsL¨vi cÖvq 20 kZvsk)| †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv mgxÿv
Abyhvqx GB msL¨vUv 1 †KvwUI n‡Z cv‡i|4
1908 mv‡ji ci, we‡kl K‡i 1945-Gi c‡i cyuwRev‡ì
†jvf GKUz mshZ n‡jv, Gi †cQ‡b Aek¨ KwgDwbR‡gi Ae`vb
Kg bq| ZvB e‡j mvg¨ wKš‧ Av‡mwb| 1500 mv‡ji Zzjbvq
481
2014 mv‡j c„w_exi m¤ú‡ì cwigvY A‡bK †ewk| wKš‧ GL‡bv
†mUv GZ Amgfv‡e ewÈZ †h Avwd«Kvi K…lK Avi B‡›`v‡bwkqvi
kÖwg‡Kiv AvRI w`b †k‡l Zv‡ì 500 eQi Av‡Mi c~e©m~wi‡ì
†P‡qI Kg gRywi wb‡q N‡i †d‡i| K…wlwecøe †hgb gvbeRvwZi
Rb¨ GKUv weivU †auvKv wQj, GB A_©‣bwZK DbœqbI wVK Zv-B|
c„w_ex‡Z gvbyl evo‡Q, m‡½ cÖmvwiZ n‡”Q A_©bxwZI, wKš‧ Zvi
g‡aÏ AmsL¨ gvby‡li Rxeb Pvcv c‡o Av‡Q Afve I ÿzavi
Kv‡jv Qvqvq|
GB Awf‡hv‡Mi wecix‡Z cyuwRev` `y‡Uv hyw³ †`Lv‡Z cv‡i|
cÖ_gUv n‡jv, GKUv cyuwRev`x c„w_ex kvmb Ki‡Z cvi‡e †Kej
cyuwRev`x gvbylB| Gi wecixZ aviv KwgDwbR‡gi e¨_©Zvi
cwigvY GZ †ewk †h †mw`‡K hvIqvi †Póv g‡b nq †KDB Ki‡e
bv| 8500 wLªóc~e©v‡ãi gvby‡liv hw` K…wlwecø‡ei wec‡ÿ Ae¯ vb
wbZ, Zv n‡jI †hgb Avi †divi c_ wQj bv, wVK †Zgwb
nvRviUv †`vl wb‡qI AvR cyuwRev` wU‡K _vK‡e, KviY GLv‡bI
†divi c_ eÜ|
Avi wØZxq hyw³Uv n‡jv, cyuwRev‡ì mydj †c‡Z n‡j
Avgv‡ì Av‡iv •ah© ai‡Z n‡e| cyuwRev` †h ¯^‡M©i ¯^cœ †`Lvq,
†mLv‡b †cu․Qv‡Z Avgv‡ì Av‡iKUz evwK| nu¨v, fzj A‡bK
n‡q‡Q| wKš‧ fzj †_‡K †Zv wkÿvI n‡q‡Q| Gfv‡eB Avgv‡ì
m¤ú` Av‡iKUz evo‡e, mevB Av‡iv †ewk m¤ú‡ì gvwjK n‡e|
•elgÜzKz nq‡Zv cy‡ivcywi `~i n‡e bv, wKš‧ Zv‡ZI gvbyl Zvi
Pvwn`v c~i‡Yi Rb¨ h‡_ó cv‡eÑ GgbwK K‡½vi gvbylI|
Avkvi Av‡jv G‡Kev‡i wb‡f hvqwb GL‡bv| wKQz wKQz welq,
†hgb Mo Avqy, wkï g„Zz¨nvi, Lvev‡ii mieivnÑ Gme w`‡q
wePvi Ki‡j 2014 mv‡ji MocoZv GKRb gvby‡li Rxe‡bi
gvb 1914 mv‡ji Zzjbvq A‡bK †ewk DbœZ| mviv c„w_ex‡Z
RbmsL¨vi we‡ùvi‡Yi c‡iI|
Zey cÖkœ †_‡K hvq, Gfv‡e wK AbšÍKvj Pj‡ZB _vK‡e?
m¤ú` e„w× Ki‡Z n‡j KuvPvgvj I kw³ jv‡MÑ wKš‧ `y‡UvB †Zv
482
mxwgZ| AvR †nvK ev 100 eQi c‡iB †nvK, GKw`b wK G
`y‡UvB †kl n‡q hv‡e bv? ZLb Kx Ki‡e gvbyl?
483
Aa¨vq 17
wk‡íi i_
AvaywbK hy‡Mi A_©bxwZ weKvk jv‡fi †cQ‡b `y‡Uv Dcv`v‡bi
Ae`vb Ab¯^xKvh©| GKUv n‡jv, fwel¨‡Zi Ici Avgv‡ì AMva
wek^vm, Avi Av‡iKUv n‡jv cyuwRcwZ‡ì bZzb bZzb c‡Yï
Drcv`‡b µgvMZ wewb‡qvM| wKš‧ A_©bxwZi weKv‡k †Kej GB
`ywU Dcv`vbB h‡_ó bq| A_©‣bwZK DbœwZi Rb¨ Av‡iv cÖ‡qvRb
kw³i †RvMvb Ges KuvPvgvj| Gm‡ei cwigvY mxwgZ| hLb GB
`y‡Uv Dcv`v‡bi †RvMvb dzwi‡q Avm‡e, mg¯Í A_©‣bwZK KvVv‡gv
ZLb gyL _ye‡o co‡e|
wKš‧ BwZnvm mvÿ¨ †`q, KuvPvgvj I kw³i GB mxgve×Zvi
e¨vcviwU Kv¸‡R ZË¡ gvÎ| weMZ K‡qK kZ‡K gvby‡li kw³ Ges
KuvPvgv‡ji eënvi Av‡Mi Zzjbvq eû ¸Y †e‡o‡Q Ges Zv m‡Ë¡I
we¯§qKifv‡e gvby‡li eënv‡ivc‡hvMx kw³i cwigvY K‡g hvIqvi
e`‡j Dj‡Uv †e‡o‡Q| hLbB GB `yB Dcv`v‡bi †h-†Kv‡bv GKwUi
Afv‡e A_©‣bwZK DbœwZi MwZ kø_ n‡q c‡o‡Q, ZLbB
wewb‡qvMKvixiv †mB mgm¨v mgvav‡bi Rb¨ weÁvb I cÖhyw³MZ
M‡elYvq Kuvwo Kuvwo UvKv †X‡j‡Qb| GBme wewb‡qvM †Kej
KuvPvgvj Ges kw³‡K mvkÖqxfv‡e eënv‡ii †K․kjB D™¢veb
K‡iwb, mÜvb w`‡q‡Q kw³ Ges KuvPvgv‡ji m¤ú~Y© bZzb Dr‡mi|
cwienYwk‡íi K_vB aiæb| weMZ 300 eQ‡i gvbyl
cïevwnZ gvjMvwo, GK PvKvi †VjvMvwo †_‡K ïiæ K‡i †Uªb,
†gvUiMvwo, k‡ãi †P‡q `ªæZMwZi wegvb, gnvKvkhvb BZ¨vw`
bvbv ai‡bi †KvwU †KvwU msL¨K hvbevnb •Zwi K‡i‡Q| GZ
484
wecyjmsL¨K hvbevnb •Zwii d‡j cwienYwk‡íi Rb¨
cÖ‡qvRbxq kw³ I KuvPvgv‡ji NvUwZ •Zwi nIqvi K_v Ges
cwienYwk‡íi m‡½ RwoZ‡ì Zjvwb‡Z c‡o _vKv KuvPvgvj
wb‡q KvovKvwo Kivi K_v| ev¯Íe Ae¯ v wKš‧ Gi cy‡ivcywi
wecixZ| †hLv‡b 1700 mv‡j cwienYwkí‡K Drcv`‡bi Rb¨
cÖavbZ KvV Ges †jvnvi Ici wbf©i Ki‡Z n‡Zv, AvR‡K Zv‡ì
Rb¨ Av‡Q cøvw÷K, ivevi, A¨vjywgwbqvg Ges UvB‡Uwbqv‡gi
g‡Zv bZzb D™¢vweZ A‡bK KuvPvgv‡ji ch©vß †RvMvb, †hm‡ei
Aw¯ÍZ¡ m¤ú‡K© Avgv‡ì c~e©cyiæl‡ì †Kv‡bv aviYvB wQj bv|
1700 mv‡j †hLv‡b AwaKvsk Mvwo •Zwi n‡Zv QzZvi Avi
Kvgv‡ii †cwkkw³‡K Aej¤^b K‡i, †mLv‡b AvR †c‡Uªvwjqvg-
PvwjZ BwÄb Avi cvigvYweK kw³‡Z U‡qvUv Ges †evwqs bv‡gi
e‡ov e‡ov hvbevnb •Zwii KviLvbv¸‡jv PvwjZ n‡”Q| cÖvq
GKB ai‡bi •ecøweK cwieZ©‡bi †Quvqv Avgiv AvRKvj wk‡íi
Ab¨vb¨ Lv‡ZI †`L‡Z cvB| GB wecø‡ei bvg wkíwecøe|
wkíwecø‡ei nvRvi nvRvi eQi Av‡M †_‡KB gvbyl RvbZ,
Kxfv‡e wewfbœ ai‡bi kw³i Drm‡K eënvi Ki‡Z nq| Zviv
KvV cywo‡q Drcbœ Zv‡c †jvnv MjvZ, evwoNi Mig ivLZ Avi
wcVv •Zwi KiZ| cvj‡Zvjv RvnvR evZv‡mi kw³ eënvi K‡i
†`‡k-we‡`‡k Ny‡i †eovZ Avi cvwbPvwjZ K‡j b`xi †mªvZ‡K
Kv‡R jvwM‡q gvovB Kiv n‡Zv avb| Zv m‡Ë¡I GB cÖ‡Z¨K
Dr‡mi eënv‡ii wKQz mxgve×Zv I mgm¨v wQj| Mv‡Qi †RvMvb
me RvqMvq cvIqv †hZ bv, ìKvi co‡jB evqyKj Pvjv‡bvi
Rb¨ evZvm eBZ bv Ges †Kej b`xi KvQvKvwQ emevm Ki‡jB
b`xi †mªvZ‡K Kv‡R jvMv‡bv m¤¢e n‡Zv|
Zvi †P‡qI e‡ov mgm¨v †hUv wQj Zv n‡jv, gvbyl GKai‡bi
kw³‡K Ab¨ ai‡bi kw³‡Z iƒcvšÍi Ki‡Z cviZ bv| Zviv evZvm
Ges †mªv‡Zi kw³‡K Kv‡R jvwM‡q cvj‡Zvjv RvnvR Pvjv‡Z ev
K‡j gvovB Ki‡Z cviZ, wKš‧ Zviv Gme w`‡q cvwb Mig Ki‡Z
wKsev †jvnv Mjv‡Z cviZ bv| GKBfv‡e, Zviv KvV cywo‡q Drcbœ
Zvc eënvi K‡i gvovBK‡ji PvKv Nyiv‡Z cviZ bv| †mKv‡j,
485
kw³i iƒcvšÍi Ki‡Z cv‡i, Ggb GKwU h‡š¿i K_vB †Kej gvbyl
RvbZ, Zv n‡jv kixi| cwicvK bvgK cÖvK…wZK cÖwµqvi gva¨‡g
gvbyl I Ab¨vb¨ cÖvYx Lv`¨ bvgK •Re R¡vjvwb MÖnY KiZ Ges
†cwk bovPovi gva¨‡g bZzb Dcv‡q †m kw³ eënvi KiZ| bi,
bvix Ges Ab¨vb¨ cÖvYx bvbv ai‡bi km¨ Ges gvsm Lv`¨ wn‡m‡e
MÖnY KiZ, †mme †_‡K cvIqv kK©iv Ges Pwe© cywo‡q Zviv wiKkv
PvjvZ ev jvOj †VjZ|
†h‡nZz gvbyl I Ab¨vb¨ cÖvYxi kixiB wQj kw³ iƒcvšÍ‡ii
GKgvÎ Aej¤^b, †m Kvi‡Y †cwkkw³B wQj gvby‡li me
Kg©Kv‡Ði †K›`ª| gvby‡li †cwk †VjvMvwo Avi evwo evbvZ,
†Mviæi †cwk gv‡V PvjvZ jvOj Avi †Nvovi †cwk GK RvqMv
†_‡K Ab¨ RvqMvq gvjvgvj cwien‡Yi Kv‡R eëüZ n‡Zv|
•RweK †cwkkw³PvwjZ Gme h‡š¿i GKwUB kw³ Avni‡Yi Drm
wQjÑ †mwU n‡jv MvQcvjv| MvQcvjv Avevi kw³i Rb¨ wbf©ikxj
wQj m~‡h©i Ici| mv‡jvKms‡kølY bvgK cÖwµqvi gva¨‡g Zviv
m~h© †_‡K kw³ msMÖn KiZ Ges Zv‡K iƒcvšÍwiZ KiZ dj, g~j,
exR BZ¨vw` bvbv •Re Dcv`v‡b| myZivs, G ch©šÍ gvbyl hv wKQz
K‡i‡Q Zvi †cQ‡bi kw³i g~j †RvMvb`vZv wQj m~h,© MvQ hvi
Av‡jv MÖnY K‡i‡Q Ges MvQ †_‡K gvbylmn Ab¨vb¨ cÖvYx Zv
MÖnY K‡i Zv‡K †cwkkw³‡Z cwiYZ K‡i‡Q|
myZivs, GZw`b gvby‡li BwZnvm wbf©ikxj wQj `y‡Uv cÖavb
P‡µi IciÑ MvQcvjvi †e‡o IVvi Pµ Avi m~‡h©i Av‡jvi Pµ
(w`b ev ivZ, MÖx®§ wKsev kxZ)| †Kv‡bv AÂ‡j hLb m~‡h©i
Av‡jv Kg, †L‡Z km¨ GL‡bv †c‡K I‡Vwb, †mLv‡b ZLb
gvby‡li kw³ _vKZ Kg| duvKv _vKZ †Mvjv, Ki msMÖnKvix
cvBK-†cqv`viI Kivi wKQz _vKZ bv, •mb¨‡ì c‡ÿ hy× Rq
Ki‡Z hvIqv m¤¢e n‡Zv bv Avi ivRvivI ZLb Zuvey Uvwb‡q
kvwšÍ‡Z wS‡gv‡Zb| Avevi m~h© hLb c~Y© †Z‡R R¡‡j DVZ,
dm‡ji †LZ f‡i DVZ cvKv dm‡j, K…l‡Kiv ZLb dmj KvU‡Z
Avi †Mvjvq dmj Rgv‡bvi Kv‡R e¨¯Í n‡q coZ| Ki
msMÖnKvix cvBK-†cqv`viv Ki msMÖ‡n n‡b¨ n‡q DVZ| •mb¨‡ì
486
†cwki †Rvi Avi Z‡jvqv‡ii avi †hZ †e‡o| ivRvgkvB
Av‡qvRb Ki‡Zb e‡ov e‡ov mfvi Ges wm×všÍ wb‡Zb iv‡Rï
cieZ©x c`‡ÿc m¤ú‡K©| meviB PvwjKvkw³ wQj fzÆv, avb I
Avjyi g‡a¨ R‡g _vKv †m․ikw³|
†nu‡k‡j jywK‡q _vKv gvwbK

nvRvi nvRvi eQi a‡i kw³ Drcv`‡bi me‡P‡q ¸iæZ¡c~Y©
Avwe®‥viwU w`bivZ gvby‡li nv‡Zi Kv‡QB NyiNyi K‡i‡Q| wKš‧,
Avðh©RbKfv‡e, †KD †mUv †Lqvj K‡i †`‡Lwb| GKRb M„wnYx
ev PvKi hZevi Pv‡qi Rb¨ †KUwj‡Z cvwb dzwU‡q‡Q ev Avjy
wm× Kivi Rb¨ nuvwo‡Z cvwb Pwo‡q Dby‡b †i‡L‡Q, ZZevi GB
Avwe®‥vi gvby‡li †Pv‡L †PvL †i‡L gyL wU‡c †n‡m‡Q| cvwb
hLbB dzU‡Z ïiæ K‡i‡Q, †KUwj ev nuvwoi XvKbv wVK GKUz
c‡iB jvwd‡q D‡V‡Q| Zvc iƒcvšÍwiZ n‡q‡Q e¯‧‡K bvwo‡q
†Ìqvi kw³‡Z| wKš‧, cvwb †dvUvi ci mgqg‡Zv †KUwj ev
nuvwoi XvKbv bv miv‡bv n‡j evievi XvKbvi jvwd‡q IVv GKUv
weiw³Ki e¨vcvi| ZvB, †KD GB welqUv‡K AvMÖ‡ni m‡½ jÿ
Kivi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv Abyfe K‡iwb|
Dbwesk kZ‡K eviæ` Avwe®‥v‡ii ciciB Zvc‡K e¯‧i
bovPov ev mi‡Y iƒcvšÍi Kivi GKwU cÖwµqvi AvswkK D™¢veb
nq| cÖ_g cÖ_g Kvgv‡bi †Mvjvq eviæ` eënv‡ii wPšÍvUvB GZ
AvR¸we wQj †h gvbyl kZ kZ eQi a‡i †Kej AvZkevwR
•Zwii Kv‡RB eviæ` eënvi K‡i G‡m‡Q| cieZ©x‡Z, m¤¢eZ
†hw`b eviæ` ¸u‡ov Ki‡Z wM‡q nvgvbw`¯Ív †_‡K †clYxUv Qz‡U
†ewi‡q †Mj, †mw`bB •Zwi n‡jv cÖ_g e›`yK; Avi †mw`b †_‡KB
Rb¥ n‡jv e›`y‡Ki| eviæ‡ì Avwe®‥vi Ges mwZ¨Kv‡ii hy×v‡¯¿
Zvi eënvi n‡Z cÖvq 600 eQi †j‡M †Mj|
GZ wKQzi c‡iI, †m mgq Zvc‡K mi‡Y cwiYZ Kivi
aviYvwU GZUvB A¯^vfvweK wQj †h, Zvc eënvi K‡i e¯‧
miv‡bvi cÖ_g hš¿wU •Zwi Ki‡Z gvby‡li Av‡iv 300 eQi †j‡M
487
†M‡Q| cÖvq 300 eQi ci GB bZzb cÖhyw³ Rb¥ wbj weª‡U‡bi
KqjvLwb‡Z| †m mgq, RbmsL¨v evovi ìæb ewa©Z RbM‡Yi
Avevm Avi Pv‡li Rwgi Rb¨ weª‡U‡bi ebf‚wg DRvo n‡Z ïiæ
K‡i‡Q| µ‡gB mxwgZ n‡q Avm‡Q R¡vjvwb Kv‡Vi †RvMvb| gvbyl
Kv‡Vi e`‡j LwbR Kqjv‡K weKí R¡vjvwb wn‡m‡e eënvi Ki‡Z
ïiæ K‡i‡Q| ZLbKvi weª‡U‡b A‡bK KqjvLwbB wQj RjgMœ
GjvKvq| eb¨vi Kvi‡Y Gme KqjvLwbi wb‡Pi ¯Íi¸‡jv †_‡K
Kqjv D‡Ëvjb Kiv GKiKg Am¤¢e n‡q coj| mevi Kv‡QB
ZvB G mgm¨vi Avï mgvavb Riæwi n‡q coj| Ae‡k‡l,
AvbygvwbK 1700 mv‡ji w`‡K GK bZzb, A‡Pbv k‡ãi ¸Ä‡b
weª‡U‡bi KqjvLwb¸‡jv mPwKZ n‡q DVj| †mB ¸ÄbÑ GKmgq
n‡q DVj wkíwecø‡ei AMÖ`~Z| cÖ_‡g g„`y, Zvici K‡qK `k‡K
µgkB D”PMÖv‡g DV‡Z jvMj †mB kã, Qwo‡q coj Ges †kl
ch©šÍ mg¯Í c„w_ex‡K †m Zvi wecyj k‡ãi wPrKv‡i fwi‡q Zzjj|
GB kã wQj ev®úxq BwÄ‡bi|
ev®úxq BwÄ‡bi A‡bK iKg‡di _vK‡jI Zv‡ì meviB
g~jbxwZ GK| Avcwb Kqjv ev Kv‡Vi g‡Zv †Kv‡bv GKwU R¡vjvwb
†cvov‡eb, Zv w`‡q cvwb †dvUv‡bv n‡e Avi Zvi d‡j •Zwi n‡e
ev®ú| ev®ú hLb Mig n‡q cÖmvwiZ n‡e ZLb GwU wc÷b‡K
†V‡j †`‡e| wc÷‡bi bovPovi d‡j Gi m‡½ mshy³ †Kv‡bv
wRwbmI bovPov Ki‡Z ïiæ Ki‡e| e¨m, Zvckw³ MwZkw³‡Z
iƒcvšÍwiZ n‡q †Mj! Aóv`k kZ‡K weª‡U‡bi KqjvLwb‡Z
wc÷b¸‡jv GKwU cvwb †mP Kivi cv‡¤úi m‡½ hy³ _vKZ
†h¸‡jv Lwbi Zj‡`k †_‡K cvwb wb®‥vk‡bi Kv‡R eëüZ
n‡Zv| cÖ_g w`KKvi BwÄb¸‡jv‡Z A‡bK †ewk R¡vjvwbi AcPq
n‡Zv| GKMv`v Kqjv cywo‡q bvggvÎ cvwb wb®‥vkb Kiv †hZ|
wKš‧, Gi d‡jB KqjvLwbi Kqjv D‡Ëvjb n‡q †hZ A‡bK
mnR Avi †cvov‡bvi Rb¨ KqjviI Afve _vKZ bv| myZivs,
†mme AcPq wb‡q †KD gv_vI NvgvZ bv|
cieZ©x `kK¸‡jv‡Z weªwUk D‡`¨v³vMY ev®úxq BwÄ‡bi
`ÿZv A‡bKLvwb evwo‡q Zzj‡jb Ges KqjvLwbi MwÐ †_‡K
488
Zz‡j G‡b Zv w`‡q ïiæ Ki‡jb myZv •Zwi Avi Kvco †evbvi
KvR| Avi Gi d‡j Avg~j cvj‡U †Mj e¯¿wk‡íi Drcv`bc×wZ
Ges Av‡Mi †h-†Kv‡bv mg‡qi †P‡q Kg Li‡P Ges †ewk cwigvY
e¯¿ Drcv`b m¤¢eci n‡jv| †Pv‡Li wb‡g‡l Zver c„w_exi
Drcv`‡bi †K›`ª n‡q DVj weª‡Ub| wKš‧ Gi †P‡qI ¸iæZ¡c~Y©
e¨vcvi n‡jv, KqjvLwb †cwi‡q e¯¿wk‡í ev®úxq BwÄ‡bi eënvi
gvby‡li GKwU wekvj gvbwmK mxgve×Zvi †Ìqvj †f‡O w`j|
hw` Kqjv cywo‡q ZuvZ KviLvbvi PvKv mPj ivLv hvq, Z‡e Zv
w`‡q Mvwoi PvKvI †Zv †Nviv‡bv †h‡Z cv‡i!
1825 mv‡j Lwbi KqjvfwZ© ewMIqvjv GKwU †Uª‡bi m‡½
GKRb weªwUk cÖ‡K․kjx GKwU ev®úxq BwÄb Ry‡o w`‡jb| GB
BwÄb †jvnvi •Zwi GKwU †ijjvB‡bi Ici w`‡q ewM¸‡jv‡K
KqjvLwb †_‡K 20 wK‡jvwgUvi `~‡ii GK e›`‡i †cu․‡Q w`j|
GwUB wQj BwZnv‡mi cÖ_g ev®úPvwjZ hvb| Gi c‡ii wnmve
Av‡iv mnR, ev®úPvwjZ BwÄb hw` KqjvfwZ© ewM GK RvqMv
†_‡K Ab¨ RvqMvq wb‡q †h‡Z cv‡i, Z‡e Ab¨vb¨ wRwbm †Kb bq?
Avi Zv‡Z gvbylB-ev Po‡Z cvi‡e bv †Kb? 1830 mv‡ji 15
†m‡Þ¤î gvbyl enb Kivi Rb¨ wjfvicyj †_‡K g¨vb‡P÷vi ch©šÍ
cÖ_g evwYwR¨K †ijjvBb Pvjy n‡jv| †h ev‡®úi kw³ KqjvLwbi
cvwb wb®‥vkb Avi ZuvZKj Pvjv‡Z eëüZ n‡Zv, †mB GKB kw³
eënvi K‡iB Pj‡Z ïiæ Kij GB †Uªb| cieZ©x 20 eQ‡iiI Kg
mg‡qi g‡a¨ weª‡U‡b 10 nvRvi wK‡jvwgUv‡iiI †ewk •`‡N©ï
†ijjvBb Ry‡o †ijMvwo Pj‡Z ïiæ Kij|
GBme NUbv †_‡K gvby‡li g‡b e×g~j aviYv Rb¥vj †h, hš¿
eënvi K‡i GKiKg kw³‡K Ab¨ kw³‡Z iƒcvšÍi Kiv m¤¢e|
Dchy³ hš¿ _vK‡j c„w_exi †h-†Kv‡bv cÖv‡šÍ, †h-†Kv‡bv ai‡bi
kw³‡K Avgiv Ab¨ kw³‡Z iƒcvšÍwiZ Ki‡Z cvwi|
D`vniY¯îƒc, gvbyl hLb Rvbj †h, cigvYyi g‡a¨ wecyj cwigvY
kw³ mwÂZ _v‡K, ZrÿYvr Zvi g‡b wPšÍv Rb¥vj, Kxfv‡e
cigvYyi GB kw³‡K Aegy³ Kiv hvq Ges Zv w`‡q we`y¨r, hy‡×i
mve‡gwib ev bMi-aŸsmKvix cvigvYweK †evgv evbv‡bv hvq|
Pxbv‡ì eviæ` Avwe®‥vi Ges Zv eënvi K‡i evbv‡bv Kvgvb
489
w`‡q ZzwK©‡ì Kb÷vbwU‡bvc‡ji †Ìqvj aŸsm Kivi gaëZ©x
mgq wQj 600 eQi| A_P AvBb÷vB‡bi fi‡K kw³‡Z iƒcvšÍi
Kivi MvwYwZK m~Î E=mc2 Avwe®‥vi Avi cvigvYweK †evgv
w`‡q wn‡ivwkgv I bvMvmvwK kni‡K a~wjmvr K‡i †Ìqv ev
wekê¨vcx cvigvYweK kw³ †K›`ª MwR‡q IVvi gaëZ©x mgq wQj
gvÎ 40 eQi!
Av‡iKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Avwe®‥vi wQj AšÍ`©n (Internal
Combustion) BwÄ‡bi Avwe®‥vi, †hwU GK cÖR‡b¥i wKQzUv †ewk
mg‡qi g‡a¨B cwienYeë¯ vq hyMvšÍKvix cwieZ©‡bi m~Pbv K‡i
Ges †c‡Uªvwjqvg cwiYZ nq Zij ivR‣bwZK kw³‡Z| Gi
nvRvi eQi Av‡M †_‡KB cvwb‡ivax N‡ii Qv` •Zwi‡Z ev Mvwoi
PvKvi wcw”QjKviK c`v_© wn‡m‡e †c‡Uªvwjqv‡gi eënvi cÖPwjZ
wQj| wKš‧, MZ 100 eQ‡ii Av‡M †c‡Uªvwjqv‡gi Ab¨ †Kv‡bv
m¤¢vebvi K_v Kv‡iv gv_vqB Av‡mwb| †m mgq †Z‡ji gvwjKvbv
jv‡fi Rb¨ hy× I i³‡mªvZ eB‡q †Ìqvi g‡Zv aviYvB wQj
nvm¨Ki| nu¨v, ivR¨, †mvbv`vbv, gwiP wKsev `vm AwaKvi Kivi
Rb¨ hy× n‡ZB cv‡i, wKš‧ †Z‡ji Rb¨ hy×, Am¤¢e!
we`y¨‡Zi Mí Av‡iv †ewk †ivgvÂKi| 200 eQi Av‡MI
A_©bxwZ‡Z we`y¨‡Zi †Kv‡bv Ae`vbB wQj bv| wKQz †Mvcb
•eÁvwbK M‡elYv Avi m¯Ív Rv`yi †Ljv †`Lv‡bvi g‡a¨B mxgve×
wQj Gi eënvi| KZK¸‡jv ¸iæZ¡c~Y© D™¢veb we`y¨r‡K cwiYZ
Kij Rv`yi cÖ`x‡ci •`‡Z¨| AvR‡K Avgv‡ì GK Zzwo‡Z we`y¨r
Qvwc‡q †d‡j eB, †mjvB K‡i Kvco, ZiZvRv iv‡L kvKmewR,
Rwg‡q †Zv‡j AvBmwµg, ivbœv K‡i Lvevi Avi g„Zz¨`Ð †`q
Acivax‡ì, wjwce× K‡i Avgv‡ì fvebv-wPšÍv Avi †d«‡g ew›`
K‡i Avgv‡ì nvwm-Kvbœv, ivZ‡K RvwM‡q †Zv‡j w`‡bi Av‡jvq
Avi wUwfi AMwYZ Abyôv‡bi gva¨‡g Avgv‡ì †`q we‡bv`‡bi
†LvivK| we`y¨r Kxfv‡e G¸‡jv K‡i †mUv Lye Kg †jvKB Rv‡b,
A_P we`y¨r Qvov Rxe‡bi K_v †KD AvR KíbvI Ki‡Z cv‡i
bv|
490
kw³i mvMi
GKev‡i wkKo †_‡K wPšÍv Ki‡j, wkíwecøe Avm‡j kw³i
iƒcvšÍ‡ii wecøe| GUv evievi Avgv‡ì †Pv‡L AvOyj w`‡q
†`wL‡q‡Q †h, gvby‡li eënvi‡hvM¨ kw³i †RvMvb mxgvnxb|
Av‡iv mwVKfv‡e ej‡j, kw³i cwigvY‡K GKgvÎ mxgve× K‡i
Zzj‡Z cv‡i gvby‡li AÁZv| K‡qK `kK ciciB Avgiv kw³i
bZzb GKwU Dr‡mi mÜvb cvB Ges gvby‡li eënvi‡hvM¨ kw³i
cwigvY evo‡Z _v‡K|
Zvn‡j, `ywbqv Ry‡o GZ gvbyl kw³i dzwi‡q hvIqvi
Avk¼vq fxZ †Kb? †Kb Zviv Rxevk¥ R¡vjvwb †kl n‡q hvIqvi
d‡j `ywbqvRy‡o Avmbœ gnvwech©q m¤ú‡K© evievi Avgv‡ì mZK©
K‡ib? GUv †Zv wbwðZ c„w_ex‡Z kw³i †Kv‡bv Afve †bB|
Avgv‡ì cÖavb mgm¨v n‡jv †m kw³‡K AvniY Kiv Ges
Avgv‡ì cÖ‡qvRb Abymv‡i iƒcvšÍwiZ Kivi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq
Áv‡bi Afve| †MvUv `ywbqvq †h cwigvY Rxevk¥ R¡vjvwbi †RvMvb
Av‡Q, m~h© GKw`‡b webvg~‡j¨ Zvi eû¸Y kw³ Avgv‡ì w`‡q
_v‡K| m~‡h©i †gvU kw³i gvÎ mvgvb¨ GKUv Ask c„w_ex‡Z
Av‡m| GB mvgvb¨ AskUzKziB evwl©K cwigvY 3,766,800
G·vRyj (1 G·vRyj = 1018 Ryj)|2 c„w_exi me MvQcvjv
mv‡jvKms‡kølY cÖwµqvq Lv`¨ Drcv`‡bi Rb¨ Gi g‡a¨ gvÎ 3
nvRvi G·vRyj kw³ eënvi K‡i|3 gvbyl GK eQ‡i me Kg©KvÐ
Ges wkíKviLvbvq †gvU LiP K‡i 500 G·vRyj, hv 90 wgwb‡U
m~h© †_‡K c„w_ex‡Z Avmv †m․ikw³i mgvb|4 Gme †Zv †Mj
†Kej †m․ikw³i K_v| m~h© QvovI cvigvYweK kw³ I
AwfK‡l©i g‡Zv kw³¸‡jv Avgv‡ì Pvicvk †_‡K wN‡i †i‡L‡Q|
Gi g‡a¨ Puv‡ì c„w_exi cÖwZ AvKl©‡Yi Kvi‡Y mvM‡i m„ó
†Rvqvi †_‡K AwfKl© kw³i aviYv mn‡RB †evSv hvq|
wkíwecø‡ei Av‡M gvby‡li kw³i evRvi cy‡ivcywi MvQcvjvi
Ic‡iB wbf©ikxj wQj| myZivs, gvbyl‡K `ywbqve¨vcx 3 nvRvi
G·vRyj kw³ MÖnYKvix Drm MvQcvjvi KvQvKvwQ emevm Ki‡Z
491
n‡Zv, MvQcvjv Zvi MÖnYK…Z kw³i GKwU wbw`©ó Ask gvby‡li
MÖn‡Yvc‡hvMx Lv‡`¨ iƒcvšÍi K‡i †diZ w`Z| Mv‡Qi GB iƒcvšÍi
K‡i †Ìqv kw³i cwigvY wQj mxwgZ| wkíwecø‡ei mgq Avgiv
eyS‡Z cvijvg, Avgiv Avm‡j A‡bK¸‡jv kw³i mvM‡ii Ici
emevm KiwQ, hv‡ì cÖwZwU Dr‡mi †KvwU †KvwU G·vRyj kw³
†Ìqvi mÿgZv Av‡Q| Avgv‡ì †Kej †mme kw³ D‡Ëvjb ev
msMÖ‡ni Rb¨ Dchy³ cÖhyw³ D™¢veb Ki‡Z n‡e|
h_vh_ Dcv‡q kw³ msMÖn I iƒcvšÍi m¤ú‡K© Rvbvi †Póv
A_©bxwZ‡K kø_ K‡i †Ìqv Av‡iKwU mgm¨v mgvavb Ki‡Z
gvbyl‡K mvnvh¨ Kij| †mwU n‡jvÑ KuvPvgv‡ji `y®úÖvc¨Zv| gvbyl
hZ Kg Li‡P †ewk cwigvY kw³ AvniY Kiv wkL‡Z jvMj,
ZZB gvby‡li bZzb bZzb KuvPvgvj msMÖn (D`vniY wn‡m‡e ejv
hvq mvB‡ewiqvi cwZZ Rwg †_‡K †jvnv D‡Ëvj‡bi K_v) Ges
`~i`~ivšÍ †_‡K KuvPvgvj cwien‡Yi (†hgb GKwU weªwUk †cvkvK
KviLvbvq A‡÷ªjxq D‡ji mieivn) mÿgZv evo‡Z jvMj|
GKB m‡½, •eÁvwbK AMÖMwZ gvbyl‡K cøvw÷‡Ki g‡Zv m¤ú~Y©
bZzb KuvPvgvj D™¢veb Ges wmwjKb, A¨vjywgwbqv‡gi g‡Zv
A‡Pbv KuvPvgvj Avwe®‥vi Ki‡Z mnvqZv Kij|
weÁvbxiv 1820 mv‡ji w`‡K G‡m A¨vjywgwbqv‡gi mÜvb
cvb| wKš‧, AvKwiK †_‡K A¨vjywgwbqvg wb®‥vkb wQj Kómva¨
Ges cÖPiz e¨qmv‡cÿ| K‡qK `kK hver A¨vjywgwbqvg wQj
†mvbvi †P‡q `vwg avZz| 1860 mv‡ji w`‡K d«v‡Ýi mgªvU Z…Zxq
†b‡cvwjqvb, Zvi me‡P‡q m¤£všÍ AwZw_‡ì‡K A¨vjywgwbqv‡gi
_vjvevm‡b Avc¨vq‡bi eë¯ v K‡ib| Gi †_‡K A‡cÿvK…Z Kg
gh©v`vi AwZw_iv †c‡Zb †mvbvi Qzwi Ges KuvUvPvgP w`‡q
†fvR‡bi my‡hvM|5 Ebwesk kZ‡Ki †kl w`‡K G‡m wKQz
imvqbwe` A‡bK Kg Li‡P wecyj cwigvY A¨vjywgwbqvg
wb®‥vk‡bi Dcvq †ei K‡ib Ges eZ©gvb we‡k¦ cÖwZ eQi cÖvq 3
†KvwU Ub A¨vjywgwbqvg Drcbœ nq| Z…Zxq †b‡cvwjqvb hw`
Rvb‡Zb Zuvi DËim~wiiv AvR A¨vjywgwbqv‡g evbv‡bv †gvoK
w`‡q m¨vÛDBP gy‡o iv‡L Ges LvIqv †k‡l A¨vjywgwbqv‡gi
492
†gvoKwU‡K AveR©bvi ev‡· †d‡j †`q, wbðqB we¯§‡q Zvi †PvL
Qvbveov n‡q †hZ|
`yB nvRvi eQi Av‡M f‚ga¨mvMixq DcK‚‡ji Awaevmxiv
Z¡‡Ki ï®‥Zv †_‡K iÿv cvIqvi Rb¨ nv‡Z ïay RjcvB‡qi †Zj
gvwjk Ki‡Zb| AvR, Zviv ï®‥Zv cÖwZ‡iv‡ai Rb¨ n¨vÛwµ‡gi
wUD‡ei XvKbv †Lv‡jb| Avwg ¯ vbxq GKwU †`vKvb †_‡K †h
mvaviY n¨vÛwµgwU wK‡bwQ, Zvi Dcv`vb¸‡jv wbgœiƒcÑ
CwikÖæZ cvwb, w÷qvwiK A¨vwmW, wMømvwib, K¨vwcÖwjK/
K¨vwcÖKwUMøvB‡mivBW, †cÖvcvBwjb MøvBKj, AvB‡mv‡cÖvcvBj
gvBwi‡÷U, cvbv· wRb‡ms †kK‡oi wbh©vm, myMwÜ, wmUvBj
A¨vj‡Kvnj, UªvB_v‡bvjvgvBb, WvB‡gwU‡Kvb, weqvi‡ewi cvZvi
wbh©vm, g¨vM‡bwmqvg A¨vm‡KvevBj dm‡dU, BwgWvRwjwWbj
BDwiqv, wg_vBj c¨viv‡eb, K¨vgdi, †cÖvcvBj c¨viv‡eb,
nvDWªw·AvB‡mv‡n·vBj 3-mvB‡K¬v‡n‡·b Kv‡e©v·vwìnvBW,
nvB‡Wªv·vBj-mvB‡Uªv‡bjvj, wjbvjyj, weDUvBj †dbvBj wg_vBj
†cÖvc‡jvbvj, mvB‡Uªv‡b‡jvj, wj‡gvwbb, †Rivwbqj|
Gi †ewkifvMB Dcv`vbB D™¢vweZ A_ev Avwe®‥…Z n‡q‡Q
MZ `yB kZ‡Ki g‡a¨|
cÖ_g wek^hy‡×i mgq Rvg©vwb Ae‡iv‡ai wkKvi nq Ges
Zv‡ì KuvPvgvj-k~b¨Zv †`Lv †`q| we‡kl K‡i msKU •Zwi nq
eviæ` Ges Ab¨vb¨ we‡ùviK •Zwii Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq Dcv`vb
mëwcUv‡ii (Saltpetre)| mëwcUvi cÖavb †RvMvb wQj wPwj Avi
fvi‡Z, Rvg©vwbi bvMv‡ji evB‡i| mëwcUvi weKí ivmvqwbK
wQj A¨v‡gvwbqv, wKš‧ ZLb A¨v‡gvwbqvi Drcv`b wQj AZ¨šÍ
e¨qeûj| Rvg©vb‡ì Rb¨ my‡Li Lei GB †h, 1908 mv‡j
wd«UR n¨vevi bv‡gi GKRb Bûw` Rvg©vb AvÿwiK A‡_©B evZvm
†_‡K A¨v‡gvwbqv •Zwii GKwU c×wZ Avwe®‥vi K‡ib| hLb hy×
ïiæ n‡jv, ZLb Rvg©vbiv n¨vev‡ii Avwe®‥vi‡K Kv‡R jvwM‡q
evZvm‡K KuvPvgvj wn‡m‡e eënvi K‡i evwYwR¨Kfv‡e hy×v‡¯¿i
Drcv`b ïiæ Kij| A‡bK we‡klÁB g‡b K‡ib, n¨vev‡ii
Avwe®‥vi bv _vK‡j Rvg©vwb 1918 mv‡ji A‡bK Av‡MB
493
AvZ¥mgc©Y Ki‡Z eva¨ n‡Zv| n¨vev‡ii GB Avwe®‥vi (hy‡×i
mgq welv³ M¨vm Drcv`‡bi †ÿ‡ÎI whwb wQ‡jb cy‡ivav
e¨w³Z¡) Zuv‡K G‡b †`q †bv‡ej cyi¯‥vi| Aek¨ Zuv‡K kvwšÍ‡Z
†bv‡ej †Ìqv nqwb, †Ìqv n‡q‡Q imvq‡b|
LuvPvq ew›` Rxeb

wkíwecøe G‡b w`‡q‡Q e¨qmvkÖqx kw³ I KuvPvgv‡ji cÖvPzh©| d‡j
A¯^vfvweK MwZ‡Z †e‡o‡Q Drcv`b| Drcv`‡bi GB we‡ùviK
MwZi cwiPq cÖ_g cvIqv hvq K…wl‡ÿ‡Î| Ggwb‡Z wkíwecø‡ei
K_v wPšÍv Ki‡jB Avgv‡ì †Pv‡L fv‡m Kv‡jv †auvqv IVv
wPgwbmg‡Z GKwU kn‡ii Qwe ev gvwUi Zj‡`‡ki KqjvLwb‡Z
LbbKv‡R wjß Ng©v³, K¬všÍ kÖwgK‡ì Qwe| wKš‧, G mewKQzi c‡iI
wkíwecøe cÖavbZ wØZxq K…wlwecøe|
MZ 200 eQ‡i wkíRvZ DcKiY K…wlKv‡Ri cÖavb
Aej¤^‡b cwiYZ n‡q‡Q| Uªv±‡ii g‡Zv hš¿¸‡jv GKKv‡ji
Am¤¢e A_ev †cwkkw³i Ic‡i GKvšÍ wbf©ikxj KvR¸‡jv
mn‡R Ki‡Z mnvqZv Ki‡Q| K…wÎg mvi, KxUbvkK, bZzb bZzb
ni‡gvb Avi Ily‡ai ¸‡Y gv‡Vi dmj Avi Mevw`cïi Drcv`b
`y‡UvB †e‡o †M‡Q| kxZvZcwbqš¿Y hš¿, RvnvR Avi wegvb
Drcvw`Z cY¨ gv‡mi ci gvm msiÿY Ki‡Z, myj‡f Ges `ªæZ
c„w_exi GK cÖvšÍ †_‡K Ab¨ cÖv‡šÍ cwienY Ki‡Z mvnvh¨
Ki‡Q| d‡j, GKRb BD‡ivwcqv‡bi iv‡Zi Lvev‡ii ZvwjKvq
hy³ n‡”Q Av‡R©w›Ubvi ZvRv †Mvgvsm wKsev Rvcv‡b •Zwi mywk|
Dw™¢` I cÖvYxivI GB hvwš¿K wecø‡ei wkKv‡i cwiYZ
n‡q‡Q| gvbeZvev`x ag©¸‡jv hLb Zv‡ì PwP©Z g~j¨‡eva Øviv
gvby‡li Rxeb‡K ¯^M©xq mylgvq wef‚wlZ Ki‡Q, †mB GKB mg‡q
Lvgv‡i cvwjZ Mevw`cï¸‡jv‡K †`Lv n‡”Q kvixwiK I gvbwmK
Abyf‚wZnxb Drcv`bhš¿ wn‡m‡e| AvR‡Ki w`‡b GB
Mevw`cï¸‡jv‡K wkíKviLvbvq Drcvw`Z Ab¨vb¨ c‡Yï g‡ZvB
wecyj cwigv‡Y Drcv`b Kiv nq, e¨vemvwqK Pvwn`vi K_v wPšÍv
494
K‡iB M‡o †Zvjv nq Zv‡ì kvixwiK Mob| Zv‡ì cy‡iv
RxebUv †hb GKwU wekvj wk‡ívrcv`b c×wZi wbQK GKUv
DcKiY gvÎ| eëmvq-cÖwZôvb¸‡jvi jvf-ÿwZB wba©viY K‡i
†`q Zv‡ì RxebKvj Ges cÖvß my‡hvM-myweav| GgbwK
cÖwZôvb¸‡jv hLb Zv‡ì‡K euvwP‡q ivLvi Rb¨ h‡_ó cwigvY
hZœ †bq Ges ch©vß `vbvcvwbi †RvMvb †`q, ZL‡bv Zviv
cÖvYx¸‡jvi mvgvwRK I gvbwmK Pvwn`vi K_v fv‡e bv (hw` bv
Gme Pvwn`v Drcv`‡bi cwigv‡Yi m‡½ mivmwi m¤úwK©Z bv
nq), e¨vemvwqK jv‡fi K_v wPšÍv K‡iB Zviv GgbUv K‡i|
wWg cvov gyiwMi K_vB aiv hvK, G‡ìI AvPiY I
DÏxcbvMZ Pvwn`vi GKwU RwUj, m~² RMr Av‡Q| wbR¯^
cwi‡e‡k †e‡o IVv, Ny‡i Ny‡i VyK‡i Lvevi msMÖn Kiv, mvgvwRK
¯Íiweb¨vm •Zwi Kiv, evmv •Zwi Ges wb‡R‡ì‡K fwel¨‡Zi Rb¨
cÖ¯‧Z K‡i †Zvjvi e¨vcv‡i G‡ìI Av‡Q Zxeª AvKl©Y| wKš‧
wWg Drcv`bKvix cÖwZôvb¸‡jv mvaviYZ GKUv †Qv‡Uv LuvPvi
g‡a¨ gyiwM¸‡jv‡K ew›` K‡i iv‡L Ges cÖvqB †`Lv hvq GKwU
†Qv‡Uv LuvPvq Mv`vMvw` K‡i PviwU gyiwM ivLv, cÖwZUv gyiwMi Rb¨
eivÏ RvqMv †hLv‡b gvÎ •`‡N©¨ 25 I cÖ‡¯  evBk †mw›UwgUvi|
gyiwM¸‡jv‡K h‡_ó cwigvY Lvevi †Ìqv nq wKš‧ wb‡Ri evwo
evbv‡bv, mvgvwRK I cÖvK…wZK Kg©KvÐ m¤úv`b Ges wb‡Ri
Avevm e‡j fvevi g‡Zv †Kv‡bv RvqMv Zvi Rb¨ eivÏ _v‡K bv|
GgbwK LuvPv¸‡jv A‡bK mgq GZUvB †Qv‡Uv nq †h gyiwM¸‡jv
wVKg‡Zv †mvRv n‡q ùvov‡Z ev Wvbv SvcUv‡Z ch©šÍ cv‡i bv|
eyw×gËv I †K․Z‚n‡ji wePv‡i ¯Íb¨cvqx cÖvYx‡ì g‡a¨ Ab¨Zg
n‡jv k~Ki, m¤¢eZ bievbi‡ì c‡iB G‡ì ¯ vb| Zv m‡Ë¡I
Lvgvi¸‡jv‡Z c~Y©eq¯‥ k~Kix‡ì cÖvqB GZ †Qv‡Uv GKwU Kv‡Vi LuvPvi
g‡a¨ ivLv nq †hLv‡b Zviv nuvUv ev P‡i †eov‡bv †Zv `~‡ii K_v, Ny‡i
em‡Z ch©šÍ cv‡i bv| ev”Pv Rb¥ †Ìqvi ci Pvi mßvn mg¯Í w`b-ivZ
ev”Pv¸‡jv‡K k~Kixi m‡½ GB Ave× LuvPvq ivLv nq| Gici
ev”Pv¸‡jv‡K †gvUvZvRv Kivi Rb¨ gv‡qi †_‡K Avjv`v Kiv nq Ges
k~Kix‡K Avevi Mf©aviY Ki‡Z eva¨ Kiv nq|
495
A‡bK †Mviæi Lvgv‡iB †Mviæ¸‡jv‡K Zv‡ì Rxe‡bi cy‡ivUvB
KvUv‡Z nq GKwU †QvÆ Ave× cwi‡e‡k| wb‡R‡ì gjg~‡Îi IciB
†kvqv, emv Avi Nygv‡bvB n‡q I‡V Zv‡ì wbqwZ| KZK¸‡jv hš¿
Zv‡ì wbqwgZ Lvevi, ni‡gvb Avi IlyacÎ mieivn K‡i| Avi
KZK¸‡jv hš¿ wbqwgZ G‡m `yB‡q wb‡q hvq `ya| Mvwf¸‡jv‡K †hb
GKwU hš¿we‡kl, †h gyL w`‡q KuvPvgvj MÖnY K‡i Avi Ijvb w`‡q
Drcvw`Z cY¨ mieivn K‡i| RwUj Abyfw‚ Zi RMrm¤úbœ Gme
cÖvYx‡K hš¿ wn‡m‡e we‡ePbv Kivi d‡j Zv‡ì‡K †h †Kej kvixwiK
Amyweavi m¤§yLxb n‡Z n‡”Q Zv-B bq, Zv‡ì mvgvwRK I gvbwmK
Rxe‡bI gvby‡li Gme AvPiY •Zwi Ki‡Q Amnbxq Pvc|7
40| GKwU evwYwR¨K gyiwMi Lvgv‡i Kb‡fqi †e‡ëi Ici emv‡bv gyiwMi
ev”Pv| †gviM I ÎæwUhy³ †g‡q gyiwM¸‡jv‡K GLvb †_‡K Avjv`v Kiv nq|
Gici M¨vm †P¤^v‡i Zv‡ì k^vmiƒ× K‡i gviv nq Ges ¯^qswµq †gwk‡b †K‡U
†djv nq ev KL‡bv Zv‡ì‡K †mªd AveR©bvq Qz‡o †djv nq Ges wc‡l gviv nq|
G ai‡bi e‡ov gyiwM Lvgv‡i Gfv‡e cÖwZeQi †KvwU †KvwU gyiwM gviv hvq
Avwd«Kvb‡ì cÖwZ we‡Ølc~Y© g‡bvfve †_‡K †hgb AvUjvw›UK

