Water 11.10.2016 PDF

Water
in biological systems
UMF Carol Davila,

Biophysics Department
Dr. Anca Popescu
Biophysics Dept. UMF C. Davila 2016
Dr. Adrian Iftime

Dr. Eva Katona
Dr. Octavian Călinescu
Series 3, English
2016/2017, 1st semester http://www.vetlocator.com/images/petpics/cats_swim5.jpg
Outline
1. Basic molecular physics of liquids

2. Structure and properties of the water molecule
3. Aqueous solutions
4. Water in biological systems
5. Interfacial phenomena; applications
1. Molecular physics of the liquid state
Basic notions
 Molecular interactions between the molecules* of

liquids can be:
o van der Waals forces:

 permanent dipole – permanent dipole
 permanent dipole – induced dipole
 induced dipole – induced dipole
o Hydrogen bond (H) (coordinative)

o ion-ion interactions
o ion-dipole interactions
* For basic notions regarding chemical bonds between atoms

(covalent or ionic) consult high school-level chemistry textbooks
Dipoles
HCl
polar molecule
(permanent
dipole) H2O
O2
nonpolar
molecule
CO2
Dipoles
polar molecule
(permanent
dipole)
nonpolar induced
molecule dipole
dipoles arrange if placed inside

an electrical field (E)
Dipoles
 Permanent dipoles:
o Molecules that have a permanent asymmetric
distribution of electrical charges (i.e. positive charges
are arranged mostly toward an end of the molecule,
while negative charges are mostly arranged towards
the opposite end of the molecule) [a.k.a. permanent
polarized molecules]; e.g. molecules of water,
ammonia, hydrochloric acid etc.
 Induced dipoles:
o Molecules that are non-polarized, but under the
influence of an external electrical field can become

polarized (while the electrical field is maintained).
e.g. some proteins
van der Waals interactions
permanent dipole - permanent dipole

interactions
permanent dipole - induced dipole induced dipole - induced dipole

interactions interactions
van der Waals interactions
The van der Waals force (or interaction), is the sum of the attractive
or repulsive electrical forces between molecules (or between parts
of the same molecule) other than those due to covalent bonds or to
the electrostatic interaction of ions with one another. It can manifest
as:
- electrical force between two permanent dipoles
- electrical force between a permanent dipole and a corresponding
induced dipole
- electrical force between two instantaneously induced dipoles
van der Waals forces are among the weakest intermolecular forces.
Hydrogen bond
In general, the boiling point of a chemical compound increases with

molecular weight (M).
Compound M Boiling Compound M Boiling Compound M Boiling

(g/ point (g/ point (oC) (g/ point
mol) (oC) mol) mol) (oC)
NH3 17 -33 H2O 18 +100 HF 20 +19
PH3 34 -87 H2S 34 -61 HCl 36.5 -84
AsH3 78 -55 H2Se 81 -42 HBr 81 -67
SbH3 131 -17 H2Te 130 -2 HI 128 -35
Conclusion: Between molecules of NH3, H2O, HF there are

additional forces present that cause these molecules to be more

attracted to molecules of the same type than “normal”.
Biophysics Dept. UMF C. Davila 2016 Hydrogen bond
Hydrogen bond
= is the attractive interaction of a hydrogen atom with an
electronegative atom (such as N, O or F) that comes from another
molecule or chemical group.
The hydrogen atom must be covalently bonded to another

electronegative atom to create the bond (i.e. it must be part of a
covalent molecule).
Hydrogen bonds can occur between:
- two molecules (intermolecularly, like in water), or
- within different parts of a single molecule (intramolecularly, like in
proteins).
The hydrogen bond is stronger* than van der Waals interactions,

but weaker than covalent or ionic bonds.
* stronger = it takes more energy to break this bond

Types of liquids
 simple liquids
o Their molecules attract each other only through van
der Waals forces
o Examples: liquefied noble gases (He, Ne, etc.),
halogens
 complex liquids
o Their molecules attract each other through multiple
kinds of forces
o Example: water
 liquid crystals
o These are complex structures (discussed later)
Molecular models of liquids
The crystalline model

- made from geometric "cells" of space
- cells "inhabited" by molecules
- some cells are "vacant" (no molecule)
- the molecules can move from a cell to
an empty cell (i.e. the liquid flows)
The fluid vacancies model
- in the liquid there are empty spaces (vacancies)
- these vacancies are in thermal motion
2. The water molecule

The atomic structure of water
Tetrahedral spatial arrangement

The water molecule is a permanent electrical

dipole. Oxygen is slightly electronegative,
hydrogen is slightly electropositive.
movie from http://www.northland.cc.mn.us hydrogenbonds.swf

