Chapter 1

Data Summary

Population - Represent all possible measurements or outcomes that are of interest to us in a

particular study

Sample - A portion of the population that is representative of the population from which it
was selected

Univariate Data Multivariate Data

Measures: Measures:

1. Central of Tendency 1. Variability

a. Mean a. Correlation Coefficient
b. Mode
c. Median
2. Variability
a. Variance
b. Standard Deviation
c. Interquartile Range
d. Range
Mode – Value that appears most often in a set of data

Median – Numerical value separating the higher half of a data from the lower half

Mean – Average value of all the observations

Sample Population
n n

x i x i
x i 1
 i 1

n N

Variance – Dispersion or variability about the mean

Sample Population

 x  x   x 
n n
2 2
i i x
s2  i 1
2  i 1

n 1 N

Quartiles (Q1, Q2, Q3) – The three points that divide the data set into four equal groups, each
group comprising a quarter of the data

Q1 
n  1 Q2 
n  1 Q3 
3n  1
4 2 4

Interquartile Range (IQR) – Difference between the upper and lower quartiles

IQR  Q3  Q1

k th Percentile – Data value such that approximately 100k % of observations is at or below

this value and approximately 100 1  k % of them are above it

100k th Percentile  k n  1

where 0  k  1
Stem-And-Leaf Diagram

Number of stems is usually 5-20

Histogram

Number of class intervals / cells / bins  n

Box Plot

Time Series Plot

Sample correlation coefficient – Strength of linear relationship between two variables x

and y

S xy S xy
r 
 n
 
2 
 2
 S xx S yy
n
  xi  x   yi  y 
 i 1  i 1 

  y  y 
n
such that 1  r  1 and where S xy   xi  x
2 2
i
i 1
Generally, we consider the correlation between two variables to be strong when
0  r  0.5 , weak when 0.8  r  1

Montgomery, D. C. and Runger, G. C., (2011). Applied Statistics and Probability for Engineers. 5 th Edition, SI
Version. John Wileys & Sons.

Bluman, A. G., (2007). Elementary Statistics: A Step by Step Approach. 6 th Edition. McGraw-Hill.

Zalina, M. D., Maizah, H. A., Robiah, A., Shariffah, S. S. J., Fadhilah, Y., and Ismalil, M., (2005). Statistics for
Sciences and Engineering. Universiti Teknologi Malaysia.