AÂ‡j `vm-eëmv‡qi Rb¥ nqwb, wVK GKBfv‡e cÖvYx‡ì cÖwZ
†Kv‡bv we‡Øl †_‡KI e‡ov AvKv‡ii Mevw`cï wkí M‡o I‡Vwb|
496
wKš‧, A¯^xKvi Kivi Dcvq †bB, Avwd«Kvb Ges cÖvYx‡ì cÖwZ
D`vmxb g‡bvfveB Gme eëmv‡qi MwZkxj nIqvi g~j KviY|
hviv wWg, `ya ev gvs‡mi †fv³v Zv‡ì g‡a¨ Lye KgmsL¨K
gvbylB Gm‡ei m‡½ RwoZ gyiwM, †Mviæ ev k~K‡ii Rxe‡bi
cwiYwZ wb‡q fv‡eb| †h Aí KRb fv‡eb, Zuv‡ìI cÖvqkB
ej‡Z †kvbv hvq, h‡š¿i m‡½ GBme Mevw`cï ev cvwLi †Zgb
†Kv‡bv cv_©K¨ †bB| GB cÖvYx¸‡jv ms‡e`bkxjZv Ges
Av‡eMewR©Z Ges Zv‡ì myL-`yt‡Li Abyf‚wZ †bB| gRvi e¨vcvi
n‡jv weÁv‡bi †h kvLvwU evwYwR¨Kfv‡e `ya ev wWg Drcv`‡bi
AeKvVv‡gv wbg©v‡Y mnvqZv K‡i‡Q, weÁv‡bi †m kvLvwUB
mv¤cÖwZK Kv‡j m‡›`nvZxZfv‡e G K_v cÖgvY K‡i‡Q †h, GBme
¯Íb¨cvqx cÖvYx Ges cvwL‡ìI Av‡Q GKwU ms‡e`bkxj Abyf‚wZ
I Av‡e‡Mi RMr| Zviv †h †Kej kvixwiK myL-`ytL Abyfe
Ki‡Z cv‡i Zv-B bq, gvbwmK hš¿YvI Zv‡ì †fvMvq|
weeZ©bxq g‡bvweÁvb Abyhvqx eb¨ Ae¯ vq emevmKvjxb
Mevw`cï¸‡jvi g‡a¨ GBme mvgvwRK Ges gvbwmK Pvwn`vi D™¢e
n‡q‡Q| †m mgq Aw¯ÍZ¡ wUwK‡q ivLv Ges eskwe¯Ív‡ii Rb¨ GB
`y‡Uv e¨vcvi wQj Acwinvh©| GKwU eb¨ †Mviæ‡K Rvb‡Z n‡Zv
Kxfv‡e Ab¨vb¨ †Mviæ Ges luv‡oi m‡½ Zv‡K mym¤úK© eRvq ivL‡Z
n‡e| KviY, GUv bv Rvb‡j Zvi c‡ÿ AvZ¥iÿv Ges eskwe¯Ívi
Kiv m¤¢e wQj bv| GB Acwinvh© ¸Yvewj AR©‡bi Rb¨ Ab¨vb¨
¯Íb¨cvqx cÖvYxi g‡Zv weeZ©b †Mviæi evQz‡ii †ÿ‡ÎI †Ljvayjvi
cÖwZ GKUv Zxeª AvMÖn M‡o Zz‡j‡Q (¯Íb¨cvqx cÖvYx‡ì †ÿ‡Î
†Ljvayjv Kiv mvgvwRK AvPiY †kLvi GKUv Dcvq)| cvkvcvwk
weeZ©b evQz‡ii g‡a¨ gv‡qi m‡½ GKUv Mfxi m¤ú‡K©i †fZi iPbv
K‡i w`‡q‡Q KviY gv‡qi `ya Ges hZœ GKwU evQz‡ii wU‡K _vKvi
Rb¨ Acwinvh©|
GLb, GKRb cïcvjK hw` GKwU †g‡q evQzi‡K Zvi gv‡qi
†_‡K Avjv`v K‡i GKwU LuvPvq iv‡L, Zv‡K Lvevi, cvwb,
†ivMcÖwZ‡laK wUKv I Ilya †`q Ges eqm n‡j Zv‡K GKwU
luv‡oi ïµvYy w`‡q Mf©eZx K‡i, Zvi Ae¯ vUv Kx ùvov‡e?
497
e¯‧MZfv‡e wPšÍv Ki‡j, wU‡K _vKv Ges eskwe¯Ív‡ii Rb¨
evQziwUi mvgvwRK eÜb •Zwii ev †Ljvi mvw_i Avi †Kv‡bv ìKvi
†bB| wKš‧ evQziwUi w`K †_‡K we‡ePbv Ki‡j Avgiv †`Le, Zvi
g‡a¨ gv‡qi m‡½ eÜb •Zwi Kivi Zxeª AvKv•ÿv Ges Ab¨vb¨
evQz‡ii m‡½ †Ljvayjv Kivi B”Qv GL‡bv fxlYfv‡e Dcw¯ Z| G
Pvwn`v¸‡jv c~iY bv n‡j, evQziwU fxlYiKg gvbwmK hš¿Yvi ga¨
w`‡q hvq| GwU weeZ©bxq g‡bvweÁv‡bi GKwU †g․wjK aviYvÑ eb¨
Rxe‡b wU‡K _vKvi Rb¨ •Zwi nIqv mvgvwRK Pvwn`v eZ©gv‡b wU‡K
_vKv Ges eskwe¯Ív‡ii Rb¨ Riæwi bv n‡jI Zv e¨w³MZ gb¯Í‡Ë¡
†_‡K hvq| wkíwbf©i K…wli GKwU `ytLRbK w`K n‡jv, GwU †Kej
cÖvYx‡ì e¯‧MZ Pvwn`vi w`‡K bRi †`q Ges Zv‡ì gb¯ÍvwË¡K
Pvwn`v¸‡jv cy‡ivcywi Gwo‡q hvq|
Av‡gwiKvb gb¯ÍË¡we` n¨vwi nvi‡jv hLb evb‡ii weKvk
wb‡q M‡elYv KiwQ‡jb †mB 1950-Gi `kK †_‡K GB ZË¡
gvby‡li Rvbv| M‡elYvi Rb¨ nvi‡jv R‡b¥i K‡qK NÈv ciB
ev”Pv evbi¸‡jv‡K Zv‡ì gv‡qi †_‡K Avjv`v Ki‡jb|
ev”Pv¸‡jv‡K Avjv`v LuvPvq cyZzj gv-evb‡ii m‡½ ivLv n‡jv|
cÖwZwU LuvPvq nvi‡jv `ywU cyZzj gv-evbi ivL‡jb| Gi g‡a¨
GKwU cyZzj avZe Zvi w`‡q evbv‡bv hvi g‡a¨ `ya fiv GKwU
†evZj ivLv Av‡Q †hLvb †_‡K ev”Pv evbiwU PvB‡j `ya †L‡Z
cv‡i| Ab¨ cyZzjwU Kv‡Vi Ici Kvco w`‡q Ggbfv‡e evbv‡bv
n‡qwQj hv‡Z †mUv‡K †`L‡Z mwZ¨Kv‡ii evb‡ii g‡ZvB jv‡M|
wKš‧ GB cyZzjwUi m‡½ ev”Pv evbi‡K LvIqv‡bvi g‡Zv †Kv‡bv
DcKiY †Ìqv n‡jv bv| aviYv Kiv n‡jv, ev”PvwU Zvi cÖ‡qvR‡bi
ZvwM‡`B KvV I Kvco w`‡q evbv‡bv gv evbi‡K †Q‡o avZe Zv‡i
evbv‡bv `y‡ai †evZjIqvjv gv evb‡ii w`‡K AvK…ó n‡e|
wKš‧ nvi‡jv AevK n‡q jÿ Ki‡jb, ev”PvwU KvV I Kvc‡o
evbv‡bv mwZ¨Kv‡ii evb‡ii g‡Zv †`L‡Z cyZj z gv‡qi m‡½B
†ewk mgq KvUv‡”Q| `y‡Uv cyZzj gv‡K hLb KvQvKvwQ ivLv n‡jv,
ZLb †`Lv †Mj †h, ev”Pv evbiwU avZe Zv‡i evbv‡bv cyZzj
gv‡qi †_‡K `ya Lvevi mg‡qI Kvc‡o evbv‡bv gv‡qi Kvco
498
AuvK‡o a‡i Av‡Q| nvi‡jv fve‡jb, nq‡Zv N‡ii ZvcgvÎv Kg,
GB Kvi‡Y ev”PvwU cyZj
z gv‡qi Kvco AuvK‡o Av‡Q| G Kvi‡Y
wZwb avZe Zv‡i •Zwi gv‡qi †fZi •e`y¨wZK evj¦ ¯ vcb Ki‡jb
hv‡Z †mLvb †_‡K Zvc wbM©Z n‡q RvqMvUv wKQzUv Mig _v‡K|
Gi ciI †`Lv †Mj, GK`g m`¨cÖm~Z ev”Pv¸‡jv Qvov cÖvq me
ev”PvB Kvc‡oi •Zwi gv‡KB †ewk cQ›` Ki‡Q|
41| nvi‡jvi cixÿvi GKwU ev”Pv evbi †hwU avZe gv‡qi †_‡K `ya Lvevi
mgqI Kvc‡o •Zwi gv‡K AuvK‡o a‡i Av‡Q
cieZ©x M‡elYv¸‡jv †_‡K Rvbv †Mj, gv‡qi KvQ †_‡K

Avjv`v K‡i †bIqv nvi‡jvi ev”Pv evbi¸‡jv‡K me iKg cywó
Dcv`vb mieivn Kiv n‡jI Zv‡ì gvbwmK weKvk gvivZ¥Kfv‡e
499
e¨vnZ nq| Zviv evbi mgv‡R mnRfv‡e wgk‡Z cv‡i bv, Ab¨
evb‡ii m‡½ mn‡R †hvMv‡hvM Ki‡Z cv‡i bv, `ywðšÍvq †fv‡M
Ges Zv‡ì g‡a¨ AvMÖvmx g‡bvfve †`Lv hvq| GZme cixÿv
GKUv K_v ¯úófv‡e Zz‡j a‡i †h, e¯‧MZ Pvwn`vi evB‡iI
evbi‡ì gvbwmK Pvwn`vi GKUv RMr Av‡Q Ges †mB Pvwn`v
c~iY bv n‡j Zviv gvivZ¥Kfv‡e ÿwZMÖ¯Í nq| nvi‡jvi GwZg
evbi¸‡jv Kvc‡o •Zwi gv-evbi¸‡jvi m‡½ †ewk mgq
KvUvw”Qj, KviY †Kej `ya Zv‡ì Pvwn`v wQj bv, Zviv PvBwQj
gv‡qi m‡½ GKUv gvbwmK m¤úK© •Zwi Ki‡Z| cieZ©x
`kK¸‡jv‡Z A‡bK¸‡jv M‡elYv cÖgvY K‡i GB gvbwmK
Pvwn`vi e¨vcviwU †Kej evbi bq, Ab¨vb¨ ¯Íb¨cvqx cÖvYx GgbwK
cvwLi †ÿ‡ÎI cÖ‡hvR¨| eZ©gv‡b, Lvgv‡i cvjb Kiv †KvwU †KvwU
Mevw`cïi Ae¯ v nvi‡jvi gv †_‡K Avjv`v Kiv evbi¸‡jvi
g‡Zv, KviY Lvgvwiiv c„_Kfv‡e cvjb Kivi Rb¨ wbqwgZ evQzi
I ev”Pv¸‡jv‡K Zv‡ì gv‡qi †_‡K Avjv`v K‡i mwi‡q †bq|8
eZ©gvb c„w_ex‡Z hvwš¿K cïcvjb eë¯ vi Dcv`vb wn‡m‡e
nvRvi nvRvi †KvwU Mevw`cÖvYx emevm K‡i Ges cÖwZeQi c„w_ex
Ry‡o cÖvq 500 †KvwU Mevw`cï‡K nZ¨v Kiv nq| wkím¤§Z
hvwš¿K Drcv`beë¯ vi d‡j K…wl Drcv`b Ges gvby‡li Lv‡`ï
†RvMvb Lye `ªæZ eû ¸Y †e‡o‡Q| km¨ I cïcvj‡bi Gme
hvwš¿K c×wZ M‡o Zz‡j‡Q AvaywbK c„w_exi Av_©mvgvwRK
KvVv‡gvi wfwË| K…wli wkívq‡bi Av‡M km¨‡LZ ev Lvgv‡i
Drcvw`Z dm‡ji AwaKvskB K…lK Ges Lvgv‡ii cÖvYx‡ì
LvIqv‡bvi Kv‡RB ÔAcPqÕ(!) n‡Zv| Gm‡ei ci wkíx, wkÿK,
mvay-mbœ¨vmx ev Avgjv‡ì †fv‡Mi Rb¨ Lye mvgvb¨ AskB
Aewkó _vKZ| GB Kvi‡Y, †m mg‡qi cÖvq me mgv‡RB †gvU
RbmsL¨vi cÖvq 90 kZvsk wQj K…lK| wkíwecø‡ei ci K…wli
hvwš¿KxKi‡Yi m‡½ m‡½ Aí wKQzmsL¨K K…l‡Ki c‡ÿ Av‡iv
†ewk †ewk †Kivwb Ges KviLvbvi kÖwgK‡ì Lv‡`ï †RvMvb
†Ìqv m¤¢eci n‡jv| AvR‡Ki w`‡bi Av‡gwiKvq, †gvU
RbmsL¨vi gvÎ 2 kZvsk K…wlKvR K‡i RxweKv wbe©vn K‡i| GB
500
2 kZvsk gvbyl †h †Kej Av‡gwiKvi me gvby‡li Lv`¨k‡mï
†RvMvb †`q Zv-B bq, eis †RvMvb †Ìqvi ci AwZwi³
Lv`¨km¨ c„w_exi Ab¨vb¨ †`‡k ißvwbI K‡i _v‡K|9 K…wli
hvwš¿KxKiY Qvov bMimf¨Zvi weKvk m¤¢e n‡Zv bv, cvIqv †hZ
bv KjKviLvbv Ges Awd‡m KvR Kivi Rb¨ ch©vß nvZ I
gw¯Í®‥|
K…wlKvR Ges cïcvj‡bi `vq †_‡K †ewi‡q Avmv GBme
AMwYZ nvZ Avi gw¯Í®‥ •Zwi Ki‡Z jvMj ARmª bZzb bZzb c‡Yï
mgvnvi| gvbyl GLb Av‡Mi †h-†Kv‡bv mg‡qi †_‡K †ewk cwigv‡Y
B¯úvZ, e¯¿, e‡ov e‡ov `vjvb‡KvVv •Zwi K‡i| Gme QvovI gvbyl
AvR‡K •e`y¨wZK evwZ, †gvevBj †dvb, K¨v‡giv I _vjvevmb
†avqvi h‡š¿i g‡Zv Ggb A‡bK cY¨ Drcv`b K‡I, hv Av‡M Kíbv
KivI m¤¢e wQj bv| BwZnv‡m GB cÖ_gev‡ii g‡Zv gvby‡li
Drcv`b Qvwo‡q †M‡Q Zvi Pvwn`v‡K| Avi d‡j m„wó n‡q‡Q bZzb
GKwU mgm¨vÑ Drcvw`Z GZme evowZ cY¨ wKb‡e †K?
†KbvKvUvi Kvj
GKwU nvOi‡K †eu‡P _vKvi Rb¨ †hgb Aweivg muvZiv‡Z nq,
AvaywbK abZvwš¿K A_©bxwZ‡KI Zvi Aw¯ÍZ¡ iÿvi Rb¨ µgvMZ
Drcv`b evov‡ZB n‡e| wKš‧, ïay Drcv`b KivB h‡_ó bq|
KvD‡K bv KvD‡K Aek¨B †mme Drcvw`Z cY¨ wKb‡Z n‡e|
GUv m¤¢e bv n‡j wkícwZ I wewb‡qvMKvix Df‡qB c‡_
em‡eb| GB `yie¯ v Gov‡bvi Rb¨ Ges wkíKviLvbvi Drcvw`Z
cY¨¸‡jvi wewµevÆv wbwðZ Kivi Rb¨ bZzb GKwU aviYvi D™¢e
n‡q‡Q Zvi bvg Ô†fvMev`Õ (Consumerism)|
BwZnv‡mi cy‡ivUv mgq Ry‡o †ewkifvM gvbyl‡KB bvbv iKg
Afv‡ei †eovRv‡j ew›` _vK‡Z n‡q‡Q| wgZe¨wqZv wQj Zv‡ì
Rxeb‡ev‡ai Ask| G-msµvšÍ `y‡Uv weL¨vZ D`vniY n‡jv
wcDwiUvb (Puritans) I ¯úvU©vb‡ì (Spartans) Rxeb`k©‡b K‡Vvi
K…”Qªmva‡bi Dcw¯ wZ| GKRb fv‡jv gvbyl me iKg wejvm`ªe¨
501
Gwo‡q Pj‡eb, KL‡bv Lvev‡ii AcPq Ki‡eb bv Ges RvgvKvco
wQu‡o †M‡j bZzb RvgvKvco †Kbvi e`‡j †mjvB K‡i cy‡iv‡bv
Kvco w`‡qB Pvjv‡bvi †Póv Ki‡eb| †Kej ivRv I AwfRvZ
e¨w³ivB cÖKv‡k¨ RgKv‡jv †cvkvK c‡i, wejvm`ªe¨ eënvi K‡i
GB wbq‡gi e¨wZµg Ki‡Z cvi‡eb Ges Zuv‡ì cwiPq Rvwni
Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
Ab¨w`‡K Ô†fvMev`Õ µgvMZ bZzb bZzb cY¨ I †mev †fvM
Kiv‡K BwZevPK wn‡m‡e †`‡L| Amxg cY¨ I †mev †fv‡Mi gva¨‡g
Z…wß jvf, wb‡Ri ÿwZmvab, GgbwK wb‡R‡K ax‡i ax‡i g„Zzï w`‡K
†V‡j †Ìqvi e¨vcv‡iI GwU gvbyl‡K DrmvwnZ K‡i| Ô†fvMev`Õ
Abyhvqx K…cYZv ev wgZe¨wqZv n‡jv GKwU AmyL, hvi Avï cÖwZKvi
Riæwi| †fvMev‡ì GB g~jbxwZ ev¯Í‡e Dcjwä Kivi Rb¨
Avcbv‡K Lye †ewk `~‡i †h‡Z n‡e bv| †`vKvb †_‡K wK‡b Avbv
GKwU c‡Yï †gvo‡K †jLv K_v¸‡jv co–b| GLv‡b Avwg mKv‡ji
bvkZvi Rb¨ LvIqv †Ujgv (Telma) bv‡g GKwU †Kv¤úvwbi •Zwi
Avgvi wcÖq wmwiqv‡ji c¨v‡K‡U †jLv K_v¸‡jv Zz‡j w`w”QÑ
KL‡bv Avcbvi ìKvi Z…wßi| KL‡bv Avcbvi ìKvi GKUz
†ewk D`¨g| IR‡bi w`‡K bRi †Ìqvi A‡bK mgq Avcwb
cv‡eb, KL‡bv KL‡bv nq‡Zv wKQzwgQz GKUv †L‡jB n‡jv| wKš‧
GLb? †Ujgv wb‡q G‡m‡Q wewfbœ ¯^v‡ì gRv`vi wmwiqvj ïay
Avcbvi Rb¨Ñ †Kv‡bv wØav Qvov Lyu‡R wbb Avcbvi meUzKz Z…wß|
GKB †gvo‡K Av‡iKwU cY¨ Ô†nj_ wUªUmÕ-Gi weÁvcb
ej‡QÑ
†nj_ wUªUm ch©vß cwigvY km¨, dj Ges ev`v‡gi mgš^‡q
Avcbv‡K †`q ¯^v`, Avb›` I ¯^v‡¯ ï GK Abb¨ AwfÁZv|
¯^v‡¯ ï w`‡K cy‡ivcywi bRi †i‡L `ycyi‡ejvi Lvev‡i GKUz
Avb›` Avbvi Rb¨ Gi Rywo †bB| PgrKvi ¯^v‡` fiv GKwU
cwic~Y© wmwiqvj|
BwZnv‡mi AwaKvsk mg‡qB, †Kv‡bv c‡Yï †gvo‡K G
ai‡bi K_v †jLv †`L‡j gvbyl m¤¢eZ AvK…ó nIqvi e`‡j
wei³B n‡Zv| GB ai‡bi cÖPviYv‡K Zviv ¯^v_©ci, g~j¨‡evanxb
502
Ges mvgvwRK Aeÿ‡qi Dcv`vb wn‡m‡eB we‡ePbv KiZ|
†fvMev` A‡bK †Póvi gva¨‡g, Ô†ewk bv †f‡e K‡i †d‡jvÕ (Just
do it!)Ñ gb¯Í‡Ë¡i GB RbwcÖq aviYv‡K Kv‡R jvwM‡q gvbyl‡K
GUv †evSv‡Z mÿg n‡q‡Q †hÑ wgZe¨wqZv gv‡bB wb‡Ri B”Qvi
m‡½ cÖZviYv Kiv, †ewk †fv‡Mi g‡a¨B Av‡Q Avb‡›ì †dvqviv|
†fvMev` mdj n‡q‡Q| AvR‡K Avgiv mK‡jB fv‡jv
†fv³v| MZKvj ch©šÍ c„w_ex‡Z hvi †Kv‡bv Aw¯ÍZ¡ wQj bv Ges
Avgv‡ì †Kv‡bv ìKvi †bB Ggb AmsL¨ cY¨ AvR Avgiv
wKwb| Drcv`bKvixiv B”Qv K‡iB ¯^í‡gqvw` cY¨ •Zwi K‡ib,
wVKVvK KvR Pj‡Q Ggb GKwU c‡YïI bZzb g‡Wj D™¢veb
K‡ib Ges Avgiv mevi m‡½ Zvj †gjv‡bvi Rb¨ †mme wKwb|
†KbvKvUv Kiv AvR Avgv‡ì Aemi hvc‡bi Ask Ges bvbv
iKg †fvM¨cY¨ Avgv‡ì cwiev‡ii m`m¨, Rxebm½x I eÜz‡ì
g‡a¨ m¤ú‡K©i †mZz wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i| wµmgv‡mi g‡Zv ag©xq
QzwUi w`b¸‡jv †KbvKvUvi Drm‡e cwiYZ n‡q‡Q| GgbwK,
Av‡gwiKvq, †`‡ki Rb¨ cÖvY †Ìqv mvnmx •mwbK‡ì ¯§i‡Y
•Zwi nIqv Ô†g‡gvwiqvj †WÕ cwiYZ n‡q‡Q †`vKvb †_‡K we‡kl
Qv‡o cY¨ †Kbvi Dcj‡ÿ¨| †ewkifvM gvbylB GB w`bwU‡K
†KbvKvUv Kivi Rb¨ wbw`©ó K‡i iv‡Lb, m¤¢eZ †KbvKvUvi ga¨
w`‡qB Zviv cÖgvY Ki‡Z Pvb, †`‡ki ¯^vaxbZvi Rb¨ kwn`‡ì
AvZ¥Z¨vM e„_v hvqwb|
†fvMev‡ì ms¯‥…wZi me‡P‡q ¯úó cwiPq cvIqv hvq
Lvev‡ii †`vKvb¸‡jv‡Z| Av‡MKvi Mreuvav K…wlwfwËK
mgvR¸‡jv‡Z gvby‡li m‡½ Qvqvi g‡Zv Rwo‡q _vKZ Abvnvi|
AvR‡Ki m¤úrkvjx c„w_ex‡Z Ab¨Zg e‡ov ¯^v¯ ¨ mgm¨v n‡jv
Ô¯ j
‚ ZvÕ| gRvi e¨vcvi n‡jv DbœZ †`‡k ¯ j ‚ Zvi GB mgm¨v
Mwie‡ì g‡a¨B †ewk, KviY Zviv †cU cy‡i n¨vgevM©vi Avi
wc¾v †L‡Z fv‡jvev‡m| Ab¨w`‡K abx‡ì g‡a¨ GB ¯ j ‚ Zvi nvi
Kg, KviY Zviv Lvq UvUKv mewR‡Z •Zwi mvjv` Avi d‡ji
i‡m •Zwi ¯§yw` (cvbxq)| cÖwZeQi we‡kî ÿzavZ© gvbyl¸‡jvi
gy‡L Lvevi Zz‡j w`‡Z †h cwigvY A_© cÖ‡qvRb, Av‡gwiKvb
503
Rb‡Mvôx Zvi †_‡K †ewk A_© e¨q K‡i wb‡R‡ì ¯ j ‚ Zv Kgv‡Z
Ges Lv`¨vf¨vm wbqš¿Y Ki‡Z| ¯ j ‚ Zvi †ÿ‡Î †fvMev` `yB w`K
†_‡K Rqjvf K‡i‡Q| cÖ_gZ, Kg LvIqvi e`‡j gvbyl †ewk
Lv‡”Q, d‡j A_©bxwZi ms‡KvPb n‡”Q bv| wØZxqZ, AwR©Z ¯ j‚ Zv
†_‡K iÿv cvIqvi Rb¨ gvbyl IRb wbqš¿‡Yi Rb¨ bvbv cY¨
wKb‡Q, d‡j A_©bxwZ Av‡iv GK avc GwM‡q hvIqvi my‡hvM
cv‡”Q|
GLb cÖkœ RvM‡Z cv‡i, cyuwRev‡` wek^vmx GKRb eëmvqx,
eëmv‡q AwR©Z gybvdv e¨q bv K‡i whwb bZzb bZzb wewb‡qv‡M
Drmvnx, Zuvi aviYvi m‡½ †fvMev‡ì Av‡iv †ewk †fvM Kivi
aviYv Kxfv‡e GKB mg‡q, GKB mgv‡R mnve¯ vb K‡i? DËiUv
†mvRv| AZx‡Zi mgvR¸‡jvi g‡Zv AvR‡Ki w`‡bi mgv‡RI
abx I Mwi‡ei g‡a¨ GKwU my¯úó †f`‡iLv we`¨gvb| ga¨hy‡Mi
BD‡iv‡c abxiv wb‡R‡ì †fvMwejv‡mi Rb¨ h‡_”Q A_© e¨q
Ki‡Zb, Avi Mwie‡ì †e‡Q wb‡Z n‡Zv K…”Q«mva¨ Rxeb, wnmve
K‡i LiP Ki‡Z n‡Zv cÖwZUv cqmv| AvR‡K, cvkvi `vb Dj‡U
†M‡Q| AvR, abxiv Zv‡ì m¤ú` I wewb‡qv‡Mi hZœ †bq, wnmve
iv‡L; Ab¨w`‡K A‡cÿvK…Z `wi`ª †kÖwY cÖ‡qvRb bv ey‡SB bZzb
Mvwo ev nvj d¨vk‡bi †Uwjwfkb wKb‡Z wM‡q F‡Yi
†Pvivevwj‡Z Wze‡Z _v‡K|
abZš¿ Avi †fvMev` Avm‡j GKB gy`ªvi GwcV-IwcV, `ywU
cwic~iK weavb| GK `‡ji Rb¨ Awbevh© weavbÑ Ôwewb‡qvMÕ,
Avi evwK mevi Rb¨ Awbevh© weavbÑ Ô†fvMÕ|
abZš¿ I †fvMev‡ì GB mw¤§wjZ aviYv Av‡iKwU w`K
†_‡KI •ecøweK| AZx‡Zi b¨vqbxwZmsµvšÍ AwaKvsk
aviYv¸‡jvB AbymiY Kiv gvby‡li Rb¨ wQj `ytmva¨| †ewkifvM
g‡Zv Abyhvqx, gvbyl BnKv‡j hw` `qvevb I mnbkxj nq, ivM
Ges Pvwn`v wemR©b †`q Ges Avcb ¯^v_©ciZvi E‡aŸ© †h‡Z
cv‡i Z‡eB †Kej Zvi c‡ÿ †fv‡Mi Rb¨ ¯^M© cvIqv m¤¢e|
BnKv‡j GZ wKQz Kiv †ewkifvM gvby‡li c‡ÿB wQj LyeB
KwVb| b¨vqkv‡¯¿i BwZnvm ZvB `yt‡Li BwZnvm, †hLv‡b gvby‡li
504
Rb¨ A‡bK gnr Av`‡k©i mÜvb Av‡Q, wKš‧ gvbyl †h¸‡jvi
†Kv‡bvwUB wVKg‡Zv cvjb Ki‡Z cv‡iwb| †ewkifvM wLªóvb
whïi Rxeb‡K AbyKiY K‡i Pj‡Z cv‡ibwb, †ewkifvM †e․×
AbymiY Ki‡Z cv‡ibwb †M․Zg ey×‡K Ges †ewkifvM
Kbdzwkqv‡bi Rxebhvcb †`L‡j Kbdzwmqvm wb‡RB nq‡Zv ivM
mseiY Ki‡Z cvi‡Zb bv|
Ab¨w`‡K, AvR‡Ki w`‡bi †ewkifvM gvbylB abZš¿ I
†fvMev‡ì mw¤§wjZ Av`k© cy‡ivcywi †g‡b P‡j| bZzb GB
Av`‡k©i ¯^M© cÖ`v‡bi kZ© n‡jvÑ abx‡ì me mgq †jvfx _vK‡Z
n‡e Ges e¨¯Í _vK‡Z n‡e Av‡iv †ewk gybvdv AR©‡bi †Póvq,
Avi mvaviY gvbyl‡ì jvMvgQvov Pvwn`v Avi B”Qvi †Nvovq
mIqvi n‡Z n‡e Ges Av‡iv †ewk, Av‡iv †ewk cY¨ wKb‡Z
n‡e| GUvB cÖ_g ag©, hvi Abymvixiv ag© Zv‡ì‡K hv Kivi
weavb w`‡q‡Q wVK Zv-B †g‡b Pj‡Q| bZzb a‡g©i GZme weavb
†g‡b Pjvi wewbg‡q †h ¯^M© Avgv‡ì Rb¨ A‡cÿv K‡i Av‡Q
Zvi ¯îƒc wK Avgiv Rvwb? Rvwb, †Uwjwfk‡bi nvRvi nvRvi
iwOb weÁvc‡bi g‡a¨ eûevi, eûfv‡e †mB ¯^‡M©i iƒc Avgiv
†`‡LwQ|
505
Aa¨vq 18
wPi¯ vqx wecøe
wkíwecøe cÖvK…wZK kw³¸‡jv‡K cÖ‡qvRbg‡Zv Kv‡R jvMv‡bvi
gva¨‡g Ges bvbv iKg cY¨ Drcv`‡bi wbZ¨bZzb Dcvq
D™¢ve‡bi gva¨‡g gvbeRvwZ‡K Zvi cvwicvwk¦©K cwi‡e‡ki Ici
wbiæcvq wbf©ikxjZv †_‡K gy³ K‡i‡Q| Gici gvbyl eb R½j
†K‡U †d‡j‡Q, Rjvf‚wg ïwK‡q †d‡j‡Q, b`x‡Z euva w`‡q‡Q,
mgZjf‚wg‡Z cvwb G‡b‡Q, nvRvi nvRvi wK‡jvwgUvi †ijjvBb
ewm‡q‡Q Avi DuPz DuPz Bgvi‡Zi wekvj me kni evwb‡q‡Q|
†h‡nZz gvbyl cy‡iv c„w_ex‡KB G‡Kev‡i †X‡j mvwR‡q‡Q ïay
wb‡R‡ì emev‡mi Rb¨, †mUv Ki‡Z wM‡q Zviv Ab¨ A‡bK
cÖvYxi evm¯ vb aŸsm K‡i †d‡j‡Q Avi A‡bK cÖRvwZ n‡q‡Q
wbwðý| Avgv‡ì GK mgqKvi bxj-meyR c„w_ex GLb n‡q‡Q
KswµU Avi cøvw÷‡Ki GK wekvj evRvi|
AvR‡K c„w_exi gnv‡`k¸‡jv‡Z me wgwj‡q cÖvq 700 †KvwU
gvby‡li emevm| GZ¸‡jv gvbyl‡K GK RvqMvq K‡i GKUv
wekvj ùvwocvjøvq †dj‡Z cvi‡j Zv‡ì †gvU fi n‡Zv cÖvq 30
†KvwU Ub| Zvici hw` Avgv‡ì me M„n¯ vwj cï‡K †bIqv nq,
†hgb †Mviæ, QvMj, †fov, ï‡qvi Avi gyiwMÑ Zvn‡j Zv‡ì
†gvU fi ùvov‡e cÖvq 70 †KvwU Ub| Ab¨w`‡K evwK mg¯Í RxweZ
cÖvYx‡ì hw` †bIqv nqÑ kRviæ Avi †cs¸Bb †_‡K ïiæ K‡i
nvwZ Avi wZwg ch©šÍÑ me wgwj‡q 10 †KvwU U‡biI Kg n‡e|
A_P Avgv‡ì wkï‡ì eB, Avgv‡ì g~wZ©wkí wKsev Avgv‡ì
†Uwjwfk‡bi c`©v¸‡jv GL‡bv f‡i _v‡K wRivd, †bK‡o Avi
506
wk¤úvwÄ‡Z| mwZ¨Kvi c„w_ex‡Z Zv‡ì msL¨vUv LyeB Aí|
c„w_ex‡Z GLb cÖvq 80 nvRvi wRivd Av‡Q †hLv‡b Mevw`cï
Av‡Q cÖvq 150 †KvwU; 2 jvL †bK‡o Aewkó Av‡Q †hLv‡b 40
†KvwU †cvlv KzKzi; gvÎ AvovB jvL wk¤úvwÄ Av‡Q †hLv‡b †KvwU
†KvwU gvbyl| A¯^xKvi Kivi Avi Dcvq †bB, gvbyl Avm‡jB
c„w_ex `Lj K‡i †d‡j‡Q| 1
cwi‡e‡ki Aeÿq Avi m¤ú‡ì NvUwZ wKš‧ GKiKg
e¨vcvi bq| Avgiv BwZg‡a¨ †R‡bwQ, gvbeRvwZi m¤ú‡ì
cwigvY w`b‡K w`b evo‡Q Avi Zv nq‡Zv evo‡ZB _vK‡e|
†mBRb¨B me m¤ú` dzwi‡q †M‡j †h KwVb w`b Avm‡e e‡j fq
†`Lv‡bv nq †mUv Avm‡j †av‡c †U‡K bv| eis cwi‡e‡ki
Aeÿq wb‡q Avgv‡ì hZUv fxZ nIqv ìKvi ZZUv Avgiv
GL‡bv nBwb| fwel¨‡Z nq‡Zv †`Lv hv‡e, gvbyl bZzb bZzb
DcKiY Avi kw³i Dr‡mi cÖvPzh© Dc‡fvM Ki‡Q, wKš‧ GKB
mgq aŸsm K‡i †dj‡Q cÖvK…wZK RM‡Zi hv-wKQz wU‡K Av‡Q
Zvi mewKQzB| †mB m‡½ wbwðý K‡i †dj‡Q evwK cÖvwYKzj|
mwZ¨ ej‡Z wK, cwi‡e‡ki GB AkvwšÍ gvby‡li wU‡K
_vKv‡KB ûgwKi g‡a¨ †d‡j †`‡e| •ewk^K DòZv, mgy`ªc‡„ ôi
D”PZv e„w× Ges e¨vcK gvÎvi `~lY c„w_ex‡K gvby‡li emev‡mi
Rb¨B Abychy³ K‡i †dj‡e| fwel¨r c„w_ex nq‡Zv Nb-NbB
GKUv hy× †`L‡eÑ gvby‡li ÿgZv Avi gvbem„ó cÖvK…wZK
`y‡h©v‡Mi cvjUvcvjwU hy×| †h‡nZz gvbyl cÖK…wZi kw³i weiæ‡×
Zvi ÿgZv eënvi K‡i Ges cÖvK…wZK cwi‡ek‡K wb‡Ri
†LqvjLywkg‡Zv Aaxb¯  K‡i ivL‡Z †Póv K‡i, Zvi d‡j nq‡Zv
Av‡iv †ewk †ewk AbvKvw•ÿZ cvk^©cÖwZwµqv •Zwi n‡Z _vK‡e|
Gici †mme cvk^©cÖwZwµqv¸‡jv‡K wbqš¿Y Ki‡Z Av‡iv cÖPÐ
iK‡gi n¯Í‡ÿc Ki‡Z n‡e cwi‡e‡ki Ici, hvi djvdj n‡e
Av‡iv fqven|
A‡b‡KB GB cÖwµqvUv‡K ÔcÖK…wZi aŸsmhÁÕ ej‡Qb| GUv
wKš‧ Avm‡j wVK aŸsmhÁ bq, GUv n‡jv cwieZ©b| cÖK…wZ
KL‡bv aŸsm Kiv hvq bv| mv‡o 6 †KvwU eQi Av‡M GKUv MÖnvYy
507
G‡m cy‡iv WvB‡bvmi cÖRvwZ‡K gy‡Q †d‡jwQj, Avi Zvi d‡jB
wKš‧ ¯Íb¨cvqx‡ì Rb¨ bZzb GK m¤¢vebvi `yqvi D‡b¥vwPZ
n‡qwQj| AvR‡K gvbeRvwZ A‡bK cÖRvwZ‡KB wejywßi c‡_
†V‡j w`‡”Q, GgbwK †m wb‡RI nq‡Zv wbt‡kl n‡q hv‡e| A_P
Ab¨ wKQz Rxe wKš‧ †ek fv‡jvB Av‡Q| D`vniY¯îƒc, Bu`yi Avi
†Zjv‡cvKv †Zv GLb Zv‡ì c~Y©weKv‡ki c‡_ Av‡Q| GB KwVb
cÖv‡Yi Rxe¸‡jv wb‡R‡ì wWGbG‡K Pviw`‡K Qwo‡q †Ìqvi
Rb¨ nq‡Zv GKw`b GKUv cvigvYweK aŸsmh‡Ái Zjv †_‡KI
nvgv¸wo w`‡q †ewi‡q Avm‡e| nq‡Zv AvR †_‡K mv‡o 6 †KvwU
eQi ci eyw×gvb Bu`y‡iiv Lye K…ZÁZvi m‡½ ¯§iY Ki‡e
gvbeRvwZi IB aŸsmhÁ‡K, wVK †hgb Avgiv ¯§iY Kwi
WvB‡bvmi‡ì wbwðý K‡i †Ìqv MÖnvYywU‡K|
Zvi ciI, Avgv‡ì wb‡R‡ì wejywßi ¸ReUv †ek
AKvjcK¡| wkíwecø‡ei ci †_‡K gvby‡li RbmsL¨v Av‡MKvi
†h-†Kv‡bv mg‡qi †P‡q A‡bK `ªæZ †e‡o‡Q| 1700 mv‡ji w`‡K
`ywbqvq gvbyl wQj cÖvq 70 †KvwU| 1800 mv‡j G‡m †mUv n‡jv
95 †KvwU| 1900 mv‡j Avgiv wb‡R‡ì msL¨v cÖvq wØ¸Y K‡i
160 †KvwU K‡i †djjvg| Avi 2000 mv‡j G‡m †mUv cÖvq Pvi
¸Y n‡q n‡jv 600 †KvwU| AvR Avgiv 700 †KvwUiI †ewk|
AvaywbK hyM
hLb GB wecyjmsL¨K gvbyl cÖK…wZi †LqvjLywk‡K ey‡ov AvOzj
†`wL‡q `ªæZZvi m‡½ msL¨vq †e‡o‡Q ZLwb wKš‧ Zviv Avevi
Av‡iv †ewk K‡i AvaywbK evwYR¨ Avi miKv‡ii †Mvjvg n‡q
wM‡q‡Q| wkíwecøe Avm‡j gvby‡li mvgvwRKZv wb‡q cixÿv-
wbixÿvi GK weivU my‡hvM •Zwi K‡i w`‡q‡Q| Zvi d‡j gvby‡li
•`bw›`b Rxe‡b I gvbwmKZvq G‡m‡Q AcÖZ¨vwkZ cwieZ©b|
GiKg A‡bK D`vni‡Yi g‡a¨ GKUv n‡Z cv‡iÑ MZvbyMwZK
K…wlKv‡Ri cÖvK…wZK Q‡›ì RvqMvq KjKviLvbvi wbLyuZ
Drcv`beë¯ vi AvMgb|
508
gvby‡li MZvbyMwZK K…wlKvR cÖvK…wZK FZzPµ Avi •RweK
e„w×i Ici cy‡ivcywi wbf©i KiZ| †ewkifvM mgvRB cy•Lvbycy•L
mg‡qi wnmve Ki‡Z cviZ bv, GgbwK Zv‡ì †Zgb MiRI wQj
bv| ïay m~‡h©i N~Y©b Avi Dw™¢‡ì •RweK e„w×i Ici fimv K‡i
c„w_exUv †Kv‡bv mgqm~wP QvovB †ek PjwQj| †Kv‡bv wbw`©ó
Kg©NÈv wQj bv| me Kv‡Ri mgqm~wP GK FZz †_‡K Av‡iK
FZz‡Z `viæYfv‡e e`‡j †hZ| gvbyl Rvb‡Zv m~h© GB gyn~‡Z©
†Kv_vq| Aaxi AvMÖ‡n A‡cÿv KiZ el©vi wKsev †ng‡šÍi wKQz
jÿY †`Lvi Rb¨| wKš‧ wVK w`b ZvwiLUv Zviv Rvb‡Zv bv|
†Kv‡bv c_‡fvjv mgqhvÎx (Time Traveller) hw` ga¨hy‡Mi GK
MÖv‡g wM‡q Dcw¯ Z n‡q iv¯Ívq KvD‡K wR‡M¨m K‡i ÔGUv KZ
mvj?Õ Zvn‡j †mB MÖvgevmx Zvi cÖkœ ï‡b _ZgZ †L‡q hv‡e|
KviY ZLbKvi w`‡b GB cÖkœUv n‡e IB mgqhvÎxi †cvkv‡Ki
g‡ZvB D™¢U|
ga¨hy‡Mi K…lK wKsev gywPi wecix‡Z AvR‡Ki AvaywbK
wkíKviLvbv m~h© Avi FZzPµ‡K †_vovB †Kqvi K‡i| eis GwU
wbfzj
© Zv Avi AwfbœZvi cy‡Rv K‡i| D`vniY¯îƒc, ga¨hy‡Mi
GKUv KviLvbvq cÖwZwU gywPB GKUv †MvUv Ry‡Zv evwb‡q †djZ,
GK`g †mvj †_‡K ïiæ K‡i wd‡Z ch©šÍ| hw` GKRb gywP Kv‡R
†`wi‡Z AvmZ †mUv Ab¨‡ì Kv‡Ri Rb¨ evav n‡q ùvovZ bv|
wKš‧ AvR‡Ki Ry‡Zv •Zwii KviLvbvi A¨v‡m¤^wj jvB‡b
G‡KKRb kÖwgK Avm‡j G‡KKUv hš¿ Pvjvq †hLv‡b Ry‡Zvi
GKUv wbw`©ó Ask •Zwi K‡i c‡ii h‡š¿i Kv‡Q w`‡q †Ìqv nq|
5 b¤î h‡š¿ †h KvR K‡i †m hw` Nyg †_‡K †`wi‡Z I‡V Zvn‡j
Gi c‡ii me hš¿‡K †_‡g †h‡Z nq| GB ai‡bi mgm¨v `~i
Kivi Rb¨ cÖ‡Z¨K‡K GKUv wbw`©ó mgq †g‡b Pj‡Z nq| cÖ‡Z¨K
kÖwgK GKB mg‡q Kv‡R Av‡m| wL‡` jv¸K Avi bvB jv¸K
cÖ‡Z¨‡K GKB mg‡q `ycy‡ii Lvevi Lvq| nv‡Zi KvR †kl n‡q
†M‡jB †KD evwo hvq bv, mevB A‡cÿv K‡i GKUv euvwk evRvi,
†hUv Rvwb‡q †`‡e †h Zv‡ì Kg©NÈv †kl n‡q‡Q|
509
42| gWvb© UvBgm (1936) Pjw”P‡Î GKRb mvaviY KviLvbv kÖwg‡Ki †e‡k
Pvwj© P¨vcwjb|
wkíwecøe mgqm~wP Ges A¨v‡m¤^wj jvBb‡K gvby‡li me