Hydrogen bond in water
A water molecule can bind 1...4
other water molecules by hydrogen
bonds.
Intermolecular hydrogen bonding is
responsible for the high boiling point
of water (100 °C).
Without this bonding, water

molecules would disperse quickly
(would evaporate very fast at lower
temperatures).
Intramolecular hydrogen bonding is
partly responsible for the complex

structures of proteins and nucleic
acids and other polymers and for the
bound water (see below)
Liquid water structure
❒ hydrogen bonds; the distance between an oxygen and

the hydrogen belonging to other water molecule is approx. 1.8 Å;
one water molecule can bind 1-4 other water molecules
Biophysics Dept. UMF C. Davila 2016 The contemporary water model
The contemporary water model
❒ Single domain model

 Liquid water is seen as a single continuous domain with
local discontinuities. These appear because some
hydrogen bonds break, while other are created at
random.
Shigeo Maruyama Group
Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of
Tokyo
Solid water (ice)
 Water can crystallize in different forms, under the

influence of:
o Temperature
o Pressure
o Existence of starting points ("seeding"), i.e. small
impurities or other crystals
 Most usual forms of ice at normal pressure:
o hexagonal ice (temperatures -80 ... 0 ºC)
o cubic ice (temperatures below -80 ºC)
 In ice, the hydrogen bonds are permanent

Biophysics Dept. UMF C. Davila 2016 Hexagonal ice
Hexagonal ice crystals (macroscopic)
Biophysics Dept. UMF C. Davila 2016 Cubic ice
http://www1.lsbu.ac.uk/water/images/cubic_ice_1.gif
Water properties
• abnormally high melting and boiling temperatures

compared to similar hydrogenated compounds
• water is liquid at physiological temperatures
• maximum density at 4°C
• ice floats on water
• high dielectric constant
• this is favorable for electrolyte dissociation
• high surface tension
• water molecules are attracted to each other (also see further)
• very high specific heat capacity, high thermal
conductance, high heat of vaporization

• these are important for thermal self-regulation of the body.
and systems
3. Aqueous solutions
Aqueous solutions and systems
Aqueous solution = a solution in which the solvent is water.

Classified according to their interaction with water, substances can
be:
• hydrophilic ('water-loving'): dissolve in water
• electrolytes (examples: most ionic salts = electrolytes, like
NaCl, KCl, etc)
• substances that can form hydrogen bonds with water
(examples: alcohols, some aminoacids, etc)
• hydrophobic ('water fearing'): do not dissolve well in water
(examples: oils)
• amphipathic molecules: have both a hydrophilic and a

hydrophobic part (examples: detergents, lecithin)
The ability of a substance to dissolve in water is determined by whether the molecules of

the substance can interact with an attractive force with water molecules
Electrolyte solutions
 solvation of ions
o strong electrolytes dissociate into ions (this is favored by
the big dielectric constant of water)
o water dipoles arrange themselves around the ion, with
matching complementary electrical charge towards the
ion
+ -
Na+Cl-
Biophysics Dept. UMF C. Davila 2016 Electrolyte solutions
http://www.mhhe.com/physsci/chemistry/essentialchemistry/flash/molvie1.swf
Electrolyte solutions
http://bioserv.fiu.edu/~walterm/FallSpring/ch http://bioserv.fiu.edu/~walterm/FallSpring/
emfoundcomplete/hydrationsphere+.jpg chemfoundcomplete/hydrationsphere-.jpg
http://www.phys.vt.edu/~vinhnq/research/Hydration-shell-IONS.png
• Water molecules arrange themselves with their hydrogen

atoms towards negative ions (anions) and with their oxygen
atoms towards positive ions (cations) forming a hydration
sphere (shell)
• This initial arrangement (the inner hydration shell) causes

water molecules around it to be ordered (via hydrogen
bonds), forming an outer hydration shell
Substances that can form
hydrogen bonds with water
 These molecules insert themselves between water molecules
and form hydrogen bonds with the atoms of water.
In the image is OH-CH2-CH2-CH2-OH, a polyalcohol interposed between

water molecules.
Hydrophobic substances
 Molecules without a dipole moment (non polar)
 Under water influence they form instantaneous induced

dipoles → they make weak van der Waals interactions with
water molecules
 The system tends to go to a stable energetic state by

forming maximum amount of bonds, which can be:
o Between water molecules, around the hydrophobic molecule, like a
cage (clathrate cavity)
o Hydrophobic molecules are trapped between linked water molecules
o Between hydrophobic molecules (hydrophobic bonds)
Clathrates
Clathrate hydrates (or gas clathrates) are

crystalline water-based solids.
Small non polar molecules (typically

hydrocarbons) are trapped inside "cages" of
hydrogen bonded water molecules.
http://nambal.egloos.com/970332
Biophysics Dept. UMF C. Davila 2016 Clathrates
Clathrate hydrates resemble ice, however they are not ice.