KvRK‡g©i GKUv mvaviY auvP evwb‡q †djj| KjKviLvbv¸‡jv
Zv‡ì wbw`©ó mgqm~wP †NvlYv Kivi ciciB ¯‥zj¸‡jvI mgq
†eu‡a w`j, Zvici nvmcvZvj, miKvwi `ßi GgbwK gyw`
†`vKvbI| †hme RvqMvq †Kv‡bv A¨v‡m¤^wj jvBb wKsev hš¿
†bB, †mLv‡bI mgqm~wP n‡q †Mj ivRv| hw` KviLvbvi KvR
†kl nq wVK weKvj 5Uvq, Zvn‡j g‡ì †`vKvbUv 5Uvi cici
†LvjvUvB eyw×gv‡bi KvR|
mgqm~wPi GB e¨vcK cÖmv‡ii m‡½ Rbcwien‡Yi GKUv
wbM~p m¤úK© wQj| hw` kÖwgK‡ì wVK mKvj 8Uvq KvR ïiæ
Ki‡Z nq, Zvn‡j †Uªb Avi evm¸‡jv‡KI KviLvbvi †M‡U
†cu․Qv‡Z n‡e wVK 7Uv 55i g‡a¨| K‡qK wgwb‡Ui †`wiI
Drcv`b NvUwZ •Zwi Ki‡e, Zvi d‡j †`wi‡Z Avmv kÖwgKUv Zvi
PvKwiI nviv‡Z cv‡i| weª‡U‡b 1784 mv‡j wbw`©ó mgqm~wPi
†NvlYv w`‡q GKUv cwienYeë¯ v Pvjy nq| Gi mgqm~wP‡Z ïay
KLb Qvo‡e †mUv D‡jøL Kiv n‡Zv, KLb †cu․Qv‡e †mUv bq|
510
†mBmgq cÖwZUv weªwUk kn‡ii wb‡R‡ì Avjv`v mg‡qi gvb`Ð
wQj, hv jÛ‡bi mg‡qi m‡½ cÖvq Avav NÈvi eëav‡b n‡Z
cviZ| jÛ‡b hLb `ycyi 12Uv, ZLb wjfvicy‡j nq‡Zv 12Uv
20 Avi K¨v›Uvi‡ewi‡Z 11Uv 50| †h‡nZz †Kv‡bv †Uwj‡dvb,
†iwWI wKsev †Uwjwfkb wQj bv ZvB †KDB RvbZ bv Ab¨
†Kv_vq KUv ev‡R| Avm‡j †KD gv_vI NvgvZ bv|2
cÖ_g evwYwR¨K wfwË‡Z †ijMvwo Pjv ïiæ nq wjfvicyj Avi
g¨vb‡P÷v‡ii g‡a¨, 1830 mv‡j| Gi 10 eQi ci cÖ_g †Uª‡bi
mgqm~wP †NvlYv Kiv nq| †Uªb¸‡jv Av‡MKvi cwienY¸‡jvi †P‡q
A‡bK `ªæZMvgx wQj e‡j wewfbœ GjvKvi wewPÎ mg‡qi gvb`Ð
GKUv mgm¨vi KviY n‡q ùvovj| 1847 mv‡j me weªwUk †Uªb
†Kv¤úvwb GK‡RvU n‡q wVK Kij GLb †_‡K me †Uªb GjvKvwfwËK
mgq ev` w`‡q wMÖwbP gvbgw›`‡ii mgq †g‡b Pj‡e| Gici Av‡iv
A‡bK cÖwZôvb †Uªb †Kv¤úvwb GB c×wZ AbymiY Ki‡Z _vKj|
Ae‡k‡l 1880 mv‡j weªwUk miKvi GK Af‚Zc~e© †NvlYvi gva¨‡g
Rvbvj †h weª‡U‡bi me mgqm~wP n‡Z n‡e wMÖwbP mgq Abymv‡i|
BwZnv‡m GB cÖ_gev‡ii g‡Zv GKUv †`k RvZxqfv‡e mg‡qi
gvb`Ð MÖnY Kij Avi Gi gva¨‡g Zvi Awaevmx‡ì‡K eva¨ Kij
m~h©v¯Í †_‡K m~‡h©v`‡qi Pµ‡K fz‡j wM‡q GKUv K…wÎg Nwoi mgq
Abyhvqx Rxeb hvcb Ki‡Z|
GB `y`©všÍ ïiæUv Av‡¯Í Av‡¯Í GKUv wekê¨vcx mgqm~wPi
m~Pbv Kij, †hUv wKbv †m‡K‡Ûi fMœvsk cwigv‡YI wbLyuZ|
m¤cÖPvigva¨g¸‡jvÑ cÖ_‡g †iwWI, c‡i †Uwjwfkb hLb
ïfm~Pbv Kij Zviv cÖ‡ek Kij GKB mgqm~wPi RM‡Z Avi
Zvici Av‡¯Í Av‡¯Í ZvivB Gi aviK I evn‡K cwiYZ n‡jv|
†iwWI †÷kb¸‡jv cÖ_g †h Z_¨ m¤cÖPvi KiZ †mUv wQj mgq,
wKQz wec wec kã †hUv A‡bK `~ieZ©x RvnvR Avi emwZ‡K
wb‡R‡ì Nwoi mgqUv wVK K‡i wb‡Z mvnvh¨ KiZ| Zvici
†iwWI †÷kb¸‡jv cÖwZ NÈvq msev` cÖPv‡ii aviYv ev¯Íevqb
Kij| GL‡bv †h-†Kv‡bv Lei m¤cÖPv‡ii cÖ_g Dcv`vbB n‡jv
mgq, GgbwK GUv hy‡×i †NvlYvi †P‡qI †ewk ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| wØZxq
511
wek^hy‡×i mgq, bvrwm AwaK…Z BD‡iv‡c wewewm msev`
m¤cÖPvwiZ n‡Zv| cÖwZUv msev` Abyôv‡bi ïiæ‡ZB weM †e‡bi
Nwoi Xs Xs kã mivmwi m¤cÖPv‡i †kvbv‡bv n‡ZvÑ †m †hb
gyw³i GK Rv`ygq kã| K‡qKRb cÖwZfvevb Rvg©vb
c`v_©weÁvbx GB m¤cÖPvwiZ Xs Xs k‡ãi mvgvb¨ ZviZg¨ †_‡K
jÛ‡bi AvenvIqvi Ae¯ v †ei K‡i †d‡jwQ‡jb| GB Z_¨
Rvg©vb‡ì hy×wegvb¸‡jv‡K `viæY mvnvh¨ K‡iwQj| weªwUk
†Mv‡q›`v ms¯ v hLb e¨vcviUv Rvb‡Z cvij, Zviv m‡½ m‡½
NÈvi kã mivmwi m¤cÖPv‡ii RvqMvq GKUv †iKW© Kiv kã
†kvbv‡bv ïiæ Kij|
mgqm~wPi GB gnvhÁ Pvjv‡bvi Rb¨ m¯Ív Ges mn‡R
enb‡hvM¨ Nwo n‡q †Mj mnRjf¨| Avwmixq, mvmvwb` wKsev
BbKv mf¨Zvi kni¸‡jv‡Z e‡ov‡Rvi nv‡Z-†Mvbv K‡qKUv
m~hN© wo _vKZ| BD‡iv‡ci ga¨hyMxq kni¸‡jv‡Z mvaviYZ
GKUvB Nwo _vKZÑ kn‡ii gvSLv‡b GKUv e‡ovm‡ov wgbv‡ii
Ici emv‡bv GK wekvj hš¿| IBme Nwo¸‡jv †eRvq iK‡gi
fzj mgq w`Z| wKš‧ †h‡nZz kn‡i Avi †Kv‡bv Nwo wQj bv †h
ZviZgÜv †evSv hv‡e myZivs wKQzB AvmZ-†hZ bv| AvR‡Ki
w`‡b, GKUv m”Qj cwiev‡i hZ¸‡jv Nwo Av‡Q ga¨hy‡M GKUv
cy‡iv †`‡kI nq‡Zv ZZ¸‡jv _vKZ bv! GLb Avcwb mgqUv
ej‡Z cv‡ib nvZNwoi w`‡K ZvwK‡q, A¨vbWª‡qW †dvbUvi c`©vq
ZvwK‡q, weQvbvi cv‡k ivLv A¨vjvg© NwoUvi w`‡K fziæ KzuP‡K,
ivbœvN‡ii †Ìqv‡j e‡ov NwoUvq †PvL eywj‡q, gvB‡µvI‡qf
I‡f‡bi w`‡K ZvwK‡q, †Uwjwfkb wKsev wWwfwW †cøqv‡ii c`©vq
wKsev †Pv‡Li †KvY w`‡q Kw¤úDUv‡ii Uv¯‥ev‡i ZvwK‡q| GLb
eis mgqUv bv †R‡b _vKvi Rb¨ A‡bK Kó Ki‡Z n‡e|
GLbKvi GKRb mvaviY gvbyl w`‡bi g‡a¨ cÖvq K‡qK WRb
evi mgq †`‡L †bq, KviY Avgiv hv wKQz Kwi Zvi cÖvq mewKQzB
mgqg‡Zv Ki‡Z nq| GKUv A¨vjvg© Nwo Avgv‡ì mKvj 7Uvq
DwV‡q †`q, Gici Avgiv Avgv‡ì wngvwqZ Lvevi¸‡jv
gvB‡µvI‡qf I‡f‡b w`‡q wVK 50 †m‡KÛ Mig K‡i wbB, ùvZ
eªvk Kwi wZb wgwbU a‡i hZÿY bv B‡jKwUªK Uz_eªvkUv GKUv wec
512
kã K‡i Rvbvb †`q, 7Uv 40-Gi †UªbUv awi Kv‡Ri Rb¨, KvR
†k‡l evwo wd‡i Avgv‡ì wcÖq AbyôvbUv †`L‡Z †Uwjwfk‡bi
mvg‡b ewm 7Uvi mgq, Gi g‡a¨ wei³ nB wKQz weÁvcb †`‡L
†h¸‡jvi cÖwZ †m‡K‡Ûi g~j¨ cÖvq 1 nvRvi Wjvi| wb‡R‡ì me
ivM Svwo GKRb †ckv`vi g‡bvwe‡ì Kv‡Q, hv‡K GKUvbv 50
wgwb‡Ui †ewk cvIqv hvq bv|
wkíwecøe gvbemgv‡R WRbLv‡bK ¸iæZ¡c~Y© cwieZ©b e‡q
wb‡q Av‡m| KjKviLvbvi mg‡qi m‡½ Rxeb‡K gvwb‡q †bIqv
Zvi g‡a¨ GKwU gvÎ| Ab¨vb¨ D‡jøL Kivi g‡Zv D`vniY¸‡jvi
g‡a¨ Av‡Q bMivqY, K…l‡Ki msL¨v K‡g hvIqv, KjKviLvbvq
KvR Kiv †L‡U LvIqv gvby‡li D™¢e, mvaviY gvby‡li ÿgZvqb,
MYZ‡š¿i cÖmvi, ZviæY¨wbf©i ms¯‥…wZ Ges cyiælkvwmZ mgv‡Ri
µgk `ye©j n‡q hvIqv|
GZme cwieZ©b hwÌ PgKcÖ`, wKš‧ Gi †P‡qI †Xi †ewk
PgKcÖ` cwieZ©b G‡m‡Q gvby‡li mgv‡R| BwZnv‡mi me‡P‡q
¸iæZ¡c~Y© mvgvwRK wecøeUv n‡jv, cwievi Avi GjvKvwfwËK
m¤cÖ`v‡qi cZb Ges Zvi RvqMvq ivóª Avi evRv‡ii DÌvb|
BwZnv‡mi GK`g ïiæ †_‡K, hZ`~i ch©šÍ Avgiv Rvb‡Z cvwi,
cÖvq 10 jvL eQ‡iiI Av‡M, gvbyl †Qv‡Uv †Qv‡Uv KvQvKvwQ-_vKv
wKQz m¤cÖ`v‡q emevm KiZ| †mme m¤cÖ`v‡qi †ewkifvM
m`m¨B wQj G‡K Ac‡ii AvZ¥xq| eyw×wfwËK wecøe wKsev
K…wlwecøe G‡mI †mUvi †Zgb cwieZ©b NUvqwb| †mUv eis
cwievi Avi m¤cÖ`vq¸‡jv‡K Av‡iv KvQvKvwQ G‡b †Mvôx, kni,
ivRZ¡ Ges mvgªvR¨ MVb K‡i‡Q| †mLv‡bI gvbemgv‡Ri
MVbMZ †g․wjK Dcv`vb wQj cwievi wKsev m¤cÖ`vq| Ab¨w`‡K,
wkíwecøe G‡m gvÎ `yB kZ‡Ki g‡a¨B GB †g․wjK Dcv`vb‡K
†f‡O †djj| MZvbyMwZK †hme `vwqZ¡ cwievi Avi m¤cÖ`vq
cvjb K‡i AvmwQj, Zvi A‡bK¸‡jvB Gi ci †_‡K ivóª Avi
evRv‡ii nv‡Z P‡j †Mj|
513
cwievi Avi m¤cÖ`v‡qi cZb
wkíwecø‡ei Av‡M †ewkifvM gvby‡li •`bw›`b Rxeb wZbwU
KvVv‡gvi g‡a¨ Ave× _vKZ : GKK cwievi, †h․_ cwievi Avi
AšÍi½ m¤cÖ`vq|* †ewkifvM gvbylB cvwievwiK eëmv‡q
wb‡qvwRZ _vKZÑ †mUv n‡Z cv‡i cvwievwiK Lvgvi wKsev
cvwievwiK KviLvbv| †KD †KD nq‡Zv cÖwZ‡ekxi cvwievwiK
eëmv‡qI KvR KiZ| cwievi wb‡RB wQj GKvav‡i Kj¨vY
ms¯ v, ¯^v¯ ¨‡K›`ª, wkÿv‡K›`ª, wbg©vYwkí-KviLvbv, kÖgKj¨vY
mwgwZ, †cbkb Znwej, wegv †Kv¤úvwb, †iwWI, †Uwjwfkb,
msev` cwÎKv, e¨vsK GgbwK cywjk ch©šÍ|
GKRb gvbyl hLb Amy¯  n‡q coZ cwievi Zvi †`Lv‡kvbv
KiZ| GKRb ey‡ov n‡q †M‡j cwieviB Zvi mg_©b †RvMvZ
Avi Zvi †Q‡j‡g‡qiv n‡Zv Zvi †cbkb Znwej| GKRb gvbyl
gviv †M‡j cwievi Zvi Abv_ wkï‡ì †`Lfvj KiZ| †KD hw`
GKUv Kzu‡oNi evbv‡Z PvBZ, cwievi Zv‡Z nvZ jvMvZ| †KD
bZzb eëmvq ïiæ Ki‡Z PvB‡j cwievi ìKvwi g~ja‡bi †RvMvb
†Ìqvi †Póv KiZ| †KD hw` we‡q Ki‡Z PvBZ Zvi Rxebm½x
cwieviB Lyu‡R w`Z wKsev AšÍZ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© gZvgZ w`Z|
cÖwZ‡ekxi m‡½ †Kv‡bv †Mvjgvj n‡j cy‡iv cwievi Zv‡Z Rwo‡q
coZ| wKš‧ hw` Kv‡iv Amy¯Z   v GZB gvivZ¥K n‡Zv †h
cwiev‡ii c‡ÿ †`Lv‡kvbv Kiv m¤¢e bq, wKsev Kv‡iv bZzb
eëmv‡qi Rb¨ †h cwigvY UvKv jvM‡e †mUv cwiev‡ii c‡ÿ
†Ìqv m¤¢e bv, A_ev cÖwZ‡ekxi m‡½ SMovUv ixwZg‡Zv
gvivgvwii ch©v‡q P‡j hv‡”QÑ GiKg me Ae¯ vq GjvKvi
gvbylRb mvnv‡hï Rb¨ GwM‡q AvmZ|
*
GKwU ÔAšÍi½ m¤cÖ`vqÕ ej‡Z Ggb GK`j gvbyl‡K †evSvq, hviv
wb‡R‡ì Lye fv‡jvfv‡e †P‡b Ges wU‡K _vKvi Rb¨ G‡K Ac‡ii Ici
wbf©ikxj|
514
m¤cÖ`v‡qi gvbylRb GjvKvi HwZn¨ Avi A_©‣bwZK myweavi
K_v we‡ePbv K‡iB mvnvh¨ KiZ| Zv‡ì mvnv‡hï aib A‡bK
†ÿ‡ÎB gy³ evRv‡ii Pvwn`v Avi †RvMv‡bi wbqgKvby‡bi m‡½
G‡Kev‡iB †g‡j bv| cy‡iv‡bv auv‡Pi ga¨hyMxq †Kv‡bv GK
m¤cÖ`v‡q Avgvi cÖwZ‡ekx Afv‡e co‡j †Kv‡bv iKg cÖwZ`v‡bi
Avkv QvovB Avwg Zvi evwo evbv‡Z Avi Zvi †fovi cvj cvnviv
w`‡Z mvnvh¨ KiZvg| Avevi hLb Avwg wec‡` coZvg, Avgvi
cÖwZ‡ekxI Avgv‡K wbt¯^v_©fv‡e mvnvh¨ KiZ| GKB mg‡q
GjvKvi ÿgZvevb e¨w³wU nq‡Zv Avgv‡ì MÖv‡gi mevB‡K w`‡q
Zvi cÖvmv`wU evwb‡q wbZ Avgv‡ì †Kv‡bv UvKvcqmv bv w`‡qB|
Gi wewbg‡q Avgiv Zvi Ici fimv KiZvg †h †m WvKvZ wKsev
ee©i‡ì †_‡K Avgv‡ì iÿv Ki‡e| MÖvg¨ Rxe‡b A‡bK †jb‡`b
n‡Zv wKš‧ †mLv‡b UvKvcqmvi Av`vbcÖ`vb wQj bv| wKQz evRviI
wQj hwÌ, wKš‧ †m¸‡jvi Ae`vb wQj mxwgZ| nq‡Zv evRvi
†_‡K `yj©f gmjv, Kvco wKsev cÖ‡qvRbxq wRwbmcÎ †Kbv †hZ
A_ev DwKj Avi Wv³v‡ii †mev cvIqv †hZ| wKš‧ Zvi ciI
mvaviYfv‡e eënvi Kivi g‡Zv wRwbmc‡Îi g‡a¨ kZKiv 10
fv‡MiI Kg wRwbm evRv‡i cvIqv †hZ| gvby‡li †ewkifvM
cÖ‡qvRbB wg‡U †hZ cwievi Avi m¤cÖ`v‡qi g‡a¨B|
†m mgq ivRZ¡ Avi mvgªv‡RïI Aw¯ÍZ¡ wQj| †m¸‡jv wKQz
¸iæZ¡c~Y© KvRI KiZ, †hgb hy× Kiv, iv¯ÍvNvU evbv‡bv Avi
cÖvmv` wbg©vY Kiv| GBme Kvi‡YB ivRviv LvRbv evovZ Avi
gv‡S gv‡S bZzb •mb¨ Avi kÖwgK wb‡qvM w`Z| Zvi ciI Aí
wKQz e¨wZµg Qvov Zviv cwievi Avi m¤cÖ`v‡qi •`bw›`b
Kvh©µ‡g n¯Í‡ÿc KiZ bv| hw` Zviv n¯Í‡ÿc Ki‡ZI PvBZ,
Zey †ewkifvM ivRvB Lye GKUv myweav Ki‡Z cviZ bv|
MZvbyMwZK K…wl-A_©bxwZwbf©i mgv‡R evowZ Drcv`b †Zgb
GKUv n‡Zv bv, hv w`‡q Mv`v Mv`v miKvwi Kg©KZ©v, cywjk,
mgvR‡mex, wkÿK Avi Wv³vi‡ì †eZb †Ìqv hv‡e|
djvdj¯îƒc, †ewkifvM kvmKB e‡ov cwim‡i †Kv‡bv Kj¨vY
Znwej, ¯^v¯ ¨‡mev wKsev wkÿveë¯ v M‡o Zzj‡Z cv‡iwb| Zviv
515
†mme e¨vcvi cwievi Avi m¤cÖ`v‡qi IciB †Q‡o w`‡qwQj|
GgbwK Lye weij wKQz gyn~‡Z©, hLb kvmK K…lK‡ì •`bw›`b
Rxe‡b †Rvi K‡i n¯Í‡ÿc Ki‡Z †P‡q‡Q (†hgbUv n‡qwQj Pxb
mvgªv‡R¨), ZL‡bv Zviv †mUv K‡i‡Q cwiev‡ii cÖavb wKsev
m¤cÖ`vq cÖavb‡ì‡K nvZ K‡i|
†ewkifvM †ÿ‡ÎB `~ieZ©x m¤cÖ`v‡q †hvMv‡hvM Avi
cwienYeë¯ v GZ ev‡R wQj †h, A‡bK ivR¨B LvRbv Av`vq
wKsev Ø›Ø wgUgv‡Ui g‡Zv Lye mvaviY ivRKxq `vq`vwqZ¡¸‡jvI
m¤cÖ`v‡qi IciB †Q‡o w`Z| D`vniY¯îƒc, A‡Uvgvb mvgªvR¨
M„n¯ vwj weev` wgUgv‡Ui fvi cwiev‡ii IciB †Q‡o w`‡qwQj,
Gi Rb¨ †Kv‡bv ivR‡cqv`v wb‡qvM bv K‡iB| hw` Avgvi fvB
KvD‡K †g‡i †d‡j _v‡K, Zvn‡j wbn‡Zi fvB Avgv‡K †g‡i
†dj‡Z cv‡i| GB cÖwZ‡kvaUv wQj Aby‡gvw`Z| hZÿY mewKQz
GKUv mxgvi g‡a¨ _vK‡Q ZZÿY B¯Ívbey‡ji myjZvb wKsev
cÖv‡`wkK cÖwZwbwa Gme Ø‡›Øi g‡a¨ n¯Í‡ÿc KiZ bv|
Px‡bi wgs mvgªv‡R¨ (1368-1644), me Awaevmxiv msMwVZ
wQj ÔevIwRqvÕ c×wZ‡Z| 10Uv cwievi wg‡j n‡Zv GKUv ÔwRqvÕ
Avi 10Uv wRqv wg‡j •Zwi n‡Zv GKUv ÔevIÕ| †Kv‡bv GKUv
evI‡qi †Kv‡bv m`m¨ hw` Aciva KiZ Zvn‡j IB evI‡qi Ab¨
†Kv‡bv m`m¨ kvw¯Í †c‡Z cviZ, we‡kl K‡i e„× m`mïv|
miKvwi LvRbvI wba©vwiZ n‡Zv evI‡qi gva¨‡gB| miKvwi
†Kv‡bv Kg©KZ©v bq, eis evI‡qi ¸iæR‡bivB wVK KiZ †Kvb
cwiev‡ii KZUzKz LvRbv w`‡Z n‡e| mvgªv‡Rï `„wófw½‡Z GB
c×wZUv Lye myweavRbK wQj| nvRvi nvRvi LvRbvmsµvšÍ
Kg©Pvix wb‡qvM †Ìqvi e`‡j GBme KvR m¤cÖ`v‡qi
¸iæRb‡ì nv‡Z †Q‡o †Ìqv m¤¢e n‡qwQj| ¸iæR‡biv RvbZ,
cÖwZwU MÖvgevmxi g~j¨ KxiKg Avi ZvB Zviv †Kv‡bv ivR‡cqv`vi
n¯Í‡ÿc QvovB LvRbv Av`vq Ki‡Z cviZ|
A‡bK ivRZ¡ I mvgªvR¨ mwZ¨Kvi A‡_© wQj wbivcËvi ¯^v‡_©
†cvlv ¸Ûvi g‡Zv| ivRv wQj ¸Ûvm`©vi, †h GjvKvevmxi †_‡K
cqmv wbZ Avi wewbg‡q wbwðZ KiZ Ab¨ GjvKvi ¸ÛvcvÛviv
516
†hb Zvi GjvKvq Sv‡gjv bv K‡i| Gi evB‡i ivRvi †Zgb
†Kv‡bv KvR wQj bv|
cwievi Avi m¤cÖ`v‡qi Af¨šÍ‡ii Rxeb †gv‡UB Av`k© wQj
bv| A‡bK cwievi wKsev m¤cÖ`vq Zvi m`m¨‡ì †kvlY KiZ|
†mB †kvlY GLbKvi ivóª wKsev evRv‡ii †kvl‡Yi Zzjbvq
†Kv‡bv As‡k Kg bq| Zv‡ì Af¨šÍixY welq-Avkq wQj `ywðšÍv
Avi wnsmªZvq ficyi| Zvi ciI gvby‡li Lye GKUv DcvqI wQj
bv| 1750 mv‡j †h gvbyl Zvi cwievi wKsev m¤cÖ`vq nvwi‡q‡Q
†m cÖvq g„Z gvby‡li mgvb| Zvi bv wQj †Kv‡bv KvR, †Kv‡bv
wkÿv wKsev wec`-Avc‡` mvnvh¨ cvIqvi †Kv‡bv m¤¢vebv| †KD
Zv‡K UvKvcqmv Avi w`Z bv wKsev †Kv‡bv Sv‡gjvq Rov‡j Zvi
cÿI wbZ bv| †Kv‡bv cywjk, mgvR‡mex wKsev eva¨Zvg~jK
wkÿvi Pj wQj bv| †eu‡P _vKvi Rb¨ †mB gvbylwU‡K hZ `ªæZ
m¤¢e bZzb †Kv‡bv cwievi ev m¤cÖ`v‡q †hvM w`‡Z n‡Zv| †hme
†Q‡j‡g‡q evwo †Q‡o cvjvZ Zviv Lye †ewk n‡j Ab¨ †Kv‡bv
cwiev‡ii PvKi wn‡m‡e emevm Ki‡Z cviZ| Kcvj Lvivc n‡j
Zv‡ì RvqMv n‡Zv †mbvevwnbx‡Z wKsev cwZZvj‡q|
GB mewKQzB MZ `yB kZvãx‡Z e`‡j hvq bvUKxqfv‡e|
wkíwecøe evRvieë¯ vi nv‡Z bZzb Ges Acwi‡gq kw³ G‡b
†`q| ivóª‡K †`q bZzb ai‡bi †hvMv‡hvM Avi cwienYeë¯ v|
miKv‡ii nv‡Z P‡j Av‡m GKMv`v Kg©Pvix, wkÿK, cywjk Avi
mgvR‡mex| cÖ_gw`‡K ivóª Avi evRvieë¯ v Avwe®‥vi Kij †h,
MZvbyMwZK cwievi Avi m¤cÖ`vq Zv‡ì c‡_ evav n‡q
ùvov‡”Q| AwffveK I GjvKvi ¸iæR‡biv Zv‡ì mšÍvb‡ì
RvZxqZvev`x gZev‡` wek^vmx wkÿveë¯ vq †hvM w`‡Z,
eva¨Zvg~jKfv‡e †mbvevwnbx‡Z †hvM w`‡Z wKsev kû‡i kÖwgK
nIqvi e¨vcv‡i †ek Awb”QzK wQj|
ax‡i ax‡i ivóªhš¿ Zvi µgea©gvb kw³ eënvi K‡i
cwievieë¯ vi MZvbyMwZK eÜb †f‡O w`‡Z mg_© n‡jv| ivóª
Zvi cywjkevwnbx‡K cvVv‡Z jvMj cvwievwiK weev` wbim‡b|
ìKvi n‡j Av`vjZ ch©šÍ MovZ e¨vcviUv| evRvieë¯ v cvVv‡Z
517
jvMj Zvi nKvi‡ì, hvi d‡j `xN©w`‡bi AvÂwjK HwZn¨ m‡i
wM‡q RvqMv K‡i w`j wbqZ cwieZ©bkxj evwYwR¨K Xs| GZmeI
h‡_ó wQj bv, cwievieë¯ vi kw³‡K cy‡ivcywi fvOvi Rb¨ Zv‡K
Av‡iKwU bZzb †K․k‡ji mvnvh¨ wb‡Z n‡jv|
ivóªhš¿ gvbylRb‡K Ggb GKUv cÖ¯Íve w`j, †h cÖ¯Íve
†div‡bv hvq bv| Zviv ejj, Ô¯^vaxb e¨w³ nI| hv‡K Lywk Zv‡K
we‡q K‡iv, evev-gv‡K wR‡M¨m Kivi Kx ìKvi? †h KvR Ki‡Z
B‡”Q nq †mUvB K‡iv, ¸iæR‡bi åæKzwU‡K cvËv w`‡qv bv|
†hLv‡b Lywk emevm K‡iv, Zv‡Z hw` cÖwZ mßv‡n evwo †h‡Z bvI
cv‡iv †Zv Kx n‡q‡Q| Zzwg GLb Avi cwievi wKsev m¤cÖ`v‡qi
Ici wbf©ikxj bI| Avgiv, ivóªhš¿, AvgivB †Zvgv‡ì †`Lfvj
Kie| Avgiv †Zvgv‡ì Lvevi †è, AvkÖq †è, wkÿv †è,
¯^v¯ ¨‡mev †è Avi KvR †è| Avgiv †cbkb †è, wegv †è
Ges wbivcËvI †è|Õ
†ivgvw›UK mvwnZ¨ A‡bK mgq e¨w³gvbyl‡K ivóª Avi
evRv‡ii m‡½ msMÖv‡g wjß GKRb gvbyl wn‡m‡e Dc¯ vcb K‡i|
Gi †P‡q Wvnv wg‡_¨ Avi nq bv| e¨w³gvby‡li evev-gv n‡jv ivóª
Avi evRvi, Zv‡ì Rb¨B †m euvP‡Z cv‡i| evRvieë¯ v
Avgv‡ì KvR †`q, wegv †`q Avi †cbkb †`q| †Kv‡bv KvR
wkL‡Z PvB‡j miKvwi ¯‥j z K‡j‡R cov‡kvbv K‡i Avgiv Zv
wkL‡Z cvwi| Avgiv eëmvq Ki‡Z PvB‡j e¨vsK Avgv‡ì UvKv
avi †`q| Avgiv evwo evbv‡Z PvB‡j wbg©vY †Kv¤úvwb Avgv‡ì
evwo evwb‡q †`q Avi e¨vsK †mUv eÜK iv‡L, gv‡S gv‡S †Zv
miKvwi wegvI _v‡K| me iKg Sv‡gjv mvgjv‡bvi Rb¨ Av‡Q
cywjk| Avgiv hw` gv‡mi ci gvm `ye©j n‡q c‡o _vwK,
mvgvwRK wbivcËv evwnbx Qz‡U Av‡m| Avgv‡ì hw` mve©ÿwYK
†mevi ìKvi nq Avgiv GKRb bvm©‡K fvov K‡i Avb‡Z cvwi|
nq‡Zv c„w_exi Ab¨ cÖvšÍ †_‡K Avmv m¤ú~Y© AcwiwPZ GKRb
bvm© Avgv‡ì Ggb AvšÍwiKZvi m‡½ †`Lfvj Ki‡e, †hUv
Avgiv wb‡Ri mšÍv‡bi Kv‡QI Avkv Kwi bv| Dchy³ KviY
_vK‡j, Avgiv Avgv‡ì Rxe‡bi myeY© mgqUv †Kv‡bv GK
518
AwcwiwPZ ¸iæR‡bi evwo‡ZI KvwU‡q w`‡Z cvwi| LvRbv Av`vq
`ßi Avgv‡ì G‡KKRb‡K ¯^vaxb e¨w³ wn‡m‡eB MY¨ K‡i, ZvB
Avgiv ïay wb‡Ri LvRbvB w`B, cÖwZ‡ekxiUv bq| Av`vjZI
Avgv‡ì e¨w³ wn‡m‡e †`‡L, ZvB Avgv‡ì KL‡bv Avgv‡ì
AvZ¥x‡qi Kiv Aciv‡ai Rb¨ kvw¯Í †c‡Z nq bv|
ïay cÖvßeq¯‥ cyiælB bq, bvix I wkï‡KI e¨w³gvbyl
wn‡m‡e MY¨ Kiv nq| BwZnvm Ry‡o bvix wQj cwievi wKsev
m¤cÖ`v‡qi m¤úwË| Ab¨w`‡K, AvaywbK ivóª bvix‡K GKRb
e¨w³gvbyl wn‡m‡e †`‡L, †h wKbv cwievi wKsev m¤cÖ`vq QvovB
A_©‣bwZK Avi AvBbMZ AwaKvi ¯^vaxbfv‡e †fvM K‡i| Zviv
Zv‡ì wb‡R‡ì e¨vsK A¨vKvD›U ivL‡Z cv‡i, Kv‡K we‡q Ki‡e
†mB wm×všÍ wb‡Z cv‡i GgbwK weevn we‡”Q` K‡i GKv GKvB
emevm Ki‡Z cv‡i|
e¨w³gvby‡li GB ¯^vaxbZv G‡m‡Q GKUv Pov g~‡jï wewbg‡q|
Avgiv A‡b‡KB GLb `ytL Kwi nvwi‡q hvIqv kw³kvjx cwievi Avi
m¤cÖ`v‡qi K_v †f‡e| Avgiv wb‡R‡ì Lye wbtm½ g‡b Kwi Avi
me mgq f‡q _vwK †h ivóªhš¿ Avgv‡ì Rxeb cy‡ivcywi wbqš¿Y
Ki‡e| ci¯úiwew”Qbœ e¨w³gvbyl w`‡q Mov †h mgvR †mLv‡b
ivóªhš¿ Lye mn‡RB n¯Í‡ÿc Ki‡Z cvi‡e, †hUv cwievi Avi
m¤cÖ`vqwfwËK mgv‡R m¤¢e wQj bv| †hLv‡b GKB `vjv‡b _vKv
`yRb cÖwZ‡ekx Zv‡ì `v‡ivqvb‡K KZ UvKv †eZb †`‡e †mB
wnmv‡eB GKgZ n‡Z cv‡i bv, †mLv‡b Zviv ivóª‡K _vgv‡e Kxfv‡e?
ivóª, evRvieë¯ v Avi e¨w³gvby‡li g‡a¨Kvi †evSvcovUv
Lye GKUv mnR bq| ivóª I evRvieë¯ v Zv‡ì `vwqZ¡ I KZ©e¨
wb‡q KL‡bvB GKgZ n‡Z cv‡i bv| Iw`‡K e¨w³gvbyl Awf‡hvM
K‡i, IB `yB cÿB Pvq A‡bK †ewk wKš‧ †`q Lye Kg| A‡bK
mgqB †`Lv hvq, e¨w³gvbyl evRvieë¯ vi Là‡i c‡o eëüZ
nq Avi ivóª Zvi AvgjvZš¿, †mbvevwnbx wKsev cywjk w`‡q
Zv‡ì wbivcËv †Ìqvi e`‡j wbh©vZb K‡i| Zvi ciI `viæY
Avð‡hi© e¨vcvi n‡jv GB wÎgyLx eë¯ vUv †ek Pj‡Q, Zvi hZB
LyuZ _vKzK bv †Kb| GB eë¯ v AmsL¨ cÖRb¥ a‡i P‡j Avmv
519
gvby‡li mgvReë¯ v‡K ¸uwo‡q w`‡q‡Q GK av°vq| jvL jvL
eQ‡ii weeZ©b Avgv‡ì •Zwi K‡i‡Q wb‡R‡ì‡K m¤cÖ`v‡qi
m`m¨ wn‡m‡e g‡b K‡i Rxeb hvcb Ki‡Z| A_P gvÎ `yB
kZ‡Ki g‡a¨B Avgiv ci¯úiwew”Qbœ e¨w³gvby‡l cwiYZ njvg|
ms¯‥…wZi `y`©všÍ ÿgZvi Gi †P‡q fv‡jv cÖgvY Avi KxB-ev n‡Z
cv‡i?
GZ wKQzi ciI AvaywbK mg‡qi `„k¨cU †_‡K GKK
cwiev‡ii aviYvUv wKš‧ GK`g DavI n‡q hvqwb| hLb ivóªhš¿
cwiev‡ii Kv‡Q †_‡K Zvi †ewkifvM A_©‣bwZK Ges ivR‣bwZK
`vqfvi †K‡o wbj, ZLb wKQz ¸iæZ¡c~Y© ¯úk©KvZi `vwqZ¡ †i‡LI
G‡mwQj| AvaywbK cwievi GL‡bv gvby‡li wKQz AšÍi½ Pvwn`v
c~iY K‡i, †hUv ivóªhš¿ cv‡i bv (AšÍZ GLb ch©šÍ)| wKš‧
GLv‡bI cwievi wbqwgZfv‡eB evB‡ii n¯Í‡ÿ‡ci wkKvi n‡”Q|
w`b‡K w`b evRvieë¯ v Av‡iv †ewk K‡i gvby‡li e¨w³MZ Ges
†h․b Rxeb‡K cÖfvweZ Ki‡Q| †hLv‡b Av‡MKvi w`‡b cwieviB
wQj g~j NUK, AvR‡Ki w`‡b evRvieë¯ v cÖ_‡g Avgv‡ì g‡a¨
cÖYqNwUZ Ges †h․bvPv‡ii cQ›`mB Pvwn`v •Zwi Ki‡Q, Zvici
GKUv †gvUv wd‡qi wewbg‡q †mUv c~iY Ki‡Q| Av‡MKvi mgq
ei-ea~i cÖ_g †`Lv n‡Zv cwiev‡ii •eVKLvbvq, Zvici Zv‡ì
wcZv‡ì g‡a¨ wKQz UvKvcqmvi Av`vbcÖ`vb n‡Zv| B`vbxs
†cÖwgK-†cÖwgKvi cÖ_g `k©b nq ev‡i wKsev KwdnvD‡R Avi UvKv
cqmv hvq †cÖwg‡Ki nvZ †_‡K I‡qUv‡ii nv‡Z| Zvi †P‡qI
†ewk UvKv P‡j hvq d¨vkb wWRvBbvi, wRg g¨v‡bRvi,
Wv‡qwUwkqvb, Km‡gwUwkqvb I cøvw÷K mvR©‡bi e¨vsK
A¨vKvD‡›U, hviv Avgv‡ì evRv‡ii PjwZ gvcKvwV‡Z Ômy›ìÕ
K‡i †Zv‡j|
Gw`‡K A‡bK ivóªI wKš‧ cvwievwiK m¤ú‡K©i Ici †ek
Zxÿè bRi iv‡L, we‡kl K‡i wcZv-gvZv Avi mšÍv‡bi g‡a¨|
wcZv-gvZv Zvi mšÍvb‡ì ivóªxq c×wZ‡Z wkwÿZ Ki‡Z eva¨|
†hme wcZv-gvZv mšÍvb‡ì m‡½ wnsmª AvPiY K‡i Zv‡ì‡K ivóª
mshZ n‡Z eva¨ K‡i| ìKvi co‡j ivóª †mBme wcZv-gvZv‡K
520
†RjLvbvq cvwV‡q w`‡Z cv‡i wKsev Zv‡ì mšÍvb‡ì Ab¨
cwiev‡ii Kv‡Q mu‡c w`‡Z cv‡i| †ewkw`b Av‡Mi K_v bq, ivóª
†h wcZv-gvZv‡K Zv‡ì mšÍvb‡ì cÖnvi Kiv wKsev Acgvb Kiv
†_‡K weiZ ivL‡eÑ GB aviYvUvB LyeB nvm¨Ki Avi A‡K‡Rv
†kvbvZ| A‡bK mgv‡RB wcZv-gvZvi KZ©…Z¡ wQj cweÎ| wcZv-
gvZv‡K m¤§vb Kiv Ges Zv‡ì cÖwZ AbyMZ _vKv me‡P‡q cy‡Yï
KvR wQj| wcZv-gvZvi AwaKvi wQj Zvi mšÍvb‡ì wb‡q hv Lywk
Zv-B Kivi| Zviv PvB‡j beRvZK‡K nZ¨v Ki‡Z cviZ,
mšÍvb‡ì `vm wn‡m‡e wewµ K‡i w`‡Z cviZ wKsev †g‡qwkï‡ì
Zv‡ì eq‡mi †P‡q wØ¸Y eq‡mi cyiæ‡li m‡½ we‡qI w`‡Z
cviZ| AvRKvjKvi w`‡b wcZv-gvZvi KZ©…Z¡ cÖvq D‡VB hv‡”Q|
hZ w`b hv‡”Q wcZv-gvZvi Aeva¨ nIqvUv‡K ZZB ÿgvmy›ì
`„wó‡Z †`Lv n‡”Q| Dj‡Uv mšÍv‡bi Rxe‡bi †h-†Kv‡bv Sv‡gjvi
Rb¨ wcZv-gvZv‡KB `vqx Kiv n‡”Q| ÷¨vwj‡bi mg‡qi
cÂv‡q‡Z †hgb wcZv-gvZviv ùvovZ ev`xi Avm‡b, wVK †ZgbB
GLb Zviv ninv‡gkvB ùvov‡”Q d«‡q‡Wi KvVMovq|
cwievi I m¤cÖ`vq ebvg ivóª I evRvieë¯ v
KvíwbK m¤cÖ`vq
GKK cwiev‡ii g‡ZvB m¤cÖ`vqI †Kv‡bv Dchy³ cÖwZ¯ vcb
Qvov Ggwb Ggwb DavI n‡q †h‡Z cv‡iwb| Av‡MKvi w`‡b
521
m¤cÖ`vq Avgv‡ì †hme e¯‧MZ Pvwn`v †gUv‡Z cviZ GLbKvi
ivóª Avi evRvieë¯ vI †mm‡ei cÖvq cy‡ivUvB †gUv‡Z cv‡i|
wKš‧ ïay e¯‧MZ Pvwn`v †gUv‡jB †Zv n‡e bv, mvgvwRK eÜ‡biI
†Zv †RvMvb w`‡Z cvi‡Z n‡e|
†mB Pvwn`v c~iY Kivi Rb¨ evRvieë¯ v Avi ivóªhš¿ wKQz

ÔKvíwbK m¤cÖ`vqÕ •Zwi K‡i| Gme m¤cÖ`v‡q jvL jvL
AcwiwPZ †jvKRb _v‡K| m¤cÖ`vq¸‡jv mvRv‡bv nq ivóªxq I
evwYwR¨K cÖ‡qvRb Abymv‡i| GKUv KvíwbK m¤cÖ`vq n‡jv Ggb
wKQz gvby‡li m¤cÖ`vq, hviv G‡K Aci‡K †P‡b bv wKš‧ Kíbv
K‡i †bq †h †P‡b| GiKg m¤cÖ`vq wKš‧ bZzb †Kv‡bv Avwe®‥vi
bq| ivRZ¡, mvgªvR¨ I PvP© GiKgB KvíwbK m¤cÖ`vq wn‡m‡e
nvRvi eQi wU‡K wQj| cÖvPxb Px‡b, jvL jvL gvbyl wb‡R‡ì‡K
GKUvgvÎ cwiev‡ii m`m¨ g‡b KiZ Avi mgªvU‡K g‡b KiZ
Zv‡ì wcZv| ga¨hy‡M, jvL jvL gymjgvb Kíbv KiZ †h
Bmjv‡gi cZvKvZ‡j Zviv mevB fvB‡evb| Zvi ciI BwZnvm
Ry‡o GiKg KvíwbK m¤cÖ`vq¸‡jv Avm‡j AZUv AšÍi½ wQj
bv, hZUv wQj K‡qK WRb KvQvKvwQ _vKv ci¯úi †ek
fv‡jvfv‡e cwiwPZ gvby‡li m¤cÖ`vq| IB AšÍi½ m¤cÖ`vq¸‡jv
Zvi m`m¨‡ì gvbwmK Pvwn`v †gUv‡Z cviZ Ges fv‡jvfv‡e
wU‡K _vKvi Rb¨ GUv Lye ¸iæZ¡c~Y©I wQj| MZ `yB kZvãx‡Z
†mB AšÍi½ m¤cÖ`vq¸‡jv ¤øvb n‡q †M‡Q Avi Zv‡ì k~b¨¯ vb
c~iY Kivi Rb¨ DÌvb n‡q‡Q KvíwbK m¤cÖ`v‡qi|
KvíwbK m¤cÖ`v‡qi DÌv‡bi Ab¨Zg `y‡Uv e‡ov D`vniY
n‡jv RvwZ I †fv³v‡Mvôx| RvwZ n‡jv iv‡óªi •Zwi KvíwbK
m¤cÖ`vq| †fv³v‡Mvôx n‡jv evRvieë¯ vi •Zwi KvíwbK
m¤cÖ`vq| G¸jv KvíwbK m¤cÖ`vq, KviY Av‡MKvi MÖv‡g †hgb
mevB mevB‡K wPbZ, AvR‡Ki GB m¤cÖ`vq¸‡jv‡Z †mUv
Am¤¢e| †Kv‡bv Rvg©vb †jv‡Ki c‡ÿ Rvg©vb RvwZi 8 †KvwU
†jvK‡K wKsev BD‡iv‡ci †Lvjv evRv‡ii 50 †KvwU †fv³v‡K
AšÍi½fv‡e †Pbv m¤¢e bq|
522
†fvMev` I RvZxqZvev` Lye cwikÖg K‡i Avgv‡ì‡K GUv
eywS‡q w`‡q‡Q, GB †h Avgiv jvL jvL gvbyl, Avgiv mevB GKB
m¤cÖ`v‡qi AšÍf³ z© , Avgv‡ì mevi GKB AZxZ, GKBiKg ¯^cœ
Ges fwel¨ZI GKB| GUv wVK wg‡_¨ bq, GUv Kíbv| UvKv,
†Kv¤úvwb I gvbevwaKv‡ii g‡Zv, RvwZ Avi †fv³v‡MvôxI n‡jv
AvšÍe¨© w³K ev¯ÍeZv (Inter-subjective Reality)| G¸‡jvi
Aw¯ÍZ¡ Av‡Q ïay Avgv‡ì mvgwóK Kíbvq, Zey Gi ÿgZv
Acwimxg| hZw`b ch©šÍ jvL jvL Rvg©vb wg‡j GKUv Rvg©vb
RvwZ‡Z wek^vm Ki‡e, Rvg©vwbi RvZxq cÖZxK †`‡L †ivgvwÂZ
n‡e, ZZw`b Rvg©vwb c„w_exi ey‡K Ab¨Zg kw³kvjx RvwZ
wn‡m‡e wU‡K _vK‡e|
GKUv RvwZ Zvi KvíwbK PwiÎUv‡K †X‡K ivLvi Rb¨ me
iKg †Póv K‡i _v‡K| †ewkifvM RvwZB `vwe K‡i Zviv
cÖvK…wZKfv‡e •Zwi Ges AbšÍKv‡ji Awe‡”Q`¨ GK mËv|
gvZ…f‚wgi gvwUi m‡½ Rbgvby‡li i³ wg‡j wg‡k Zv‡ì m„wó
n‡qwQj| GiKg `vwe Avm‡j evovevwo iK‡gi †gwK| Av‡MI
A‡bK RvwZ wQj c„w_ex‡Z, wKš‧ GLbKvi Zzjbvq Zv‡ì ¸iæZ¡
wQj A‡bK Kg, KviY iv‡óªi ¸iæZ¡B ZLb wQj A‡bK Kg|
ga¨hy‡Mi by‡igev‡M©i GKRb Awaevmx nq‡Zv Rvg©vb RvwZi cÖwZ
AbyMZ wQj, wKš‧ †m Zvi †P‡q †Xi †ewk AbyMZ wQj Zvi
wb‡Ri cwievi Avi m¤cÖ`v‡qi cÖwZ| KviY cwievi Avi
m¤cÖ`vqB Zvi †ewkifvM cÖ‡qvRb †gUvZ| Zvi Ici cÖvPxb
RvwZ¸‡jvi cÖfve hZUzKzB _vKzK bv †Kb †mm‡ei g‡a¨ †kl
ch©šÍ wU‡K wQj gvÎ Aí wKQz| GLbKvi RvwZ¸‡jvi g‡a¨
†ewkifv‡Mi D™¢eB n‡q‡Q wkíwecø‡ei ci †_‡K|
ga¨cÖv‡P¨ GiKg A‡bK D`vniY cvIqv hv‡e| wmwiqvb,
†jevwbR, RW©vwbqvb I BivwK RvwZ¸‡jv Avm‡j divwm Avi
weªwUk K‚UbxwZK‡ì evwji Ici G‡jv‡g‡jv mxgv‡iLv Uvbvi
djvdj| Zviv GB †iLv Uvbvi mgq AvÂwjK BwZnvm, f‚ZË¡ I
A_©bxwZ‡K cy‡ivcywi AMÖvn¨ K‡iwQj| GB K‚UbxwZKivB 1918
mv‡j wVK Kij †h Kzw`©¯Ívb, evM`v` Avi evmivi gvby‡li mevB
523
GLb †_‡K ÔBivwKÕ| divwmivB cÖ_g wm×všÍ wb‡qwQj Kviv n‡e
wmwiqvb Avi Kviv n‡e †jevwbR| mvÏvg †nv‡mb Avi nv‡dR
Avj Avmv` Zuv‡ì m‡e©v”P †Póv K‡iwQ‡jb Bs‡iR-divwm
g``cyó RvZxqZvev`x †PZbv Qwo‡q w`‡Z| wKš‧ wPivqZ BivwK
I wmwiqvb RvwZ wb‡q Zv‡ì Avo¤îc~Y© e³…Zv wQj cy‡ivUvB
duvcv|
G K_v ejvi A‡cÿv iv‡L bv †h, †Kej nvIqv †_‡K GKUv
RvwZ‡K •Zwi Kiv hvq bv| hviv BivK wKsev wmwiqv •Zwi Kivi
Rb¨ cÖPiz cwikÖg K‡iwQj Zviv mwZ¨Kvi BwZnvm, f‚ZË¡ I
mvs¯‥…wZK Dcv`vb eënvi K‡iwQj| †mm‡ei g‡a¨ wKQz wKQz †Zv
nvRvi eQ‡ii cy‡iv‡bv| mvÏvg †nv‡mb BivK RvwZmËvi m‡½
AveŸvmxq †LjvdZ Avi e¨vwejbxq mvgªv‡Rï HwZ‡nï m¤úK©
¯ vcb K‡iwQ‡jb, GgbwK Zuvi GKwU muv‡Rvqv evwnbxi bvg
w`‡qwQ‡jb nvgyivwe wWwfkb| wKš‧ GBme K‡iI wKš‧ BivK‡K
GKwU Avw` AK…wÎg mËv evwb‡q †djv hvqwb| Avwg hw` MZ `yB
gvm a‡i c‡o _vKv AvUv, †Zj Avi wPwb w`‡q GKwU †KK
evwb‡q †dwj Zvi gv‡b GB bv †h IB †KKUvI `yB gv‡mi
cy‡iv‡bv|
B`vbxs RvZxq m¤cÖ`vq¸‡jv µ‡gB †X‡K hv‡”Q wewfbœ iKg

†fv³v‡Mvôx w`‡q hviv G‡K Aci‡K fv‡jvfv‡e †P‡b bv wKš‧
GKB iKg cY¨ †fvM K‡i Af¨¯Í| ZvB Zviv wb‡R‡ì GKB
†Mvôxi AšÍfz©³ g‡b K‡i| GB e¨vcviUv Lye A™¢zZ †kvbv‡jI
Avgv‡ì Pvicv‡k GiKg D`vni‡Yi Afve †bB| †hgb a‡ib,
g¨v‡Wvbvi f³iv wg‡j GKUv †fv³v‡Mvôx •Zwi K‡i| Zviv
wb‡R‡ì msÁvwqZ K‡i †gvUvgywU Zv‡ì †KbvKvUv w`‡qB| Zviv
g¨v‡Wvbvi Kbmv‡U©i wUwKU †K‡b, wmwW †K‡b, †cv÷vi †K‡b,
kvU© †K‡b wKsev wis‡Uvb †K‡b| Gme †Kbvi gva¨‡gB Rvbvb
†`q †h Zviv Kviv| GKBfv‡e g¨vb‡P÷vi BDbvB‡U‡Wi f³iv,
wbivwglvkxiv I cwi‡ekev`xivI wewfbœ †fv³v‡Mvôxi D`vniY|
ZvivI †gvUvgywU msÁvwqZ nq Zviv †Kvb-me cY¨ †K‡b Zv
524
w`‡qB| GUvB Zv‡ì cwiP‡qi PvweKvwV| GKRb Rvg©vb
wbivwglvkx nq‡Zv GKRb Rvg©vb me©fz‡Ki †P‡q GKRb divwm
wbivwglvkx‡KB we‡q Ki‡Z PvB‡e|
Aweivg MwZ
MZ `yB kZvãxi •ecøweK cwieZ©b¸‡jv GZUv hyMvšÍKvix Ges
GZ `ªæZ N‡U‡Q †h Avgv‡ì mgv‡Ri GK`g †g․wjK
•ewkó¨¸‡jvB m¤ú~Y© e`‡j †M‡Q| ïiæ‡Z Avgv‡ì mvgvwRK
MVbUv †ek KwVb I Abgbxq wQj| ¯ vwqZ¡ I avivevwnKZv wQj
mywbwðZ| Lye `ªæZ †Kv‡bv cwieZ©b wQj e¨wZµg Ges †h-†Kv‡bv
mvgvwRK cwieZ©bB †Qv‡Uv †Qv‡Uv av‡ci mgš^‡q n‡Zv| gvbyl
a‡iB wb‡qwQj, gvbemgvR-KvVv‡gv AcwieZ©bxq I AbšÍ|
cwievi Avi m¤cÖ`vq nq‡Zv mvgvwRK KvVv‡gv‡Z wb‡R‡ì
Ae¯ vb wKQzUv e`jv‡Z cviZ, wKš‧ mgv‡Ri †g․wjK MVbUv
e`‡j †djv wQj Afvebxq| gvbylRb me mgq wb‡R‡ì
Gfv‡eB mvšÍ¡bv w`Z †h ÔGfv‡eB †Zv P‡j Avm‡Q, Gfv‡eB †Zv
Pj‡eÕ|
wKš‧ MZ `yB kZvãx‡Z cwieZ©‡bi MwZUv GZ †e‡o †M‡Q
†h mvgvwRK KvVv‡gvUv Lye MwZgq Avi bgbxq n‡q †M‡Q| GUv
GLb GKUv wbqZ cwieZ©bkxj Ae¯ vq Av‡Q| AvaywbK wecø‡ei
K_v ej‡j Avgv‡ì †Pv‡Li mvg‡b †f‡m I‡V 1789 mv‡ji
divwm wecøe, 1848 mv‡ji BD‡iv‡ci emšÍ A_ev 1917 mv‡ji
ivwkqvb wecøe| mwZ¨ K_v ej‡Z AvRKvjKvi w`‡b cÖwZUv
eQiB •ecøweK| GLb GKRb 30 eQi eqwm †jvKI ZiæY‡ì
Mí ej‡Z cv‡i Gfv‡eÑ ÔAvgiv hLb †Qv‡Uv wQjvg ZLbKvi
c„w_exUv wQj AbïKg|Õ D`vniY¯îƒc, B›Uvi‡bU wRwbmUvB †Zv
beŸB‡qi `k‡K •Zwi, gvÎ eQi cuwPk Av‡Mi K_v| A_P AvR
Avgiv B›Uvi‡bU Qvov c„w_exi K_v KíbvB Ki‡Z cvwi bv|
GB Kvi‡YB AvaywbK mgv‡Ri •ewkó¨ eY©bv KivUv A‡bKUv
†Kv‡bv GK eûiƒcxi iƒc eY©bv Kivi g‡Zv e¨vcvi| Zvi GKgvÎ
525
†h •ewkó¨wUi e¨vcv‡i Avgiv GKgZ n‡Z cvwi †mUv n‡jv AwekÖvšÍ
cwieZ©b| gvbylRb BwZg‡a¨B GB e¨vcviUvi m‡½ Af¨¯Í n‡q
†M‡Q| mevB GLb g‡b K‡I, mvgvwRK KvVv‡gv Avm‡j GKUv
bgbxq e¨vcvi, Avgiv PvB‡jB cÖ‡qvRbg‡Zv GUv e`jv‡Z cvwi|
c~e©vaywbK hy‡Mi kvm‡Kiv mvaviYZ Avk^vm w`Z †h Zviv cÖvPxb
HwZn¨ msiÿY Ki‡e, GgbwK wd‡i hv‡e †M․ievwš^Z mg‡q| wKš‧
MZ `yB kZK a‡i †`Lv hv‡”Q kvm‡Kiv Zziæ‡ci Zvm wn‡m‡e
eënvi Ki‡Q cyivZb‡K Qz‡o †d‡j bZzb c„w_ex Movi cÖZ¨q|
GK`g †Muvov †g․jev`x ivR‣bwZK `j¸‡jv‡KI ej‡Z †`Lv hv‡”Q
bv †h Zviv mewKQz Av‡Mi g‡Zv ivLvi †Póv Ki‡e| mevB AvRKvj
mvgvwRK ms‡kvab, wkÿveë¯ vi ms‡kvab wKsev A_©‣bwZK
ms‡kva‡bi cÖZ¨q e¨³ Ki‡Q| gv‡S gv‡S Zviv mwZ¨ mwZ¨B
†mme ms‡kvab K‡iI †dj‡Q|
f‚ZvwË¡‡Kiv †hgb †UKUwbK ¯Íi¸‡jvi bovPov †_‡K
f‚wgK¤ú wKsev Av‡MœqwMwii Avk¼v K‡ib, †Zgwb Avgiv Avk¼v
Ki‡Z cvwi GBme `ªæZMwZi mvgvwRK cU cwieZ©b nq‡Zv
i³v³ wnsmªZv e‡q wb‡q Avm‡e| Ebwesk I wesk kZvãxi
BwZnvm eY©bv Ki‡Z †M‡jI wKš‧ Avgv‡ì wKQz fqsKi hy×,
MYnZ¨v Avi wecø‡ei K_v ej‡Z nq| bZzb Ry‡Zv civ GKwU
wkï †hgb iv¯Ívq R‡g _vKv e„wói cvwb‡Z jvwd‡q †eovq, †Zgwb
BwZnvmI GK i³M½v †_‡K Av‡iK i³M½vi c‡_ nuv‡U| cÖ_g
wek^hy× †_‡K wØZxq wek^hy×, Zvici mœvqyhy×, Av‡g©wbqvb MYnZ¨v
†_‡K ïiæ K‡i Bûw` wbab, iæqvÛvi MYnZ¨v, †ivew¯úqvi †_‡K
†jwbb Zvici wnUjvi|
myZivs Avk¼vUv Avm‡j mwZ¨, wKš‧ GB eûj cwiwPZ
`y‡h©vM¸‡jv D`vniY wn‡m‡e eënvi KivUv wKQzUv weåvwšÍKiI
e‡U| Avgiv LvbvL‡›` GZ †ewk eyu` n‡q _vwK †h, c‡_ †h
ïK‡bv RvqMvI Av‡Q Zv Avgv‡ì †Pv‡L c‡o bv| DËivaywbK
hyM †h ïay Af‚Zc~e© iK‡gi wnsmªZv Avi ee©iZv †`‡L‡Q Zv-B
bq, †mB m‡½ kvwšÍ I ïåZvi `viæY wb`k©bI †`L‡Z †c‡q‡Q|
Pvj©m wW‡KÝ divwm wecøe m¤ú‡K© e‡jwQ‡jb, ÔGUvB wQj †kÖô
526
mgq, Avevi GUvB wQj wbK…ó mgq|Õ K_vUv †h ïay divwm
wecø‡ei Rb¨ mZ¨ Zv-B bq, cy‡iv hyMUvi RbÏ cÖ‡hvR¨|
K_vUv we‡klfv‡e cÖ‡hvR¨ wØZxq wek^hy‡×i ci †_‡K GB
mvZ hy‡Mi †ÿ‡Î| GB mg‡q gvbeRvwZ cÖ_gev‡ii g‡Zv
wb‡R‡ì m¤ú~Y©iƒ‡c wbwðý K‡i †djvi ûgwKi m¤§yLxb n‡q‡Q
Ges †ek fv‡jvmsL¨K hy× I MYnZ¨v †`‡L‡Q| GZ wKQzi ciI
GB K‡qK hyMB wKš‧ †ek `xN© mg‡qi g‡a¨ Ab¨ †h-†Kv‡bv
mg‡qi Zzjbvq gvbe-BwZnv‡mi me‡P‡q kvwšÍgq mgq| GUv
LyeB Avðh©RbK, KviY GB mg‡qB wKš‧ Avgiv Av‡Mi PvB‡ZB
Av‡iv †ewk †ewk A_©‣bwZK, mvgvwRK Ges ivR‣bwZK cU
cwieZ©b †`‡LwQ| BwZnv‡mi †UK‡UvwbK ¯Íi¸‡jv cvM‡ji g‡Zv
bovPov Ki‡Q, A_P Av‡MœqwMwi kvšÍ| g‡b n‡”Q, GB bZzb
bgbxq mvgvwRK KvVv‡gv †hb mewKQz AvM‡j ivL‡Z cv‡i,
GgbwK ìKvi n‡j †Kv‡bv wnsmªZv QvovB cÖ‡qvRbxq KvVv‡gvMZ
cwieZ©b Avb‡Z cv‡i|3
Avgv‡ì kvwšÍi hyM

†ewkifvM gvbylB gvb‡Z Pvq bv Avgiv KZ kvwšÍc~Y© GK mg‡q
emevm KiwQ| Avgv‡ì †KDB nvRvi eQi Av‡M †eu‡P wQj bv|
GB Kvi‡YB †evanq Avgiv fz‡j hvB c„w_ex Av‡M KZUv wnsmª
wQj| Avi †h‡nZz hy× wRwbmUv Av‡Mi †P‡q A‡bK weij n‡q
†M‡Q, ZvB Gi cÖwZ gvby‡li AvKl©YI †e‡o †M‡Q| †ewkifvM
gvbylB GLb AvdMvwb¯Ívb wKsev Biv‡Ki hy‡×i fqvenZvi K_v
e‡j| wKš‧ eªvwRj wKsev fvi‡Zi †jv‡Kiv KZUv kvwšÍ‡Z emevm
Ki‡Q, †m K_v Lye Kg †jvKB Av‡jvPbv K‡i|
Av‡iv ¸iæZ¡c~Y© e¨vcvi n‡jv, cy‡iv gvbeRvwZ‡K wb‡q fvevi
†P‡q e¨w³MZ myL `yt‡Li K_v fvevUv A‡bK mnR| ¯ j ‚ `„wó‡Z
BwZnv‡mi MwZc_ eyS‡Z †M‡j Avgv‡ì Avm‡j e¨w³MZ Mí bv
ï‡b e‡ovm‡ov cwimsL¨v‡bi w`‡K ZvKv‡Z n‡e| 2000 mv‡j
hy‡×i Kvi‡Y g„Zz¨ nq jvL wZ‡bK gvby‡li| G Qvov wnsmªZvi
527
ìæb Av‡iv jvL cuv‡PK gvbyl gviv hvq| GUv mZ¨ †h cÖwZwU
gvby‡li g„Zz¨B Avm‡j GKUv RM‡Zi Acg„Zz¨, GKUv cwiev‡ii
aŸsmhÁ, eÜz I AvZ¥xq‡ì Rb¨ mviv Rxe‡bi GK `ytmn
†e`bv| wKš‧ Zvi ciI, GKUz ¯ j ‚ `„wó‡KvY †_‡K †`L‡j GB 8
jvL g„Zz¨ Avm‡j 2000 mv‡ji †gvU mv‡o 5 †KvwU g„Zzï gvÎ
kZKiv †ò fvM| IB GKB eQi 10 jv‡Li †ewk gvbyl gviv
†M‡Q Mvwo `yN©Ubvq (†gvU g„Zzï kZKiv 2.25 fvM) Ges 8 jvL
gvbyl AvZ¥nZ¨v K‡i‡Q (kZKiv 1.45 fvM)|4
2002 mv‡ji msL¨v¸‡jv‡Zv Av‡iv PgKcÖ`| mv‡o 5 †KvwU
g„Zzï g‡a¨ gvÎ †c․‡b 2 jvL gvbyl gviv †M‡Q hy‡×i Kvi‡Y Avi
mv‡o 5 jv‡Li g‡Zv wnsmªZvq (wnsmªZvi Kvi‡Y g„Zz¨ †gvU mv‡o
7 jv‡Li KvQvKvwQ)| Ab¨w`‡K, †c․‡b 9 jvL gvbyl AvZ¥nZ¨v
K‡i‡Q|5 †`L †Mj, 9/11 Gi mš¿vmx nvgjvi c‡ii eQi, hLb
mevB mš¿vm Avi hy× wb‡q K_v ej‡Q, ZLb GKRb mvaviY
gvby‡li A‡bï nv‡Z givi †P‡q AvZ¥nZ¨v K‡i givi m¤¢vebvB
†ewk wQj|
c„w_exi †ewkifvM cÖv‡šÍB gvbyl iv‡Z hLb Nygv‡Z hvq ZLb
Zv‡ì GB fq Ki‡Z nq bv †h, cÖwZ‡ekx †Mvôxi †jv‡Kiv nq‡Zv
gvSiv‡Z nvgjv Ki‡e Avi mevB‡K †g‡i †dj‡e| weª‡U‡bi m”Qj
†jv‡Kiv cÖwZw`b hLb †kiDW R½‡ji g‡a¨ w`‡q bwUsn¨v‡g †_‡K
jÛ‡b hvq ZLb Zv‡ì GB f‡q _vK‡Z nq bv †h, GB eywS R½j
†_‡K iweb ûW Avi Zvi `jej †ei n‡q G‡m Zv‡ì AvUK Ki‡e
Avi me abm¤ú` jy‡U wb‡q Mwie‡ì g‡a¨ wewj‡q †`‡e (A_ev
Zv‡ì †g‡i †dj‡e Avi wb‡RivB me m¤ú` †fvM Ki‡e)|
QvÎQvÎx‡ì‡K wkÿ‡Ki †eÎvNvZ mn¨ Ki‡Z nq bv,
†Q‡j‡g‡q‡ì GB f‡q _vK‡Z nq bv †h Zv‡ì‡K Zv‡ì evev-
gv‡qiv Afv‡ei Rb¨ `vm wn‡m‡e †e‡P †`‡e| AvR‡Ki bvixiv GUv
Rv‡b †h AvBbMZfv‡e Zv‡ì ¯^vgx‡ì †Kv‡bv AwaKvi †bB Zv‡ì
cÖnvi Kivi wKsev evwoi g‡a¨ AvU‡K ivLvi| c„w_ex Ry‡o GBme
aviYv Lye `ªæZ ev¯ÍevwqZ n‡q hv‡”Q|
528
wnsmªZvi cwigvY K‡g Avmvi †cQ‡b Avm‡j iv‡óªi Ae`vbB
†ewk| BwZnvm Ry‡o †ewkifvM wnsmªZvB n‡Zv g~jZ cwievi
wKsev m¤cÖ`vq¸‡jvi g‡a¨ cvi¯úwiK Ø‡›Ø| (Ic‡ii
cwimsL¨vb †_‡KI †Zv GUv cwi®‥vi †h AvRKvjKvi hy‡MI
AvÂwjK AcivaB wKš‧ AvšÍR©vwZK Aciv‡ai †P‡q †ewk
cÖvYnvwbi KviY|) Avgiv †Zv Av‡MB †`‡LwQ, cÖ_g w`KKvi
K…l‡Kiv, hviv AvÂwjK m¤cÖ`v‡qi evB‡i Avi †Kv‡bv iKg
msMVb †Pv‡LB †`‡Lwb, ZvivI cÖwZwbqZ wnsmªZvq Rwo‡q
coZ|6 ivRZ¡ Avi mvgªvR¨ hZB kw³kvjx n‡Z _vKj ZZB
Zviv m¤cÖ`vq¸‡jv‡Z n¯Í‡ÿc Ki‡Z _vKj Avi µgk wnsmªZvi
cwigvY K‡g G‡jv| ga¨hyMxq BD‡iv‡ci Qwo‡q-wQwU‡q _vKv
mf¨Zvq, cÖwZ 1 jvL gvby‡li g‡a¨ cÖvq 40 RbB Lyb n‡Zv|
B`vbxsKv‡j, hLb ivóªhš¿ n‡q D‡V‡Q m‡e©me©v Avi m¤cÖ`vq cÖ_v
GKiKg nvwi‡q †M‡Q, ZLb wnsmªZvi cwigvYI A‡bKUvB K‡g
†M‡Q| mviv c„w_exi wePv‡i GLb cÖwZ 1 jvL gvby‡li g‡a¨ gvÎ
bq Rb Ly‡bi wkKvi nq| GBme Ly‡bvLywbi †ewkifvMB nq
†mvgvwjqv wKsev Kjw¤^qvi g‡Zv `ye©j ivóª¸‡jv‡Z| mgMÖ
BD‡iv‡ci †ÿ‡Î GLb †mB msL¨vUv cÖwZ 1 jv‡L gvÎ GKRb|7
Aek¨ Ggb bwRiI Av‡Q †h ivóª wb‡RB Zvi wb‡Ri RbMY‡K
†g‡i †dj‡Q| GBiKg NUbv¸‡jvB Avgv‡ì ¯§„wZ‡Z Mfxifv‡e
†Mu‡_ hvq| cy‡iv wesk kZvãx‡Z cÖvq 1 †KvwU †jvK wbnZ n‡q‡Q
Zv‡ìB †`‡ki cÖwZiÿvevwnbxi nv‡Z| Zvi ciI, GKUv ¯ j ‚
`„wó‡KvY †_‡K †`L‡j ej‡Z nq ivóª cwiPvwjZ Av`vjZ Ges
cywjkevwnbx mviv c„w_exi wbivcËv Avm‡j evwo‡q w`‡q‡Q| hw`
c~e©vaywbK hy‡Mi m‡½ Zzjbv Kwi, Zvn‡j GLbKvi w`‡bi GKRb
Ruv`‡ij GKbvq‡Ki Avg‡jI GKRb gvby‡li Ab¨ gvby‡li nv‡Z
g„ZzëiY Kivi Avk¼v A‡bK Kg| 1964 mv‡j eªvwR‡j
†mbvevwnbxi kvmb cÖwZwôZ n‡qwQj| 1985 mvj ch©šÍ IB
kvm‡bB †`kUv P‡j‡Q| GB 20 eQ‡i †ek K‡qK nvRvi
eªvwRwjqvb Zv‡ì kvm‡Ki nv‡Z gviv c‡o| Av‡iv K‡qK nvRvi
†RjnvR‡Z hvq Ges wbh©vwZZ nq| GZ wKQzi ciI, me‡P‡q
529
Lvivc eQiUv‡ZI, eªvwR‡ji GKRb MocoZv gvby‡li Ab¨
gvby‡li nv‡Z gviv covi Avk¼v eis ûqvivwb (Waorani),
AvivI‡q‡Z (Arawete) wKsev Bqv‡bvgv‡gvi (Yanomamo)
DcRvwZ‡ì Zzjbvq A‡bK Kg| ûqvivwb, AvivI‡q‡Z Avi
Bqv‡bvgv‡gviv n‡jv AvgvRb R½‡ji Mwn‡b emevmKvix DcRvwZÑ
hv‡ì †Kv‡bv •mb¨, cywjk wKsev †RjLvbv †bB| b„ZvwË¡K M‡elYvq
†`Lv †M‡Q Gme DcRvwZ Rb‡Mvôxi cyiæl‡ì cÖvq A‡a©K gviv
hvq cvi¯úwiK Ø‡›Ø| Gme Ø›Ø mvaviYZ m¤ú`, bvix wKsev
AvZ¥m¤§vbmsµvšÍ n‡q _v‡K|8
mvgªv‡Rï cZb
1945 mv‡ji wØZxq wek^hy× †kl nIqvi ci iv‡óªi Aax‡b
wnsmªZv †e‡o‡Q, bvwK K‡g‡QÑ GUv Avm‡j ZK©mv‡cÿ| wKš‧ †h
e¨vcviUv †KD A¯^xKvi Ki‡Z cvi‡e bv †mUv n‡jv,
AvšÍR©vwZKfv‡e wnsmªZv GLb BwZnv‡m me©wbgœ ch©v‡q P‡j
G‡m‡Q| BD‡ivcxq mvgªvRëv‡ì cZb m¤¢eZ Gi c‡ÿ me‡P‡q
†Rviv‡jv D`vniY| BwZnvm Ry‡o mvgªvR¨¸‡jv we‡`ªvnx‡ì
k³nv‡Z `gb K‡i G‡m‡Q| hLb Zvi †k‡li NÈv †e‡R‡Q,
ZLb GKwU WzešÍ mvgªvR¨ Zvi †kl kw³UzKz w`‡q we‡`ªvn `gb
Kivi †Póv K‡i‡Q, hvi djvdj n‡q‡Q i³M½v| Gi P‚ovšÍ cZb
†W‡K G‡b‡Q AivRKZv Ges hy×| wKš‧ 1945 mvj †_‡K
†ewkifvM mvgªvR¨B wb‡R †_‡K kvwšÍc~Y©fv‡e m‡i ùvov‡bvi c_
†e‡Q wb‡q‡Q| Zv‡ì cZ‡bi aibUv n‡q‡Q †ek `ªæZ, kvšÍ I
myk„•Lj|
1945 mv‡j weª‡Ub cy‡iv c„w_exi cÖvq Pvi fv‡Mi GK fvM
kvmb KiZ| 30 eQi ci kvmb KiZ †Kej †Qv‡Uv †Qv‡Uv wKQz
Øxc| gv‡Si GB K‡qK hy‡M weª‡Ub Zvi †ewkifvM Dcwb‡ek
†_‡KB kvwšÍc~Y©fv‡e m‡i G‡m‡Q| hwÌ gvjq Ges †Kwbqvi
g‡Zv wKQz wKQz RvqMvq Zviv A‡¯¿i †Rv‡i wU‡K _vK‡Z †P‡q‡Q,
Zey †ewkifvM RvqMv‡ZB Zviv Zv‡ì mvgªv‡Rï cZbUv †Kv‡bv
530
D”PevP¨ QvovB GKiKg Aÿg `xN©k^v‡mi m‡½B †g‡b wb‡q‡Q|
Zviv Zv‡ì me cÖ‡Póv wbe× K‡iwQj h_vm¤¢e gm„Yfv‡e ÿgZv
n¯ÍvšÍi Kivi w`‡K, ÿgZv a‡i ivLvi w`‡K bq| gnvZ¥v MvÜx
Awnsm Av‡›`vj‡bi Rb¨ †h ce©ZcÖgvY cÖksmv †c‡q _v‡Kb Zvi
wKQzUv K…wZZ¡ Avm‡j weªwUk miKvi‡KI w`‡Z nq| A‡bK eQ‡ii
wZ³Zv I wnsmª jovB m‡Ë¡I hLb weªwUkiv‡Ri w`b dzwi‡q G‡jv
ZLb wKš‧ fviZxq‡ì w`wjø ev KjKvZvi iv¯Ívq †b‡g weªwUk‡ì
m‡½ hy× Ki‡Z nqwb| mvgªv‡Rï RvqMvUv wb‡qwQj wKQz ¯^vaxb
ivóª, hviv Gi AvM ch©šÍ GKm‡½ wg‡jwg‡k kvwšÍc~Y©fv‡e emevm
KiZ| GUv mZ¨ †h, nvRvi nvRvi gvbyl weªwUk mvgªv‡Rï nv‡Z
g„ZzëiY K‡i‡Q| wKQz wKQz RvqMvq mvgªv‡Rï cZ‡bi m‡½ m‡½
ïiæ n‡q‡Q RvwZMZ `v½v (we‡kl K‡i fvi‡Z)| Zvici
`xN©w`‡bi HwZnvwmK cwimsL¨v‡bi m‡½ Zzjbv Ki‡j weªwUk‡ì
cÖ¯ vb kvwšÍ I k„•Ljvi GK D`vniY wQj| divwm mvgªvR¨ eis
Gi †P‡q A‡bK †ewk GK¸u‡q wQj| Zv‡ì cZ‡bi mgq
cjvqbci •mbïv nvRvi nvRvi wbixn gvbyl‡K nZ¨v K‡iwQj|
wf‡qZbvg I Avj‡Rwiqv Zvi mvÿx n‡q Av‡Q| Zey divwmiv
Ab¨ me RvqMv †_‡K †ek `ªæZ I kvwšÍc~Y©fv‡eB cÖ¯ vb K‡iwQj
Ges †i‡L G‡mwQj GKwU kvwšÍc~Y©, myk„•Lj †`k|
1989 mv‡ji †mvwf‡qZ BDwbq‡bi cZb wQj Av‡iv
kvwšÍc~Y©| hwÌ ejKvb, K‡Kkvm Ges ga¨ Gwkqvi wKQz
RvqMvq RvwZMZ `v½v †j‡MwQj Zvi ciI ejv hvq, BwZnv‡m
Gi Av‡M GZ e‡ov †Kv‡bv mvgªv‡Rï cZb GZ `ªæZ Ges GZ
kvšÍfv‡e nqwb| †mvwf‡qZ BDwbq‡bi IB cZ‡bi mgq GK
AvdMvwb¯Ívb Qvov Avi †Kv_vI mvgwiK civRq eiY Ki‡Z
nqwb| †Kv_vI †Kv‡bv ewnivMZ‡ì AvµgY nqwb, †Kv‡bv
we‡`ªvn nqwb, GgbwK gvwU©b jy_vi wKs‡qi g‡Zv e‡ov ai‡bi
Amn‡hvM Av‡›`vjbI †KD K‡iwb| †mvwf‡qZ‡ì ZL‡bv jvL
jvL •mb¨ wQj, nvRvi nvRvi U¨vsK I hy×wegvb wQj| cy‡iv
gvbeRvwZ‡K K‡qK `dv aŸsm Kivi g‡Zv h‡_ó cwigv‡Y
531
cvigvYweK A¯¿I wQj| jvj †mbv Ges Ab¨vb¨ IqviÕk †mbvivI
wQj AbyMZ| me©‡kl †mvwf‡qZ kvmK wgLvBj Me©v‡Pf hw`
GKevi Av‡`k w`‡Zb, Zvn‡jB jvj †mbviv mvaviY RbM‡Yi
Ici cÖKv‡k¨ ¸wj Pvjv‡Z cviZ|
GZ wKQzi ciI †mvwf‡qZ AwfRvZi I KwgDwb÷cwš iv
c~e© BD‡iv‡ci †ewkifvM Ry‡oB (iægvwbqv Avi mvwe©qv wQj
e¨wZµg) mvgwiK ÿgZvi GK †duvUvI eënvi K‡iwb| hLb
Zv‡ì m`mïv eyS‡Z cvij †h KwgDwbRg †`Dwjqv n‡q †M‡Q,
Zviv m‡½ m‡½ me evwnbx cÖZ¨vnvi K‡i wbj, wb‡R‡ì e¨_©Zv
¯^xKvi K‡i wbj, Zvici wb‡R‡ì ev·-cu¨vUiv ¸wQ‡q wb‡q evwo
P‡j †Mj| Me©v‡Pf I Zuvi mnKg©xiv webv msMÖv‡g ïay †h Zv‡ì
wØZxq wek^hy‡× `Lj Kiv GjvKvB †Q‡o w`j Zv-B bv, Zv‡ì eû
cy‡iv‡bv Rvi Avg‡ji Rq Kiv evwëK, BD‡µb, K‡Kkvm Ges
ga¨ GwkqvI †Q‡o w`j| Me©v‡Pf hw` mvwe©qvi †bZv‡ì g‡Zv
wKsev Avj‡Rwiqvq divwm‡ì g‡Zv AvPiY KiZ, Zvn‡j Kx
n‡Zv †mUv fve‡j GL‡bv wkD‡i DV‡Z nq|
AvYweK mg‡SvZv
mvgªvR¨¸‡jv m‡i wM‡q †h ¯^vaxb †`k¸‡jv •Zwi n‡jv, Zviv
hy‡×i e¨vcv‡i G‡Kev‡iB AvMÖnx wQj bv| 1945 mv‡ji ci
†_‡K, Aí wKQz e¨wZµg ev‡` †Kv‡bv †`kB Ab¨ †Kv‡bv †`k‡K
`Lj Kivi D‡Ï‡k¨ nvgjv Pvjvqwb| A_P ¯§iYvZxZKv‡ji
ivR‣bwZK BwZnv‡m GiKg `Lj`vwi nvgjv wQj ixwZg‡Zv
nv‡Zi †gvqv| Gfv‡eB Avm‡j A‡bK e‡ov mvgªvR¨ M‡o D‡V‡Q|
†ewkifvM kvmK GgbwK gvbylRbI †f‡ewQj Gfv‡eB Pj‡e
c„w_ex| wKš‧ †ivgvb, †gv½j wKsev A‡Uvgvb‡ì g‡Zv †fvM`Lj
AvR‡Ki `ywbqvq cÖvq Am¤¢e| 1945 mv‡ji ci †_‡K
RvwZmsN-¯^xK…Z †Kv‡bv ¯^vaxb †`kB c„w_exi g¨vc †_‡K DavI
n‡q hvqwb| mxwgZ msL¨vq hy×weMÖn GL‡bv nq Avi Zv‡Z jvL
532
jvL gvbyl cÖvYI nvivq wKš‧ hy× GLb †gv‡UB Avi nv‡Zi †gvqv
bq|
A‡b‡K g‡b K‡I, AvšÍR©vwZK ch©v‡qi hy‡×i Abycw¯ wZ
cwðg BD‡iv‡ci abx †`k¸‡jvi Rb¨ G‡Kev‡i bZzb GKUv
AwfÁZv| mwZ¨ ej‡Z wK, cÖ_‡g c„w_exi Ab¨vb¨ cÖv‡šÍ kvwšÍ
cÖwZwôZ n‡qwQj Ges c‡iB †mUv BD‡iv‡c †cu․Qvq| `wÿY
Av‡gwiKvi †`k¸‡jvi g‡a¨ me©‡kl AvšÍR©vwZK hy× wQj 1941
mv‡ji †ciæ-BKz‡qW‡ii hy× Ges 1932 mv‡ji ewjwfqv-
c¨viv¸‡qi hy×| Gm‡ei Av‡M `wÿY Av‡gwiKvq †ek e‡ovm‡ov
GKUv hy× †j‡MwQj 1879-84 mv‡j wPwji m‡½ ewjwfqv Avi
†ciæi|
Avgiv Avie GjvKvUv‡K GK`gB kvwšÍc~Y© g‡b Kwi bv|
A_P ¯^vaxbZvi ci Avie †`k¸‡jvi g‡a¨ gvÎ GKevi cy‡iv
gvÎvq hy× †e‡awQj (1990 mv‡j Biv‡Ki Kz‡qZ AvµgY)|
mxgv‡šÍ †ek wKQz Sv‡gjv n‡qwQj (wmwiqv Avi RW©v‡bi g‡a¨,
1970 mv‡j), †ek wKQz †mbv AbycÖ‡ek (†jevb‡b wmwiqvi
cÖ‡ek), AmsL¨ M„nhy× (Avj‡Rwiqv, B‡q‡gb, wjweqv) Ges
A¸bwZ †mbv Afz¨Ìvb I we‡`ªvnI n‡qwQj| GZ wKQzi ciI,
GK DcmvMixq hy× Qvov Avie †`k¸‡jvi g‡a¨ †Kv‡bv c~Y©
gvÎvi AvšÍR©vwZK hy× msNwUZ nqwb| GgbwK cy‡iv gymwjg
RM‡Zi mxgvbv evov‡bvi cÖ‡Póvi D`vniYI cvIqv hvq gvÎ
GKUv, Bivb-BivK hy×| KL‡bvB Zzi¯‥-Bivb, cvwK¯Ívb-
AvdMvwb¯Ívb wKsev B‡›`v‡bwkqv-gvj‡qwkqv hy× ev‡awb|
Avwd«Kvi e¨vcviUv Lye GKUv myLKi bq| wKš‧ †mLv‡bI
†ewkifvM Ø›ØB wQj M„nhy× A_ev †mbv Afz¨Ìvb| †h‡nZz
Avwd«Kvi †`k¸‡jv ¯^vaxbZv †c‡q‡Q A‡bK c‡i 1960-70-Gi
w`‡K, gvÎ Aí K‡qKUv †`kB G‡K Ac‡ii Ici AvµgY
K‡i‡Q `Lj Kivi Avkvq|
AZx‡ZI Zzjbvg~jK kvšÍ wKQz mgq wQj, †hgb 1871 †_‡K
1914 mv‡ji BD‡ivc| Gic‡ii mgqUv Aek¨ me Lvivc‡K
533
Qvwc‡q †M‡Q| GLb e¨vcviUv GK`g AbïKg| mwZ¨Kvi kvwšÍ
wKš‧ ïay hy‡×i Abycw¯ wZ bq| GLb mwZ¨Kvi A‡_©B kvwšÍ
weivR Ki‡Q c„w_ex‡Z| 1871 †_‡K 1914 mv‡ji g‡aÏ wKš‧
GKUv BD‡ivcxq hy× cÖvq Aek¨¤¢vex wQj| ZLbKvi †mbvevwnbx,
ivRbxwZ Ges GgbwK mvaviY bvMwi‡Ki IciI hy‡×i Avk¼vi
cÖfve wQj| BwZnv‡mi Ab¨ me kvwšÍc~Y© mg‡qi RbÏ GB
GKB jÿY cÖ‡hvR¨| AvšÍR©vwZK ivRbxwZi GKUv wPišÍb weavb
wQj : Ô†h-†Kv‡bv `y‡Uv cÖwZ‡ekx †`‡ki g‡a¨ Ggb wKQz
cwiw¯ wZi •Zwi n‡e †h Zviv eQi Lv‡b‡Ki g‡a¨B G‡K Ac‡ii
m‡½ hy‡× wjß n‡e|Õ GB ÔR½‡ji wbqgÕ mwµq wQj Ebwesk
kZvãxi †klfv‡M BD‡iv‡c, ga¨hyMxq BD‡iv‡c, cÖvPxb Px‡b
Ges HwZnëvnx wMÖ‡m| ¯úvU©v I A¨v‡_Ý hw` 450 wLªóc~e©v‡ãi
w`‡K cvi¯úwiK kvwšÍ‡Z †_‡K _v‡K, Zvn‡j Lye fv‡jv GKUv
m¤¢vebv wQj †h Gi c‡ii eQi, 449 wLªóc~e©v‡ãB Zviv Avevi
hy‡× Rov‡e|
AvR gvbeRvwZ †mB R½‡ji AvBb †f‡O †d‡j‡Q|
Ae‡k‡l ïay †h hy×weMÖn wg‡U‡Q Zv-B bq, mwZ¨B kvwšÍ
G‡m‡Q| GLbKvi †ewkifvM ivRbxwZi †ÿ‡ÎB Ggb †Kv‡bv
Avk¼v †`Lv hvq bv †h eQiLv‡b‡Ki g‡a¨B Zviv hy‡× Rwo‡q
hv‡e| mvg‡bi eQ‡iB Rvg©vwb Avi d«v‡Ýi hy‡× Rov‡bvi †Kv‡bv
KviY Av‡Q wK? A_ev Pxb I Rvcvb? A_ev eªvwRj I
Av‡R©w›Ubv? mxgv‡šÍ †Qv‡UvLv‡Uv Sv‡gjv nq‡Zv n‡jI n‡Z
cv‡i| wKš‧ GB 2017 mv‡jB hw` ixwZg‡Zv fqsKi Ae¯ v •Zwi
Ki‡Z nq, Zvn‡j eªvwRj Avi Av‡R©w›Ubvi g‡a¨ Av‡MKvi Avg‡ji
g‡Zv c~Y© gvÎvi hy× eva‡Z n‡e| Av‡R©w›Ubv nq‡Zv Zvi †mbvevwnbx
w`‡q mewKQz ¸uwo‡q w`‡q wiI-i ìRvq †cu․‡Q hv‡e Avi eªvwR‡ji
Kv‡c©U-†evgv †d‡j nq‡Zv ey‡qbm AvB‡i‡mi Avkcv‡ki GjvKv
¸u‡ov ¸u‡ov K‡i †dj‡e| GiKg hy× Aek¨ GLb n‡Z cv‡i †ek
wKQz †`‡ki g‡a¨, †hgb Bmiv‡qj Avi wmwiqv, Bw_Iwcqv Avi
GwiwÎqv A_ev Av‡gwiKv Avi Bivb| wKš‧ G¸‡jv meB Avm‡j
534
e¨wZµg, †hUv cÖgvY K‡i †h R½‡ji AvBbUv Avm‡j Avi wU‡K
†bB|
fwel¨‡Z nq‡Zv GB Ae¯ vi cwieZ©b n‡e Ges ZviciB
nq‡Zv Avgv‡ì †ev‡av`q n‡e †h, AvR‡Ki w`‡bi `ywbqv Avm‡j
LyeB mv`vwm‡a| Zvi ciI HwZnvwmK `„wófw½ †_‡K †`L‡j,
Avgv‡ì GB mv`vwm‡a fveUv LyeB PgKcÖ`| Gi Av‡M KL‡bv
GZUv `xN©¯ vqx kvwšÍ Av‡mwb †h gvbylRb hy‡×i K_v cÖvq fz‡jB
hv‡e|
we‡klÁiv GB `viæY my‡Li e¨vcviUv g‡Zv GZ eB Ges
cÖe‡Ü wj‡L‡Qb †h Avcwb c‡oB †kl Ki‡Z cvi‡eb bv| Zviv
Gi wKQz D‡jøL‡hvM¨ w`KI wPwýZ K‡i‡Qb| cÖ_gZ, hy‡×i
g~jÜv bvUKxqfv‡e A‡bK †e‡o †M‡Q| kvwšÍ‡Z †bv‡ej
cyi¯‥viUv Avm‡j ievU© I‡cbnvBgvi I Zuvi mv½cv½‡K †Ìqv
DwPZ cvigvYweK †evgv evbv‡bvi Rb¨| cvigvYweK A¯¿¸‡jvi
Kvi‡YB kw³kvjx ivóª¸‡jvi g‡a¨ hy×Uv A‡bKUv mvgwMÖK
AvZ¥nZ¨vi g‡Zv n‡q hvq| Avi GB Kvi‡YB A‡¯¿i gy‡L c„w_ex
kvmb KivUv cÖvq Am¤¢e n‡q †M‡Q|
wØZxqZ, GKw`‡K †hgb hy‡×i g~jÜv †e‡o‡Q GKBm‡½
Zvi gybvdvI K‡g †M‡Q| BwZnv‡mi cÖvq cy‡ivUv Ry‡oB
ivR‣bwZK kw³¸‡jv kÎæ GjvKvq jyU-`L‡ji gva¨‡g wb‡R‡ì
DbœwZ Ki‡Z cviZ| †ewkifvM m¤ú`B wQj km¨‡ÿÎ,
Mevw`cï, `vm I ¯^Y©| G¸‡jv nvwZ‡q †bIqvUv mnR wQj| wKš‧
AvR‡Ki w`‡b, m¤ú` ej‡Z g~jZ †evSvq gvbem¤ú`, cÖhyw³MZ
DrKl© Avi e¨vs‡Ki g‡Zv Av_©mvgvwRK KvVv‡gv| msMZ Kvi‡YB
GB wRwbm¸‡jv e‡q wb‡q hvIqv ev ¯ vbvšÍwiZ Kiv LyeB KwVb|
535
43| †Mvì iv‡ki (Gold Rush) mgq K¨vwj‡dvwb©qvi LwbkÖwgKiv
K¨vwj‡dvwb©qvi K_vB aiæb| cÖv_wgK w`‡K Gi g~j m¤ú` wQj

†ek wKQz †mvbvi Lwb| wKš‧ AvR Gi wfwËB n‡jv wmwjKb Avi
†mjyj‡qWÑ wmwjKb f¨vwj Ges nwjD‡Wi †mjyj‡qW cvnvo|
GLb hw` Pxbviv K¨vwj‡dvwb©qvq mk¯¿ AvµgY K‡i?
mvbd«vbwmm‡Kvi mgy`ª‣mK‡Z jvL jvL •mb¨ bvgvq? Zviv wKš‧
Avm‡j Lye †ewk wKQz cv‡e bv| wmwjKb f¨vwj‡Z †Kv‡bv
wmwjK‡bi Lwb †bB| †ewkifvM m¤ú`B Avm‡j Av‡Q ¸M‡ji
cÖ‡K․kjx wKsev nwjD‡Wi †jLK, cwiPvjK wKsev we‡kl `„k¨
wbg©vZv‡ì gv_vq, hviv wKbv Px‡bi Avµg‡Yi Av‡MB cÖ_g
†cøbUv a‡i †e½vjyiæ †e½vjyiæ wKsev gy¤^vB‡q P‡j hv‡e| GB
Kvi‡YB GUv †gv‡UB KvKZvjxq bq †h GL‡bv †hme c~Y©gvÎvi
AvšÍR©vwZK hy× nq, †hgb Biv‡Ki Kz‡qZ AvµgY, G¸‡jv Ggb
me RvqMv‡ZB nq, †hLv‡b m¤ú`¸‡jv cy‡iv‡bv Avg‡ji g‡Zv
e¯‧MZ| Kz‡q‡Zi †kLiv nq‡Zv cvwj‡q †hZ wKš‧ Zv‡ì †Zj
Lwb¸‡jv †_‡K †hZ Ges `Lj n‡q †hZ|
hLbB hy× e¨vcviUv A‡bK Kg jvfRbK n‡q †Mj, kvwšÍ
ZLb Av‡Mi †P‡q A‡bK †ewk AvKl©Yxq g‡b n‡Z jvMj| kvwšÍ
†h Lye jvf G‡b‡Q Zv bq, wKš‧ kvwšÍ Avmvq AšÍZ hy‡×i g~jÜv
†Zv Gov‡bv †M‡Q| hw` 1400 mv‡ji Bsj¨vÛ Ges d«v‡Ý kvwšÍ
536
weivR KiZ, Zvn‡j divwm‡ì hy‡×i Rb¨ Pov g~jÏ w`‡Z n‡Zv
bv, Avevi fqsKi Bs‡iR aŸsmhÁI mB‡Z n‡Zv bv| wKš‧ Ab¨
†Kv‡bvfv‡e Zv‡ì c‡KUI fiZ bv| MZvbyMwZK K…wlwfwËK
A_©bxwZ‡Z `~ieZ©x evwYR¨ wKsev •e‡`wkK wewb‡qvM A‡bKUv
evowZ AjsKv‡ii g‡Zv wQj| AvaywbK cyuwRev`x A_©bxwZ‡Z
•e‡`wkK evwYR¨ Ges wewb‡qvMB m‡e©me©v| myZivs kvwšÍ †ek
jvfRbK| hZÿY ch©šÍ Pxb I Av‡gwiKvi g‡a¨ kvwšÍ weivR
Ki‡Q, Pxbviv Av‡gwiKvq cY¨ †e‡P, Iqvj w÷ª‡U eëmvq K‡i
Ges Av‡gwiKvi wewb‡qvM wb‡q wb‡R‡ì DbœwZ Ki‡Z cvi‡e|
44| mvbd«vbwmm‡Kvi KvQKvwQ †dmey‡Ki mì `ßi| 1849 mv‡j

K¨vwj‡dvwb©qvi fvM¨ Ly‡j w`‡qwQj †mvbv| Avi AvR K¨vwj‡dvwb©qvi fvM¨ Ly‡j
†M‡Q wmwjKb w`‡q| wKš‧ 1849 mv‡j †hLv‡b †mvbv K¨vwj‡dvwb©qvi gvwU‡Z wg‡k
wQj, †mLv‡b AvR‡Ki wmwjKb f¨vwji mwZ¨Kvi †KvlvMvi n‡jv e‡ov e‡ov
cÖhyw³we‡ì gv_vi †fZi
me©‡kl Ges ¸iæZ¡c~Y© e¨vcvi n‡jv, •ewk^K ivR‣bwZK ms¯‥…wZi

†UKUwbK †cø‡U bovPov ïiæ n‡q‡Q| BwZnv‡mi A‡bK
AwfRvZiv, †hgb nvb †bZviv, m¤£všÍ fvBwKsiv Ges A¨vR‡UK
cy‡ivwn‡Ziv hy× e¨vcviUv‡K BwZevPK `„wófw½‡Z †`L‡Zb|
Abïv GUv‡K Lvivc wKQzB g‡b KiZ wKš‧ GI RvbZ †h hy×
Gov‡bv hv‡e bv| myZivs †mLvb †_‡K †Kv‡bv jvf Ki‡Z
537
cvi‡jB fv‡jv| AvgivB BwZnv‡m cÖ_g Ggb GKUv mg‡q evm
KiwQ, hLb me m¤£všÍB kvwšÍwcÖq| ivRbxwZwe`, eëmvqx,
eyw×Rxex I wkíxÑ Giv mevB mwZ¨Kvi A‡_©B g‡b K‡i hy× LyeB
Lvivc Ges GUv‡K Gov‡bvI m¤¢e| (Av‡MI kvwšÍwcÖq m¤£všÍ
†jvKRb wQj, †hgb cÖ_g w`KKvi wLªóvbiv, wKš‧ Kv‡jf‡`ª
hLbB Zviv ÿgZv †cZ, ZLbB Zviv Zv‡ì ÔAb¨ Mvj †c‡Z
†ÌqvÕi gš¿Uv fz‡j †hZ|)
GB PviwU w`‡Ki g‡a¨B wKš‧ Avevi GKUv BwZevPK
cÖwZwµqv Pµ KvR K‡i| cvigvYweK nZ¨vKv‡Ði ûgwK
kvwšÍev`‡K PvwjZ K‡i, hLb kvwšÍi evZ©v Pviw`‡K Qwo‡q c‡o
ZLb hy× `~‡i m‡i hvq Avi evwY‡Rï cÖmvi nq, Avi GB
evwY‡Rï cÖmvi cÿvšÍ‡i kvwšÍi jvf Avi hy‡×i †jvKmvb‡K
Av‡iv evwo‡q †`q| mg‡qi m‡½ m‡½ GB cÖwZwµqv Pµ hy‡×i
Rb¨ Av‡iKUv evav •Zwi K‡i, †hUv nq‡Zv me‡P‡q ¸iæZ¡c~Y©
n‡q ùvov‡e| Rv‡ji g‡Zv Qwo‡q hvIqv AvšÍR©vwZK
†hvMv‡hv‡Mi k³ eÜb †ewkifvM †`‡kiB ¯^vaxbZv‡K ÿzYœ
K‡i| Gi d‡j †hUv nq, G‡ì g‡a¨ †Kv‡bv GKUv †`k †h GKv
GKvB hy× evwa‡q em‡e, †mB m¤¢vebvUv cÖvq †bB ej‡jB P‡j|
†ewkifvM †`kB †h cy‡iv gvÎvi hy‡× Avi Rovq bv Zvi GKUv
Lye mnR KviY n‡jv Zviv Avi †gv‡UB ¯^vaxb †bB| hwÌ
Bmiv‡qj, BZvwj, †gw·‡Kv wKsev _vBj¨v‡Ûi †jvKRb nq‡Zv
¯^vaxbZvi GKUv †gvn aviY K‡i, wKš‧ mwZ¨ ej‡Z Zv‡ì
miKv‡ii c‡ÿ m¤ú~Y© ¯^vaxb A_©‣bwZK A_ev •e‡`wkK bxwZ
•Zwi Kiv cÖvq Am¤¢e| Avi wbwðZfv‡eB Zv‡ì c‡ÿ †Kv‡bv
cy‡iv gvÎvi hy× wb‡R wb‡R ïiæ Kiv m¤¢e bq| GMv‡iv Aa¨v‡q
†hgb e¨vL¨v Kiv n‡q‡Q †h, Avgiv GLb cÖZ¨ÿ KiwQ GKUv
•ewk^K mvgªv‡Rï DÌvb| Av‡Mi me mvgªv‡Rï g‡ZvB GB
mvgªvRÏ Gi wb‡Ri mxgv‡iLvq kvwšÍ wbwðZ K‡i| Avi †h‡nZz
Gi mxgv‡iLv n‡jv cy‡iv c„w_ex, Zvi gv‡b GB Ôwek^mvgªvR¨Õ
Kvh©Kifv‡eB wek^kvwšÍ wbwðZ K‡i|
538
myZivs, AvaywbK hyM gv‡b wK gw¯Í®‥weewR©Z nZ¨vKvÐ? hy×
Avi wbcxob? hvi PwiÎvqY Kiv hvq cÖ_g wek^hy‡×i fqvenZv
w`‡q? wn‡ivwkgvi Ici cvigvYweK †gN w`‡q? Ges wnUjv‡ii
i³v³ Db¥v`bv w`‡q? bvwK GB hyM n‡jv kvwšÍi? hvi PwiÎvqY
Kiv hvq `wÿY Av‡gwiKvi Lbb bv nIqv cwiLvwU w`‡q? g‡¯‥v
ev wbD Bq‡K©i gv_vi Ici †h cvigvYweK †gNUv KL‡bv I‡owb
†mUv w`‡q? bvwK gnvZ¥v MvÜx I gvwU©b jy_vi wKs‡qi Agwjb gyL
w`‡q?
DËiUv mgqB e‡j †`‡e| AZxZ m¤ú‡K© Avgv‡ì aviYvUv
gvÎ KÕeQi Av‡Mi wKQz NUbvi Kvi‡Y A‡bK mg‡qB weK…Z n‡q
hvq| GB Aa¨vqUv hw` 1945 wKsev 1962 mv‡j †jLv n‡Zv,
Gi †Pnviv nq‡Zv A‡bK gwjb n‡Zv| †h‡nZz GUv †jLv n‡q‡Q
2014 mv‡j GB AvaywbK mg‡q, ZvB GUv †ek cÖvYešÍ|
Avkvev`x I wbivkvev`x `yB `j‡KB Lywk Ki‡Z n‡j Avgiv
Gfv‡e e‡j †kl Ki‡Z cvwi †h, Avgiv ¯^M© I biK `y‡UviB Lye
KvQvKvwQ AvwQ| Lye Aw¯ ifv‡e GKUvi ìRv †_‡K AbÜvi
Af¨_©bvK‡ÿi w`‡K †QvUvQzwU KiwQ| BwZnvm GL‡bv wm×všÍ
wb‡Z cv‡iwb Avgiv †Kvb w`‡K †kl‡gk hve| gvÎ Aí wKQz
NUbvi †hvMm~Î Avgv‡ì †h-†Kv‡bv w`‡KB †V‡j w`‡Z cv‡i|
539
Aa¨vq 19
AZtci Zviv my‡L-kvwšÍ‡Z emevm Ki‡Z jvMj
MZ 500 eQ‡i c„w_ex bvgK GB MÖnwU A‡bK¸‡jv k^vmiæ×Ki
DÌvb-cZ‡bi †fZi w`‡q †M‡Q| wg‡jwg‡k GK n‡q †M‡Q Zvi
wewfbœ As‡ki cwi‡ek I BwZnvm| A_©bxwZi weKvk n‡q‡Q cÖvq
we‡ùvi‡Yi g‡Zv| AvR mgMÖ gvbeRvwZi hZ m¤ú`, Zvi cwigvY
iƒcK_v‡KI nvi gvwb‡q †`q| BwZnv‡mi GB mgqKv‡j, weÁvb
Avi wk‡íi •ecøweK DbœwZ gvbyl‡K cÖvq AwZgvbexq ÿgZv G‡b
w`‡q‡Q| †Lvjbj‡P e`‡j †M‡Q mvgvwRK KvVv‡gvi, Zvi m‡½
e`‡j‡Q c„w_exi ivRbxwZ, gvby‡li Rxeb I wPšÍvaviv|
wKš‧ GZ cwieZ©‡bi c‡iI †mB cy‡iv‡bv cÖkœUv †_‡KB hvq
: Avgiv wK myLx n‡Z †c‡iwQ? MZ cuvP kZvãxi Rgv nIqv
m¤ú` wK Avgv‡ì mš‧wó w`‡q‡Q? kw³i AdzišÍ fvÛvi Avwe®‥vi
K‡iwQ Avgiv, wKš‧ AdzišÍ kvwšÍi †LuvR wK wg‡j‡Q? gvby‡li
eyw×wfwËK wecø‡ei cieZ©x cÖvq 70 nvRvi eQ‡i c„w_ex wK
Av‡Mi †P‡q Av‡iv GKUz †ewk evm‡hvM¨ n‡q‡Q? Puv‡ì gvwU‡Z
Aÿq c`wPý †i‡L Avmvi mgq wbj Avg©÷s †h Avb›` Abyfe
K‡iwQ‡jb, Zv wK 30 nvRvi eQi Av‡Mi k‡f ¸nvi †Ìqv‡j
nv‡Zi Qvc Gu‡K †Ìqv bvg-bv-Rvbv hvhvei gvbylUvi †P‡q
†ewk? Zv hw` bv-B n‡e, Zvn‡j GZ¸‡jv eQi a‡i K…wlKvR,
bMi-cËb, †jLv‡jwL, UvKv, mvgªvR¨, weÁvb, wkíÑ G¸‡jv †Kb
Ki‡Z †Mjvg Avgiv?
GB cÖkœ¸‡jv wb‡q Aek¨ HwZnvwm‡Kiv †Zgb GKUv gv_v
Nvgvb bv| DiæK Avi e¨vwej‡bi bMievmxiv Zv‡ì wkKvwi-
msMÖvnK c~e©m~wi‡ì †P‡q myLx wQj wK bv, Bmjvg cÖwZôvi ci
540
wgk‡ii gvby‡li Rxeb Av‡iKUz my›ì n‡qwQj wK bv, A_ev
Avwd«Kv †_‡K BD‡ivcxq Dcwb‡ek¸‡jv D‡V hvIqvi ci
†mLvbKvi jvL jvL gvbyl kvwšÍ †c‡qwQj wK bvÑ BwZnv‡mi cvZvq
†mme wb‡q Av‡jvPbvi D‡jøL cvIqv hvq bv| A_P BwZnvm †_‡K
gvby‡li me‡P‡q †ewk Rvb‡Z PvIqvi welq G¸‡jvB| GLbKvi
AwaKvsk Av`k©MZ I ivR‣bwZK Kg©Kv‡Ði †cQ‡b Zvobv wn‡m‡e
_v‡K GB my‡Li mÜvb| RvZxqZvev`xiv e‡j ivR‣bwZK
AvZ¥cwiPqB my‡Li g~j| mvgëv`xiv e‡j Rxeb my‡Li n‡e ZLbB,
hLb wbcxwoZ gvby‡liv mgvR kvmb Ki‡e| Avevi cyuwRev`xiv
ej‡e Ab¨ K_v| Zviv ej‡e c‡Yï gy³evRviB cv‡i gvbyl‡K myLx
Rxeb w`‡Z| KviY Gfv‡eB A_©‣bwZK cÖew„ × Avm‡e, Avi Zvi
d‡j gvby‡li m¤ú` evo‡e Avi Zviv Av‡iv ¯^wbf©i n‡e|
wKš‧ †Kv‡bv D”PZi M‡elYv hw` GB `vwe¸‡jv‡K fzj
cÖgvwYZ K‡i, ZLb? A_©‣bwZK cÖew„ × Avi ¯^wbf©iZv hw`
gvbyl‡K myLx Ki‡Z bv cv‡i, Zvn‡j cyuwRev` Kx Kv‡R jvM‡e?
e‡ov †Kv‡bv mvgªv‡Rï cÖRviv hw` †Kv‡bv †Qv‡Uv ¯^vaxb †`‡ki
bvMwiK‡ì †P‡q my‡L _v‡K, Zvn‡j? GB †hgb, hw` cÖgvY Kiv
hvq †h, Avj‡Rwiqvi gvby‡liv d«v‡Ýi KvQ †_‡K ¯^vaxbZv
cvIqvi Av‡MB †ewk fv‡jv wQj, Zvn‡j Dcwb‡ekwe‡ivax
ivR‣bwZK AvZ¥cwiP‡qi mg_©‡Kiv Kx ej‡eb?
Gme cÖ‡kœi DËi †Ìqv `~‡i _vK, GLb ch©šÍ †Kv‡bv
BwZnvmwe` GB cÖkœ¸‡jvB †Zv‡jbwb| BwZnvm ch©v‡jvPbvq ev`
hvq bv wKQzBÑ ivRbxwZ, mgvR, A_©bxwZ, wj½, †ivMe¨vwa,
†h․bZv, fvZ-KvcoÑ mewKQz wb‡qB BwZnv‡m Av‡jvPbv nq,
†Kej G¸‡jv gvbyl‡K myL w`‡Z cv‡i wK bv †m cÖ‡kœ mevB
bxie|
GB e¨vcviUv wb‡q Aí wKQz gvbyl gv_v Nvgv‡jI myLx nIqvi
e¨vcv‡i Ávbx †_‡K AÁÑ meviB aviYv A¯úó| GKw`K †_‡K wPšÍv
Ki‡j †`Lv hvq, BwZnv‡mi ïiæ †_‡K G ch©šÍ Avm‡Z Avm‡Z
gvby‡li mÿgZv A‡bKUvB †e‡o‡Q| Avi †h‡nZz gvbyl mvaviYZ
`y`©kv †gvPb I Avkv c~iY Ki‡ZB Zvi AwR©Z ÿgZv eënvi K‡i,
541
ZvB ejv hvq AvR‡Ki gvbyl wbtm‡›`‡n ga¨hy‡Mi gvby‡li †P‡q †ewk
myLx, cÖ¯Íi hy‡Mi gvby‡li †P‡q †Zv e‡UB|
wKš‧ GB Avkvev`x hyw³ Avm‡j †Zgb MÖnY‡hvM¨ bq| KviY
Avgiv †`‡LwQ, bZzb bZzb AvPiY I `ÿZv gvbyl‡K DbœZZi
Rxeb w`‡Z cv‡i bv| K…wlwecø‡ei mg‡q Pvlvev` Ki‡Z wk‡L
gvby‡li mgwóMZfv‡e cwi‡ek‡K wbqš¿Y Kivi ÿgZvI
†e‡owQj| A_P GKRb e¨w³gvby‡li Rxeb n‡q wM‡qwQj Av‡iv
iæÿ| GKRb msMÖvn‡Ki Zzjbvq GKRb K…lK‡K GKw`‡K
KvRI Ki‡Z n‡Zv A‡bK †ewk, Ab¨w`‡K Zvi Lvev‡ii •ewPÎ¨
Avi cywó¸YI wQj Kg| †ivM‡fv‡Mi Avk¼vI K…lK‡ìB †ewk
wQj| Avevi BD‡iv‡ci w`‡K ZvKv‡j †`Lv hvq, mvgªvR¨-
we¯Ív‡ii d‡j Zv‡ì mgwóMZ ÿgZv A‡bK †e‡o‡Q, Zv‡ì
Av`k©, wPšÍvaviv, cÖhyw³ Avi •ewPÎ¨gq Lvevi Qwo‡q c‡o‡Q
mviv c„w_ex‡Z, evwY‡Rï bZzb bZzb c_ •Zwi n‡q‡Q| A_P
Avwd«Kv, Av‡gwiKv Avi A‡÷ªwjqvi †KvwU †KvwU Avwèvmx
gvbyl‡K Zv AšÍnxb `y‡f©vM Qvov Avi wKQzB †`qwb| gvby‡li g‡a¨
ÿgZv †c‡jB †mUv Aceënvi Kivi GKUv cÖeYZv Av‡Q|
Kv‡RB ÿgZvi PP©vi gva¨‡g gvbyl myLx n‡eÑ GgbUv fvev
†evKvwg|
GB Z‡Ë¡i we‡ivax‡ì Ae¯ vb cy‡ivcywi Dj‡Uv| Zv‡ì g‡Z,
gvby‡li ÿgZv I my‡Li g‡a¨ m¤úK©Uv Avm‡j wecixZ| ÿgZv me
mgq gvbyl‡K `yb©xwZ I Ab¨v‡qi c‡_ PvwjZ K‡i| ZvB gvby‡li
nv‡Z hZ ÿgZv Avm‡Q, ZZB GB c„w_exUv GKUv kxZj hvwš¿K
cwi‡e‡ki w`‡K GwM‡q hv‡”Q, †h cwi‡ek Avgiv PvBwb| weeZ©b
gvbyl‡K †`‡n-g‡b GKUv wkKvwi-msMÖvnK cÖvYx wn‡m‡eB •Zwi
K‡iwQj| †mLvb †_‡K cÖ_‡g K…wlwbf©i I Zvi c‡i wkíwbf©i
Rxe‡b cÖ‡ek K‡i gvbyl Zvi cÖvK…wZK Rxeb nvwi‡q‡Q| GB K…wÎg
Rxeb Zvi PvIqv¸‡jv c~iY Ki‡Z cvi‡Q bv, Zvi mnRvZ cÖew„ Ë‡K
cÖKvwkZ n‡Z w`‡”Q bv| ZvB Zvi mš‧wóI n‡”Q bv| Avw`g gvby‡li
g¨vg_ wkKv‡ii †h myZxeª D‡ËRbv Avi ey‡bv Djøvm, Zv AvR‡Ki
GKUv kû‡i ga¨weË cwievi KíbvI Ki‡Z cvi‡e bv| Avgv‡ì
542
cÖ‡Z¨KUv bZzb Avwe®‥vi Avgv‡ì‡K Avgv‡ì Kvw•ÿZ ¯^M© †_‡K
GKUz GKUz K‡i `~‡i wb‡q hv‡”Q|
Avevi me Avwe®‥viB †h LvivcÑ ZvI bq| Gi wecixZ
D`vniYI Av‡Q| Avgv‡ì †fZi †_‡K wkKvwi-msMÖvnK mËvUv
nvwi‡q †M‡Q, wKš‧ wKQz wKQz w`K †_‡K †`L‡j †mUv Lye LvivcI
bq| MZ `yB kZvãx‡Z wPwKrmv eë¯ vi †h DbœwZ n‡q‡Q Zv‡Z wkï
g„Zz¨nvi 33 kZvsk †_‡K 5 kZvs‡k †b‡g G‡m‡Q| Gi d‡j g„Zzï
nvZ †_‡K †eu‡P hvIqv †mBme wkï I Zv‡ì cwiev‡ii Rxe‡b †h
myL G‡m‡Q, Zv webv Z‡K© †g‡b wb‡ZB n‡e|
ZvB A‡b‡Ki Ae¯ vb GB `yiKg hyw³i gvSLv‡b| •eÁvwbK
wecøe Avmvi Av‡Mi mg‡q ÿgZv I my‡Li m¤úK©Uv A¯úó wQj|
ga¨hy‡Mi GKRb K…lK nq‡Zv Zvi wkKvwi-msMÖvnK c~e©m~wii
†P‡q Lvivc Ae¯ vq wQj| wKš‧ MZ K‡qK k eQ‡i gvbyl Zvi
ÿgZv‡K Av‡iv wePÿYZvi m‡½ Kv‡R jvMv‡Z wk‡L‡Q| ZviB
GKUv D`vniY n‡jv wPwKrmvweÁv‡bi DbœwZ| Av‡iv Ab¨vb¨
`„óvšÍ wn‡m‡e ejv hvq, mwnsmZvi cwigvY A‡bKLvwb K‡g
Avmv, AvšÍR©vwZK hy×-weMÖn cÖvq eÜ n‡q hvIqv, gnvgvwi wejyß
n‡q hvIqvÑ Gm‡ei K_v|
wKš‧ GB e¨vL¨vI GKw`K †_‡K AwZmijxKiY †`v‡l `yó|
KviY GB e¨vL¨vi wfwË n‡jv Lye Aí wKQz mg‡qi Z_¨| AvaywbK
wPwKrmv c„w_exi †ewkifvM gvby‡li bvMv‡j G‡m‡Q 1850 mv‡ji
c‡i| Avi wkïg„Zzï nvi K‡g hvIqv †Zv †Kej wesk kZvãxi
NUbv| wesk kZ‡Ki gvSvgvwS mg‡qI c„w_ex‡Z weivU gnvgvwi
n‡q‡Q| 1958 †_‡K 1961 mv‡ji g‡a¨ hLb Pxb `ªæZ GwM‡q
hv‡”Q, wVK †mB mg‡qB †mLv‡b 1 †_‡K 5 †KvwU gvbyl gviv
†M‡Q †L‡Z bv †c‡q| Avi AvšÍR©vwZK hy× eÜ n‡q‡Q †Kej
1945 mv‡ji ci, Gi g~j KviY Aek¨ cigvYy A‡¯¿i fq|
Kv‡RB MZ K‡qK eQi‡K gvby‡li BwZnv‡mi ¯^Y©hyM g‡b n‡jI
GZ ZvovZvwo wbwðZ K‡i ejv hv‡”Q bv, GUv wK Avm‡jB my›ì
mg‡qi ïiæ, bv †Kej ÿY¯ vqx mymgq| AvaywbK hy‡Mi wePvi
Ki‡Z †M‡j †Kej GKzk kZ‡Ki cwðgv †`‡ki ga¨we‡Ëi †PvL
543
w`‡q †`L‡j n‡e bv, m‡½ †`L‡Z n‡e Dwbk kZ‡Ki I‡qj‡mi
KqjvLwbi kÖwgK, Px‡bi Avwdg-Avm³ wKsev Zvmgvwbqvi
Avwèvmx gvby‡li `„wó‡KvY †_‡KI| KviY, BwZnv‡mi †Pv‡L
Av‡gwiKvi RbwcÖq KvUzb© PwiÎ †nvgvi wm¤úm‡bi (Homer
Simpson) †P‡q Zvmgvwbqvi wbh©vwZZ Avwèvmx‡ì cÖwZwbwa
UªyMvwbwbi (Truganini) ¸iæZ¡ wKš‧ GKUzI Kg bq|
Zv Qvov AvcvZ`„wó‡Z weMZ Aa©kZvãx‡K gvby‡li
BwZnv‡mi ¯^Y©hyM e‡j g‡b n‡jI GB mg‡qi g‡a¨B wKš‧ gvbyl
†ivcY K‡i‡Q Zvi fwel¨r Ag½‡ji exR| GKmgq gvbylmn
mgMÖ RxeRMrB wQj cÖK…wZi wbq‡gi Aaxb| †mLvb †_‡K ax‡i
ax‡i cwi‡e‡ki KZ©…Z¡ nv‡Z Zz‡j wb‡q‡Q gvbyl| d‡j wb‡Ri
cÖ‡qvR‡b cwi‡ek‡K B”Qvg‡Zv cwieZ©b Kivi ÿgZvI GLb
Avgv‡ì Av‡Q| wKš‧ †mB ÿgZvi h‡_”Q eënv‡ii Kvi‡Y
Avgiv jvfevb n‡jI †gv‡Ui Ici cwi‡e‡ki ÿwZB n‡q‡Q
†ewk| Avgv‡ì Pvwn`v c~i‡Yi g~j¨ w`‡q‡Q AmsL¨ cÖvYx I Dw™¢`
cÖRvwZ| we‡kl K‡i MZ K‡qK `k‡K Avgiv †h KZfv‡e
cwi‡e‡ki fvimvg¨ bó K‡iwQ Zvi wnmve †bB| wKš‧ cwi‡e‡ki
ÿwZ K‡i gvby‡li jvfevb nIqvi wPšÍv KivUv †evKvwg|
c„w_ex‡Rvov AMwYZ gvby‡li eZ©gv‡bi cÖ‡qvRb †gUv‡Z wM‡q
Avgiv †h fwel¨‡Zi c„w_ex‡K m¤ú`nxb K‡i †djwQ, †m K_v
fvevi mgqI Kv‡iv †bB| Gi KwVb cwiYwZ GKmgq †fvM
Ki‡ZB n‡e| BwZg‡a¨B Zvi wKQz Akwbms‡KZ †`Lv hv‡”Q|
Ab¨vb¨ cÖvYx‡ì fqven cwiYwZi K_v ev` w`‡q fve‡j
BwZnv‡mi GBme Amvgvb¨ AR©‡bi Rb¨ K…wZ‡Z¡i gyKzUUv
gvby‡liB cÖvc¨ e‡j g‡b n‡Z cv‡i| `ywf©ÿ Avi gnvgvwii nvZ
†_‡K Avgiv wb¯Ívi †c‡qwQ e‡U, wKš‧ Zvi g~j¨ w`‡Z n‡q‡Q
M‡elYvMv‡ii evbi Avi Lvgv‡ii AmsL¨ †Mviæ Avi gyiwM‡K|
MZ 200 eQ‡i wk‡íi weKv‡ki LvwZ‡i GiKg kZ kZ †KvwU
cÖvYx‡K †h wbôziZvi †fZi w`‡q †h‡Z n‡q‡Q, Zvi mgvb `„óvšÍ
c„w_exi m¤ú~Y© BwZnv‡m Avi GKUvI †bB| cï-AwaKvi
msMVb¸‡jv †h cwigvY wbôziZvi wnmve †`q, Zvi 10 fv‡Mi
544
GK fvMI hw` mZ¨ nq, Zvn‡jI AvaywbK K…wleë¯ v‡K
BwZnv‡mi RNb¨Zg Aciva g‡b n‡e| ZvB, my‡Li wnmve Ki‡Z
†M‡j ïay mgv‡Ri IciZjvi, A_ev ïay BD‡iv‡ci, wKsev
†Kej cyiæl gvby‡li wn‡me wb‡j Pj‡e bv| m¤¢eZ †Kej
gvby‡li K_v fvevUvI Ab¨vq n‡e|
my‡Li gvcKvwV
GZÿY Avgiv myLx nIqvi †h gvcKvwV¸‡jv †`Ljvg, †hgb
my¯v^ ¯ ¨, Lvevi wKsev m¤ú`Ñ Zvi meB e¯‧MZ| Gw`K w`‡q
†`L‡j †h hZ abx Avi ¯^v¯ ëvb, †m ZZ myLx| wKš‧ Avm‡jB
wK wnmveUv GZ mnR? nvRvi nvRvi eQi a‡i `vk©wbK, ag©¸iæ
Avi Kweiv myL Kx Zv Rvbvi †Póv K‡i‡Qb| Zuv‡ì A‡b‡KB
my‡Li Rb¨ mvgvwRK, •bwZK I Ava¨vwZ¥K welq¸‡jv‡K e¯‧MZ
welq¸‡jvi g‡ZvB ¸iæZ¡c~Y© e‡j g‡b K‡ib| AvR‡Ki mgv‡R
GKRb m”Qj gvbylI GZ DbœZ Rxe‡bi g‡aÏ GKvwK‡Z¡
†fv‡M, Rxe‡bi A_© Lyu‡R cvq bv| A_P m¤¢eZ Avgv‡ì
c~e©cyiæ‡liv GZUv m¤úrkvjx bv n‡qI mvgvwRK eÜb, ag© I
cÖK…wZi g‡a¨ Av‡iv †ewk myL Lyu‡R †cZ|
MZ K‡qK `kK a‡i GB my‡Li mÜv‡bi KvRUv Ki‡Qb
g‡bvweÁvbx I RxeweÁvbxiv| gvbyl Kx‡m myLx nq? UvKv?
cwievi? mrKg©? bvwK wR‡bi †Kv‡bv f‚wgKv Av‡Q G‡Z? cÖ_‡g
Avgv‡ì Rvb‡Z n‡e Avgiv Kx cwigvc Ki‡Z PvB| my‡Li
me©RbMÖvn¨ GKUv msÁv n‡jv Ôe¨w³MZfv‡e fv‡jv _vKvÕ|
Gfv‡e wPšÍv Ki‡j myL n‡jv gvby‡li g‡bi †fZ‡ii GKUv
Abyf‚wZ| †mUv ZvrÿwYK Avb›Ì n‡Z cv‡i, Avevi `xN©‡gqvw`
mš‧wói Abyf‚wZI n‡Z cv‡i| hw` GUv g‡bi †fZ‡iiB e¨vcvi
nq, Zvn‡j evB‡i †_‡K †mUv gvcvi Dcvq Kx? GKUv Dcvq
n‡jv gvby‡li Kv‡Q Zvi Abyf‚wZ Rvb‡Z PvIqv| GBRb¨B
RxeweÁvbx Avi g‡bvweÁvbxiv gv‡Sg‡a¨B myLx gvbyl‡ì nv‡Z
Z_¨ msMÖ‡ni Rb¨ wewfbœ iKg Rwi‡ci cÖkœ awi‡q †`b|
545
Gme cÖ‡kœ mvaviYZ wewfbœ ai‡bi e³‡e¨ k~b¨ †_‡K 10-Gi
g‡a¨ b¤î w`‡Z ejv nq| e³e¨¸‡jv nq A‡bKUv GiKg :
Ô†hfv‡e Pj‡Q †mUvB fv‡jvÕ, ÔRxeb †_‡K cvIqvi A‡bK wKQz
Av‡QÕ, Ôfwel¨‡Zi e¨vcv‡i Avwg Avkvev`xÕ wKsev ÔRxeb Avm‡jB
my›ìÕ| bvbvRb bvbvfv‡e Gme e³‡eï m‡½ GKgZ ev wØgZ
†cvlY K‡i| Zv‡ì †Ìqv b¤î¸‡jv †_‡K bvbv iKg wnmve K‡i
weÁvbxiv Zv‡ì Ôfv‡jv _vKviÕ cwigvYUv wbY©q K‡ib|
Gme cÖ‡kœvËi †_‡K wewfbœ e¨w³wbi‡cÿ wel‡qi m‡½
my‡Li m¤úK© wbY©‡qi †Póv Kiv nq| †hgb, aiv hvK †Kv‡bv
Rwi‡c eQ‡i 1 jvL Wjvi Avq K‡i Ggb 1 nvRvi gvby‡li
gZvgZ †bIqv n‡jv| Ab¨ †Kv‡bv Rwi‡c Ggb 1 nvRvi †jv‡Ki
gZvgZ †bIqv n‡jv hv‡ì evwl©K Avq 50 nvRvi Wjvi| GLb
GB `y‡Uv Rwi‡c hw` †`Lv hvq cÖ_g `‡ji Ôfv‡jv _vKviÕ Mo
gvb 8.7 Avi wØZxq `‡ji 7.3, Zvn‡j ejv hvq e¨w³MZ fv‡jv
_vKvi m‡½ UvKvi GKUv m¤úK© Av‡Q| †mvRv K_vq, hvi UvKv
†ewk, Zvi myLI †ewk| GKB c×wZ‡Z Rvbvi †Póv Kiv hvq
gvbyl MYZvwš¿K †`‡k †ewk my‡L _v‡K bv GKbvq‡Ki kvm‡b,
A_ev weevwnZ gvby‡liv AweevwnZ, weaev I wecZœxK gvby‡li
†P‡q †ewk myLx nq wK bv|
GB Z_¨¸‡jv BwZnvmwe`‡ìI Kv‡R jv‡M| GLvb †_‡K
Zviv AZx‡Zi gvby‡li UvKv, ivR‣bwZK ¯^vaxbZv ev
weevnwe‡”Q‡ì nvi †Kgb wQj Zv Rvb‡Z cv‡ib| d‡j, hw`
†`Lv hvq, Av‡M gvbyl MYZvwš¿K kvm‡b †ewk fv‡jv wQj, Zvn‡j
Zviv hyw³ †`Lv‡Z cv‡ib, MZ K‡qK `k‡K MYZ‡š¿i cÖmvi
gvby‡li myL evwo‡q‡Q| Avevi hw` †`Lv hvq weevwnZ gvby‡liv
†ewk myLx wQj, Zvn‡j ejv hvq GLbKvi weevnwe‡”Q‡ì nvi
†e‡o hvIqvUv Avm‡j gvby‡li Av‡iv AmyLx nIqvi GKUv j²Y|
GUv Aek¨ †Kv‡bv wbfz©j c×wZ bq, Z‡e GB c×wZi
mgm¨v¸‡jv †`Lvi Av‡M Gi wKQz djvdj †`Lv hvK|
GKUv gRvi ch©‡eÿY n‡jv, UvKv Avm‡jB myL Av‡b| Z‡e
†mUv GKUv ch©vq ch©šÍ, †mUv cvi n‡q †M‡j UvKvi ¸iæZ¡ †Zgb
546
_v‡K bv| A_©bxwZi G‡Kev‡i wb‡Pi Zjvq hv‡ì evm, Zv‡ì
Kv‡Q †ewk UvKv gv‡bB †ewk myL| aiæb, Av‡gwiKvi GKRb
GKv gv gvby‡li Ni cwi®‥vi K‡i eQ‡i 12 nvRvi Wjvi Avq
Ki‡Q| GLb †m hw` nVvr GKw`b jUvwi‡Z 5 jvL Wjvi †c‡q
hvq, Zvn‡j Zvi Ôfv‡jv _vKviÕ cwigvYUv GK jv‡d A‡bKLvwb
†e‡o hv‡e, Avi †mUv †ek A‡bKw`b _vK‡eI| ZLb †m †`bvq
Wz‡e bv wM‡qI Zvi mšÍvb‡ì LvIqv-civi eë¯ v Ki‡Z cvi‡e|
A_P †h D”Pc`¯  Kg©KZ©v Ggwb‡ZB eQ‡i AvovB jvL Wjvi
Avq Ki‡Q, †m hw` jUvwi‡Z 10 jvL WjviI †c‡q hvq, ev
†Kv¤úvwb hw` Zvi †eZb wØ¸Y K‡i †`q, Zvi evowZ myLUzKz
wKš‧ mßvnLv‡b‡Ki †ewk _vK‡e bv| wewfbœ Rwi‡c GgbUvB
†`Lv hvq| GB evowZ UvKv w`‡q †jvKUv nq‡Zv Av‡iv `vwg Mvwo
Pvjv‡e, Av‡iv e‡ov Avi wejvmeûj evwo‡Z wM‡q DV‡e, Av‡iv
fv‡jv Lvevi Avi cvbxq Dc‡fvM Ki‡e, wKš‧ wKQzw`b c‡iB
†mUv Zvi Kv‡Q GKUv mv`vgvUv e¨vcv‡i cwiYZ n‡e|
kvixwiK my¯Z  vi m‡½ my‡Li m¤úK©UvI jÿYxq| Rwi‡c
†`Lv hvq, AmyLwemyL mvaviYZ gvbyl‡K mvgwqKfv‡e AmyLx
K‡i| Z‡e †ivMUv hw` hš¿Yv`vqK nq, A_ev hviv A‡bKw`b
a‡i †Kv‡bv †iv‡M fzM‡Q, Zv‡ì Rb¨ †mUv weivU AkvwšÍi
KviY| hviv Wvqv‡ewU‡mi g‡Zv `yiv‡ivM¨ †iv‡M AvµvšÍ nq,
Zviv cÖ_‡g wKQzw`b cÖPiz AkvwšÍ‡Z †fv‡M| wKš‧ Zv‡ì kvixwiK
Ae¯ vi hw` AebwZ bv nq, Zvn‡j Zviv †mB AkvwšÍi m‡½ ax‡i
ax‡i wb‡R‡ì gvwb‡q †bq, d‡j GKmgq Zviv my¯  gvbyl‡ì
g‡ZvB myLx Rxe‡b wd‡i Av‡m| aiæb, jywm Avi jyK †Kv‡bv
ga¨weË cwiev‡ii `yB hgR fvB‡evb| GKUv Z_¨ msMÖ‡ni
Rwi‡c AskMÖnY K‡i †divi c‡_ `y‡Uv NUbv NUj| iv¯Ívq
GKUv evm jywmi MvwoUv‡K av°v w`j, d‡j Mvwo †Zv ¸uwo‡q
†MjB, jywmi kix‡ii A‡bK¸‡jv nvo fvOj, Avi GKUv cv
A‡K‡Rv n‡q †Mj mviv Rxe‡bi Rb¨| Iw`‡K jy‡Ki Kv‡Q GKUv
†dvb G‡jv| jyK Rvb‡Z cvij, †m 1 †KvwU Wjv‡ii jUvwi wR‡Z
†M‡Q! `yeQi ci †`Lv hv‡e jywm Lyuwo‡q nuvU‡Q Avi jyK A‡bK
547
`vwg Mvwo‡Z Po‡Q| ZLb hw` `yeQi Av‡Mi †mB Rwi‡c Avevi
Zv‡ì AskMÖnY Ki‡Z ejv nq, m¤¢eZ `yR‡biB †ewkifvM
DËi Av‡Mi †mB w`bUvi g‡ZvB n‡e|
my‡Li Ici UvKv Avi ¯^v‡¯ ï †P‡q cvwievwiK I mvgvwRK
eÜ‡bi cÖfve Av‡iv †ewk e‡jB †`Lv hvq| †hme gvby‡li
cvwievwiK eÜb `ye©j A_ev hviv Ab¨vb¨ gvby‡li KvQ †_‡K Lye
†ewk mn‡hvwMZv cvqwb (A_ev †bqwb), Zv‡ì †P‡q `„p
cvwievwiK I mvgvwRK eÜ‡b _vKv gvby‡liv †ewk myLx nq| we‡q
wRwbmUv GLv‡b we‡klfv‡e ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| wewfbœ mg‡q bvbv
mgxÿvq †`Lv †M‡Q, my›ì •eevwnK Rxe‡bi m‡½ fv‡jv _vKv
mivmwi m¤úwK©Z| GB m¤úK©Uv Avw_©K Ae¯ v, GgbwK kvixwiK
my¯Z
  vi †ni‡di n‡jI Lv‡U| AvšÍwiK Rxebm½x, cwievi I
Dò mvgvwRK cwi‡ek †c‡j GKRb nZ`wi`ª Amy¯  gvbylI
GKRb GKvKx †KvwUcwZ gvby‡li †P‡q A‡bK †ewk myLx Rxeb
KvUv‡Z cv‡i| Z‡e `vwi`ª¨ Lye †ewk n‡j ev †Kv‡bv hš¿Yv`vqK
†iv‡M AvµvšÍ n‡j djvdj wKQzUv wfbœ n‡ZI cv‡i|
Gme †_‡K Av‡iKUv m¤¢vebv †`Lv hvq| MZ 200 eQ‡i
gvby‡li e¯‧MZ w`K †_‡K cÖvPzh© G‡m‡Q| ZvB GgbI n‡Z cv‡i
†h GB cÖvPzhB© cvwievwiK I mvgvwRK eÜb `ye©j nIqvi ÿwZ
LvwbKUv c~iY K‡i w`‡”Q| hw` Zv-B nq, Zvn‡j 1800 mv‡ji
GKRb gvby‡li †P‡q GLbKvi MocoZv GKRb gvby‡li †ewk myLx
nIqvi K_v bq| GgbwK Avgiv †h ¯^vaxbZv‡K GZ ¸iæZ¡ w`B,
†mUvB nq‡Zv Avgv‡ì Rb¨ Lvivc n‡q ùvov‡Z cv‡i| Avgv‡ì
GLb Rxebm½x, eÜzevÜe ev cÖwZ‡ekx †e‡Q †bIqvi ¯^vaxbZv
Av‡Q| Avevi Zv‡ìI †Zv ¯^vaxbZv Av‡Q Avgv‡ì †Q‡o hvIqvi!
Avgv‡ì wb‡Ri Rxeb‡K wb‡Ri B”Qvg‡Zv mvRv‡bvi ¯^vaxbZv hZ
evo‡Q, †h-†Kv‡bv ai‡bi eÜ‡b Rwo‡q covUvI ZZB KwVb n‡q
hv‡”Q| ZvB Gme eÜb AvjMv n‡Z n‡Z Avgiv µ‡gB GKvKx
Rxe‡bi w`‡K GwM‡q hvw”Q|
Z‡e Gme M‡elYvi me‡P‡q ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Avwe®‥vi n‡jv, myL
Avm‡j m¤ú`, my¯^v¯ ¨ ev mvgvwRK eÜ‡bi Ici wbf©i K‡i bv|
548
eis †mUv wbf©i K‡i gvby‡li Ae¯ v I Zvi e¨w³MZ Pvwn`vi
Ici| hw` †KD GKUv †Mviæi Mvwo Pvq, Zvn‡j †Mviæi Mvwo
†c‡jB †m mš‧ó, Avi wKQz ìKvi †bB| wKš‧ †KD hw` GKUv
SKS‡K bZzb †divwi Mvwo Pvq, GKUv cy‡iv‡bv wdqvU Mvwo †c‡q
Zvi gb fi‡e bv, GUvB ¯^vfvweK| GRb¨B jUvwi †RZv Avi
fqsKi †Kv‡bv `yN©Ubv `y‡UvB, A‡bK mgq c‡i, gvbyl‡K GKB
Ae¯ vq wb‡q hvq| hLb Avgv‡ì Ae¯ v fv‡jv _v‡K, Avgv‡ì
Pvwn`v¸‡jvI dz‡j‡du‡c I‡V, ZvB e‡ov e‡ov cÖvwß¸‡jvI ZLb
Avgv‡ì myL w`‡Z cv‡i bv| Avevi hLb cwiw¯ wZ Lviv‡ci w`‡K
hvq, ZLb Avkvi †ejybI Pzc‡m hvq, ZvB †mB Lvivc
cwiw¯ wZ‡ZI wb‡R‡K AmyLx g‡b nq bv|
GLb g‡b n‡Z cv‡i, G Avi bZzb Kx, Avi Gme Rvbvi
Rb¨ GZ M‡elYviB-ev Kx Av‡Q| Avgiv Kx PvB Zvi †P‡q
Avgv‡ì hv Av‡Q Zv wb‡q Avgiv mš‧ó wK bv, GUv A‡bK †ewk
¸iæZ¡c~Y©Ñ G K_v †Zv ag©¸iæ, Kwe Avi `vk©wb‡Kiv K‡qK
nvRvi eQi Av‡M †_‡KB e‡j Avm‡Q| Zey Avgv‡ì AvaywbK
M‡elYvi dj Avgv‡ì cÖvPxb c~e©m~wi‡ì wPšÍvi m‡½ wg‡j
hv‡”Q, GUv †`L‡Z fv‡jvB jv‡M|
my‡Li BwZe„Ë Rvb‡Z n‡j Av‡M Avgv‡ì gvby‡li Avkv-
AvKv•ÿvi e¨vcviUv fv‡jv K‡i eyS‡Z n‡e| myL hw` †KejB
¯^v¯ ¨, m¤ú` Avi mvgvwRK m¤ú‡K©i g‡Zv wKQz e¨w³wbi‡cÿ
wel‡qi Ici wbf©ikxj n‡Zv, Zvn‡j welqUv GKUz mnR n‡Zv|
wKš‧ †`Lv hv‡”Q myL Avm‡j e¨w³MZ PvIqv-cvIqvi Ici
wbf©ikxj, hv cÖ‡Z¨K gvby‡li Rb¨ Avjv`v Avjv`v| ZvB †mUv
Zwj‡q †`LvUvI †ek KwVb| Avgv‡ì GLb A‡bK iKg
e¨_vbvkK A_ev Ny‡gi Ilya Av‡Q| wKš‧ myL-kvwšÍi e¨vcv‡i
Avgv‡ì Pvwn`v Avi bvbv wel‡q AmwnòzZv GZ †e‡o †M‡Q †h
Avgv‡ì c~e©cyiæl‡ì †P‡q Avgv‡ì A‡bK †ewk `ytL-†e`bv
mn¨ Ki‡Z n‡”Q|
GB wPšÍvavivUv †g‡b †bIqv GKUz KwVb| mgm¨vi †kKoUv
Avm‡j jywK‡q Av‡Q Avgv‡ì gb¯Í‡Ë¡i Mfx‡i jywK‡q _vKv
549
GKwU fzj cÖeYZvi g‡a¨| Avgiv hLb fvwe †h Abïv KZUv
myLx ev Av‡Mi gvby‡liv KZUv myLx wQj, Avgiv me mgq Zv‡ì
RvqMvq wb‡R‡K ewm‡q wPšÍv Kwi| wKš‧ †mUv wVK bq, KviY
Gfv‡e wPšÍv Ki‡Z †M‡j Avgiv A‡bï Ici wb‡Ri Pvwn`v¸‡jv
Pvwc‡q w`B| GLbKvi †h-†Kv‡bv mg„× mgv‡R cÖwZw`b †Mvmj
K‡i bZzb Kvco civUvB ixwZ| A_P ga¨hy‡Mi GKRb K…lK
†Mvmj bv K‡iB gv‡mi ci gvm KvwU‡q w`Z| KvcoI e`jvZ
Kv‡jf‡`ª| GUv wPšÍv Ki‡j Avgv‡ì Mv ¸wj‡q Avm‡Z cv‡i,
wKš‧ Zv‡ì G‡Z †Kv‡bv åæ‡ÿc wQj bv| Zviv Zv‡ì `xN©w`b
†Mvmj-bv-Kiv kixi Avi gqjv `yM©Ügq Kvc‡oB Af¨¯Í wQj|
Ggb bq †h Zviv bZzb Kvco Pvq wKš‧ †mUv cv‡”Q bvÑ eis
Zv‡ì hv wQj †mUv wb‡qB Zviv mš‧ó wQj| Kv‡RB Kvco
hZw`b †U‡K ZZw`b Zviv myLx|
Aek¨ GKUz wPšÍv Ki‡jB †`Lv hvq, G‡Z Avm‡j AevK
nIqvi wKQz †bB| Avgv‡ì weeZ©bxq AvZ¥xq wk¤úvwÄ‡ì K_vB
aiæb| ZvivI †Mvmj K‡i bv ej‡jB P‡j, Avi Kvco e`jv‡bvi
Sw° †Zv Zv‡ì †bBB| Avgv‡ì †cvlv weovj-KzKziI †ivR
†Mvmj K‡i bZzb Kvco c‡i bv| Zey Avgiv Zv‡ì †Kv‡j wbB,
Mv‡q nvZ †evjvB| gvbewkï‡ì †ejvqI †`Lv hvq Zviv †Mvmj
Ki‡Z cQ›` K‡i bv, A_P evev-gv‡qi wkÿv I kvm‡b †_‡K
K‡qK eQ‡ii g‡a¨B Zviv GB A™¢zZ ixwZ‡Z w`we¨ Af¨¯Í n‡q
hvq| meB Avm‡j PvIqv-cvIqvi e¨vcvi|
hw` my‡Li msÁv nq B”Qvc~iY, Zvn‡j ej‡Z nq `y‡Uv
wRwbm Avgv‡ì my‡Li mÂq Lvwj K‡i w`‡”Q| GKUv n‡jv
MYgva¨g, AbÜv n‡jv weÁvcbwkí| 5 nvRvi eQi Av‡Mi
†Kv‡bv MÖv‡gi GKRb 18 eQi eqwm gvbyl wbwØ©avq wb‡R‡K
GKRb AvKl©Yxq gvbyl fve‡Z cviZ| KviY Zvi MÖv‡g Avi †h
Rbv-cÂv‡kK gvbyl wQj Zv‡ì †ewkifvMB nq e„× bq‡Zv
G‡Kev‡i wkï| wKš‧ AvR‡Ki w`‡b GiKg eq‡mi GKRb gvbyl
†mB mš‧wóUzKz bv †c‡q nxb¤§b¨Zvq †fv‡M| Zvi ¯‥‡z ji evwK
mevB hw` †`L‡Z LvivcI nq, Zv‡ZI Zvi kvwšÍ †bB, KviY †m
550
wb‡R‡K Zzjbv Ki‡Q Pjw”P‡Îi bvqK-bvwqKv, †L‡jvqvo wKsev
mycvig‡Wj‡ì m‡½| Avgv‡ì †Uwjwfkb, iv¯Ívi cv‡ki
wej‡evW© Avi †dmeyK Zv‡K GB ZzjbvUv Ki‡Z eva¨ Ki‡Q|
Kv‡RB GgbUvI n‡Z cv‡i †h, Z…Zxq we‡kî gvby‡li
AkvwšÍi KviY ïay `vwi`ª¨, †ivMevjvB, `yb©xwZ Avi ivR‣bwZK
Aw¯ wZkxjZvB bq, Zvi m‡½ hy³ n‡q‡Q DbœZ we‡kî
RxebavivI| wØZxq iv‡g‡mm ev wK¬I‡cUªvi hy‡Mi †P‡q †nvmwb
†gvevi‡Ki wgk‡i GKRb gvby‡li bv †L‡q, †iv‡M fz‡M ev
†Kv‡bv mš¿vmx Kg©Kv‡Ð gviv hvIqvi Avk¼v A‡bK Kg| `y‡Uv‡K
wgwj‡q †`L‡j 2011 mv‡j wgk‡ii GKRb bvMwi‡Ki Zvi
†m․fv‡Mï Rb¨ Ckî‡K abëv` w`‡q iv¯Ívq †b‡g bvPvbvwP Kivi
K_v| A_P Zviv †gveviK‡K Mw` †_‡K bvgv‡bvi Rb¨ Av‡›`vjb
Ki‡Q| Gi KviY n‡jv Zviv wb‡R‡ì Ae¯ v‡K dvivI‡ì
wgk‡ii m‡½ Zzjbv K‡i †`L‡Q bv, Zzjbv Ki‡Q mgmvgwqK
Ievgvi Av‡gwiKvi m‡½|
hw` GgbB Pj‡Z _v‡K, Zvn‡j AgiZ¡I gvbyl‡K myL w`‡Z
cvi‡e bv| aiæb weÁvb GKw`b me †iv‡Mi Ilya Avwe®‥vi K‡i
†djj, A_ev gvby‡li eqm †e‡o hvIqv †VwK‡q w`‡q gvby‡li
wPi‡h․e‡bi AwaKvix nIqvi eë¯ v K‡i †djj| Zvn‡j Zvi
AeavwiZ djvdj n‡e c„w_ex Ry‡o Zxeª Av‡µvk Avi cÖej
`ywðšÍvi gnvgvwi|
GB ai‡bi †Kv‡bv wKQz hw` KL‡bv Avwe®‥vi nq, Zvn‡j
†`Lv hv‡e c„w_exi †ewkifvM gvbyl, hv‡ì GUv †Kbvi mvg_©¨
†bB, Zviv iv‡M †d‡U co‡e| BwZnv‡m me mgq GKUv wRwbm
†`Lv †M‡QÑ Mwie-`ytLx gvbyl GKUv RvqMvq mvšÍ¡bv Lyu‡R cvqÑ
†h g„Zzï Kv‡Q abx-Mwie me mgvb| †mB RvqMvUvI Avi _vK‡e
bv, †`Lv hv‡e Mwie gvbyl wVKB GKw`b gviv hv‡e Avi abxiv
wPi‡h․eb wb‡q †eu‡P _vK‡e wPiKvj|
551
45| Av‡M †m․›`‡h©i gvcKvwV wVK K‡i w`Z Avkcv‡ki gvby‡liv| AvR †mB
KvRUv Ki‡Q MYgva¨g I d¨vkbwkí| Zviv Avgv‡ì mvg‡b †m․›`‡h©i GKUv
K…wÎg Av`k© iƒc Zz‡j ai‡Q| Zviv mviv c„w_ex Lyu‡R my›ì gyL¸‡jv Avgv‡ì‡K
†`Lvq w`bivZ| Kv‡RB wb‡Ri †Pnviv wb‡q gvby‡li nZvk nIqv Qvov Avi Dcvq
_v‡K bv|
Avevi GB AgiZ¡ cvIqvi mvg_©¨ hv‡ì n‡e ZvivI †h Lye

my‡L _vK‡eÑ Ggb bq| Zv‡ìI `ywðšÍv _vK‡e| GB eë¯ v Avqy
evov‡Z cvi‡jI g„Z‡K †Zv Avi Rxeb w`‡Z cvi‡e bv| Kv‡RB
MvwoPvcv c‡o ev mš¿vmx‡ì †evgv nvgjvi gviv covi Avk¼vUv
†_‡KB hv‡”Q| ZvB AgiZ¡ cvIqv gvbyl SzuwK wb‡Z fq cv‡e,
mvgvb¨Zg SzuwKi †fZ‡iI Zviv †h‡Z PvB‡e bv| Avi Rxebm½x,
mšÍvb ev eÜzi g‡Zv wcÖqRb nviv‡bvi †e`bvUvI Zv‡ìB n‡e
me‡P‡q †ewk|
552
ivmvqwbK myL
mgvRweÁvbxiv bvbv iKg cÖ‡kœvË‡ii gva¨‡g gvby‡li fv‡jv
_vKvi m‡½ wewfbœ mvgvwRK-ivR‣bwZK wel‡qi m¤úK© †`Lv‡Z
cv‡ib| RxeweÁvbxivI GKB c×wZ‡ZB KvR K‡ib, wKš‧ Zviv
Gi gva¨‡g wewfbœ •ReivmvqwbK I wRbMZ wel‡qi cÖfve
†`Lvb| Z‡e Zv‡ì djvdj¸‡jv Av‡iv we¯§qKi|
RxeweÁvbxiv e‡jb, Avgv‡ì gvbwmKZv I Av‡eMNwUZ
welq¸‡jv wbqš¿Y K‡i wKQz •ReivmvqwbK c`v_©| GB eë¯ vUv
jvL jvL eQi a‡i •Zwi n‡q‡Q weeZ©‡bi gva¨‡g| Ab¨vb¨ me
gvbwmK Ae¯ vi g‡ZvB Avgv‡ì fv‡jv jvMvi Abyf‚wZI evwn¨K
†Kv‡bv wKQzi cÖfv‡e nq bv| fv‡jv †eZb, my›ì mvgvwRK m¤úK©
ev ivR‣bwZK AwaKviÑ Gi †Kv‡bvUvB Avgv‡ì fv‡jv jvMvi
Rb¨ `vqx bq, `vqx n‡jv GKUv RwUj mœvqyZš¿ hv M‡o I‡V †KvwU
†KvwU wbDib, †m¸‡jv †hLv‡b †Rvov jv‡M †mB me wmbvcm,
Avi †m‡ivUwbb, †Wvcvwgb I Aw·‡Uvwm‡bi g‡Zv wKQz
•ReivmvqwbK c`v‡_©i mgš^‡q|
jUvwi wR‡Z †KD myLx nq bv| bZzb evwoi gvwjK n‡jI bv,
PvKwi‡Z c‡`vbœwZ †c‡jI bv, GgbwK mwZ¨Kvi fv‡jvevmvi
gvbylUv‡K †c‡jI bv| gvbyl †Kej GKUv wRwb‡mB myLx nqÑ
hLb Zvi kix‡i Avb‡›ì Abyf‚wZ nq, ZLb| GKRb gvbyl hLb
jUvwi‡Z A‡bK¸‡jv UvKv †c‡q hvq wKsev Zvi wcÖq gvbylUv‡K
Lyu‡R cvq, ZLb Zvi Avb‡›ì †h ewntcÖKvk †`Lv hvq, †mUv
wKš‧ IB UvKv ev gvbylUvi Rb¨ bq| Gi Rb¨ `vqx Zvi
i³‡mªv‡Z Qz‡U †eov‡bv wewfbœ ni‡gvb Avi gw¯Í‡®‥i †fZ‡i
Zwor ms‡K‡Zi So|
Z‡e `yt‡Li e¨vcvi n‡jv, GB •ReivmvqwbK c×wZUv
Ggbfv‡eB •Zwi n‡q‡Q †h †mUv Avgv‡ì my‡Li gvÎvUv‡K hZ
Lywk evo‡Z †`q bv| myL wRwbmUvi Ici cÖvK…wZK wbe©vPb KvR
K‡i bv| GB †hgb GKRb myLx msmviZ¨vMx mbœ¨vmxi wRb wejyß
n‡q hvq, Avevi cÖej `ywðšÍvMÖ¯Í evev-gv‡qi wRb wVKB mšÍv‡bi
553
g‡a¨ wU‡K _v‡K| myL-`ytL gvby‡li wU‡K _vKv Avi eskwe¯Ív‡i
cÖfve †dj‡Z cv‡iÑ weeZ©‡b G‡ì f‚wgKv e‡ov‡Rvi GBUzKzB|
nq‡Zv GgbI n‡Z cv‡i †h, weeZ©bB Avgv‡ì Ggbfv‡e •Zwi
K‡i‡Q hv‡Z Avgv‡ì myL-`ytL †Kv‡bvUvB Lye †ewk bv nq| ZvB
Avgv‡ì mvgwqK Avb‡›ì Abyf‚wZ nq wVKB, wKš‧ †mUv ¯ vqx
nq bv| Av‡M †nvK ev c‡i †nvK, myLUzKz gy‡Q wM‡q Avevi
`ytL‡K RvqMv K‡i †`q|
D`vniY wn‡m‡e †h․bZvi K_v ejv hvq| weeZ©b cyiæ‡li
wRb bvix‡ì g‡a¨ Qwo‡q †ÌqvUv‡K Avb›`gq K‡i Zz‡j‡Q|
GB Avb›ÙzKz bv _vK‡j Lye Kg cyiælB GB Kv‡R AvMÖnx n‡Zv|
Avevi GKB m‡½ weeZ©b Ggb eë¯ vI K‡i‡Q, hv‡Z GB Avb›`
†ewk mgq ¯ vqx bv nq| GB Avb›` wPi¯ vqx n‡j cyiæ‡liv nq‡Zv
Lvevi LyuR‡Z †hZ bv, ev Ab¨ †Kv‡bv bvix‡KI LyuRZ bv|
A‡b‡K GB •ReivmvqwbK cÖwµqv‡K kxZvZc-wbqš¿Y h‡š¿i
m‡½ Zzjbv K‡ib| evB‡i ZzlviSoB †nvK wKsev †iv‡` Sj‡m
hvK, kxZvZcwbqš¿Y hš¿ N‡ii †fZ‡ii ZvcgvÎv‡K GK
RvqMvq w¯ i K‡i iv‡L| †Kv‡bv Kvi‡Y mvgwqKfv‡e N‡ii
ZvcgvÎv †e‡o wKsev K‡g †h‡Z cv‡i, wKš‧ GB hš¿ Avevi
†mUv‡K GKUv wbw`©ó RvqMvq wb‡q Av‡m|
Gme h‡š¿i †Kv‡bvUv N‡ii ZvcgvÎv 25 wWwMÖ †mjwmqv‡m
a‡i iv‡L, †Kv‡bvUv we‡k| gvby‡li e¨vcviUvI GgbB| gvby‡li
myL-`ytL‡K GK †_‡K 10-Gi g‡a¨ b¤î w`‡j G‡KK R‡bi
b¤î G‡KK iKg n‡e| nq‡Zv †`Lv hv‡e mnRvZfv‡eB nvwmLywk
†Kv‡bv gvby‡li gvbwmK Ae¯ v Qq †_‡K 10-Gi g‡a¨ IVvbvgv
K‡i, M‡o Av‡Ui Avkcv‡k _v‡K| GBiKg GKRb gvbyl hw`
†Kv‡bv e¨¯Í kn‡i GKv _v‡K, hw` GKw`b †kqvievRv‡i Zvi me
UvKv †jvKmvb nq Avi c‡ii w`bB Zvi Wvqv‡ewUm aiv c‡o,
Zey Zv‡K Lye GKUv `ytwLZ n‡Z †`Lv hvq bv| Avevi A‡b‡Ki
gvbwmK Ae¯ v Ggwb‡ZB wZb †_‡K mv‡Zi g‡a¨ _v‡K, M‡o
cuv‡Pi KvQvKvwQ| GiKg GKRb gvbyl A‡bK eÜzevÜ‡ei
†fZ‡i †_‡K, jUvwi‡Z K‡qK jvL UvKv wR‡Z Awjw¤úK
554
A¨v_‡jU‡ì g‡Zv ¯^v¯ ¨ wb‡qI gb Lvivc K‡i _v‡K| Avm‡jB,
Avgv‡ì me‡P‡q gbgiv eÜzUv hw` GKw`b mKv‡j D‡VB †`‡L
†m 1 †KvwU UvKvi jUvwi wR‡Z †M‡Q, Zvici `ycyi‡ejvi g‡a¨
GBWm Avi K¨vbmv‡ii Ilya Avwe®‥vi K‡i †d‡j, weKvj bvMv`
Bmiv‡qj Avi wdwjw¯Í‡bi g‡a¨ GKUv kvwšÍPwz ³ K‡i mÜ¨vq N‡i
wd‡i †`‡L †h Zvi K‡qK eQi Av‡M nvwi‡q hvIqv ev”PvUv N‡i
wd‡i G‡m‡Q, Zey Zvi Lywki gvÎv mv‡Zi Ic‡i I‡V bv| NUbv
hv-B †nvK, Zvi gw¯Í®‥UvB Avm‡j Lye †ewk Lywk nIqvi Rb¨
•Zwi nqwb|
wb‡Ri Avkcv‡ki gvbyl‡ì K_vB fveyb| Ggb GKRb‡K
wbðqB Lyu‡R cv‡eb †h †h-†Kv‡bv Ae¯ vq nvwmLywk _vK‡Z
cv‡i| Avevi Ggb KvD‡KI cv‡eb †h †Kv‡bv wKQz‡ZB Lywk nq
bv| Avgv‡ì aviYvUvB n‡q †M‡Q Ggb †h Avgiv fvwe GKUv
fv‡jv RvqMvq KvR Ki‡j, we‡q Ki‡j, A‡a©K †jLv Dcb¨vmUv
†kl Ki‡j, bZzb GKUv Mvwo wKb‡j wKsev e¨vsK †_‡K avi
†bIqv UvKvUv †kva K‡i w`‡j Zvi g‡Zv myL Avi wKQz‡Z †bB|
wKš‧ †mB B”QvUv c~iY n‡q †M‡jI †`Lv hvq †mB myL Avi Av‡m
bv| KviY Mvwo †Kbv ev Dcb¨vm †jLv Avgv‡ì †fZ‡i ¯ vqx
†Kv‡bv ivmvqwbK cwieZ©b NUvq bv| GKUv mvgwqK my‡Li
Abyf‚wZ w`‡Z cv‡i e‡ov‡Rvi, wKš‧ †mUv †K‡U †h‡ZI mgq
jv‡M bv|
Zvn‡j GKUz Av‡M †h my‡Li gb¯ÍvwË¡K I mvgvwRK
KviY¸‡jv wb‡q K_v nw”Qj, Zvi m‡½ GB •ReivmvqwbK e¨vL¨vi
mvgÄmÜv †Kv_vq? GB †hgb, weevwnZ gvbyl AweevwnZ gvby‡li
†P‡q †ewk myLx nqÑ Zvi e¨vL¨v Kx? cÖ_‡g GUv †g‡b wb‡Z n‡e
†h, we‡q Kiv Avi myLx nIqvÑ †Kv‡bv gvby‡li †ÿ‡Î G `y‡Uv
NUbv GKm‡½ nIqvi D`vniY A‡bK †ewk Av‡Q e‡U, wKš‧ Zvi
gv‡b GB bq †h GKUvi Kvi‡Y AbÜv n‡”Q| nu¨v, GKRb
MocoZv weevwnZ gvbyl GKRb AweevwnZ gvby‡li †P‡q myLx,
wKš‧ ZvB e‡j GUv ejv hv‡e bv †h we‡qB Zvi my‡Li Drm| eis
Dj‡UvUv n‡Z cv‡iÑ myLUvB Avm‡j we‡qi KviY| Avm‡j
555
†m‡ivUwbb, †Wvcvwgb I Aw·‡UvwmbÑ GB wZbUvB we‡q nIqv I
we‡q wUwK‡q ivLvi Rb¨ `vqx| A‡bK gvbyl Rb¥MZfv‡eB
nvwmLywk ai‡bi nq| GiKg GKRb gvbyl Rxebm½x wn‡m‡eI
fv‡jv nIqvi K_v, Kv‡RB Zvi we‡q nIqvi m¤¢vebv †ewk|
Avevi GKRb welYœ gvby‡li †P‡q GKRb nvwmLywk gvby‡li m‡½
emevm Kiv †ewk Dc‡fvM¨, ZvB GiKg gvby‡li weevnwe‡”Q`
nIqvi m¤¢vebvI Kg| Kv‡RB `yw`K †_‡KB wPšÍv Ki‡j †`Lv
hv‡”Q M‡o GKRb weevwnZ gvbyl GKRb AweevwnZ gvby‡li
†P‡q myLx, wKš‧ Zvi gv‡b GUv bq †h GKRb welYœ gvbyl we‡q
K‡i †dj‡jB ivZvivwZ †m GKRb myLx gvbyl n‡q hv‡e|
RxeweÁvbxiv GB Z‡Ë¡i Ici †Rvi w`‡jI gb¯ÍvwË¡K I
mvgvwRK welq¸‡jv‡KI Zuviv Dwo‡q †`b bv| Avgv‡ì gvbwmK
Ae¯ vi GKUv m‡e©v”P I me©wbgœ mxgv Av‡Q| †h-†Kv‡bv w`‡KB
GB mxgv AwZµg KivUv cÖvq Am¤¢e| Z‡e we‡q I we‡”Q‡ì
g‡Zv NUbvq †mUv n‡ZI cv‡i| †h gvbyl R‡b¥‡QB M‡o cuvP
gvÎvi Abyf‚wZ wb‡q, Zv‡K KL‡bvB iv¯Ívq bvP‡Z †`Lv hv‡e bv|
A_P GKUv myLx weevwnZ Rxeb †c‡j Zvi myLx fveUv
gv‡Sg‡a¨B mvZ gvÎvq DV‡Z cv‡i| nq‡Zv †mUv Avi wZ‡bi
KvQvKvwQ hv‡eB bv|
hw` Avgiv my‡Li GB Rxe‣eÁvwbK e¨vL¨vUv †g‡b wbB,
Zvn‡j BwZnv‡mi Avi †Zgb ¸iæZ¡ _v‡K bv| KviY BwZnvm †Zv
Avi Gme •ReivmvqwbK cÖwµqvq cÖfve †dj‡Z cv‡i bv| nu¨v,
†m‡ivUwbb wbtmiY Kivi g‡Zv NUbv BwZnv‡m Av‡Q e‡U, wKš‧
Zv‡Z †Zv Avi gvby‡li i‡³ †m‡iv‡Uvwb‡bi gvÎv e`jvq bv|
Kv‡RB gvby‡li myLx nIqvi †cQ‡b BwZnv‡mi †Kv‡bv f‚wgKvI
†bB|
Pjyb, ga¨hy‡Mi GKRb divwm K…l‡Ki Rxe‡bi m‡½
AvR‡Ki c¨vwi‡mi GKRb e¨vsK Kg©KZ©vi Rxeb‡K wgwj‡q
†`wL| K…lK _vKZ GKUv Kv`vgvwUi N‡i, †mUv Ggbfv‡e •Zwi
Kiv †hb †mLvb †_‡K k~K‡ii †LuvqvoUvi Ici bRi ivLv hvq|
Iw`‡K e¨vsK Kg©KZ©v _v‡K AvaywbK cÖhyw³i wRwbmc‡Î fiv
556
GKUv e‡ov `vjv‡bi me‡P‡q IciZjvq, hvi Rvbvjv w`‡q
ZvKv‡jB weivU kuv‡Rwjwm A¨vwfwbD †`Lv hvq| GUzKz †R‡bB
Avgv‡ì g‡b nq K…l‡Ki †P‡q GB Kg©KZ©vi Rxeb KZ my‡Li|
A_P Avmj e¨vcvi n‡jv, gvby‡li my‡Li Ici GB Kv`vgvwUi
Ni, DuPz `vjv‡bi Ni, k~K‡ii †Luvqvo ev PIov iv¯Ívi †Kv‡bv
f‚wgKvB †bB| †m‡iv‡Uvwb‡bi Av‡Q| †mB ga¨hy‡Mi K…lK hLb
Zvi Kv`vgvwUi NiUv evbvj, ZLb Zvi gw¯Í‡®‥i wbDi‡b
†m‡iv‡Uvwbb ÿiY ïiæ n‡jv| aiv hvK †mB gyn~‡Z© Zvi
†m‡iv‡Uvwb‡bi gvÎv n‡jv X| Avevi, 2014 mv‡j e¨vsK
Kg©KZ©vwU hLb Zvi bZzb evmvi `v‡gi †kl wKw¯ÍUv †kva Kij,
ZLb ZviI †m‡iv‡Uvwb‡bi gvÎv ùvovj X-Gi KvQvKvwQ|
Aek¨B gvwUi N‡ii †P‡q GB `vwg evmvq _vKvUv A‡bK †ewk
Avivg`vqK, wKš‧ Zvi Rb¨ †m‡iv‡Uvwbb wbtmi‡Yi †Kv‡bv
†ni‡di n‡”Q bv| Kv‡RB GB AvaywbK e¨vsK Kg©KZ©vi my‡Li
cwigvY Zvi K‡qK cyiæl Av‡Mi Mwie K…l‡Ki †P‡q GKUzI
†ewk bq|
GB e¨vcviUv e¨w³MZfv‡e †hgb mZ¨, mgwóMZfv‡eI
†mUv GKB iKg mZ¨| D`vniY wn‡m‡e divwm wecø‡ei K_vB
aiæb| †m mg‡q wecøexiv A‡bK wKQz K‡iwQj| Zviv ivRv‡K
g„Zz¨`Ð w`‡q‡Q, K…l‡Ki nv‡Z Rwgi gvwjKvbv w`‡q‡Q,
gvbevwaKvi wbwðZ K‡i‡Q, AwfRvZ‡ì evowZ myweav cvIqv
eÜ K‡i‡Q, Avi Zvi m‡½ mviv BD‡iv‡ci weiæ‡× hy× Pvwj‡q
†M‡Q| wKš‧ Gi †Kv‡bv wKQzB divwm‡ì •ReivmvqwbK cÖwµqvq
†Kv‡bv cÖfve †d‡jwb| d‡j †`Lv †Mj GB GZ e‡ov
ivR‣bwZK, mvgvwRK, Av`wk©K I A_©‣bwZK cwieZ©b Avmvi
c‡iI divwm RvwZi my‡Li Ici Zvi cÖfve c‡o‡Q mvgvb¨B|
hviv Rb¥MZfv‡eB nvwmLywk Zviv wecø‡ei Av‡MI †hgb myLx wQj
c‡iI †ZgbB wQj| Avevi hviv Ggwb‡ZB welYœ ai‡bi Zviv
wecø‡ei Av‡M ivRv †lvok jyB I ivwb Auv‡Zvqv‡bZ‡K (Marie
Antoinette) wb‡q Awf‡hvM KiZ, wecø‡ei c‡i Zviv
557
†iv‡emwú‡qi (Robespierre) Avi †b‡cvwjq‡bi bv‡g we‡lv`Mvi
Ki‡Z _vKj|
hw` Zv-B nq, Zvn‡j divwm wecø‡e jvfUv Kx n‡jv?
gvby‡li myL hw` Av‡Mi †P‡q GKUzI bv ev‡o, Zvn‡j GZ
wek„•Ljv, fqfxwZ, i³cvZ, hy×Ñ Gme †Kb? RxeweÁvbxiv GB
wecøe Ki‡j Zviv KL‡bvB evw¯Íj (Bastille) `yM© AvµgY Ki‡Z
†hZ bv| gvbyl †f‡ewQj GB ivR‣bwZK wecøe I mvgvwRK
ms¯‥vi Zv‡ì Av‡iv myLx Ki‡e, wKš‧ Zv‡ì kix‡ii
•ReivmvqwbK cÖwµqv evievi Zv‡ì †auvKv w`‡q‡Q|
Z‡e GKUv e¨vcv‡ii ¸iæZ¡ Av‡Q| AvR Avgiv Rvwb,
Avgv‡ì my‡Li g~‡j Av‡Q Avgv‡ì kix‡ii wKQz •ReivmvqwbK
cÖwµqv| Kv‡RB GLb Avgiv ivRbxwZ, mgvRms¯‥vi,
miKviwe‡ivax wKsev •bwZK Av‡›`vjbÑ Gm‡e mgq bó bv K‡i
eis †mB •ReivmvqwbK cÖwµqvUv‡K Kxfv‡e wbqš¿Y Kiv hvq
†mw`‡K g‡bv‡hvM w`‡Z cvwi| KviY my‡Li DrmUv ILv‡bB|
gw¯Í®‥ Kxfv‡e KvR K‡i Avi Kxfv‡e †mUv‡K wbqš¿Y Kiv hvq
†mB M‡elYvq hw` GLb †_‡K †KvwU †KvwU UvKv wewb‡qvM Kiv
hvq, Zvn‡j GKmgq †Kv‡bviKg wecøe QvovB gvbyl GZ myLx
n‡Z cvi‡e, hv Av‡M KL‡bv m¤¢e nqwb| GB †hgb †cÖvR¨vK
(Prozac) bv‡gi IlyaUv †`‡ki miKvi‡K Mw` †_‡K bvgv‡Z
cv‡i bv, wKš‧ GKRb gvby‡li kix‡i †m‡iv‡Uvwb‡bi gvÎv evwo‡q
w`‡q Zvi welYœZv `~i Ki‡Z cv‡i|
AvRKvj GKUv †¯øvMvb Lye †kvbv hvqÑ Ômy‡Li ïiæUv nq
†fZi †_‡KÕ (Happiness Begins Within)| RxeweÁv‡bi
`„wó‡KvY †_‡K †`L‡j Gi †P‡q †gvÿg †¯øvMvb Avi nq bv|
Avm‡jB, UvKv, mvgvwRK gh©v`v, cøvw÷K mvR©vwi, my›ì
wejvmeûj evwo, ÿgZvÑ G¸‡jvi †Kv‡bvUvB gvbyl‡K myL G‡b
w`‡Z cv‡i bv| ¯ vqx myL w`‡Z cv‡i †Kej wZbUv wRwbmÑ
†m‡iv‡Uvwbb, †Wvcvwgb Avi Aw·‡Uvwmb|1
558
1932-G cÖKvwkZ AvjWvm nv·wji (Aldous Huxley) Kí-
Dcb¨vm †eªf wbD Iqvì©-G †`Lvb n‡q‡Q, Kxfv‡e fwel¨‡Zi
GK welYœ mg‡q myL n‡q hvq gvby‡li cigviva¨ e¯‧, Avi
Kxfv‡e gbwbqš¿K Ilya wb‡q †bq cywj‡ki RvqMv| †mLv‡b
gvbyl cÖwZw`b Ô†mvgvÕ (Soma) bv‡gi Ily‡ai ¸‡Y my‡L _v‡K|
c„w_ex Ry‡o cÖwZwôZ Ôwekîv‡R¨Õ hy×-wecøe-ag©NU wKQz †bB,
KviY mevB hvi hvi Rxeb wb‡q mš‧ó, Kv‡iv †Kv‡bv Awf‡hvM
†bB| RR© AiI‡q‡ji Ô1984Õ bvgK Dcb¨v‡mi †P‡qI nv·wji
†`Lv‡bv GB c„w_ex cvV‡Ki Kv‡Q †ewk fqsKi g‡b nq| wKš‧
†Kb? Gi e¨vL¨v †Ìqv mnR bq| Avm‡jB †Zv, hw` mevB me
mgq my‡LB _v‡K, Zvn‡j mgm¨vUv †Kv_vq?
Rxe‡bi A_©
nv·wji Dcb¨v‡m KwíZ fxwZKi c„w_ex‡Z †hUv a‡i †bIqv
n‡q‡Q Zv n‡jv myL n‡”Q Avb‡›ì Abyf‚wZ| myLx nIqv gv‡b
n‡jv wbLv` kvixwiK Avb›`jvf, Avi wKQzB bq| †h‡nZz
Avgv‡ì kixi `xN© mgq a‡i GB Avb‡›ì Abyf‚wZ a‡i ivL‡Z
cv‡i bv, ZvB gvbyl‡K A‡bK mgq a‡i my‡L ivLvi Rb¨ kix‡ii
KjKeRv¸‡jv GKUz Gw`K-†mw`K Ki‡ZB n‡e|
wKš‧ my‡Li GB aviYvUv wb‡qI cwÐZ‡ì g‡a¨ gZwe‡f`
Av‡Q| †bv‡ejRqx A_©bxwZwe` W¨vwb‡qj Kv‡bg¨vb (Daniel
Kahneman) GKevi GKUv weL¨vZ cixÿv Pvwj‡qwQ‡jb| GB
cixÿvq wKQz gvbyl‡K Zv‡ì GKUv Kg©wè‡mi eY©bv w`‡Z ejv
nq| Zv‡ì ejv nq w`‡bi me¸‡jv NUbv av‡c av‡c eY©bv K‡i
†m¸‡jv KZUzKz fv‡jv ev Lvivc †j‡M‡Q †mUv ej‡Z| Kv‡bg¨vb
†`L‡jb, GB Rwi‡ci djvdj, A_©vr Rxe‡bi cÖwZ gvby‡li
`„wófw½ G‡Kev‡i auvavq †d‡j †`q| D`vniY wn‡m‡e
wkïcvj‡bi K_vB aiæb| GKUv ev”Pv‡K jvjbcvjb Kivi m¤ú~Y©
cÖwµqvq Avb›``vqK I Kó`vqK, `yB iK‡giB KvR Av‡Q| mwZ¨
ej‡Z †mLv‡b Kó`vqK Kv‡Ri cwigvYB me‡P‡q †ewk|
559
wkïcvj‡bi †ewkifvM Ry‡o Av‡Q ev”Pvi †fRv Kuv_v e`jv‡bv,
cÖPiz _vjvevmb †avqv Avi Zv‡ì me DrcvZ mn¨ Kiv| Gi
GKUvI †Zv †Kv‡bv Dc‡fvM¨ KvR bq| A_P cÖvq me gv-evevB
GKev‡K¨ ¯^xKvi Ki‡e, Zv‡ì mšÍvbB Zv‡ì Rxe‡bi me‡P‡q
e‡ov Avb›`| Zvi gv‡b wK GB †h, gvbyl Avm‡j Rv‡bB bv †h
Zvi Rb¨ †KvbUv fv‡jv Avi †KvbUv Lvivc?
G †Zv †Mj GKUv gZ| Ab¨ GKUv cixÿvq †`Lv †M‡Q †h

myL †Kej gvby‡li Avb›``vqK I Kó`vqK AwfÁZvi
†hvMwe‡qv‡Mi djvdj bq| eis GKRb gvby‡li wb‡Ri Rxeb‡K
A_©c~Y© wn‡m‡e †`L‡Z cvivUvB myL| nu¨v, myL †Kej •RweK e¨vcvi
bq| GLv‡b gvby‡li †PZbv I g~j¨‡ev‡aiI GKUv RvqMv Av‡Q|
mšÍvbcvjb‡K Avgiv ÔGKUv •¯îvPvix wkïi AvÁven `vm n‡q
_vKvÕ wn‡m‡e †`Le bvwK ÔGKUv bZzb Rxeb‡K fv‡jvevmv w`‡q
e‡ov K‡i †ZvjvÕ wn‡m‡e †`Le, †mUv wba©viY K‡i Avgv‡ì
g~j¨‡eva|2 wbU‡k (Nietzsche) e‡j‡Qb, †eu‡P _vKvi †cQ‡b hw`
†Kv‡bv KviY Lyu‡R cvIqv hvq, Zvn‡j †hfv‡eB †nvK, †eu‡P _vKv
hvq| K‡ó fiv RxebI cÖPÐ ¯^w¯Í`vqK n‡Z cv‡i, hw` †mB Rxeb
avi‡Yi †cQ‡b †Kv‡bv Dchy³ KviY _v‡K| Avevi GKUv A_©nxb
Rxeb A‡bK Aviv‡gi g‡aÏ `ytmn n‡q I‡V|
c„w_exi me mf¨Zv I me hy‡Mi gvbylB cÖvq GKB iK‡gi
Avb›` I K‡ói †fZi w`‡q wM‡q‡Q, Zvi ciI Rxe‡bi A_©
G‡KK gvby‡li Kv‡Q G‡KK iKg| †mw`K †_‡K †`L‡j myL
wRwbmUv‡K RxeweÁvbxiv hZUv mnRfv‡e †`‡Lb Avm‡j Zv ZZ
mnR bq| Avi †mUv AvaywbKZvi c‡ÿI hvq bv| Rxeb‡K
G‡Kev‡i cÖwZ wgwbU a‡i ch©v‡jvPbv Ki‡j †`Lv hvq, ga¨hy‡Mi
gvby‡li Rxeb wQj LyeB KwVb| ZLb hviv ciKv‡ji AbšÍ my‡Li
Rxe‡bi K_v wek^vm KiZ, Zv‡ì Kv‡Q wb‡Ri Rxeb h‡_óB
A_©c~Y© wQj| Zvi Zzjbvq GLbKvi GKRb Aavwg©K gvby‡li
Rxe‡bi †kl cwiYwZ n‡jv A_©nxb we¯§„wZi g‡a¨ nvwi‡q hvIqv|
Ô†gv‡Ui Ici †Zvgvi Rxeb wb‡q wK Zzwg mš‧ó?Õ GiKg GKUv
560
cÖkœ w`‡q hw` GKUv Rwic Pvjv‡bv †hZ, †mLv‡b ga¨hy‡Mi
gvby‡liB †ewk b¤î cvIqvi K_v|
Zvi gv‡b wK GB †h ga¨hy‡Mi gvby‡liv ciKv‡ji AjxK
Kíbvi g‡a¨ Rxe‡bi A_© Lyu‡R †c‡q myLx wQj? Avm‡jB ZvB|
hZÿY GB Kíbvi †ejyb Pzc‡m bv hv‡”Q, ZZÿY GB Kíbvq
myLx n‡Z evav †Kv_vq? Z‡e weÁv‡bi †Pv‡L †`L‡j gvbeRxeb
m¤ú~Y© A_©nxb| GB gvbyl bv‡gi cÖvYx cÖRvwZUv Avm‡j AÜ I
D‡Ïk¨nxb weeZ©b cÖwµqvi dj| Avgiv hv wKQz Kwi Zv †Kv‡bv
gnvRvMwZK cwiKíbvi Ask bq| Kvj mKv‡jB hw` GB c„w_ex
bvgK MÖnUv aŸsm n‡q hvq, Zv‡Z GB gnvwe‡k¦i wKQz Avm‡e
hv‡e bv| evwK mewKQz Zvi wb‡Ri g‡ZvB Pj‡Z _vK‡e| AšÍZ
GUzKz ejv hvq †h gvby‡li Abycw¯ wZi †Kv‡bv cÖfve †Kv_vI
co‡e bv| Kv‡RB †`Lv hv‡”Q, gvbyl Rxe‡bi A_© wb‡q hZ
K_vB ejyK, Zvi meUvB Avm‡j Kíbv| Rxe‡bi g‡a¨ GBme
Acvw_©e A_© †Kej ga¨hy‡Mi gvbylB Lyu‡R †ei K‡iwb, †mUv
GLbKvi gvbeZvev`x, RvZxqZvev`x Avi cyuwRev`x gvby‡livI hvi
hvi g‡Zv K‡i hv‡”Q| GKRb weÁvbx fv‡e, gvby‡li ÁvbfvÛvi
Av‡iKUz mg„× KivUvB Rxe‡bi A_©, •mwb‡Ki Kv‡Q Rxe‡bi A_©
n‡jv Zvi †`k‡K iÿv Kiv, Avevi GKRb D‡`¨v³vi Kv‡Q Rxe‡bi
gv‡b n‡jv wb‡Ri Mov GKUv cÖwZôvb| ga¨hy‡Mi A‡bK gvby‡li
Kv‡Q Rxeb gv‡b wQj ag©MÖš  cov, ag©iÿvi Rb¨ hy× Kiv Avi
ag©cÖPv‡ii cÖwZôvb M‡o †Zvjv| Zvn‡j Zv‡ì m‡½ GLbKvi GB
gvbyl¸‡jvi cv_©K¨ Avi Kx _vKj?
Zvi gv‡b myL wRwbmUv m¤¢eZ ïay e¨w³MZ fv‡jv _vKv bq|
myL n‡jv mgv‡R weivRgvb mvgwóK Kíbv¸‡jvi m‡½ GKRb
gvby‡li wb‡Ri Kíbv¸‡jv GK my‡i wgwj‡q †bIqv| hLb GKRb
gvby‡li Rxeb‡eva Zvi Avkcv‡ki Avi `kR‡bi Rxeb‡ev‡ai
m‡½ wg‡j hvq, ZLbB †m Rxe‡bi A_© Lyu‡R cvq, wb‡R‡K myLx
fv‡e|
Z‡e GB wm×v‡šÍ AvmvUv wKQzUv nZvkvRbKI| myL wK
Avm‡jB Kíbvwbf©i?
561
wb‡R‡K Rv‡bv
myL hw` Avb‡›ì Abyfw‚ Z nq, Zvn‡j myLx n‡Z n‡j Avgv‡ì
kix‡ii •ReivmvqwbK cÖwµqv‡K wbqš¿Y Ki‡Z n‡e| Avi myL hw`
nq Rxe‡bi A_© Lyu‡R cvIqv, Zvn‡j myLx nIqvi Rb¨ wb‡R‡K
Av‡iv fv‡jvfv‡e fvwm‡q w`‡Z n‡e Kíbvq| GB `y‡Uv Qvov myLx
nIqvi Avi †Kv‡bv Dcvq wK Av‡Q?
GB `y‡Uv aviYvi g‡a¨B GKUv wRwbm Av‡Q| †mUv n‡jv,
GLv‡b a‡iB †bIqv n‡”Q †h myL n‡jv GKUv e¨w³MZ e¨vcvi,
†mUv Avb›`B †nvK ev Rxe‡bi A_©| Kv‡RB GKUv gvbyl myLx wK
bv Zv Rvb‡Z n‡j Zvi Abyfw‚ Z Rvb‡Z n‡e| A‡b‡Ki Kv‡Q GUvB
¯^vfvweK g‡b n‡e, KviY Avgiv GLb evm KiwQ GKUv
D`vi‣bwZK mg‡q| GB D`vi‣bwZK wPšÍvaviv gvby‡li e¨w³MZ
Abyfw‚ Zi c‡ÿB hv‡e| D`vi‣bwZK `„wó‡KvY †_‡K GB Abyfw‚ ZB
gvby‡li me Kg©Kv‡Ði wbqš¿K| GKRb gvby‡li Kv‡Q Kx fv‡jv
Avi Kx g›`, †KvbUv my›ì Avi †KvbUv Amy›ì, Kx Kiv DwPZ Avi
Kx Kiv DwPZ bqÑ Zvi mewKQzB †m wVK K‡i †bq Zvi wb‡Ri
gZvgZ †_‡K|
D`vi‣bwZK ivRbxwZi g~j K_v n‡jv, hviv †fvU †`‡e
ZvivB me‡P‡q fv‡jv Rv‡b, Zv‡ì‡K fv‡jvg‡›ì Ávb †Ìqvi
Rb¨ †Kv‡bv KZ©…c‡ÿi cÖ‡qvRb †bB| D`vi‣bwZK A_©bxwZ e‡j,
†µZvi gZvgZB wk‡ivavh©, Gi Ic‡i Avi †Kv‡bv K_v †bB|
D`vi‣bwZK wk‡í †m․›`h© wRwbmUv Av‡cwÿK, Zv †Kej `k©‡Ki
iæwPi Ic‡iB wbf©i K‡i| D`vibxwZ‡Z Pjv wkÿvcÖwZôvb¸‡jv
wkÿv_©x‡ì‡K wb‡Ri g‡Zv K‡i wPšÍv Ki‡Z †kLvq|
weÁvcb¸‡jv Avgv‡ì ej‡Z Pvq, Ôhv Ki‡Z B”Qv nq, K‡i
†d‡jv!Õ G hy‡Mi Pjw”PÎ, bvUK, Dcb¨vm, MvbÑ mewKQzi g‡a¨B
†mB GKB evZ©vÑ Ôwb‡Ri Kv‡Q mr _v‡KvÕ, Ôwb‡Ri g‡bi K_v
†kv‡bvÕ wKsev Ôgb hv Pvq, Zv-B K‡ivÕ| divwm `vk©wbK Ruv-
562
R¨vK iæ‡kv †Zv †mvRvmywRB e‡j‡Qb, Ô†hUv Avgvi Kv‡Q fv‡jv,
†mUvB fv‡jv, Avi hv Avgvi Kv‡Q Lvivc, Zv-B Lvivc|Õ
†h gvbylUv G‡Kev‡i wkïKvj †_‡K Gme K_v ïb‡Z ïb‡Z
e‡ov n‡q‡Q, Zvi Kv‡Q myL Aek¨B GKUv e¨w³MZ e¨vcvi|
GKRb gvbyl my‡L Av‡Q wK bv †mUv wbY©q Ki‡Z cv‡i †Kej †m
wb‡RB, Ab¨ †KD bq| Z‡e GB `„wófw½ †Kej GB
D`vibxwZ‡ZB †`Lv hvq| BwZnvm Ry‡o wewfbœ ag© I Av`wk©K
gZev` my‡Li bvbv iKg •be©¨w³K gvcKvwV cÖwZôv K‡i‡Q| Gme
gZev‡` myL wRwbmUv GKRb e¨w³i wb‡Ri gZvgZ ev Abyf‚wZi
E‡aŸ© e‡jB g‡b Kiv nq| †Wjwd‡Z Aew¯ Z A¨v‡cv‡jvi
gw›`‡ii cÖ‡ekØv‡iB Zx_©hvÎxiv †`L‡Z †cZ †jLv Av‡Q,
Ôwb‡R‡K Rv‡bv|Õ GB K_vi M~p A_© n‡jv, MocoZv GKRb
gvbyl Zvi wb‡Ri m¤ú‡K©B Avm‡j Rv‡b bv, ZvB my‡Li mÜvbI
†m Avi cvq bv| GB K_vUvi m‡½ d«‡qWI m¤¢eZ GKgZ
n‡Zb|*
wLªóa‡g©i e¨vcv‡iI GKB K_v Lv‡U| †mB›U cj I †mB›U
AMvw÷b wejÿY Rvb‡Zb, †h †ewkifvM gvbyl Ck^‡ii Kv‡Q
cÖv_©bv I †h․bZvÑ G `y‡qi g‡a¨ wØZxqUvB †e‡Q †b‡e| Zvn‡j wK
†h․bZvB my‡Li Drm? cj I AMvw÷‡bi DËi n‡jv, bv| G‡Z
†Kej GUvB cÖgvwYZ nq †h, cvc KivUvB gvby‡li mnRvZ cÖew„ Ë,
gvbyl mn‡RB kqZv‡bi duv‡` cv †`q| wLªóa‡g©i †Pv‡L †ewkifvM
gvby‡li Ae¯ v Avm‡j †n‡ivB‡b Avm³‡ì g‡Zv| aiæb GKRb
g‡bvweÁvbx gv`Kvm³ gvby‡li Kv‡Q my‡Li mÜvb Ki‡Z wM‡q
†`L‡Z †c‡jb, gvbyl †Kej gv`K MÖnY Ki‡jB myLx nq| Zvn‡j
wK wZwb Zvi M‡elYvc‡Î wjL‡eb †h †n‡ivBbB n‡jv my‡Li
PvweKvwV?
*
wewfbœ gb¯ÍvwË¡K Rwi‡ci D‡Ïk¨ gvby‡li myL cwigvc Kiv n‡jI
gbwðwKrmvi †K›`ªxq welq n‡jv gvbyl‡K wb‡R‡K Rvb‡Z I Zv‡ì
wb‡R‡ì ÿwZ Kivi g‡bvfve †_‡K †ei n‡q Avm‡Z mvnvh¨ Kiv|
563
Abyf‚wZ wRwbmUv †h my‡Li †Kv‡bv wbf©i‡hvM¨ gvcKvwV bq,
G K_v †Kej wLªóvb‡ì GKvi bq| Abyf‚wZi cÖ‡kœ WviDBb Avi
WwKÝI nq‡Zv †mB›U cj I †mB›U AMvw÷‡bi m‡½ GKB my‡i
K_v ej‡eb| ¯^v_©ci wRbZË¡ (Selfish Gene Theory) e‡j,
cÖvK…wZK wbe©vPb Ab¨vb¨ Rx‡ei g‡Zv gvby‡li †ÿ‡ÎI wR‡bi
¯^v_©B iÿv K‡i, †mUv hw` †Kv‡bv e¨w³i ÿwZi KviY nq, Zey|
AwaKvsk cyiælB Zv‡ì mviv Rxeb Avivg-Av‡qk bv K‡i
`ywðšÍv, LvUvLvUwb, cÖwZ‡hvwMZv Avi gvivgvwi K‡iB KvwU‡q
†`q| KviY Zv‡ì wWGbG Zvi wb‡Ri ¯^v_© iÿv Ki‡ZB Zv‡K
w`‡q Gme Kwi‡q †bq| A_©vr kqZvb †hfv‡e KvR K‡i,
wWGbGI wVK †mfv‡eB gvbyl‡K cÖ‡jvf‡bi duv‡` †d‡j wbR
¯^v‡_© KvR Kwi‡q †bq|
my‡Li e¨vcv‡i †ewkifvM ag© I Av`‡k©i Ae¯ vb GB
D`vibxwZi †P‡q Avjv`v|3 G¸‡jvi g‡a¨ †e․×a‡g©i K_v
we‡klfv‡e D‡jøL‡hvM¨| †e․×ag© GB my‡Li mÜvb‡K hZUv ¸iæZ¡
w`‡q‡Q, m¤¢eZ Avi †Kv‡bv wKQzB †mUv‡K GZ ¸iæZ¡ †`qwb|
AvovB nvRvi eQi a‡i GB ag© gvby‡li my‡Li KviY I ¯îƒc
we‡kølY Kivi †Póv Ki‡Q| G Kvi‡YB weÁvbx‡ì g‡aÏ
†e․×a‡g©i Av`k© Ges GB a‡g©i wewfbœ iKg a¨v‡bi Kjv‡K․kj
wb‡q AvMÖn evo‡Q|
†e․×a‡g©i †hfv‡e my‡Li e¨vL¨v Zvi g~j fveUv A‡bKUv
Rxe‣eÁvwbK e¨vL¨vi g‡ZvB| A_©vr GLv‡bI ejv nq †h myL
gvby‡li kix‡iB Drcbœ nq, evB‡i †_‡K Av‡m bv| wKš‧ †Mvovi
w`KUv GKB iKg n‡jI GB ag© Dcmsnvi †U‡b‡Q Ab¨w`‡K|
†e․×ag©g‡Z gvbyl myL eyS‡Z cv‡i Avb‡›ì Abyf‚wZ w`‡q,
Avi `ytL †ev‡S K‡ói Abyf‚wZi gva¨‡g| ZvB gvbyl wb‡Ri
Abyf‚wZ‡K A‡bK †ewk ¸iæZ¡ †`q| Zviv Kó Gwo‡q Av‡iv †ewk
Avb›` †c‡Z Pvq| ZvB Avgiv hv-wKQz KwiÑ cv PzjKvB, †Pqv‡i
b‡oP‡o ewm, wKsev wek^hy×B evavBÑ meB Kwi Avb‡›ì
Abyf‚wZ cvIqvi Rb¨B|
564
wKš‧ mgm¨vUv Ab¨Lv‡b| †e․×ag© e‡j, gvby‡li GB myL Avi
`ytL wbqZ cwieZ©bkxj, A‡bKUv mvM‡ii †XD‡qi g‡Zv, Av‡m
Avi hvq| cuvP wgwbU Av‡MI †h gvbylUv wb‡R‡K myLx fvewQj,
Rxe‡bi D‡Ïk¨ Lyu‡R †c‡qwQj, cuvP wgwbU †h‡ZB †mB myLUzKz
m‡i wM‡q `ytL G‡m Zv‡K MÖvm K‡i| Zvi gv‡b myLx n‡Z n‡j
Zv‡K mvivÿY my‡Li †cQ‡b QzU‡Z n‡e, Avi `ytL †_‡K cvwj‡q
†eov‡Z n‡e| A_P G‡Z hw` †m mdjI nq, Zv‡ZI †Kv‡bv
jvf †bB| KviY GB A¯ vqx myLUzKz dzwi‡q †M‡jB Avevi mewKQz
ïiæ Ki‡Z n‡e cÖ_g †_‡K|
Zvn‡j GB ÿY¯ vqx my‡Li †cQ‡b Qz‡U Kx jvf? hv a‡i ivLv
hvq bv Zv‡K cvIqvi Rb¨ †Kb GB cÐkÖg? †e․×ag© e‡j,
gvby‡li GB `y‡f©v‡Mi KviY Avm‡j GB `ytL-Kó bq| myL-
`yt‡Li GB A_©nxbZvI bq| eis my‡Li †cQ‡b GB Aweivg
A_©nxb Qz‡U †eov‡bvB `yt‡Li KviY| G‡Z my‡Li †`Lv †Zv
†g‡jB bv, eis `ywðšÍv, Aw¯ iZv I AcÖvwß‡Z f‡i hvq Rxeb|
my‡Li †cQ‡b Qz‡U †KD †Kv‡bv w`b mš‧ó n‡Z cv‡i bv| GgbwK
ÿY¯ vqx Avb‡›ì mgqI g‡bi †fZi DuwK w`‡q hvq `ywðšÍv,
KviY GB myLI †Zv GKmgq dzwi‡q hv‡e|
ÿY¯ vqx myL gvbyl‡K GB `y‡f©vM †_‡K gyw³ w`‡Z cv‡i bv|
Gi †_‡K gyw³ †g‡j ZLbB, hLb †m eyS‡Z cv‡i †h myL
ÿY¯ vqx, Avi eyS‡Z †c‡i †m my‡Li †cQ‡b †QvUv eÜ K‡i|
†e․×a‡g© a¨v‡bi D‡Ïk¨ GUvB| a¨v‡bi gva¨‡g gvbyl Zvi †`n
I gb‡K fv‡jvfv‡e Rvb‡Z cv‡i, Abyf‚wZi IVvbvgv wbi‡cÿ
`„wó‡Z †`L‡Z cvq, d‡j eyS‡Z cv‡i Gme KZUv A_©nxb|
Gfv‡e my‡Li mÜvb eÜ Ki‡Z cvi‡jB g‡b axiZv I cÖkvwšÍ
Av‡m| g‡bi †fZ‡i me iKg Abyf‚wZ Avm‡e-hv‡eÑ Avb›`,
†µva, nZvkv wKsev Kvgbv hv-B †nvKÑ wKš‧ we‡kl †Kv‡bv
Abyf‚wZi Rb¨ Zxeª evmbv Z¨vM Ki‡Z cvi‡jB mewKQz mnR
n‡q hvq| Kx n‡Z cviZ †mB wPšÍv ev` w`‡q Kx n‡”Q †mUvB
e‡ov n‡q I‡V|
565
GB gvbwmK cÖkvwšÍi Abyf‚wZ GZUvB Mfxi †h mviv Rxeb
my‡Li †cQ‡b Qz‡U †eov‡bv GKRb gvbyl †mUv KíbvI Ki‡Z
cv‡i bv| aiæb, GKRb gvbyl eQ‡ii ci eQi a‡i mgy‡`ªi Zx‡i
ùvwo‡q Ôfv‡jvÕ †XD¸‡jv‡K a‡i ivL‡Z Avi ÔLvivcÕ
†XD¸‡jv‡K †V‡j mwi‡q w`‡Z PvB‡Q| Zvi mviv Rxeb Gfv‡e
†K‡U hv‡e, wKš‧ GB Kv‡R †m mdj n‡e bv †Kv‡bv w`b| A_P
†m hw` GB e¨_© †Póv bv K‡i PzcPvc e‡m me¸‡jv †XD‡K
Avm‡Z-†h‡Z †`q, Zvn‡jB Zvi Rxeb f‡i DV‡e cÖkvwšÍ‡Z|
wKš‧ GB aviYvUv AvaywbK c„w_ex‡Z GZ LvcQvov jv‡M †h
GLbKvi D`vi‣bwZK gvbyl GUv‡K wb‡R‡ì g‡Zv K‡i mvwR‡q
wb‡q‡Q| GLbKvi aviYvUv A‡bKUv Ggb, ÔmyL Avm‡j evB‡ii
†Kv‡bv wKQzi Ici wbf©i K‡i bv| GUv wbf©i K‡i Avgv‡ì
Abyf‚wZi Ici| ZvB gvby‡li UvKv, gh©v`v Gm‡ei †cQ‡b bv
Qz‡U Zvi wb‡Ri gvbwmK kvwšÍi w`‡K bRi †Ìqv DwPZ|Õ A_ev
Av‡iv Kg K_vq ej‡Z †M‡j ÔmyL Av‡m †fZi †_‡K|Õ wVK GB
K_vUvB RxeweÁvbxivI e‡jb, wKš‧ Zviv †evSv‡Z Pvb ey× hv
e‡j‡Qb Zvi Dj‡UvUv|
GB AvaywbK gZev` Avi Rxe‣eÁvwbK e¨vL¨vi m‡½ ey‡×i
evYxi wgj ïay GBUzKzB| wKš‧ Avmj RvqMvUv‡ZB, A_©vr
Abyf‚wZi e¨vcv‡i Awgj Av‡Q| ey× e‡jb †h myL Avm‡j
Avgv‡ì †fZ‡ii Abyf‚wZi Ic‡iI wbf©i K‡i bv| Avm‡jB,
Avgiv hZB Avgv‡ì Abyf‚wZ‡K †ewk ¸iæZ¡ w`B, ZZB
Avgv‡ì g‡a¨ fv‡jv Abyf‚wZi Pvwn`v •Zwi nq, Avi Zv‡Z
Avgv‡ì `y‡f©vMB ïay ev‡o| ZvB ey‡×i civgk© n‡jv, evwn¨K
AR©‡bi m‡½ m‡½ †fZ‡ii Abyf‚wZ‡K ¸iæZ¡ †ÌqvI eÜ Ki‡Z
n‡e|
Ôfv‡jv _vKvÕ-welqK cÖ‡kœ Rwic Pvjv‡j GKRb gvby‡li
e¨w³MZ Abyf‚wZ, e¨w³MZ myL I Av‡e‡Mi Lei cvIqv hvq|
Ab¨w`‡K †e․×a‡g©i g‡Zv wKQz wKQz ag© I `k©b e‡j, Gme
Av‡eM-Abyf‚wZi E‡aŸ© D‡V GKRb gvby‡li wb‡R‡K cy‡ivcywi
Rvb‡Z cviv, wPb‡Z cvivi gva¨‡gB wgj‡e cÖK…Z my‡Li mÜvb|
566
†ewkifvM gvbylB †h fzjUv K‡i Zv n‡jv, Zviv wb‡Ri Abyf‚wZ,
wb‡Ri wPšÍv, cQ›`-AcQ›`Ñ Gm‡ei g‡a¨ wb‡Ri cwiPq †Luv‡R|
Gi d‡j mviv Rxeb a‡i Zviv wKQz Abyf‚wZi wcQz Zvov K‡i,
Avi wKQz Abyf‚wZ †_‡K cvwj‡q euvP‡Z Pvq| Gme Abyf‚wZi
KvivMv‡i AvU‡K _vKv GB gvbyl¸‡jv KL‡bv eyS‡ZB cv‡i bv,
†h myL Avi `ytL bq, eis GB Qz‡U Pjv Avi cvjv‡bvi g‡bve„wËB
Zv‡ì KL‡bv gyw³ †`q bv|
hw` Zv-B nq, Zvn‡j ejv hvq †h my‡Li e¨vcv‡i Avgiv hv
hv †R‡bwQ Zvi meB fzj| GKRb gvby‡li B”Qv¸‡jv c~iY n‡”Q
wK bv, ev †m Avb›` cv‡”Q wK bvÑ nq‡Zv †mm‡ei †Zgb †Kv‡bv
¸iæZ¡B †bB| Avmj cÖkœ n‡jv gvbyl wb‡Ri m¤ú‡K© mZÜv
Rvb‡Z cvi‡Q wK bv| hw` Gw`K †_‡KB wPšÍv Kwi, Zvn‡j †mB
Avw`g wkKvwi-msMÖvnK gvbyl ev ga¨hy‡Mi K…lK‡ì †P‡q Avgiv
GB mZÜv KZUzKz †ewk Rvb‡Z †c‡iwQ?
my‡Li BwZe„Ë wb‡q †Rv‡i‡kv‡i M‡elYv ïiæ n‡q‡Q Aí
K‡qK eQi n‡jv| cÖv_wgK wKQz aviYv •Zwi n‡”Q, M‡elYv
Kxfv‡e n‡e †mme Kg©c×wZ hvPvB K‡i †`Lv n‡”Q| Kv‡RB
GLbB G e¨vcv‡i †Kv‡bv †Rviv‡jv `vwe Kiv hv‡”Q bv| eis GB
gyn~‡Z© me‡P‡q ¸iæZ¡c~Y© welq n‡jv hZfv‡e m¤¢e KvR Pvwj‡q
hvIqv Ges mwVK cÖ‡kœi DËi †LuvRv|
BwZnv‡mi AwaKvsk Ry‡oB Av‡Q e‡ov e‡ov gbxlxi
Av`‡k©i K_v, exi †hv×v‡ì mvn‡mi K_v, avwg©K mbœ¨vmx‡ì
Z¨v‡Mi K_v Avi ¸Yx wkíx‡ì m„RbkxjZvi K_v| BwZnvm
†_‡K Rvbv hvqÑ Kxfv‡e mgvR M‡o I‡V, Kxfv‡e Zv Avevi
†f‡O c‡o, Kxfv‡e e‡ov e‡ov ivR¨ •Zwi n‡q Avevi GKw`b
aŸsm n‡q hvq, Kxfv‡e bZzb bZzb Avwe®‥vi nq, Kxfv‡e bZzb
cÖhyw³ Qwo‡q c‡o meLv‡b| A_P ÿz`ª e¨w³gvby‡li myL-`yt‡Li
K_v¸‡jvi †mLv‡b VuvB nq bv| †mLv‡b i‡q †M‡Q wekvj GK
k~b¨¯ vb| †mB k~b¨¯ vb c~iY Kivi GLbB mgq|
567
Aa¨vq 20
†mwc‡q‡Ýi †k‡li ïiæ
c`v_©weÁvb †_‡K imvqb, Zvici RxeweÁvb Ges Gi DËim~wi
wn‡m‡e gvby‡li BwZnvm‡K cwiPq Kwi‡q †Ìqvi gva¨‡g GB
eBwUi m~Pbv| Avi me RxweZ mËvi g‡Zv gvby‡li RxebI
wbqš¿Y K‡i GKB cÖvK…wZK kw³, ivmvqwbK wewµqv I cÖvK…wZK
wbe©vPbc×wZ| cÖvK…wZK wbe©vPb nq‡Zv gvbyl‡K Ab¨ me cÖvYxi
†_‡K e„nËi †ÿ‡Î wePi‡Yi my‡hvM K‡i w`‡q‡Q wKš‧ †m
wePi‡Yi mxgv‡iLvI wKš‧ Amxg bq| hvi Kvi‡Y, A‡bK †Póv
Ges AmsL¨ AR©b m‡Ë¡I gvbyl GZw`‡bI Zvi kvixwiK
mxgve×Zv‡K AwZµg Ki‡Z cv‡iwb|
Aek¨, AvR GKwesk kZ‡Ki ïiæ‡Z G‡m gvbyl Zvi
kvixwiK GB mxgve×Zv AwZµ‡gi ØvicÖv‡šÍ G‡m ùvwo‡q‡Q|
cÖvK…wZK wbe©vP‡bi GZw`‡bi wbqš¿Ynxb bKkv‡K †f‡O gvbyl
Zvi eyw× w`‡q •Zwi Ki‡Q weeZ©‡bi bZzb bKkv|
cÖvq 400 †KvwU eQi a‡i, c„w_exi cÖwZwU cÖv‡Yi weeZ©b
N‡U‡Q ÔcÖvK…wZK wbe©vPbÕ-Gi gva¨‡g| eyw×gvb mªóvi •Zwi Kiv
†Kv‡bv bKkvB cÖvK…wZK weeZ©‡bi GB wbqg‡K mwi‡q w`‡Z
cv‡iwb| wRiv‡di c~e©cyiæl‡ì‡K DuPz Wvj †_‡K Lvevi †c‡o
LvIqvi Rb¨ cÖwZ‡hvwMZv Ki‡Z n‡Zv e‡jB AvR‡Ki wRiv‡di
Mjv GZ j¤^v, †Kv‡bv eyw×gvb mËvi Lvg‡Lqvwj bKkvi Kvi‡Y
bq| wRiv‡di c~e©cyiæl‡ì g‡a¨ hv‡ì Mjv j¤^v wQj Zviv
Ab¨‡ì Zzjbvq †ewk Lvevi msMÖn Ki‡Z cviZ| d‡j, Zv‡ì
mšÍvb Rb¥ †Ìqvi Ges Zv‡ì Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq Lv‡`ï †RvMvb
†Ìqvi my‡hvMI wQj †ewk| wRivd †Zv bqB, Ab¨ †Kv‡bv eyw×gvb
mËvI wbðqB KL‡bv e‡jwb, ÔBm, wRiv‡di MjvUv A‡bKLvwb j¤^v
568
K‡i w`‡j †ePviv Mv‡Qi gMWvj †_‡K cvZv¸‡jv Aviv‡g wPwe‡q
†L‡Z cviZ| w`B Ii MjvUv j¤^v K‡i|Õ WviDB‡bi Z‡Ë¡i
†m․›`h©Uv n‡jv, wRiv‡di j¤^v Mjvi KviY e¨vL¨v Kivi Rb¨ Zv‡K
†Kv‡bv eyw×gvb bKkvi K_v Kíbv Ki‡Z nq bv|
†KvwU †KvwU eQi a‡i, gvby‡li Kv‡Q †Kv‡bv eyw×gvb bKkvi
Aw¯ÍZ¡ wQj bv| KviY, Ggb †Kv‡bv eyw×gËviB mÜvb cvIqv
hvqwb, hvi c‡ÿ cÖwZwU e¯‧ I cÖvYxi ¯îƒ‡ci bKkv •Zwi Kiv
m¤¢e| wKQzw`b Av‡M ch©šÍI c„w_ex‡Z wU‡K _vKv GKgvÎ RxweZ
e¯‧ AYyRxe‡ì K_vB aiv hvK| wU‡K _vKvi Rb¨ G‡ìI Av‡Q
wKQz AmvaviY •ewkó¨| GKwU wbw`©ó cÖRvwZi kix‡i emevm Kiv
GKwU AYyRxe m¤ú~Y© wfbœ cÖRvwZi GKwU cÖvYxi wRbMZ •ewkó¨
Zvi †Kv‡li †fZi AvZ¥xKiY Ki‡Z cv‡i Ges AR©b Ki‡Z
cv‡i bZzb ÿgZv| bZzb bZzb A¨vw›Uev‡qvwU‡Ki weiæ‡×
cÖwZ‡iva M‡o †Zvjvi ÿgZv AYyRx‡ei GB bZzb ai‡bi ÿgZv
•Zwii GKwU D`vniY| wKš‧, GZ AmvaviY •ewkó¨ _vKv m‡Ë¡I
Avgiv hZ`~i Rvwb, AYyRx‡ei †Kv‡bv wbR¯^ wPšÍv-†PZbv †bB,
†bB Rxe‡bi †Kv‡bv jÿ¨ ev D‡Ïk¨ ev fwel¨‡Zi cwiKíbv
Kivi †Kv‡bv ÿgZv|
GKUv mg‡q G‡m wRivd, Wjwdb, wk¤úvwÄ I wbqvÛv_©v‡ji
g‡Zv cÖvYx¸‡jv weeZ©‡bi gva¨‡g wPšÍvfvebv I fwel¨r cwiKíbv
Kivi ÿgZv AR©b Kij| wKš‧, †mKv‡ji GKRb wbqvÛv_©vj
ÿzav †c‡j nvZ evwo‡q aiv hvqÑ GiKg †Kv‡bv bv`ymby`ym,
axiMwZi gyiwMi K_v Kíbv Ki‡Z cvi‡jI, GB Kíbv‡K
ev¯Íevqb Kiv Zvi c‡ÿ †Kv‡bvfv‡eB m¤¢e wQj bv| Zv‡K ÿzav
wbevi‡Yi Rb¨ cÖvK…wZKfv‡e weewZ©Z nIqv eb¨ cvwL wkKv‡ii
IciB wbf©i Ki‡Z n‡Zv|
AvR †_‡K cÖvq 10 nvRvi eQi Av‡M, K…wlwecø‡ei mgq †_‡K
cÖK…wZi Ici gvby‡li GB Amnvq wbf©ikxj Ae¯ vi cwieZ©‡bi
m~Pbv n‡jv| †hme gvbyl GZw`b bv`ymby`ym, axiMwZi gyiwMi K_v
Kíbv KiZ, Zviv Avwe®‥vi Kij †h, hw` Zviv me‡P‡q †gvUv‡mvUv
gyiwMUvi m‡½ me‡P‡q Ajm, axiMwZi gyiwMwUi cÖRbb NUvq,
569
Zvn‡j Zv‡ì Drcvw`Z mšÍv‡bi GKB m‡½ †gvUv Ges Ajm
nIqvi m¤¢vebv _v‡K| GBfv‡e Drcbœ ev”Pv¸‡jv e‡ov nIqvi ci
hw` Zv‡ì wb‡R‡ì g‡a¨ cÖRbb NUv‡bv hvq, Zvn‡j Av‡iv A‡bK
†gvUv‡mvUv, Ajm cvwLi Rb¥ nIqv m¤¢e| GBfv‡e Rb¥ wbj
gyiwMi Ggb GK bZzb cÖRvwZ, cÖvK…wZK weeZ©b hv‡K •Zwi K‡iwb,
hvi Rb¥ n‡q‡Q GKwU eyw×gvb cÖvYxi •Zwi Kiv bKkv †_‡K| GB
eyw×gvb mËvwU †Kv‡bv †èZv ev Ckî bb, GB cÖvYxwUi bvg gvbyl|
wKš‧, GZ wKQz m‡Ë¡I me©kw³gvb Ck^‡ii Zzjbvq bZzb
cÖRvwZi Rx‡ei bKkv •Zwi‡Z gvby‡li GB ÿgZv wQj LyeB
bMY¨| gvbyl gyiwMi cÖRbb‡K wbqš¿‡Yi gva¨‡g e‡ov‡Rvi wKQz
•ewkó¨‡K evo‡Z bv w`‡q Ges wKQz •ewkó¨‡K evovi my‡hvM w`‡q
cÖvK…wZK wbe©vP‡bi cÖwµqv‡K Z¡ivwš^Z Ki‡Z cviZ| wKš‧ gyiwMi
wR‡b Abycw¯ Z †Kv‡bv •ewkó¨‡K gyiwMi g‡a¨ Avbv Zv‡ì Rb¨
Am¤¢e wQj| Ab¨fv‡e ej‡Z †M‡j RxeRM‡Z gvbyl I gyiwMi
g‡aï GB m¤úK©, RxeRM‡Z Av‡M †_‡K we`¨gvb Av‡iv wKQz
m¤ú‡K©i †_‡K Lye †ewk Avjv`v wKQz wQj bv| †g․gvwQ †hgb
civMvq‡bi Rb¨ D¾¡j I iwOb dzj¸‡jv‡KB †e‡Q wb‡q Zv‡ì
eskwe¯Ív‡i mvnvh¨ K‡i, wVK †Zgwb gvbylI gyiwMi cÖRbbcÖwµqv
wbqš¿Y K‡i †ewk †ewk †gvUv‡mvUv I Ajm gyiwMi Rb¥ wbwðZ
K‡i‡Q|
400 †KvwU eQi a‡i wU‡K _vKv cÖvK…wZK weeZ©‡bi
AvwacZ¨ AvR m¤ú~Y© bZzb GK cÖwZØ›Øxi gy‡LvgywL| `ywbqv Ry‡o
weÁvbxiv M‡elYvMv‡iB •Zwi Ki‡Qb RxešÍ cÖvYx| Zuviv
AcÖwZ‡iva¨ MwZ‡Z, `ÿZvi m‡½ cÖvK…wZK weeZ©‡bi GZw`‡bi
wbqgKvbyb‡K †f‡OPz‡i cÖvYxi wewfbœ cÖRvwZi g‡a¨ Rb¥ w`‡”Qb
m¤ú~Y© bZzb •ewk‡óï| GWyqv‡W©v KvK (Eduardo Kac) bv‡gi
GKRb Rxe‡K․kj wkíx 2000 mv‡j GKwU bZzb wkíKg© •Zwii
cwiKíbv Ki‡jb| †mwU n‡jvÑ AÜKv‡i †d¬v‡iv‡m›U evwZi
g‡Zv K‡i R¡jv GKwU meyR RxešÍ Li‡Mvk| Gici, KvK GKwU
divwm M‡elYv cÖwZôv‡bi m‡½ †hvMv‡hvM Ki‡jb Ges Dchy³
m¤§vbxi wewbg‡q Zuvi cwiKíbvgvwdK Li‡Mvk •Zwii Rb¨
570
digvk w`‡jb| †mLvbKvi weÁvbxiv GKwU mvaviY mv`v
Li‡Mv‡ki åƒY wbe©vPb Ki‡jb, Zvici Zvi wWGbG‡Z meyR
i‡Oi Av‡jvR¡jv †Rwjwd‡mi wRb ms‡hvM Ki‡jb| g¨vwRK!
Rbve KvK, GB wbb Avcbvi Kvw•ÿZ Av‡jvR¡jv Li‡Mvk! KvK
Li‡MvkwUi bvg ivL‡jb ÔA¨vjevÕ|
cÖvK…wZK weeZ©‡bi wbqgKvbyb w`‡q ÔA¨vjevÕi g‡Zv
Li‡Mv‡ki Aw¯ÍZ¡ cÖgvY Kiv G‡Kev‡iB Am¤¢e| †m gvby‡li
eyw×gvb bKkvi dmj| GKB m‡½, fwel¨‡Zi c„w_ex‡Z eyw×gvb
bKkv w`‡q •Zwi †hme AMwYZ cÖvYxi Rb¥ n‡e, A¨vjev Zv‡ìB
AMÖ`~Z| hw` ÔA¨vjevÕi g‡Zv bZzb •ewkó¨m¤úbœ cÖvYxi ¸iæZ¡
cwic~Yi©~‡c Abyaveb Kiv m¤¢e nq Ges Zvi Av‡MB hw`
gvbeRvwZ c„w_exi eyK †_‡K wb‡R‡ì‡K wbwðý K‡i bv †d‡j,
Zvn‡j •eÁvwbK wecøe †Kej Av‡iKwU HwZnvwmK NUbv wn‡m‡e
mxgve× bv †_‡K Av‡iv A‡bK we¯Í…wZ jvf Ki‡e| GwU n‡Z
cv‡i c„w_ex‡Z cÖv‡Yi Avwef©v‡ei ci †_‡K NUv me‡P‡q e‡ov
Rxe‣eÁvwbK wecøe| cÖvK…wZK weeZ©‡bi 400 †KvwU eQi c‡i,
ÔA¨vjevÕ GKwU bZzb gnvRvMwZK hy‡Mi ØvicÖv‡šÍ ùvwo‡q Av‡Q,
†h hy‡M Rxeb‡K wbqš¿Y Ki‡e eyw×gvb bKkv| hw` mwZ¨B †m
hy‡Mi m~Pbv nq, Z‡e Zvi Av‡MKvi c„w_exi mg¯Í BwZnvm‡KB
g‡b n‡Z cv‡i c„w_ex‡Z bvbv iKg Rxeb fvOv-Movi GKUv
†Ljv gvÎ| gnvRvMwZK MwÐ‡Z †hLv‡b GiKg GKwU cÖwµqv
eyS‡Z †KvwU †KvwU eQi †j‡M hvq, †hLv‡b gvbyl gvÎ K‡qK
nvRvi eQ‡i †m in‡mï wKbviv K‡i †dj‡e|
Z‡e GB Ôeyw×gvb bKkvÕ (Intelligent Design) ZË¡ c„w_ex
Ry‡o RxeweÁvbx‡ì †iv‡li wkKvi n‡”Q| KviY GKw`‡K GB
ZË¡ WviDB‡bi cÖPwjZ cÖvK…wZK wbe©vPb Z‡Ë¡i we‡ivax,
Ab¨w`‡K GB ZË¡ Avm‡j GUvB cÖgvY Ki‡Z Pvq †h, GB me
RwUj •RweK bKkv Avm‡j †Kv‡bv GK eyw×gvb mªóvi
c~e©cwiKíbviB dj| nu¨v, GZw`b ch©šÍ hv hv N‡U‡Q †mm‡ei
†ÿ‡Î RxeweÁvbx‡ì K_vB wVK| wKš‧ GB eyw×gvb bKkv wb‡q
571
gvby‡li KvR †hfv‡e GwM‡q hv‡”Q Zv‡Z A`~i fwel¨‡Z nq‡Zv
GB bZzb ZË¡‡K †g‡b †bIqv Qvov Dcvq _vK‡e bv|
c„w_ex Ry‡o RxeweÁvbxiv ÔBb‡Uwj‡R›U wWRvBbÕ Z‡Ë¡i
we‡ivwaZvq gË| GB ZË¡ Abyhvqx c„w_exi RxeRM‡Zi AšÍnxb
•ewPÎ¨ Ges RwUjZv Bw½Z †`q †h, Gme m„wói †cQ‡b GKRb
gnvb eyw×gvb mªóvi nvZ Av‡Q, Zvi bKkv‡ZB Gme •Zwi
n‡q‡Q| GB aviYv WviDB‡bi ÔcÖvK…wZK weeZ©bÕ Z‡Ë¡i m¤ú~Y©
we‡ivax| ÔBb‡Uwj‡R›U wWRvBbÕ Gi wecix‡Z weÁvbx‡ì GB
aviYv nq‡Zv GLb ch©šÍ c„w_ex‡Z weKvk jvf Kiv RxeKz‡ji
Rb¨ cÖ‡hvR¨, wKš‧ nq‡Zv AvMvgxi c„w_ex‡Z D™¢e nIqv
RxeKz‡ji †cQ‡b _vK‡e †Kv‡bv eyw×gvb cÖvYxi bKkv| ZLb, †m
mg‡qi RxeKz‡ji Rb¨ ÔBb‡Uwj‡R›U wWRvBbÕ ZË¡ †g‡b †bIqv
Qvov Zv‡ì †Kv‡bv Dcvq _vK‡e bv|
GLb ch©šÍ, Ôeyw×gvb bKkvÕ wZbfv‡e ÔcÖvK…wZK weeZ©bÕ‡K
cÖwZ¯ vcb Ki‡Z cv‡iÑ Rxe‣eÁvwbK cÖ‡K․k‡ji eënv‡ii
gva¨‡g, mvBeM© (mvBeM© n‡jv •Re I A‣Re Ask †Rvov w`‡q
•Zwi mËv) •Zwii gva¨‡g ev hvwš¿K Rxe •Zwii gva¨‡g|
Bu`yi I gvbyl
Rxe‣eÁvwbK cÖ‡K․kj n‡jv gvby‡li m‡PZb ZrciZvi gva¨‡g
†Kv‡bv Rxe‡K Kv‡Ki wkíK‡g©i g‡Zv †Kv‡bv wbw`©ó mvs¯‥…wZK
aviYv Dcjwä Kivi Dc‡hvMx K‡i M‡o †Zvjvi j‡ÿ¨ RxewUi
†Kv‡bv •RweK cwieZ©b NwU‡q (†hgb GKwU bZzb wRb cÖ‡ek
Kwi‡q) Zvi AvKvi, AvK…wZ, mÿgZv, Pvwn`v wKsev evmbv e`‡j
†Ìqvi GKwU c×wZ|
Aek¨ Rxe‣eÁvwbK cÖ‡K․kj bZzb †Kv‡bv welq bq| nvRvi
nvRvi eQi a‡i gvbyl wb‡Ri Ges Ab¨vb¨ RxeKz‡ji cwieZ©b
mvab Kivi Rb¨ GB cÖhyw³ eënvi K‡i Avm‡Q| bcysmK K‡i
†Ìqvi NUbvwU G e¨vcv‡i GKwU mnR D`vniY n‡Z cv‡i|
gvbyl cÖvq 10 nvRvi eQi a‡i Gu‡o †Mviæ •Zwii Rb¨ luvo‡K
572
†LvRv K‡i Avm‡Q| Gu‡o †Mviæ lvu‡oi †_‡K A‡cÿvK…Z kvšÍ I
w¯ i, ZvB Zv‡K w`‡q gv‡Vi jvOj Uvbv‡bv mnR| GgbwK
D”PMÖv‡gi myKÉx MvqK wKsev ivRv-ev`kv‡ni nv‡ig ev AšÍtcyi
cvnviv †Ìqvi Rb¨ gvbyl A‡bKKvj Av‡M †_‡KB wbR cÖRvwZi
ZiæY †Q‡j‡ìI †LvRv K‡i Avm‡Q|
wKš‧, Rx‡ei Kvh©cÖYvwj m¤ú‡K© AwR©Z mv¤cÖwZK Ávb
eZ©gv‡bi gvby‡li Rb¨ Ggb bZzb bZzb m¤¢vebvi Øvi D‡b¥vPb
Ki‡Q, hv Av‡Mi w`‡bi gvby‡li c‡ÿ Kíbv KivI m¤¢e wQj bv|
gvbyl Kv‡R jvMv‡”Q †Kvlxq GgbwK wbDwK¬qvi ch©v‡q Rx‡ei
kvixiZ‡Ë¡i LyuwUbvwU| D`vniY wn‡m‡e ejv hvq, AvR‡Ki w`‡bi
gvbyl †Kej Ab¨ gvbyl‡K bcysmK evbv‡Z cv‡i Zv-B bq, eis
PvB‡j Zvi A‡¯¿vcPvi Ges ni‡gvb wPwKrmvi gva¨‡g Zvi
wj½MZ cwiPqB cvj‡U w`‡Z cv‡i| GLv‡bB wKš‧ M‡íi †kl
bq| †f‡e †`Lyb, 1996 mv‡ji †Uwjwfkb I cwÎKvq wb‡Pi
QwewU cÖKvwkZ n‡j c„w_exi gvby‡li g‡a¨ †mUv KZLvwb we¯§q,
weiw³ Ges D‡Ø‡Mi Rb¥ w`‡qwQj|
46| weÁvbxiv †Mviæi ZiæYvw¯ i †Kvl w`‡q GKwU Bu`y‡ii wc‡V GKwU Kvb •Zwi
K‡i‡Qb| GUv †hb eûKvj Av‡M ÷¨v‡Wj ¸nvq •Zwi wmsngvb‡ei g~wZ©i ev¯Íe
iƒc| 30 nvRvi eQi Av‡M gvbyl bvbv iKg Rx‡ei A½cÖZ¨‡½i wg‡kj NwU‡q
bZzb Rxe •Zwii K_v †Kej Kíbv‡ZB fve‡Z cviZ| AvR, gvbyl ev¯Íe RM‡ZB
•Zwi Ki‡Z cv‡i myKgz v‡ii nuvmRviæ‡K|
573
GB QwewU wKš‧ Puv‡ì g‡a¨ mvC`xi Qwei g‡Zv K‡i
d‡Uvk‡c •Zwi Kiv nqwb| GUv GKUv cy‡ivcywi AweK…Z Avmj
Bu`y‡ii Qwe, hvi wc‡V weÁvbxiv †Mviæi KvwU©‡jR †Kvl ¯ vcb
K‡iwQ‡jb| weÁvbxiv GB †Kvl¸‡jv †_‡K Drcbœ Kjvi e„w×
wbqš¿Y Ki‡Z †c‡i‡Qb Ges Zv‡K M‡o Zz‡j‡Qb gvby‡li Kv‡bi
AvKv‡i| GB cÖwµqv nq‡Zv wkMwMiB weÁvbx‡ì‡K K…wÎg
•RweK Kvb •Zwi‡Z mnvqZv Ki‡e, hv nq‡Zv AwP‡iB ¯ vcb
Kiv n‡e Avgv‡ì kix‡i|1
GgbwK, wRbMZ cÖ‡K․kj‡K Kv‡R jvwM‡q fwel¨‡Z Gi
†P‡qI A‡bK †ewk Avðh©RbK, AmsL¨ hyMvšÍKvix Avwe®‥vi Kiv
m¤¢e| †m Kvi‡YB, weÁv‡bi G kvLvwU bxwZMZ, ivR‣bwZK Ges
Av`wk©K w`K †_‡K Rb¥ w`‡q‡Q AmsL¨ cÖ‡kœi| ïay †h
G‡Kkîev`x, ag©civqY gvbylivB G‡K Ô†Lv`vi Ici †Lv`KvwiÕ
fve‡Qb GgbUv bq| A‡bK ¯^xK…Z bvw¯ÍK e¨w³ivI G‡K
Avk¼vi †Pv‡L †`L‡Qb| Gme e¨vcvi‡K Zviv †`L‡Qb cÖK…wZi
wbR¯^ wbq‡gi Ici weÁvbx‡ì n¯Í‡ÿc wn‡m‡e| cÖvYx AwaKvi
wb‡q †mv”Pvi Kg©xiv Gme M‡elYvi Rb¨ eëüZ cÖvYx‡ì Ici
Pvjv‡bv KóKi, AgvbweK cixÿv-wbixÿvi e¨vcv‡i †mv”Pvi
n‡q‡Qb, cÖvYx‡ì ¯^vfvweK B”Qv I Pvwn`v‡K AMÖvn¨ K‡i ïay
Drcv`b evov‡bvi Rb¨ Lvgv‡i Zv‡ì jvjbcvj‡bi c×wZ wb‡q
cÖwZev` Rvbv‡”Qb Zuviv| gvbevwaKvi Kg©xiv Avk¼v Ki‡Qb,
wRbMZ cÖ‡K․k‡ji DbœwZ GKw`b •Zwi Ki‡e Ômycvig¨vbÕ, ZLb
evwK gvbyl‡ì Ô`vmÕ nIqv Qvov Avi †Kv‡bv Dcvq _vK‡e bv|
†R‡iwgqvbiv •Re-GKbvq‡Ki K_v Kíbv Ki‡Qb, hviv •Zwi
Ki‡Z cvi‡e GKB iK‡gi AmsL¨ fqnxb †hv×v Ges AbyMZ
Kg©x| gvby‡li aŸsm ZLb AeavwiZ n‡q co‡e| gvby‡li
mgwóMZ mvaviY aviYv n‡jv, ûU K‡i wRbMZ cwieZ©b NwU‡q
bZzb bZzb Rxe •Zwi ev cwieZ©b Kivi ÿgZv gvby‡li hZUv
†e‡o‡Q, GB ÿgZv‡K mwVKfv‡e eënv‡ii Ávb Ges Gi
fwel¨r cÖfve m¤ú‡K© mwVKfv‡e aviYv Kivi ÿgZv gvby‡li
ZZUv ev‡owb|
574
d‡j, wRbMZ cÖ‡K․k‡ji Acvi m¤¢vebvi KYvgvÎB Avgiv
eZ©gv‡b eënvi Ki‡Z cviwQ| g~jZ Dw™¢`, QÎvK, e¨vK‡Uwiqv
I †cvKvgvK‡oi g‡Zv ivR‣bwZKfv‡e ¸iæZ¡nxb Rxe¸‡jv‡KB
eZ©gv‡b G cÖwµqvq •Zwi Kiv n‡”Q| D`vniY¯îƒc, Avgv‡ì
A‡š¿ emevmKvix B-†KvjvB (E. coli) e¨vK‡Uwiqvi K_v K_v aiv
hvK| AZx‡Z B-†KvjvB‡qi msµg‡Y A‡bK bvbv iKg
†ivMe¨vwa †`Lv †M‡jI eZ©gv‡b Gi wRbMZ iƒcvšÍ‡ii gva¨‡g
•Re R¡vjvwb •Zwi‡Z G‡K eënvi Kiv n‡”Q|2 B-†KvjvB I
QÎv‡Ki wKQz RvZ‡K iƒcvšÍ‡ii gva¨‡g Bbmywjb •Zwi Dc‡hvMx
K‡i †Zvjv †M‡Q|3 hvi d‡j Kgv‡bv m¤¢e n‡q‡Q Wvqv‡ewUm
wPwKrmvi LiP| †giæ AÂ‡ji gv‡Qi GKwU wRb‡K Avjyi wR‡b
mshy³ Kivi d‡j m¤¢e n‡”Q kxZmwnòz Avjyi Rv‡Zi D™¢veb|4
G Qvov wKQz ¯Íb¨cvqx cÖvYx‡K GB wRbMZ cÖ‡K․k‡ji
AvIZvq Avbv n‡q‡Q| cÖwZeQi g¨vmUvBwUm (Mastitis) bv‡gi
GKwU †iv‡Mi Kvi‡Y Mevw`cï wk‡íi †KvwU †KvwU UvKv
†jvKmvb nq| g¨vmUvBwUm †ivMwU `ya cÖ`vbKvix Mvwfi Ijv‡bi
†ivM| weÁvbxiv eZ©gv‡b iƒcvšÍwiZ wR‡bi †Mviæ‡ì wb‡q
M‡elYv Ki‡Qb, hv‡ì `y‡a _vK‡e jvB‡mv÷¨vwdb
(Lysostaphin), GKwU •Re ivmvqwbK hv g¨vmUvBwUm †iv‡Mi
Rb¨ Rb¨ `vqx e¨vK‡Uwiqv‡K AvµgY Ki‡Z cv‡i|5 B`vbxs
mevB k~K‡ii gvs‡m _vKv A¯^v¯ ¨Ki Pwei© e¨vcv‡i m‡PZb
nIqvq k~K‡ii gvs‡mi eëmvqxiv wec‡` Av‡Qb| Zuv‡ì Rb¨
myLei n‡jv, weÁvbxiv eZ©gv‡b GKwU ciRxex †cvKv †_‡K
†bIqv wRb k~K‡ii kix‡i ¯ vcb K‡i wKQz cixÿv-wbixÿv
Ki‡Qb| cixÿv mdj n‡j GB bZzb wRb k~K‡ii gvs‡mi
ÿwZKi I‡gMv 6 d¨vwU wmW‡K Zvi DcKvix ÁvwZfvB I‡gMv
3-G iƒcvšÍwiZ Ki‡Z cvi‡e|6 Avi gvby‡li k~K‡ii gvsm
LvIqv wb‡q †Kv‡bv `ywðšÍv _vK‡e bv|
wRbMZ cÖ‡K․k‡ji cieZ©x cÖR‡b¥ DcKvix Pwe©msewjZ
k~Ki •Zwii e¨vcviwU †Q‡j‡Ljv n‡q ùvov‡e| wRbweÁvbxiv
†Kej †h ciRxex‡ì Mo Avqy Qq ¸Y evwo‡q‡Qb Zv-B bq,
575
Zviv †P․Km Bu`yi •Zwi‡ZI mÿg n‡q‡Qb, hv‡ì ¯§„wZkw³ I
†kLvi ÿgZv mvaviY Bu`y‡ii †_‡K A‡bK †ewk| †bswU Bu`yi
n‡jv †Qv‡Uv †jRIqvjv, bv`ymby`ym Bu`y‡ii GKwU cÖKiY Ges
G‡ì †ewkifvM cÖRvwZiB †h․bZvi †ÿ‡Î †Kv‡bv evQwePvi
†bB|7 wKš‧ weÁvbxiv †bswU Bu`y‡ii Ggb GKwU cÖRvwZi mÜvb
†c‡q‡Qb, hviv wecixZ wj‡½i gvÎ GKR‡bi m‡½ `xN©¯ vqx Ges
wek^¯Í †h․b m¤úK© eRvq iv‡L| weÁvbxiv `vwe Ki‡Qb, Zuviv
Bu`y‡ii GB GKR‡bi m‡½ m¤úK© ivLvi Rb¨ `vqx wRb‡K wPwýZ
Ki‡Z mÿg n‡q‡Qb| GKwU †¯^”QvPvix, eûMvgx †bswU Bu`y‡ii
kix‡i GB wRbwU mshy³ Kiv n‡j †m hw` GKwU GKMvgx, ¯¿x
Abyi³ †bswU Bu`y‡i cwiYZ nq, ZLb ÔwRbMZ cwieZ©‡bi
gva¨‡g †Kej Bu`yi I gvbyl bZzb kvixwiK •ewkó¨B AR©b K‡i
bv eis Gi gva¨‡g Zv‡ì mvgvwRK KvVv‡gvI wbqš¿Y Kiv
m¤¢eÕÑ GgbUv `vwe KivUv wK Lye †ewk AmsMZ n‡e?8
wd‡i Avm‡e wbqvÛv_©vj

wKš‧ wRbweÁvbxiv †Kej RxweZ cÖvwYKz‡ji cwieZ©b mvab
Ki‡Z Pvb, GgbUv bq| Zviv wejyß n‡q hvIqv cÖvYx‡ìI
D×v‡ii †Póv K‡ib| RyivwmK cvK© wm‡bgvi WvB‡bvmiB †h
D×vi ZvwjKvi GKgvÎ m`m¨, GgbUv bq| ivwkqv, Rvcvb I
†Kvwiqvi weÁvbxiv m¤cÖwZ mvB‡ewiqvi ei‡d R‡g _vKv GKwU
cÖvPxb g¨vg‡_i wR‡bi m¤ú~Y© MVb Rvb‡Z †c‡i‡Qb| eZ©gv‡b
Zviv AvR‡Ki w`‡bi GKwU nvwZi wbwl³ wW¤^vYy wb‡q, Zvi g‡a¨
nvwZi wWGbG‡K bZzb •Zwi g¨vg‡_i wWGbG w`‡q cÖwZ¯ vcb
Ki‡Z PvB‡Qb| Gici GB cÖwZ¯ vwcZ wWGbGi wW¤^vYy‡K Zuviv
nvwZi M‡f© ¯ vcb Ki‡eb| mewKQz wVKVvK _vK‡j 22 gvm ci
MZ 5 nvRvi eQ‡ii g‡a¨ cÖ_g g¨vg‡_i Rb¥ n‡e c„w_ex‡Z|9
wKš‧, gvbyl †Kej g¨vg‡_B mxgve× _vK‡e †Kb? nvf©vW©
wek^we`¨vj‡qi Aa¨vcK RR© PvP© m¤cÖwZ cÖ¯Íve K‡i‡Qb,
wbqvÛv_©vj wR‡bvg cÖ‡R± †h‡nZz m¤úbœ n‡q‡Q, Avgiv GLb
576
PvB‡jB g¨vg‡_i g‡Zv GKwU beMwVZ wbqvÛv_©vj wWGbG mshy³
GKwU wW¤^vYy gvby‡li Mf©vk‡q ¯ vcb Ki‡Z cvwi| Avi GUv
Ki‡Z cvi‡j MZ 30 nvRvi eQ‡ii g‡a¨ c„w_ex cÖ_gev‡ii
g‡Zv GKwU wbqvÛv_©vj wkïi gyL †`L‡e| PvP© `vwe K‡i‡Qb,
gvÎ 30 wgwjqb Wjvi †c‡jB wZwb GB Kv‡Ri `vwqZ¡ wb‡Z
ivwR Av‡Qb| K‡qKRb bvixI GB Kv‡Ri Rb¨ †¯^”Qvq, webv
cvwikÖwg‡K Zv‡ì Mf©vkq eënv‡ii m¤§wZ Ávcb K‡i‡Qb|10
wKš‧ GZw`b ci wbqvÛv_©vj w`‡q Avgiv Kx Kie? A‡b‡K
`vwe K‡ib, Avgiv hw` mwZ¨Kv‡ii, RxweZ wbqvÛv_©vj wb‡q
M‡elYv Ki‡Z cvwi, Z‡e †nv‡gv †mwc‡q‡Ýi ¯^vZš¿¨ ev
AmvaviYZ¡ wb‡q eû eQi a‡i P‡j Avmv A‡bK A¯^w¯ÍKi cÖ‡kœi
DËi Avgiv w`‡Z cvie| GKwU wbqvÛv_©v‡ji m‡½ GKwU †nv‡gv
†mwc‡q‡Ýi gw¯Í‡®‥i Zzjbv K‡i Avgiv nq‡Zv eyS‡Z cvie,
†Kvb •RweK cÖwµqv Avgv‡ì Abyf‚wZ, †PZbv Gm‡ei Rb¨
`vqx| Ges GLv‡b GKwU •bwZK `vqe×ZviI e¨vcvi Av‡Q|
A‡b‡KB `vwe K‡ib, †nv‡gv †mwc‡qÝ Z_v AvgivB
wbqvÛv_©vj‡ì wejywßi Rb¨ `vqx| †mUv hw` mwZ¨ nq, Zvn‡j
Zv‡ì bZzb K‡i c„w_ex‡Z wdwi‡q Avbvi `vwqZ¡I Avgv‡ì
IciB eZ©vq| AvR‡Ki gvby‡li mgv‡R wbqvÛv_©vj Ab¨fv‡eI
mnvqK n‡Z cv‡i| A‡bK wkícwZB Zv‡ì KviLvbvq
wbqvÛv_©vj‡ì wb‡Z PvB‡eb| KviY, Zviv nq‡Zv GKRb
wbqvÛv_©vj‡K †eZb †Ìqvi gva¨‡g Zv‡K w`‡q `yRb
†mwc‡q‡Ýi mgvb KvR Kwi‡q wb‡Z cvi‡eb|
wKš‧ ïay wbqvÛv_©v‡jB †_‡g _vK‡j Pj‡e †Kb? Gici wK
Avgiv PvBe bv Ck^‡ii evbv‡bv gvby‡li bKkv •Zwii
†L‡ivLvZvq nvZ ivL‡Z Avi †mB bKkvi DbœwZ NwU‡q DbœZZi
†mwc‡qÝ •Zwi Ki‡Z? gvby‡li me iKg mvg_©¨, Pvwn`v I
Kvgbvi GKwU wRbMZ wfwË we`¨gvb Ges gvby‡li wRbMZ
cwiPq †bswU Bu`y‡ii †_‡K Lye †ewk RwUj bq| Bu`y‡ii wR‡bv‡g
250 †KvwU wbDwK¬I‡em _v‡K, †hLv‡b gvby‡li wR‡bv‡g _v‡K
290 †KvwU †em, Zvi gv‡b gvby‡li wRbwfwËK cwiwPwZi ZvwjKv
577
Bu`y‡ii wRbwfwËK cwiP‡qi †_‡K gvÎ 14 kZvsk e‡ov| 11
eZ©gvb kZ‡Ki gvSvgvwS mg‡qi w`‡K A_©vr Avi gvÎ K‡qK
`kK c‡i wRbMZ cÖ‡K․kj I •Re cÖ‡K․k‡ji Ab¨vb¨
kvLv¸‡jv †Kej †h Avgv‡ì gb¯ÍË¡, †ivMcÖwZ‡ivaÿgZv I
cÖZ¨vwkZ Avqy evov‡bvi †ÿ‡Î •ecøweK cwieZ©‡bi m~Pbv Ki‡e
Zv-B bq, gvby‡li eyw×wfwËK Ges Av‡ewMK `ÿZvi cwieZ©‡bI
G‡ì _vK‡e D‡jøL‡hvM¨ Ae`vb| wRbMZ cÖ‡K․kj hw` †P․Km
Bu`yi •Zwi Ki‡Z cv‡I, Zvn‡j †P․Km gvbyl •Zwi‡Z evav
†Kv_vq? Avgiv hw` GKRb msMx‡Z mš‧ó †bswU Bu`yi •Zwi
Ki‡Z cvwi, Z‡e GKRb gvbylI Zvi GKMvwgZv wbwðZ Ki‡Z
wRbMZ cwieZ©‡bi GB my‡hvM †b‡e bv †Kb?
eyw×wfwËK wecøe †nv‡gv †mwcq‡Ýi gb¯ÍË¡ wKsev gw¯Í‡®‥i
evwn¨K AvKvi AvK…wZi †Kv‡bv iKg `„k¨gvb cwieZ©b QvovB
†mwc‡q‡Ýi g‡Zv GKwU ¸iæZ¡nxb bievbi cÖRvwZ‡K c„w_exi
cÖfz‡Z cwiYZ K‡i‡Q| cÖK…Zc‡ÿ, GB wekvj cU cwieZ©‡bi
Rb¨ gw¯Í‡®‥i KvVv‡gvi wKQz Af¨šÍixY cwieZ©bB h‡_ó wQj|
GiKg Av‡iKwU †Qv‡UvLv‡Uv cwieZ©bB nq‡Zv GKwU bZzb
eyw×wfwËK wecø‡ei m~Pbv Ki‡e, •Zwi Ki‡e m¤ú~Y© bZzb ai‡bi
eyw×gËv ev †PZbv, Avi †nv‡gv †mwc‡qÝ bvgK cÖRvwZwUi
†Lvjbj‡P cy‡ivcywi cvj‡U w`‡q •Zwi Ki‡e wfbœ ai‡bi †Kv‡bv
cÖRvwZ|
G K_v mZ¨, GBme cwieZ©‡bi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq eyw×wfwËK
DrKl© Avgiv GL‡bv AR©b Ki‡Z cvwiwb, wKš‧ fwel¨‡Zi
ÔAwZgvbeÕ •Zwii c‡_ Avgv‡ì mvg‡b `yj©•N¨ †Kv‡bv cÖhyw³MZ
evavI †Ìqvj n‡q ùvwo‡q †bB| g~jZ `vk©wbK I ivR‣bwZK
hyw³ZK© I evav¸‡jvB gvbyl‡K wb‡q M‡elYvi MwZ‡K LvwbKUv
gš i K‡i‡Q| G msµvšÍ `vk©wbK `vwe¸‡jv hZB hyw³msMZ
†nvK, gvby‡li mvg‡b hw` `xN©Zi Rxeb, RxebNvZx †iv‡Mi
wPwKrmv Ges Zvi eyw×wfwËK Ges Av‡ewMK `ÿZv e„w×i gyjv
†Svjv‡bv _v‡K, Zvn‡j Gme `vk©wbK evav gvbyl wb‡q M‡elYv‡K
Lye †ewk wejw¤^Z Ki‡Z cvi‡e e‡j g‡b nq bv|
578
Kx NU‡e hw` Avgiv hw` ¯§„wZåóZvRwbZ AmyL
Avj‡SBgv‡ii wPwKrmv wb‡q M‡elYv Ki‡Z wM‡q Ggb wKQz
Avwe®‥vi K‡i †dwj, hv my¯  gvbyl‡K AmvaviY ¯§„wZkw³ w`‡Z
cv‡i? gvby‡li c‡ÿ wK ZLb GB msµvšÍ M‡elYv ¯ wMZ ivLv
m¤¢e n‡e? GKevi hw` GB wPwKrmv Avwe®‥vi n‡qB hvq, ZLb
AvBb cÖ‡qvMKvix ms¯ v wK cvi‡e my¯  GKRb gvbyl‡K GB
wPwKrmv wb‡q AwZgvbexq ¯§„wZkw³i AwaKvix nIqv †_‡K weiZ
†i‡L †Kej Avj‡SBgvi †ivMx‡ì g‡a¨B Zvi eënvi mxgve×
ivL‡Z?
•RecÖ‡K․kj mwZ¨B c„w_exi ey‡K Avevi wbqvÛv_©vj‡ì wdwi‡q
Avb‡Z cvi‡e wK bv, †m e¨vcviwU GL‡bv A‡bKUvB A¯úó, Z‡e
GwU Lye m¤¢eZ c„w_ex‡Z †nv‡gv †mwc‡q‡Ýi bvU¨g‡Âi hewbKv †U‡b
†`‡e| bv, †nv‡gv †mwc‡q‡Ýi wRbMZ cwieZ©b †h Zvi •`wnK g„Zz¨
NUv‡e, GgbUv bq| wKš‧, wRb cwieZ©‡bi gva¨‡g Avgiv nq‡Zv
†nv‡gv †mwc‡qÝ‡K GZUvB cvj‡U †dje †h ZLb Avgv‡ì‡K †nv‡gv
†mwc‡qÝ e‡j WvKvUv A‡bK KwVb n‡q hv‡e|
hvwš¿K Rxeb
Av‡iKwU bZzb cÖhyw³ Rxe‡bi cÖPwjZ wbqgKvbyb‡K cvj‡U w`‡Z
cv‡i, †mUv n‡jvÑ mvBeM© cÖ‡K․kj (Cyborg Engineering)|
mvBeM© n‡jv gvbyl I h‡š¿i wg‡k‡j Mov GKai‡bi cÖvYx, †hgb
aiæb K…wÎg nvZIqvjv gvbyl| AvR‡Ki w`‡b Avgiv mK‡jB
Kg‡ewk Pkgv, K…wÎg ü`&hš¿, cv †mvRv ivLvi hš¿ GgbwK
Kw¤úDUvi Avi †gvevB‡ji mvnv‡h¨ (†k‡li `ywU Avgv‡ì
gw¯Í‡®‥i Ici †_‡K evowZ Kv‡Ri †evSv Kgvq) Avgv‡ì
Bw›`ª‡qi Kv‡Ri ÿgZv evwo‡q wb‡qwQ ev Bw›`ªq¸‡jvi Ici Pvc
Kwg‡qwQ| †m A‡_© AvgivI Kg‡ewk ev‡qvwbK (Bionic) gvbyl|
Avgiv GLb mvBe‡M© cwiYZ nIqvi ØvicÖv‡šÍ G‡m †cu․‡QwQ,
hLb A‣Re Ask¸‡jv Avgv‡ì kix‡ii Awe‡”Q`¨ As‡k cwiYZ
579
n‡e Ges e`‡j †`‡e Avgv‡ì Kg©ÿgZv, B”Qv, e¨w³Z¡ Ges
¯^Kxq cwiPq|
ÔwW‡dÝ A¨vWfvÝW wimvP© cÖ‡R±m G‡RwÝ (DARPA)Õ bv‡g
GKwU Av‡gwiKvb M‡elYv ms¯ v KxUcZ½‡K mvBeM© evbv‡bvi
†Póv Ki‡Q| Zv‡ì jÿ¨ n‡jv gvwQ ev †Zjv‡cvKvi kix‡i
B‡jKUªwbK wPc, kbv³Kvix hš¿ Ges cÖ‡mmi emv‡bvÑ hvi
gva¨‡g gvbyl ev †Kv‡bv hš¿PvwjZ Acv‡iU‡ii c‡ÿ `~i †_‡K
Gme KxUcZ‡½i PjvPj wbqš¿Y Kiv m¤¢e n‡e Ges
cZ½¸‡jv‡K Z_¨ msMÖn Ges mieiv‡ni Kv‡R eënvi Kiv
hv‡e| GiKg GKwU gvwQ mn‡RB kÎæNuvwUi †nW‡KvqvU©v‡m©i
†Ìqv‡j e‡m kÎæ‡ì †Mvcb cwiKíbvi K_v ï‡b †dj‡Z
cvi‡e Ges gvKomv ev Ab¨ †Kv‡bv cZ½ gvwQwU‡K †L‡q bv
†dj‡j †mme Z_¨ mn‡RB cÖwZc‡ÿi wkwe‡i mieivn Ki‡Z
cvi‡e|12 2006 mv‡j Av‡gwiKvi Ô†bfvj AvÛvi wm
Iqvi‡dqvi †m›Uvi (NUWC)Õ mvBeM© nvOi •Zwii †NvlYvq
RvbvqÑ ÔNUWC gv‡Qi gv_vq cÖwZ¯ vc‡bi Rb¨ GKwU U¨vM ev
hš¿ evbv‡”Q, hvi KvR n‡e gv‡Qi gw¯Í‡®‥i m‡½ †hvMv‡hvM iÿv
K‡i Zvi AvPiY wbqš¿‡Yi †Póv Kiv|Õ G cÖK‡íi D‡`¨v³viv
g‡b K‡ib, Gi gva¨‡g Zviv nvO‡ii cÖvK…wZKfv‡e AwR©Z
†P․¤^K‡ÿÎ kbv³ Kivi `ÿZv‡K Kv‡R jvwM‡q mvM‡ii
Zj‡`‡k mve‡gwib I †P․¤^K‡ÿÎ Øviv wbqwš¿Z †evgv kbv³
Ki‡Z mÿg n‡eb| nvO‡ii GB kbv³KiYÿgZv Kv‡R jvMv‡Z
cvi‡j †mUv gvbylwbwg©Z †h-†Kv‡bv kbv³Kvix h‡š¿i †_‡K
A‡bK fv‡jv djvdj †`‡e|13
†mwc‡qÝ wb‡RI ax‡i ax‡i cwiYZ n‡”Q mvBe‡M©| Kv‡b
†kvbvi mnvqK hš¿¸‡jvi g‡a¨ me‡P‡q AvaywbK¸‡jv‡K A‡bK
mgq Ôev‡qvwbK KvbÕ bv‡g AwfwnZ Kiv nq| GB hš¿¸‡jv
Kv‡bi m‡½ hy³ Kiv n‡j Zviv Kv‡bi ewnf©vM †_‡K GKwU
gvB‡µv‡dv‡bi mvnv‡h¨ kã †kv‡b| Zvici hš¿wU kã‡K †Qu‡K
Gi †_‡K gvby‡li kã‡K kbv³ K‡i Ges †mB kã‡K Zwor-
ms‡K‡Z iƒcvšÍwiZ K‡i mivmwi gvby‡li †K›`ªxq kãevnx mœvqy‡Z
580
cvwV‡q †`q, †mLvb †_‡K GB ms‡KZ mivmwi †cu․‡Q hvq
gw¯Í‡®‥|14
Ô†iwUbv Bgcø¨v›UÕ bv‡g miKvwi Aby`v‡b Pjv GKwU Rvg©vb
cÖwZôvb †Pv‡L emv‡bvi Rb¨ GKwU K…wÎg A½ •Zwi Ki‡Q †hwU
AÜ gvbyl‡K AvswkK `„wó w`‡Z mnvqZv Ki‡e| `„wónxb gvby‡li
†Pv‡Li †fZ‡i emv‡bv n‡e GKwU †Qv‡Uv gvB‡µvwPc| GB
gvB‡µvwP‡c emv‡bv Av‡jvK ms‡e`x †Kvl †Pv‡Li Ici cov
Av‡jv‡K cwiYZ Ki‡e •e`y¨wZK ms‡K‡Z, †hwU DÏxwcZ Ki‡e
†Pv‡Li †iwUbvi m‡½ mshy³ mœvhy‡Kvl¸‡jv‡K| Gme †Kv‡l •Zwi
nIqv DÏxcbv DÏxwcZ Ki‡e gw¯Í®‥‡K Ges †mLv‡b GB
ms‡KZ¸‡jv `„k¨vbyf‚wZ‡Z cwiYZ n‡e| eZ©gv‡b GB cÖhyw³
GKRb AÜ e¨w³‡K GKwU wbw`©ó ¯ v‡b Zvi wb‡Ri Ae¯ vb
kbv³ Ki‡Z, Aÿi wPb‡Z GgbwK gvby‡li gyL kbv³ Ki‡ZI
mvnvh¨ K‡i|15
2001 mv‡j †Rm mywjfvb bv‡gi GKRb Av‡gwiKvb
we`y¨rKg©x GK `yN©Ubvq Zvi `ywU nvZB nvivb| eZ©gv‡b wZwb
wkKv‡Mvi cybe©vmb †K‡›`ªi myev‡` `ywU K…wÎg nvZ eënvi K‡ib|
†R‡mi eënvi Kiv K…wÎg nvZ `y‡Uvi we‡kl •ewkó¨ n‡jv †Kej
gw¯Í‡®‥i wPšÍv w`‡qB †m¸‡jv‡K eënvi Kiv hvq| †R‡mi gw¯Í®‥
†_‡K Avmv mœvqweK ms‡KZ¸‡jv gvB‡µv-Kw¤úDUv‡ii gva¨‡g
•e`y¨wZK ms‡K‡Z cwiYZ nq Ges †m ms‡K‡Zi Ici wbf©i
K‡iB K…wÎg nvZ `y‡Uv bovPov K‡i| GKRb mvaviY gvbyl
GKwU nvZ IVv‡bvi mgq Ae‡PZb g‡b †hiKg fv‡eb, †RmI
GKB iKg wPšÍv K‡ib Ges Zvi nvZwU Ic‡i D‡V hvq| GB
K…wÎg nvZ `ywUi Kv‡Ri ÿgZv •RweK nv‡Zi Zzjbvq A‡bK
Kg, wKš‧ Zv w`‡qB †R‡mi •`bw›`b Rxe‡bi KvR P‡j hvq|
GiKgB GKwU ev‡qvwbK nvZ m¤cÖwZ K¬wWqv wg‡kj bvgK
GKRb Av‡gwiKvb •mwb‡Ki kix‡i mshy³ Kiv n‡q‡Q, whwb
GKwU †gvUimvB‡Kj `yN©Ubvq Zvi nvZ nvwi‡qwQ‡jb| weÁvbxiv
wek^vm K‡ib, Lye kxNªB K…wÎg nvZ ïay gvby‡li B”Qvg‡Zv
bovPov Ki‡Z cvi‡e Zv-B bq, K…wÎg nvZ gw¯Í‡®‥I ms‡KZ
581
†cu․‡Q w`‡Z cvi‡e| Zvi A_© n‡jv, GwU nvZ-cv nviv‡bv GKwU
gvbyl‡K †Kej Pj‡ZB mvnvh¨ Ki‡e bv, Zv‡K wdwi‡q †`‡e
¯ú‡k©i ¯^v`!16
47| †Rm mvwjfvb I K¬wWqv wg‡kj ci¯ú‡ii nvZ a‡i Av‡Q| Zv‡ì GB
hvwš¿K nv‡Zi we¯§qKi •ewkó¨ n‡jv, GUv cwiPvwjZ nq ïay wPšÍv w`‡q
eZ©gv‡b Gme ev‡qvwbK nvZ-cv‡qi ÿgZv Avgv‡ì ¯^vfvweK

•RweK nvZ-cv‡qi Zzjbvq bMY¨, wKš‧ GB ÿgZvi DbœwZi
m¤¢vebv Amxg| D`vniY¯îƒc, GKwU ev‡qvwbK nvZ‡K GZ †ewk
kw³kvjx K‡i †Zvjv m¤¢e †h GKRb bvgRv`v Kzw¯ÍwM‡ii nv‡Zi
kw³I Zvi Kv‡Q AZ¨šÍ bMY¨ e‡j g‡b n‡e| G QvovI
ev‡qvwbK nv‡Zi myweav n‡jv, K‡qK eQi ciciB G¸‡jv
cvjUv‡bv hvq, kixi †_‡K Ly‡j †i‡L `~i †_‡KI wbqš¿Y Kiv
hvq|
mv¤cÖwZK Kv‡j b_© K¨v‡ivjvBbvi wWDK wek^we`¨vj‡qi
weÁvbxiv GB `~i †_‡K wbqš¿Y Kivi e¨vcviwU‡K GKwU evb‡ii
gw¯Í‡®‥ B‡jK‡UªvW ewm‡q nv‡Z-Kj‡g †`wL‡q‡Qb|
B‡jK‡UªvW¸‡jv evb‡ii gw¯Í®‥ †_‡K ms‡KZ msMÖn K‡i Ab¨
h‡š¿ cvwV‡q †`q| evbi¸‡jv‡K wPšÍvi gva¨‡g kixi †_‡K
582
wew”Qbœ, ev‡qvwbK nvZ I cv bvovi Rb¨ cÖwkÿY †Ìqv nq|
A‡iviv bv‡g GiKg GKwU cÖwkÿYcÖvß evbi GKB mg‡q Zvi
`ywU •RweK nvZ bov‡bvi cvkvcvwk wPšÍv w`‡q `~‡i ivLv Av‡iKwU
ev‡qvwbK nvZ bvov wk‡L †d‡j| A‡bKUv wn›`y †è‡èxi g‡ZvB
A‡ivivi GLb `y‡Uv bq, wZbwU nvZ Ges Z…Zxq nvZwU _vK‡Z
cv‡i Ab¨ †Kv‡bv N‡i, GgbwK Ab¨ †Kv‡bv kn‡iI| †m b_©
K¨v‡ivjvBbvi M‡elYvMv‡i e‡m GKnv‡Z wcV Ges Ab¨ nv‡Z
gv_v PzjKv‡Z PzjKv‡Z GKB mg‡q Z…Zxq nvZ w`‡q wbD Bq‡K©
Kjv Pzwi Ki‡Z cv‡i (hwÌ `~‡ii nv‡Zi GB Pzwi Kiv Kjv `~i
†_‡KB Lvevi cÖwµqvwU GL‡bv gvby‡li ¯^cœB i‡q †M‡Q)| 2008
mv‡j B‡Wvqv bv‡gi GiKg Av‡iKwU evbi b_© K¨v‡ivjvBbvi
†Pqvi e‡m Rvcv‡bi, wK‡qv‡U‡Z ivLv ev‡qvwbK cv bvov‡bvi
gva¨‡g `ywbqv‡Rvov L¨vwZ AR©b K‡i| GB ev‡qvwbK cv¸‡jvi
IRb wQj B‡Wvqvi kix‡ii IR‡bi cÖvq 20 ¸Y|17
ÒjKW-Bb wmb‡W«vgÓ (Locked-in Syndrome) n‡jv Ggb
GKwU Ae¯ v hLb gvby‡li gw¯Í®‥ Kg©ÿg _vK‡jI gvbyl Zv‡ì
kix‡ii A½cÖZ¨½ bvov‡bvi me iKg ev cÖvq me ÿgZvB nvwi‡q
†d‡j| GLb ch©šÍ GB wmb‡W«v‡g †fvMv †ivMxiv †Kej †Pv‡Li
gwYi mvgvb¨ bovPovi gva¨‡gB evB‡ii `ywbqvi m‡½ †hvMv‡hvM
Ki‡Z mÿg n‡q‡Qb| GiKg wKQz †ivMxi gw¯Í‡®‥ ms‡KZ
msMÖvnK B‡jK‡UªvW ewm‡q cixÿv-wbixÿv Kiv n‡q‡Q| †Póv Kiv
n‡q‡Q gw¯Í‡®‥i ms‡KZ‡K †Kej hvwš¿K nv‡Zi g‡Zv evwn¨K
e¯‧i bovPovi g‡a¨ mxgve× bv †i‡L Zv‡K k‡ãI iƒc †Ìqvi|
GiKg cÖ‡Póv mdj n‡j, jKW-Bb wmb‡W«v‡gi †ivMxiv mivmwi
evB‡ii `ywbqvi m‡½ K_v ej‡Z cvi‡eb Ges ZLb Avgiv
gvby‡li g‡bi K_v c‡o †djvi †ÿ‡ÎI GB cÖhyw³ eënvi
Ki‡Z cvie|18
GB ai‡bi ev¯Íevqbvaxb cÖKí¸‡jvi g‡a¨ me‡P‡q •ecøweK
n‡jv gw¯Í®‥ Avi Kw¤úDUv‡ii g‡a¨ mivmwi Z_¨ Av`vb-cÖ`vb
c×wZ Avwe®‥v‡ii †Póv| GB c×wZi d‡j Kw¤úDUvi mivmwi
gvby‡li gw¯Í‡®‥i ms‡KZ eyS‡Z mÿg n‡e Ges Kw¤úDUvi wb‡R
583
gvby‡li gw¯Í‡®‥ †evaMg¨ ms‡KZ cvVv‡Z cvi‡e| GiKg GKwU
eë¯ vi gva¨‡g hw` mivmwi GKwU gw¯Í®‥‡K B›Uvi‡b‡Ui m‡½
hy³ Kiv hvq, Zvn‡j e¨vcviUv †Kgb n‡e? G ms‡hvM c×wZ
w`‡q hw` GKvwaK gw¯Í®‥‡K mivmwi hy³ K‡i GKwU gw¯Í‡®‥i
†bUIqvK© MVb Kiv nq, †Kgb n‡e †mUv? hw` GKwU gw¯Í®‥
GKvwaK gw¯Í‡®‥i ¯§„wZfvÛv‡ii m‡½ mivmwi hy³ _v‡K ZLb
GKK gvby‡li ¯§„wZ, Zvi †PZbv Avi Aw¯ÍZ¡‡K Avgiv Kxfv‡e
e¨vL¨v Kie? GiKg GKwU cwiw¯ wZ‡Z GKRb mvBeM© †Kv‡bv
w`bI bv ï‡b, bv c‡o, Kíbv bv K‡i A‡bï gw¯Í‡®‥ Rgv ivLv
GKwU NUbv‡K g‡b Ki‡Z cvi‡eb Ges †mB NUbv‡K
wbwðZfv‡e Zvi wb‡Ri ¯§„wZ e‡jB g‡b n‡e| gw¯Í¯‥¸‡jv
GKm‡½ mivmwi hy³ _vK‡j gvby‡li wj½MZ cwiP‡qi iƒcUvB-
ev †Kgb ùvov‡e? ÔAvwgÕ ej‡Z ZLb Kx †evSv‡e? GKRb
gvby‡li GKvšÍ ¯^Zš¿ Aw¯ÍZ¡ wK _vK‡e? gvbyl Kx K‡i Zvi ¯^‡cœi
†cQ‡b †`․ov‡e, hw` †mB ¯^cœ Zvi gw¯Í‡®‥i Ask bv n‡q
mgwóMZ gw¯Í‡®‥i ¯§„wZ‡Z Rgv ¯^cœfvÛv‡ii Ask nq?
GiKg GKwU mvBeM© Avi gvbyl _vK‡e bv, m¤¢eZ †mUv
•RweK Dcv`v‡b MovI n‡e bv| GUv n‡e m¤ú~Y© bZzb wKQz| GUv
g~jMZfv‡eB m¤ú~Y© wfbœ GKwU mËv n‡e, hvi `vk©wbK, gb¯ÍvwË¡K
ev ivR‣bwZK cÖfve m¤ú‡K© Avgv‡ì †Kv‡bv iKg aviYv †bB|
Ab¨ Rxeb
Rxe‡bi wbqg¸‡jv‡K cvjUv‡bvi Z…Zxq Dcvq n‡Z cv‡i m¤ú~Y©
hvwš¿K mËv •Zwi Kiv| me‡P‡q mnR D`vniY n‡Z cv‡i
wb‡RivB ¯^vaxbfv‡e weewZ©Z n‡Z cv‡i, Ggb wKQz Kw¤úDUvi
†cÖvMÖvg I fvBivm|
eZ©gv‡b Kw¤úDUvi weÁv‡bi RM‡Zi GKwU Ab¨Zg
AvKl©Yxq welq n‡jv †R‡bwUK †cÖvMÖvwgs (Genetic
Programming)| GB kvLvwU Rx‡ei RxbMZ weeZ©‡bi
wbqg¸wj‡K Kw¤úDUvi weÁv‡b cÖ‡qvM Kivi †Póv K‡i| A‡bK
584
†cÖvMÖvgviB Ggb GKwU †cÖvMÖvg •Zwii ¯^cœ †`‡Lb †hwU Zvi
mªóvi mvnvh¨ QvovB bZzb bZzb wRwbm wb‡R †_‡K wkL‡Z cvi‡e
Ges wb‡R weewZ©Z n‡Z cvi‡e| G‡ÿ‡Î †cÖvMÖvgvi †Kej
†cÖvMÖvgwU‡K cÖv_wgKfv‡e Pjvi g‡Zv w`Kwb‡`©kbv †`‡eb, wKš‧
Gici †cÖvMÖvgwU wb‡R‡K †Kvb Dcv‡q weewZ©Z Ki‡e †m m¤ú‡K©
Zvi mªóvi ev Ab¨ †Kv‡bv gvby‡li †Kv‡bv aviYv _vK‡e bv|
GiKg GKai‡bi †cÖvMÖv‡gi bgybvi m‡½ Avgiv BwZg‡a¨B
Kg‡ewk cwiwPZÑ G‡ì bvg Kw¤úDUvi fvBivm| GiKg
bvgKi‡Yi KviY n‡jv, DrcwËi ci GwU B›Uvi‡b‡Ui gva¨‡g
me©Î Qwo‡q c‡o, wb‡Ri †KvwU †KvwU Abywjwc •Zwi K‡i, Zv‡K
aivi Rb¨ †a‡q Avmv A¨vw›UfvBivm †cÖvMÖvg¸‡jvi m‡½ jovB
K‡i wU‡K _vKvi †Póv K‡i Ges Ab¨vb¨ fvBivm¸‡jvi m‡½
cÖwZ‡hvwMZv K‡i mvBevi RM‡Z wb‡Ri Ae¯ vb wbwðZ Kivi
†Póv K‡i| GKw`b GB fvBivm †cÖvMÖvgwU wb‡Ri Abywjwc •Zwii
mgq GKUz Miwgj K‡i †d‡jÑ A‡bKUv •Re wgD‡Uk‡bi g‡Zv|
GB wgD‡Ukb m¤¢eZ GB Kvi‡Y nq †h †cÖvMÖvgvi GwU‡K
Ggbfv‡e •Zwi K‡i‡Qb, hv‡Z GKwU gv‡S gv‡S •èPq‡b
Abywjwc •Zwii mgq wKQz fzjPzK K‡i †d‡j| m¤¢eZ GB
wgD‡Ukb †Kv‡bv AwbqwgZ, •èfv‡e NUv †Kv‡bv fz‡ji dmj|
hw` GB weewZ©Z fvBivmwU Zvi Kw¤úDUvi‡K `Lj Kivi ÿgZv
AÿzYœ †i‡L AvµgYKvix A¨vw›UfvBivm‡K cÖwZnZ Ki‡Z
AwaKZi mÿg nq, Zvn‡j †mB weewZ©Z fvBivmwU mg¯Í
mvBevi RM‡Z Qwo‡q c‡o| weewZ©Z fvBivmwU wU‡K hvq Ges
bZzb bZzb Abywjwc •Zwi Ki‡Z _v‡K| mg‡qi AMÖMwZi m‡½
m‡½ fvBiv‡mi weeZ©b cÖwµqvwUI Pj‡Z _v‡K Ges GKmgq
mvBevi RMr Ggb Pwi‡Îi fvBiv‡m f‡i hvq, hv‡K †Kv‡bv
†cÖvMÖvgvi evbvqwb, hvi Rb¥ m¤¢e n‡q‡Q fvBiv‡mi A‣Re
weeZ©‡bi d‡j|
G¸‡jv‡K wK RxešÍ mËv ejv hvq? GB cÖ‡kœi DËi wbf©i
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586
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587
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588
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590
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nq‡Zv GZUvB •ecøweK n‡e †h Zv ÔgvbylÕ bvgK cÖvYxwUi
cwiPq‡KB cÖkœwe× Ki‡e| Gm‡ei Av‡M Avgv‡ì nv‡Z Avi
KZUv mgq Aewkó Av‡Q? mwZ¨Kvi A‡_©, †KD G cÖ‡kœi DËi
Rv‡b bv| †hgbUv Av‡MB ejv n‡q‡Q, 2050 mvj bvMv` nq‡Zv
wKQz gvbyl g„Zz¨‡K Rq Ki‡Z cvi‡e| G-msµvšÍ Ab¨vb¨
fwel¨ØvYx¸‡jv Bw½Z K‡i g„Zz¨‡K Rq Ki‡Z nq‡Zv gvby‡li
cieZ©x kZvãx ev cieZ©x mnmªvã †j‡M hv‡e| wKš‧, †mUvI hw`
mwZ¨ nq, gvby‡li 70 nvRvi eQ‡ii BwZnv‡mi Zzjbvq K‡qK
mnmªvã KxB-ev Ggb e‡ov mgq?
hw` BwZnv‡mi g‡Â cÖRvwZ wn‡m‡e †mwc‡q‡Ýi hewbKvi
c`©v †b‡gB hvq, GB cÖRvwZi AwšÍg cÖRb¥¸‡jvi m`m¨ wn‡m‡e
GKUv †kl cÖ‡kœi DËi †LuvRvi e¨vcv‡i wKQzUv mgq Avgv‡ì
e¨q Kiv DwPZ| cÖkœUv n‡jvÑ Avgiv Avm‡j Kx n‡Z
†P‡qwQjvg? GB cÖkœwU, hv‡K A‡bK mgq gvbweK Dbœqbg~jK
cÖkœ wn‡m‡eI AwfwnZ Kiv nq, ûU K‡iB Avgv‡ì eZ©gvb
c„w_exi ivRbxwZwe`, `vk©wbK, cwÐZ Ges mvaviY gvby‡li g‡a¨
we`¨gvb AMwYZ weZK©‡K wKQzÿ‡Yi Rb¨ n‡jI ¯Íä K‡i †`q|
hw` Avgv‡ì DËim~wiiv GKwU wfbœiKg †PZbvi AwaKvix nq
(ev AwaKvix nq †PZbvi †P‡qI D”PZi wKQzi, hv Avgv‡ì
†ev‡ai evB‡i), Zv‡ì wK Av‡`․ †Kv‡bv gv_ve¨_v _vK‡e wLªóag©,
Bmjvg ev AvR‡Ki w`‡bi cÖPwjZ Ab¨ †Kv‡bv ag© wb‡q;
mgv‡Ri MVb mgvRZš¿ bvwK cyuwRev` Abymv‡i n‡e, Zv wK
Zv‡ì Kv‡Q GZUzKz ¸iæZ¡ enb Ki‡e; mgv‡Ri aviYvUvB wK
_vK‡e, AvR‡Ki g‡Zv A_ev bvix-cyiæ‡li wj½MZ •elg¨ ev
mgvbvwaKvi wb‡q gvZvgvwZ Kivi B‡”Q n‡e Zv‡ì?
593
Zv m‡Ë¡I BwZnv‡mi GB e‡ov e‡ov weZK© ¸iæZ¡c~Y©, KviY
gvby‡li •Zwi Gme †èZv‡ì cÖ_g cÖRb¥ weKwkZ n‡e
gvby‡liB M‡o †Ìqv Quv‡P| cyuwRev`, Bmjvg bvwK bvixev`Ñ
†Kvb QuvP Abyhvqx Avgiv Zv‡ì M‡o Zzje? GB cÖ‡kœi DË‡ii
Ici wbf©i Ki‡e fwel¨‡Zi c„w_exi BwZnvm|
†ewkifvM gvbylB Gme wb‡q fve‡Z Pvq bv| GgbwK •Re-
•bwZKZvi g‡Zv welq¸‡jvI g~jZ Av‡iKwU cÖ‡kœi DËi †LuvRvi
e¨vcv‡i †ewk ¸iæZ¡ †`q| †mUv n‡jvÑ ÔAvgv‡ì Kx Kx Kiv
AbywPZ?Õ RxweZ gvby‡li Ici wK wRbMZ cixÿv-wbixÿv Kiv
DwPZ A_ev cwiZ¨³ åƒ‡Yi Ici? †÷g †Kv‡li Ici? GKwU
†fovi ûeû Abywjwc •Zwi Kiv wK hyw³hy³? A_ev wk¤úvwÄi?
wKsev gvby‡li? wbtm‡›`‡n Gme cÖkœ A‡bK ¸iæZ¡c~Y©, wKš‧
GiKg fvev mwZ¨B †evKvwg n‡e †h, Gme cÖ‡kœi DËi bv cvIqv
ch©šÍ gvby‡li wb‡R‡K Ab¨ cÖRvwZ‡Z iƒcvšÍi K‡i †djvi g‡Zv
GBme •eÁvwbK M‡elYv¸‡jv‡K ¯ wMZ ivLv m¤¢e n‡e| GB
cÖKí¸‡jv wMjMv‡gk cÖK‡íi m‡½ Awe‡”Q`¨fv‡e RwoZ|
weÁvbx‡ì wR‡M¨m KiæbÑ †Kb Zviv wR‡bvg wb‡q cov‡kvbv
Ki‡Qb ev GKwU gw¯Í®‥‡K Kw¤úDUv‡ii m‡½ hy³ Kivi †Póv
Ki‡Qb ev Kw¤úDUv‡ii †fZi gvbegb ev gvbegw¯Í®‥ •Zwii
†Póv Ki‡Qb| 10 R‡bi g‡a¨ bq Rb Avcbv‡K †mB cwiwPZ
DËi †`‡ebÑ Avgiv Gme KiwQ †ivMgyw³i Rb¨, gvby‡li Rxeb
euvPv‡bvi Rb¨| hwÌ Kw¤úDUv‡ii g‡a¨ gvbegw¯Í®‥ •Zwi Kivi
cÖfve gvbwmK †ivM mviv‡bvi †P‡q A‡bK †ewk my`~icÖmvix, wKš‧
GwUB Zv‡ì Kv‡Ri b¨vh¨Zv cÖgv‡Yi mvaviY e¨vL¨v, KviY
†Kv‡bv gvbylB GB e¨vL¨vi weiƒ‡× †h‡Z cvi‡e bv| GB Kvi‡YB
wMjMv‡gk cÖKí weÁv‡bi cÖKí¸‡jvi Av‡jvKewZ©Kv¯îƒc| GwU
weÁvb hv-B KiæK, Zv‡KB b¨vh¨ e‡j ev mwVK e‡j cÖgv‡Yi
`vwqZ¡ †bq| GB my‡hv‡M W. d«vs‡Kb÷vBb wMjMv‡g‡ki Kuv‡a
P‡o b„Z¨ K‡ib| †h‡nZz wMjMv‡gk‡K _vgv‡bv Am¤¢e, Am¤¢e
_vgv‡bv W. d«vs‡Kb÷vBb‡KI|
594
†h GKUv KvR Avgiv Ki‡Z cvwi, †mUv n‡jv weÁv‡bi
MwZc_‡K wKQzUv n‡jI Avgiv cÖfvweZ Ki‡Z cvwi| †h‡nZz Lye
kxNªB Avgiv Avgv‡ì B”Qv I Pvwn`v‡K wbg©vY KivI wk‡L hve,
myZivs ZLb ÔAvgiv fwel¨‡Z Kx n‡Z PvBÕÑ G cÖkœUv n‡e
AevšÍi| ZLbKvi ¸iæZ¡c~Y© cÖkœ n‡e ÔAvgiv wb‡Ri †fZi Kx
nIqvi Pvwn`v •Zwi Ki‡Z PvB?Õ GB cÖkœUv †`‡LI GL‡bv hviv
AvZ‡¼ wkD‡i I‡Vbwb, Zviv m¤¢eZ GL‡bv e¨vcviwU wb‡q
†evSevi g‡Zv K‡i fv‡ebwb|
595
†klK_v
†h cÖvYxwU Ckî n‡q DVj
70 nvRvi eQi Av‡MI gvbyl wQj cÖvwYRM‡Zi Avi `kUv cÖvYxi
g‡Zv mvaviY GKwU cÖvYx| Zv‡ì wePiYI mxgve× wQj †Kej
Avwd«Kv gnv‡`‡ki g‡a¨B| cieZ©x mgqUzKz‡Z gvbyl n‡q D‡V‡Q
mg¯Í c„w_exi kvmK Ges Zver c„w_exi ev¯‧ms¯ v‡bi Rb¨
ûgwK¯îƒc| AvR gvbyl wb‡RB Ckî n‡q IVvi ØvicÖv‡šÍ,
wPiRvMÖZ ZviæY¨‡K †m †Kej MÖvmB Ki‡Z PvB‡Q bv, m„wó I
aŸs‡mi g‡Zv ¯^M©xq ÿgZv¸‡jv‡KI wb‡Ri Avq‡Ë Avbevi Rb¨
†m e×cwiKi|
`ytLRbK n‡jI mwZ¨, c„w_ex‡Z GZw`b ivRZ¡ K‡iI gvbyl
Lye GKUv †ewk wKQz Ki‡Z cv‡iwb, hv wb‡q Avgiv Me© Ki‡Z
cvwi| cy‡iv mgqUv Ry‡o gvbyl Zvi Pvicv‡ki cwi‡ek m¤ú‡K©
Rvb‡Z †c‡i‡Q, evwo‡q‡Q Lv‡`ï Drcv`b, wbg©vY K‡i‡Q bMi-
mvgªvR¨ Ges wekvj we¯Í…Z e¨vemvwqK †ÿÎ| wKš‧ GZme KvR
wK c„w_ex‡Z e¨w³gvby‡li `ytL-Kó-AkvwšÍi wbimb NUv‡Z
†c‡i‡Q? BwZnv‡mi wewfbœ mg‡q, gvby‡li AwR©Z wecyj ÿgZv
gvby‡li Rb¨ wb‡q G‡m‡Q Kvbœv-nvnvKvi-aŸsmhÁ| gvby‡li
wb‡Ri gvbwmKZvi DbœwZ †Zv †Zgb nqBwb, eis gvby‡li Kvi‡Y
Ab¨vb¨ cÖvYxi Rxeb µgvMZ `ywe©ln n‡q D‡V‡Q|
Ae‡k‡l, MZ K‡qK `k‡K Avgiv Ggb wKQz KvR Ki‡Z
†c‡iwQ, †h¸‡jv‡K gvbeRvwZi Kj¨vYKi Ae`vb wn‡m‡e
we‡ePbv Kiv hvq| `ywf©ÿ wbimb, gnvgvwi wbqš¿Y Ges hy‡×i
nvi Kwg‡q Avbv G¸‡jvi g‡a¨ Ab¨Zg| wKš‧ Gm‡ei cvkvcvwk
596
Ab¨ †h-†Kv‡bv mg‡qi †_‡K eZ©gvb mg‡q c„w_exi Ab¨vb¨
cÖvYxi Ae¯ v AwaKZi †kvPbxq ch©v‡q †b‡g G‡m‡Q| gvbeZv,
D`viZvi †hme gnr eywj Avgiv Pvicv‡k m¤cÖwZ ïb‡Z ïiæ
K‡iwQ, †mme wbZvšÍB bZzb Ges fwel¨‡Z KZw`b †mme Avgiv
ïb‡Z cvie †m e¨vcv‡iI Avgiv mw›`nvb|
Zvi Ici, eZ©gv‡bi gvby‡li we¯§qKi KvRKg© Kivi ÿgZv

_vK‡jI, Avgiv wVK Rvwb bv Avgv‡ì jÿ¨ Kx Ges w`b‡K w`b
Avgiv µ‡gB wew”Qbœ n‡q cowQ| Avgiv wWwO †b․Kv †_‡K
AMÖmi n‡q evwb‡qwQ ev®úPvwjZ RvnvR, wbg©vY K‡iwQ
AZ¨vaywbK gnvk~b¨hvbÑ wKš‧ †KD Rv‡b bv gvbeRvwZi MšÍe¨
Kx| Ab¨ †h-†Kv‡bv mg‡qi †_‡K gvbyl AvR A‡bK †ewk
ÿgZvai, wKš‧ GZme ÿgZv w`‡q Zvi Kx Kiv DwPZ †m
m¤ú‡K© Zvi †Kv‡bv aviYv †bB ej‡jB P‡j| Gi †P‡qI fqven
e¨vcvi n‡jv, AvR‡Ki gvbyl Av‡Mi †h-†Kv‡bv mg‡qi †P‡q
A‡bK †ewk `vwqZ¡Ávbnxb| AvR‡K gvbyl wb‡RB wb‡Ri Ckî,
Zv‡K m½ †Ìqvi Rb¨ Av‡Q †Kej c`v_©weÁv‡bi wKQz m~Î, wKQz
cÖvK…wZK wbqgKvbyb, G Qvov †m AvR Avi Kv‡iv Kv‡Q `vqe×
bq| Av‡iKUz †ewk myL, Av‡iKUz †ewk Av‡gv‡ì Rb¨ Avgiv
Avgv‡ì Avkcv‡ki cÖvwYKz‡ji Rxeb I cwi‡e‡ki cÖwZ µgvMZ
ûgwK n‡q ùvovw”Q| GZ wKQzi c‡iI wKš‧ Avgiv Z…ß bB, mš‧ó
bB| Avgiv AZ…ß, AkvšÍ|
GKwU c„w_ex‡Rvov A‡bK¸‡jv cÖPÐ ÿgZvevb, AZ…ß Ges
`vwqZ¡Ávbnxb Ckî hviv wb‡RivB Rv‡b bv Zviv Kx Pvq, Zv‡ì
PvIqvi †kl †Kv_vqÑ Gi †_‡K gvivZ¥K cwiw¯ wZ Avi Kx n‡Z
cv‡i?
597
Z_¨m~Î
1. wbZvšÍ mvaviY GKwU cÖvYxi Mí
1 Ann Gibbons, ÔFood for Thought: Did the First Cooked
Meals Help Fuel the Dramatic Evolutionary Expansion
of the Human Brain?Õ, Science 316:5831 (2007),
1,558–60.
2. Ávbe„‡ÿi †e‡o IVv

1 Robin Dunbar, Grooming, Gossip and the Evolution of
Language (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University
Press, 1998).
2 Frans de Waal, Chimpanzee Politics: Power and Sex
among Apes (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University
Press, 2000); Frans de Waal, Our Inner Ape: A
Leading Primatologist Explains Why We Are Who We
Are (New York: Riverhead Books, 2005); Michael L.
Wilson and Richard W. Wrangham, ÔIntergroup
Relations in ChimpanzeesÕ, Annual Review of
Anthropology 32 (2003), 363–92; M. McFarland
Symington, ÔFission-Fusion Social Organization in
Ateles and Pan, International Journal of Primatology
11:1 (1990), 49; Colin A. Chapman and Lauren J.
Chapman, ÔDeterminants of Groups Size in Primates:
The Importance of Travel CostsÕ, in On the Move:
How and Why Animals Travel in Groups, ed. Sue
Boinsky and Paul A. Garber (Chicago: University of
Chicago Press, 2000), 26.
3 Dunbar, Grooming, Gossip and the Evolution of
Language, 69–79; Leslie C. Aiello and R. I. M.
598
Dunbar, ÔNeocortex Size, Group Size, and the
Evolution of LanguageÕ, Current Anthropology 34:2
(1993), 189. For criticism of this approach see:
Christopher McCarthy et al., ÔComparing Two
Methods for Estimating Network SizeÕ, Human
Organization 60:1 (2001), 32; R. A. Hill and R. I. M.
Dunbar, ÔSocial Network Size in HumansÕ, Human
Nature 14:1 (2003), 65.
4 Yvette Taborin, ÔShells of the French Aurignacian and
PerigordianÕ, in Before Lascaux: The Complete Record
of the Early Upper Paleolithic, ed. Heidi Knecht, Anne
Pike-Tay and Randall White (Boca Raton: CRC Press,
1993), 211–28.
5 G. R. Summer ayes, ÔApplication of PIXE-PIGME to
Archaeological Analysis of Changing Patterns of
Obsidian Use in West New Britain, Papua New
GuineaÕ, in Archaeological Obsidian Studies: Method
and Theory, ed. Steven M. Shackley (New York:
Plenum Press, 1998), 129–58.
3. Av`g nvIqvi w`bwjwc

1 Christopher Ryan and Cacilda Jethá, Sex at Dawn: The
Prehistoric Origins of Modern Sexuality (New York:
Harper, 2010); S. Beckerman and P. Valentine (eds.),
Cultures of Multiple Fathers. The Theory and Practice
of Partible Paternity in Lowland South America
(Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2002).
2 Noel G. Butlin, Economics and the Dreamtime: A
Hypothetical History (Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press, 1993), 98–101; Richard Broome,
Aboriginal Australians (Sydney: Allen & Unwin,
2002), 15; William Howell Edwards, An Introduction
to Aboriginal Societies (Wentworth Falls, NSW: Social
Science Press, 1988), 52.
3 Fekri A. Hassan, Demographic Archaeology (New
York: Academic Press, 1981), 196–9; Lewis Robert
599
Binford, Constructing Frames of Reference: An
Analytical Method for Archaeological Theory Building
Using Hunter-Gatherer and Environmental Data Sets
(Berkeley: University of California Press, 2001), 143.
4 Brian Hare, The Genius of Dogs: How Dogs Are
Smarter Than You Think (Dutton: Penguin Group,
2013).
5 Christopher B. Ruff, Erik Trinkaus and Trenton W.
Holliday, ÔBody Mass and Encephalization in
Pleistocene HomoÕ, Nature 387 (1997), 173–6; M.
Henneberg and M. Steyn, ÔTrends in Cranial Capacity
and Cranial Index in Subsaharan Africa During the
HoloceneÕ, American Journal of Human Biology 5:4
(1993): 473–9; Drew H. Bailey and David C. Geary,
ÔHominid Brain Evolution: Testing Climatic,
Ecological and Social Competition ModelsÕ, Human
Nature 20 (2009): 67–79; Daniel J. Wescott and
Richard L. Jantz, ÔAssessing Craniofacial Secular
Change in American Blacks and Whites Using
Geometric MorphometryÕ, in Modern Morphometrics
in Physical Anthropology: Developments in
Primatology: Progress and Prospects, ed. Dennis E.
Slice (New York: Plenum Publishers, 2005), 231–45.
6 Nicholas G. Blurton Jones et al., ÔAntiquity of
Postreproductive Life: Are There Modern Impacts on
Hunter-Gatherer Postreproductive Life Spans?Õ,
American Journal of Human Biology 14 (2002), 184–
205.
7 Kim Hill and A. Magdalena Hurtado, Aché Life
History: The Ecology and Demography of a Foraging
People (New York: Aldine de Gruyter, 1996), 164,
236.
8 Ibid., 78.
9 Vincenzo Formicola and Alexandra P. Buzhilova,
ÔDouble Child Burial from Sunghir (Russia): Pathology
and Inferences for Upper Paleolithic Funerary
600
PracticesÕ, American Journal of Physical Anthropology
124:3 (2004), 189–98; Giacomo Giacobini, ÔRichness
and Diversity of Burial Rituals in the Upper
PaleolithicÕ, Diogenes 54:2 (2007), 19–39.
10 I. J. N. Thorpe, ÔAnthropology, Archaeology and the
Origin of WarfareÕ, World Archaeology 35:1 (2003),
145–65; Raymond C. Kelly, Warless Societies and the
Origin of War (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan
Press, 2000); Azar Gat, War in Human Civilization
(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006); Lawrence H.
Keeley, War before Civilization: The Myth of the
Peaceful Savage (Oxford: Oxford University Press,
1996); Slavomil Vend, ÔStone Age WarfareÕ, in
Ancient Warfare: Archaeological Perspectives, ed.
John Carman and Anthony Harding (Stroud: Sutton
Publishing, 1999), 57–73.
4. AMYb gvby‡li †mªvZ

1 James F. OÕConnel and Jim Allen, ÔPre-LGM Sahul
(Pleistocene Australia – New Guinea) and the
Archaeology of Early Modern HumansÕ, in Rethinking
the Human Revolution: New Behavioural and
Biological Perspectives on the Origin and Dispersal of
Modern Humans, ed. Paul Mellars, Ofer Bar-Yosef,
Katie Boyle (Cambridge: McDonald Institute for
Archaeological Research, 2007), 395–410; James F.
OÕConnel and Jim Allen, ÔWhen Did Humans First
Arrive in Greater Australia and Why is it Important to
Know?Õ, Evolutionary Anthropology 6:4 (1998), 132–
46; James F. OÕConnel and Jim Allen, ÔDating the
Colonization of Sahul (Pleistocene Australia – New
Guinea): A Review of Recent ResearchÕ, Journal of
Radiological Science 31:6 (2004), 835–53; Jon M.
Erlandson, ÔAnatomically Modern Humans, Maritime
Voyaging and the Pleistocene Colonization of the
601
AmericasÕ, in The First Americans: The Pleistocene
Colonization of the New World, ed. Nina G. Jablonski
(San Francisco: University of California Press, 2002),
59–60, 63–4; Jon M. Erlandson and Torben C. Rick,
ÔArchaeology Meets Marine Ecology: The Antiquity of
Maritime Cultures and Human Impacts on Marine
Fisheries and EcosystemsÕ, Annual Review of Marine
Science 2 (2010), 231–51; Atholl Anderson, ÔSlow
Boats from China: Issues in the Prehistory of Indo-
China SeafaringÕ, Modern Quaternary Research in
Southeast Asia 16 (2000), 13–50; Robert G. Bednarik,
ÔMaritime Navigation in the Lower and Middle
PaleolithicÕ, Earth and Planetary Sciences 328 (1999),
559–60; Robert G. Bednarik, ÔSeafaring in the
PleistoceneÕ, Cambridge Archaeological Journal 13:1
(2003), 41–66.
2 Timothy F. Flannery, The Future Eaters: An Ecological
History of the Australasian Lands and Peoples (Port
Melbourne: Reed Books Australia, 1994); Anthony D.
Barnosky et al., ÔAssessing the Causes of Late
Pleistocene Extinctions on the ContinentsÕ, Science
306:5693 (2004): 70–5; Barry W. Brook and David M.
J. S. Bowman, ÔThe Uncertain Blitzkrieg of Pleistocene
MegafaunaÕ, Journal of Biogeography 31:4 (2004),
517–23; Gifford H. Miller et al., ÔEcosystem Collapse
in Pleistocene Australia and a Human Role in
Megafaunal ExtinctionÕ, Science 309:5732 (2005),
287–90; Richard G. Roberts et al., ÔNew Ages for the
Last Australian Megafauna: Continent Wide Extinction
about 46,000 Years AgoÕ, Science 292:5523 (2001),
1,888–92.
3 Stephen Wroe and Judith Field, ÔA Review of
Evidence for a Human Role in the Extinction of
Australian Megafauna and an Alternative ExplanationÕ,
602
Quaternary Science Reviews 25:21–2 (2006), 2,692–
703; Barry W. Brook et al., ÔWould the Australian
Megafauna Have Become Extinct if Humans Had
Never Colonised the Continent? Comments on ÔA
Review of the Evidence for a Human Role in the
Extinction of Australian Megafauna and an Alternative
ExplanationÕ by S. Wroe and J. FieldÕ, Quaternary
Science Reviews 26:3–4 (2007), 560–4; Chris S. M.
Turney et al., ÔLate-Surviving Megafauna in Tasmania,
Australia, Implicate Human Involvement in their
ExtinctionÕ, Proceedings of the National Academy of
Sciences 105:34 (2008), 12,150–3.
4 John Alroy, ÔA Multispecies Overkill Simulation of the
End-Pleistocene Megafaunal Mass Extinction, Science,
292:5523 (2001), 1,893–6; OÕConnel and Allen, ÔPre-
LGM SahulÕ, 400–1.
5 L. H. Keeley, ÔProto-Agricultural Practices Among
Hunter-Gatherers: A Cross-Cultural SurveyÕ, in Last
Hunters, First Farmers: New Perspectives on the
Prehistoric Transition to Agriculture, ed. T. Douglas
Price and Anne Birgitte Gebauer (Santa Fe: School of
American Research Press, 1995), 243–72; R. Jones,
ÔFirestick FarmingÕ, Australian Natural History 16
(1969), 224–8.
6 David J. Meitzer, First Peoples in a New World:
Colonizing Ice Age America (Berkeley: University of
California Press, 2009).
7 Paul L. Koch and Anthony D. Barnosky, ÔLate
Quaternary Extinctions: State of the DebateÕ, Annual
Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics 37
(2006), 215–50; Anthony D. Barnosky et al.,
ÔAssessing the Causes of Late Pleistocene Extinctions
on the ContinentsÕ, 70–5.
603
5. BwZnv‡mi e„nËg dvuwK
1 The map is based mainly on: Peter Bellwood, First
Farmers: The Origins of Agricultural Societies
(Malden: Blackwell Publishing, 2005).
2 Jared Diamond, Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of
Human Societies (New York: W. W. Norton, 1997).
3 Gat, War in Human Civilization, 130–1; Robert S.
Walker and Drew H. Bailey, ÔBody Counts in Lowland
South American ViolenceÕ, Evolution and Human
Behavior 34 (2013), 29–34.
4 Katherine A. Spielmann, ÔA Review: Dietary
Restriction on Hunter-Gatherer Women and the
Implications for Fertility and Infant MortalityÕ, Human
Ecology 17:3 (1989), 321–45. See also: Bruce
Winterhalder and Eric Alder Smith, ÔAnalyzing
Adaptive Strategies: Human Behavioral Ecology at
Twenty-FiveÕ, Evolutionary Anthropology 9:2 (2000),
51–72.
5 Alain Bideau, Bertrand Desjardins and Hector Perez-
Brignoli (eds.), Infant and Child Mortality in the Past
(Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1997); Edward Anthony
Wrigley et al., English Population History from Family
Reconstitution, 1580–1837 (Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press, 1997), 295–6, 303.
6 Manfred Heun et al., ÔSite of Einkorn Wheat
Domestication Identified by DNA FingerprintsÕ,
Science 278:5341 (1997), 1,312–14.
7 Charles Patterson, Eternal Treblinka: Our Treatment of
Animals and the Holocaust (New York: Lantern
Books, 2002), 9–10; Peter J. Ucko and G. W.
Dimbleby (eds.), The Domestication and Exploitation
of Plants and Animals (London: Duckworth, 1969),
259.
8 Avi Pinkas (ed.), Farmyard Animals in Israel –
Research, Humanism and Activity (Rishon Le-Ziyyon:
The Association for Farmyard Animals, 2009
604
[Hebrew]), 169–99; ÔMilk Production – the CowÕ
[Hebrew], The Dairy Council, accessed 22 March
2012, http://www.milk.org.il/cgi-
webaxy/sal/sal.pl?lang=he&ID=645657_milk&act=sho
w&dbid=katavot&dataid=cow.htm.
9 Edward Evan Evans-Pritchard, The Nuer: A
Description of the Modes of Livelihood and Political
Institutions of a Nilotic People (Oxford: Oxford
University Press, 1969); E. C. Amoroso and P. A.
Jewell, ÔThe Exploitation of the Milk-Ejection Reflex
by Primitive PeopleÕ, in Man and Cattle: Proceedings
of the Symposium on Domestication at the Royal
Anthropological Institute, 24–26 May 1960, ed. A. E.
Mourant and F. E. Zeuner (London: The Royal
Anthropological Institute, 1963), 129–34.
10 Johannes Nicolaisen, Ecology and Culture of the
Pastoral Tuareg (Copenhagen: National Museum,
1963), 63.
6. Kíbvi KvivMvi
1 Angus Maddison, The World Economy, vol. 2 (Paris:
Development Centre of the Organization of Economic
Co-operation and Development, 2006), 636; ÔHistorical
Estimates of World PopulationÕ, U.S. Census Bureau,
accessed 10 December 2010,
http://www.census.gov/ipc/www/worldhis.html.
2 Robert B. Mark, The Origins of the Modern World: A
Global and Ecological Narrative (Lanham, MD:
Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2002), 24.
3 Raymond Westbrook, ÔOld Babylonian PeriodÕ, in A
History of Ancient Near Eastern Law, vol. 1, ed.
Raymond Westbrook (Leiden: Brill, 2003), 36–430;
Martha T. Roth, Law Collections from Mesopotamia
and Asia Minor, 2nd edn (Atlanta: Scholars Press,
1997), 71–142; M. E. J. Richardson, HammurabiÕs
605
Laws: Text, Translation and Glossary (London: T & T
Clark International, 2000).
4 Roth, Law Collections from Mesopotamia, 76.
5 Ibid., 121.
6 Ibid., 122–3.
7 Ibid., 133–3.
8 Constance Brittaine Bouchard, Strong of Body, Brave
and Noble: Chivalry and Society in Medieval France
(New York: Cornell University Press, 1998), 99; Mary
Martin McLaughlin, ÔSurvivors and Surrogates:
Children and Parents from the Ninth to Thirteenth
CenturiesÕ, in Medieval Families: Perspectives on
Marriage, Household and Children, ed. Carol Neel
(Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2004), 81 n.;
Lise E. Hull, BritainÕs Medieval Castles (Westport:
Praeger, 2006), 144.
7. ¯§„wZ DcPv‡bv Z_¨

1 Andrew Robinson, The Story of Writing (New York:
Thames and Hudson, 1995), 63; Hans J. Nissen, Peter
Damerow and Robert K. Englung, Archaic
Bookkeeping: Writing and Techniques of Economic
Administration in the Ancient Near East (Chicago,
London: The University of Chicago Press, 1993), 36.
2 Marcia and Robert Ascher, Mathematics of the Incas –
Code of the Quipu (New York: Dover Publications,
1981).
3 Gary Urton, Signs of the Inka Khipu (Austin:
University of Texas Press, 2003); Galen Brokaw, A
History of the Khipu (Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press, 2010).
4 Stephen D. Houston (ed.), The First Writing: Script
Invention as History and Process (Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press, 2004), 222.
606
8. BwZnvm b¨vqwePv‡ii cÖwZ”Qwe bq
1 Sheldon Pollock, ÔAxialism and EmpireÕ, in Axial
Civilizations and World History, ed. Johann P.
Arnason, S. N. Eisenstadt and Björn Wittrock (Leiden:
Brill, 2005), 397–451.
2 Harold M. Tanner, China: A History (Indianapolis:
Hackett Pub. Co., 2009), 34.
3 Ramesh Chandra, Identity and Genesis of Caste
System in India (Delhi: Kalpaz Publications, 2005);
Michael Bamshad et al., ÔGenetic Evidence on the
Origins of Indian Caste PopulationÕ, Genome Research
11 (2001): 904–1,004; Susan Bayly, Caste, Society and
Politics in India from the Eighteenth Century to the
Modern Age (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,
1999).
4 Houston, First Writing, 196.
5 The secretary general, United Nations, Report of the
Secretary General on the In-depth Study on All Forms
of Violence Against Women, delivered to the General
Assembly, UN Doc. A/16/122/Add.1 (6 July 2006), 89.
6 Sue Blundell, Women in Ancient Greece (Cambridge,
Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1995). 113–2.9.131–
3.
10. UvKvi MÜ cvB

1 Francisco López de Gómara, Historia de la Conquista
de Mexico, vol. 1, ed. D. Joaquin Ramirez Cabanes
(Mexico City: Editorial Pedro Robredo, 1943), 106.
2 Andrew M. Watson, ÔBack to Gold – and SilverÕ,
Economic History Review 20:1 (1967), 11–12; Jasim
Alubudi, Repertorio Bibliográfico del Islam (Madrid:
Vision Libros, 2003), 194.
3 Watson, ÔBack to Gold – and SilverÕ, 17–18.
4 David Graeber, Debt: The First 5,000 Years (Brooklyn,
NY: Melville House, 2011).
607
5 Glyn Davies, A History of Money: From Ancient
Times to the Present Day (Cardiff: University of Wales
Press, 1994), 15.
6 Szymon Laks, Music of Another World, trans. Chester
A. Kisiel (Evanston, Ill.: North-western University
Press, 1989), 88–9. The Auschwitz ÔmarketÕ was
restricted to certain classes of prisoners and conditions
changed dramatically across time.
7 Niall Ferguson, The Ascent of Money (New York: The
Penguin Press, 2008), 4.
8 For information on barley money I have relied on an
unpublished PhD thesis: Refael Benvenisti, ÔEconomic
Institutions of Ancient Assyrian Trade in the Twentieth
to Eighteenth Centuries BCÕ (Hebrew University of
Jerusalem, unpublished PhD thesis, 2011). See also
Norman Yoffee, ÔThe Economy of Ancient Western
AsiaÕ, in Civilizations of the Ancient Near East, vol. 1,
ed. J. M. Sasson (New York: C. ScribnerÕs Sons, 1995),
1,387–99; R. K. Englund, ÔProto-Cuneiform Account-
Books and JournalsÕ, in Creating Economic Order:
Record-keeping, Standardization and the Development
of Accounting in the Ancient Near East, ed. Michael
Hudson and Cornelia Wunsch (Bethesda, Md.: CDL
Press, 2004), 21–46; Marvin A. Powell, ÔA
Contribution to the History of Money in Mesopotamia
Prior to the Invention of CoinageÕ, in Festschrift Lubor
Matouš, ed. B. Hruška and G. Komoróczy (Budapest:
Eötvös Loránd Tudományegyetem, 1978), 211–43;
Marvin A. Powell, ÔMoney in MesopotamiaÕ, Journal
of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 39:3
(1996), 224–42; John F. Robertson, ÔThe Social and
Economic Organization of Ancient Mesopotamian
TemplesÕ, in Civilizations of the Ancient Near East,
vol. 1, ed. Sasson, 443–500; M. Silver, ÔModern
AncientsÕ, in Commerce and Monetary Systems in the
608
Ancient World: Means of Transmission and Cultural
Interaction, ed. R. Rollinger and U. Christoph
(Stuttgart: Steiner, 2004), 65–87; Daniel C. Snell,
ÔMethods of Exchange and Coinage in Ancient
Western AsiaÕ, in Civilizations of the Ancient Near
East, vol. 1, ed. Sasson, 1,487–97.
11. mvgªvRëv`x evmbv

1 Nahum Megged, The Aztecs (Tel Aviv: Dvir, 1999
[Hebrew]), 103.
2 Tacitus, Agricola, ch. 30 (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard
University Press, 1958), 220–1.
3 A. Fienup-Riordan, The Nelson Island Eskimo: Social
Structure and Ritual Distribution (Anchorage: Alaska
Pacific University Press, 1983), 10.
4 Yuri Pines, ÔNation States, Globalization and a United
Empire – the Chinese Experience (third to fifth
centuries BC)Õ, Historia 15 (1995), 54 [Hebrew].
5 Alexander Yakobson, ÔUs and Them: Empire, Memory
and Identity in ClaudiusÕ Speech on Bringing Gauls
into the Roman SenateÕ, in On Memory: An
Interdisciplinary Approach, ed. Doron Mendels
(Oxford: Peter Land, 2007), 23–4.
12. a‡g©i ixwZbxwZ

1 W. H. C. Frend, Martyrdom and Persecution in the
Early Church (Cambridge: James Clarke & Co., 2008),
536–7.
2 Robert Jean Knecht, The Rise and Fall of Renaissance
France, 1483–1610 (London: Fontana Press, 1996),
424.
3 Marie Harm and Hermann Wiehle, Lebenskunde fuer
Mittelschulen – Fuenfter Teil. Klasse 5 fuer Jungen
(Halle: Hermann Schroedel Verlag, 1942), 152–7.
609
13. mvd‡jï inm¨
1 Susan Blackmore, The Meme Machine (Oxford:
Oxford University Press, 1999).
14. Rvwb bv ej‡Z †kLv

1 David Christian, Maps of Time: An Introduction to Big
History (Berkeley: University of California Press,
2004), 344–5; Angus Maddison, The World Economy,
vol. 2 (Paris: Development Centre of the Organization
of Economic Co-operation and Development, 2001),
636; ÔHistorical Estimates of World PopulationÕ, US
Census Bureau, accessed 10 December 2010,
http://www.census.gov/ipc/www/worldhis.html.
2 Maddison, The World Economy, vol. 1, 261.
3 ÔGross Domestic Product 2009Õ, the World Bank, Data
and Statistics, accessed 10 December 2010,
http://siteresources.worldbank.org/DATASTATISTICS
/Resources/GDP.pdf.
4 Christian, Maps of Time, 141.
5 The largest contemporary cargo ship can carry about
100,000 tons. In 1470 all the worldÕs fleets could
together carry no more than 320,000 tons. By 1570
total global tonnage was up to 730,000 tons (Maddison,
The World Economy, vol. 1, 97).
6 The worldÕs largest bank – the Royal Bank of Scotland
– has reported in 2007 deposits worth $1.3 trillion.
ThatÕs five times the annual global production in 1500.
See ÔAnnual Report and Accounts 2008Õ, the Royal
Bank of Scotland, 35, accessed 10 December 2010,
http://files.shareholder.com/downloads/RBS/62657003
3}0}278481/eb7a003a-5c9b-41ef-bad3–
81fb98a6c823/RBS_GRA_2008_09_03_09.pdf.
7 Ferguson, Ascent of Money, 185–98.
8 Maddison, The World Economy, vol. 1, 31; Wrigley,
English Population History, 295; Christian, Maps of
Time, 450, 452; ÔWorld Health Statistic Report 2009Õ,
610
35–45, World Health Organization, accessed 10
December 2010
http://www.who.int/whosis/whostat/EN_WHS09_Full.
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9 Wrigley, English Population History, 296.
10 ÔEngland, Interim Life Tables, 1980–82 to 2007–09Õ,
Office for National Statistics, accessed 22 March 2012
http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/publications/re-reference-
tables.html?edition=tcm%3A77–61850.
11 Michael Prestwich, Edward I (Berkeley: University of
California Press, 1988), 125–6.
12 Jennie B. Dorman et al., ÔThe age-1 and daf-2 Genes
Function in a Common Pathway to Control the
Lifespan of Caenorhabditis elegansÕ, Genetics 141:4
(1995), 1,399–406; Koen Houthoofd et al., ÔLife
Extension via Dietary Restriction is Independent of the
Ins/IGF-1 Signalling Pathway in Caenorhabditis
elegansÕ, Experimental Gerontology 38:9 (2003), 947–
54.
13 Shawn M. Douglas, Ido Bachelet and George M.
Church, ÔA Logic-Gated Nanorobot for Targeted
Transport of Molecular PayloadsÕ, Science 335:6070
(2012): 831–4; Dan Peer et al., ÔNanocarriers As An
Emerging Platform for Cancer TherapyÕ, Nature
Nanotechnology 2 (2007): 751–60; Dan Peer et al.,
ÔSystemic Leukocyte-Directed siRNA Delivery
Revealing Cyclin Di as an Anti-Inflammatory TargetÕ,
Science 319:5863 (2008): 627–30.
15. weÁvb Avi mvgªvRëv‡ì MuvUQov

1 Stephen R. Bown, Scurvy: How a Surgeon, a Mariner
and a Gentleman Solved the Greatest Medical Mystery
of the Age of Sail (New York: Thomas Dunne Books,
St. MartinÕs Press, 2004); Kenneth John Carpenter, The
611
History of Scurvy and Vitamin C (Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press, 1986).
2 James Cook, The Explorations of Captain James Cook
in the Pacific, as Told by Selections of his Own
Journals 1768–1779, ed. Archibald Grenfell Price
(New York: Dover Publications, 1971), 16–17;
Gananath Obeyesekere, The Apotheosis of Captain
Cook: European Mythmaking in the Pacific (Princeton:
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3 Mark, Origins of the Modern World, 81.
4 Christian, Maps of Time, 436.
5 John Darwin, After Tamerlane: The Global History of
Empire Since 1405 (London: Allen Lane, 2007), 239.
6 Soli Shahvar, ÔRailroads i. The First Railroad Built and
Operated in PersiaÕ, in the Online Edition of
Encyclopaedia Iranica, last modified 7 April 2008,
http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/railroads-i;
Charles Issawi, ÔThe Iranian Economy 1925–1975:
Fifty Years of Economic DevelopmentÕ, in Iran under
the Pahlavis, ed. George Lenczowski (Stanford:
Hoover Institution Press, 1978), 156.
8 Kirkpatrick Sale, Christopher Columbus and the
Conquest of Paradise (London: Tauris Parke
Paperbacks, 2006), 7–13.
9 Edward M. Spiers, ÔThe Army and Society: 1819–1914
(London: Longman, 1980), 121; Robin Moore,
ÔImperial India, 1858–1914Õ, in The Oxford History of
the British Empire: The Nineteenth Century, vol. 3, ed.
Andrew Porter (New York: Oxford University Press,
1999), 442.
10 Vinita Damodaran, ÔFamine in Bengal: A Comparison
of the 1770 Famine in Bengal and the 1897 Famine in
612
ChotanagpurÕ, The Medieval History Journal 10:1–2
(2007), 151.
16. cyuwRev‡ì `k©b

1 Maddison, World Economy, vol. 1, 261, 264; ÔGross
National Income Per Capita 2009, Atlas Method and
PPPÕ, the World Bank, accessed 10 December 2010,
http://siteresources.worldbank.org/DATASTATISTICS
/Resources/GNIPC.pdf.
2 The mathematics of my bakery example are not as
accurate as they could be. Since banks are allowed to
loan $10 for every dollar they keep in their possession,
of every million dollars deposited in the bank, the bank
can loan out to entrepreneurs only about $909,000
while keeping $91,000 in its vaults. But to make life
easier for the readers I preferred to work with round
numbers. Besides, banks do not always follow the
rules.
3 Carl Trocki, Opium, Empire and the Global Political
Economy (New York: Routledge, 1999), 91.
4 Georges Nzongola-Ntalaja, The Congo from Leopold
to Kabila: A PeopleÕs History (London: Zed Books,
2002), 22.
17. wk‡íi i_
2 Nathan S. Lewis and Daniel G. Nocera, ÔPowering the
Planet: Chemical Challenges in Solar Energy
UtilizationÕ, Proceedings of the National Academy of
Sciences 103:43 (2006), 15,731.
3 Kazuhisa Miyamoto (ed.), ÔRenewable Biological
Systems for Alternative Sustainable Energy
Production, FAO Agricultural Services Bulletin 128
(Osaka: Osaka University, 1997), Chapter 2.1.1,
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1.1percent20solarpercent20energy; James Barber,
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4 ÔInternational Energy Outlook 2010Õ, US Energy
Information Administration, 9, accessed 10 December
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5 S. Venetsky, ÔSilverÕ from ClayÕ, Metallurgist 13:7
(1969), 451; Fred Aftalion, A History of the
International Chemical Industry (Philadelphia:
University of Pennsylvania Press, 1991), 64; A. J.
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Professional, 1993), 15.
6 Jan Willem Erisman et al., ÔHow a Century of
Ammonia Synthesis Changed the WorldÕ, Nature
Geoscience 1 (2008), 637.
7 G. J. Benson and B. E. Rollin (eds.), The Well-being of
Farm Animals: Challenges and Solutions (Ames, IA:
Blackwell, 2004); M. C. Appleby, J. A. Mench and B.
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8 Harry Harlow and Robert Zimmermann, ÔAffectional
Responses in the Infant MonkeyÕ, Science 130:3373
(1959), 421–32; Harry Harlow, ÔThe Nature of LoveÕ,
American Psychologist 13 (1958), 673–85; Laurens D.
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separation in rhesus monkeysÕ, American Journal of
Psychiatry 130:4 (1973), 400–5; K. D. Broad, J. P.
Curley and E. B. Keverne, ÔMother-infant bonding and
the evolution of mammalian social relationshipsÕ,
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361:1476 (2006), 2,199–214; Florent Pittet et al.,
ÔEffects of maternal experience on fearfulness and
maternal behaviour in a precocial birdÕ, Animal
Behaviour (March 2013), In Press – available online at:
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0003
347213000547).
9 ÔNational Institute of Food and AgricultureÕ, United
States Department of Agriculture, accessed 10
December 2010,
http://www.csrees.usda.gov/qlinks/extension.html.
18. wPi¯’vqx wecøe

1 Vaclav Smil, The EarthÕs Biosphere: Evolution,
Dznamics and Change (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press,
2002); Sarah Catherine Walpole et al., ÔThe Weight of
Nations: An Estimation of Adult Human BiomassÕ,
BMC Public Health 12:439 (2012),
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2 William T. Jackman, The Development of
Transportation in Modern England (London: Frank
Cass & Co., 1966), 324–7; H. J. Dyos and D. H.
Aldcroft, British Transport-An Economic Survey From
the Seventeenth Century to the Twentieth (Leicester:
Leicester University Press, 1969), 124–31; Wolfgang
Schivelbusch, The Railway Journey: The
Industrialization of Time and Space in the 19th
Century (Berkeley: University of California Press,
1986).
3 For a detailed discussion of the unprecedented
peacefulness of the last few decades, see in particular
Steven Pinker, The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why
Violence Has Declined (New York: Viking, 2011);
Joshua S. Goldstein, Winning the War on War: The
Decline of Armed Conflict Worldwide (New York:
Dutton, 2011); Gat, War in Human Civilization.
615
4 ÔWorld Report on Violence and Health: Summary,
Geneva 2002Õ, World Health Organization, accessed 10
December 2010,
http://www.who.int/whr/2001/en/whr01_annex_en.pdf.
For mortality rates in previous eras see: Lawrence H.
Keeley, War before Civilization: The Myth of the
Peaceful Savage (New York: Oxford University Press,
1996).
5 ÔWorld Health Report, 2004Õ, World Health
Organization, 124, accessed 10 December 2010,
http://www.who.int/whr/2004/en/reporto4_en.pdf.
6 Raymond C. Kelly, Warless Societies and the Origin of
War (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2000),
21. See also Gat, War in Human Civilization, 129–31;
Keeley, War before Civilization.
7 Manuel Eisner, ÔModernization, Self-Control and
Lethal ViolenceÕ, British Journal of Criminology 41:4
(2001), 618–638; Manuel Eisner, ÔLong-Term
Historical Trends in Violent CrimeÕ, Crime and Justice:
A Review of Research 30 (2003), 83–142; ÔWorld
Report on Violence and Health: Summary, Geneva
2002Õ, World Health Organization, accessed 10
December 2010,
http://www.who.int/whr/2001/en/whr01_annex_en.pdf;
ÔWorld Health Report, 2004Õ, World Health
Organization, 124, accessed 10 December 2010,
http://www.who.int/whr/2004/en/reporto4_en.pdf.
8 Walker and Bailey, ÔBody Counts in Lowland South
American ViolenceÕ, 30.
19. AZtci Zviv my‡L-kvwšÍ‡Z emevm Ki‡Z jvMj

1 For both the psychology and biochemistry of
happiness, the following are good starting points:
Jonathan Haidt, The Happiness Hypothesis: Finding
Modern Truth in Ancient Wisdom (New York: Basic
616
Books, 2006); R. Wright, The Moral Animal:
Evolutionary Psychology and Everyday Life (New
York: Vintage Books, 1994); M. Csikszentmihalyi, ÔIf
We Are So Rich, Why ArenÕt We Happy?Õ, American
Psychologist 54:10 (1999): 821–7; F. A. Huppert, N.
Baylis and B. Keverne (eds.), The Science of Well-
Being (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005);
Michael Argyle, The Psychology of Happiness, 2nd
edition (New York: Routledge, 2001); Ed Diener (ed.),
Assessing Well-Being: The Collected Works of Ed
Diener (New York: Springer, 2009); Michael Eid and
Randy J. Larsen (eds.), The Science of Subjective
Well-Being (New York: Guilford Press, 2008);
Richard A. Easterlin (ed.), Happiness in Economics
(Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing, 2002); Richard
Layard, Happiness: Lessons from a New Science (New
York: Penguin, 2005).
2 Daniel Kahneman, Thinking, Fast and Slow (New
York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2011); Inglehart et al.,
ÔDevelopment, Freedom and Rising HappinessÕ, 278–
81.
3 D. M. McMahon, The Pursuit of Happiness: A History
from the Greeks to the Present (London: Allen Lane,
2006).
20. †mwc‡q‡Ýi †k‡li ïiæ

1 Keith T. Paige et al., ÔDe Novo Cartilage Generation
Using Calcium Alginate-Chondrocyte ConstructsÕ,
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2 David Biello, ÔBacteria Transformed into Biofuels
RefineriesÕ, Scientific American, 27 January 2010,
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eria-transformed-into-biofuel-refineries.
617
3 Gary Walsh, ÔTherapeutic Insulins and Their Large-
Scale ManufactureÕ, Applied Microbiology and
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4 James G. Wallis et al., ÔExpression of a Synthetic
Antifreeze Protein in Potato Reduces Electrolyte
Release at Freezing TemperaturesÕ, Plant Molecular
Biology 35:3 (1997), 323–30.
5 Robert J. Wall et al., ÔGenetically Enhanced Cows
Resist Intramammary Staphylococcus Aureus
InfectionÕ, Nature Biotechnology 23:4 (2005), 445–51.
6 Liangxue Lai et al., ÔGeneration of Cloned Transgenic
Pigs Rich in Omega-3 Fatty AcidsÕ, Nature
Biotechnology 24:4 (2006), 435–6.
7 Ya-Ping Tang et al., ÔGenetic Enhancement of
Learning and Memory in MiceÕ, Nature 401 (1999),
63–9.
8 Zoe R. Donaldson and Larry J. Young, ÔOxytocin,
Vasopressin and the Neurogenetics of SocialityÕ,
Science 322:5903 (2008), 900–904; Zoe R. Donaldson,
ÔProduction of Germline Transgenic Prairie Voles
(Microtus Ochrogaster) Using Lentiviral VectorsÕ,
Biology of Reproduction 81:6 (2009), 1,189–95.
9 Terri Pous, ÔSiberian Discovery Could Bring Scientists
Closer to Cloning Woolly MammothÕ, Time, 17
September 2012, accessed 19 February 2013;
Pasqualino Loi et al, ÔBiological time machines: a
realistic approach for cloning an extinct mammalÕ,
Endangered Species Research 14 (2011), 227–33; Leon
Huynen, Craig D. Millar and David M. Lambert,
ÔResurrecting ancient animal genomes: The extinct
moa and moreÕ, Bioessays 34 (2012), 661–9.
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Neanderthal GenomeÕ, New York Times, 12 February
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618
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rthal.html?_r=2&ref=science; Zack Zorich, ÔShould
We Clone Neanderthals?Õ, Archaeology 63:2 (2009),
http://www.archaeology.org/1003/etc/neanderthals.htm
l.
11 Robert H. Waterston et al., ÔInitial Sequencing and
Comparative Analysis of the Mouse GenomeÕ, Nature
420:6915 (2002), 520.
12 ÔHybrid Insect Micro Electromechanical Systems (HI-
MEMS)Õ, Microsystems Technology Office, DARPA,
accessed 22 March 2012,
http://www.darpa.mil/Our_Work/MTO/Programs/Hybr
id_Insect_Micro_Electromechanical_Systems_percent
28HI-MEMSpercent29.aspx. See also: Sally Adee,
ÔNuclear-Powered Transponder for Cyborg InsectÕ,
IEEE Spectrum, December 2009, accessed 10
December 2010,
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rpowered-transponder-for-cyborg-
insect?utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=feed&u
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8IEEE+Spectrumpercent29&utm_content=Google+Re
ader; Jessica Marshall, ÔThe Fly Who Bugged MeÕ,
New Scientist 197:2646 (2008), 40–3; Emily Singer,
ÔSend in the Rescue RatsÕ, New Scientist 183:2466
(2004), 21–2; Susan Brown, ÔStealth Sharks to Patrol
the High SeasÕ, New Scientist 189:2541 (2006), 30–1.
13 Bill Christensen, ÔMilitary Plans Cyborg SharksÕ, Live
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_implant.html.
14 ÔCochlear ImplantsÕ, National Institute on Deafness and
Other Communication Disorders, accessed 22 March
2012,
619
http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/hearing/pages/coch.as
px.
15 Retina Implant, http://www.retina-
implant.de/en/doctors/technology/default.aspx.
16 David Brown, ÔFor 1st Woman With Bionic Arm, a
New Life is Within ReachÕ, Washington Post, 14
September 2006, accessed 10 December 2010,
http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-
dzn/content/article/2006/o9/13/AR2006091302271.htm
l?nav=E8.
17 Miguel Nicolelis, Beyond Boundaries: The New
Neuroscience of Connecting Brains and Machines –
and How it Will Change Our Lives (New York: Times
Books, 2011).
18 Chris Berdik, ÔTurning Thought into WordsÕ, BU Today,
15 October 2008, accessed 22 March 2012,
http://www.bu.edu/today/2008/turning-thoughts-into-
words/.
19 Jonathan Fildes, ÔArtificial Brain Õ10 years awayÕ, BBC
News, 22 July 2009, accessed 19 September 2012,
http://news.bbc.c0.uk/2/hi/8164060.stm.
20 Radoje Drmanac et al., ÔHuman Genome Sequencing
Using Unchained Base Reads on Self-Assembling
DNA NanoarraysÕ, Science 327:5961 (2010), 78–81;
ÔComplete GenomicsÕ website:
http://www.completegenomics.com/; Rob Waters,
ÔComplete Genomics Gets Gene Sequencing under
$5000 (Update 1)Õ, Bloomberg, 5 November 2009,
accessed 10 December 2010;
http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchi
ve&sid=aWutnyE4S0Ww; Fergus Walsh, ÔEra of
Personalized Medicine AwaitsÕ, BBC News, last
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and-founders-fund-partner-joins-dna-sequencing-firm-
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621
622

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