They form under high pressure on the seafloor, and decompose rapidly at normal pressure,
releasing water (as liquid) and the hydrophobic molecule (in the images above, methane, was
ignited).
http://nambal.egloos.com/970332
Clathrates
http://ferrisholding.com
http://www.lsbu.ac.uk
Self-ionization of water
H2O  H+ + HO- The self-ionization of water (autodissociation) is

a chemical reaction in which a proton is
transferred from one water molecule to another,
H+ + H2O  H3O+ to create the two ions:
- hydronium, H3O+
2H2O  HO- + H3O+ - hydroxide, OH−
pH = - log[H3O+]
pH is defined as above and is a measure of acidity. A pH less than 7
means that the solution is acidic, a pH bigger than 7 means that the
solution is basic. A pH of 7 is neutral.
pH scale
http://universe-review.ca/I11-16-pH2.jpg
❒ Pure water, 25 °C:

 [H+]=[HO-]=10-7 mol/l
 pH = 7
❒ In the organism:
 pH = 7.4
❒ Solutions which contain components that allow them to keep the pH
relatively unchanged upon addition of acids or bases are called buffers. For
example, blood is buffered at pH 7.4, the main chemical species responsible
for buffering being H2CO3 and HCO3-.
4. Water in biological systems

Water inside and outside of the cells
 Water is distributed differently

o Free water
o Partially bound water
o Bound water:
• evaporates slower than free water
• freezes at temperatures below 0 °C
• does not dissolve crystalloids (salts, etc)
• does not participate in osmosis
Molecular model of the complete GPCR (rhodopsin) in an atomistic representation of its

environment. The protein is rendered in gold color, with the retinal in red. The lipid portion of
the phospholipids is shown in green, and their head groups are rendered in yellow. The
surrounding water molecules are rendered in blue.
Weinstein H. Hallucinogen Actions on 5-HT Receptors Reveal Distinct Mechanisms of Activation and Signaling by G
Protein-coupled Receptors. AAPS Journal. 2006; 7(4): E871-E884.
Bound water
http://www.lsbu.ac.uk
Around complex organic molecules (esp. proteins), water can be in a particular state
(bound water).
The water molecules are bound through weak electrical dipole-like interactions to some
parts of the organic molecule. These water molecules are therefore not free to participate in
the water environment like other water molecules. The bound water has some special
properties: higher boiling temperature than normal, lower freezing temperature than normal.
In the image there is long polypeptide chain (a protein) and some water molecules bound to
it through dipole-like interactions.
Bound water
http://sciencenotes.wordpress.com
http://thglab.berkeley.edu
I. Kosztin/Univ. of Missouri (made with VMD)
http://physics.aps.org/assets/241609c9-0aae-431d-82ed-0529df8a2a05
Amphipathic molecules
Example:
Phospholipids - they form the cellular membrane
hydrophilic
part
hydrophobic
part
http://bioweb.wku.edu/courses/BIOL115/Wyatt/Biochem/Lipid/P-lipid.gif
These molecules are large, having two parts:

- a hydrophilic part: makes bonds with water (electrostatic or hydrogen
bonds). Water molecules surround this part and become bound
there
- a hydrophobic part: water molecules will make a clathrate-like
structure around this part (if allowed). If there are multiple
amphipathic molecules, their hydrophobic parts will make
hydrophobic bonds between themselves and will stay in close
proximity one to each other.
A compound which has two immiscible hydrophilic and hydrophobic

parts within the same molecule, is called an amphiphilic molecule.
Many amphiphilic molecules show lyotropic liquid-crystalline phase

sequences depending on the volume balances between the
hydrophilic part and hydrophobic part (see below, Liquid Crystals
section).
These compounded molecules (which have two immiscible hydrophilic
and hydrophobic parts within the same molecule) are called
amphipathic (syn: amphiphilic )
Many amphiphatic molecules behave like lyotropic liquid crystals (see
later) depending on the volume balances between the hydrophilic
part and hydrophobic part in the molecules.
As an everyday example of such molecules: soaps, shampoo,
detergents. They reduce the surface tension of the fluids (see
below).
In the human body some special amphipathic molecules play key
roles :
- bile salts produced by the liver play a key role in lipid absorption
- phospholipids form cellular membranes

- the pulmonary surfactant reduces surface tension on the pulmonary
alveoli (see later)
Liquid crystals
❒ They are intermediary phases (mesophases) between

liquids and solids
❒ They are found in some special substances
❒ They are anisotropic (not having properties that are the

same in all directions)
❒ They have properties of:

 liquids – they can flow
 solid crystals – ordered spatial molecular strucure

Liquid crystals
Liquid crystals
There are several types:
Lyotropic : transition from solid to liquid phase is

influenced primarily by the concentration of molecules
(and is less influenced by the temperature)
 example: cellular membranes (!) made from
amphipathic molecules
Liquid crystals
There are several types:
Lyotropic : transition from solid to liquid phase is

influenced primarily by the concentration of molecules
(and is less influenced by the temperature)
 example: cellular membranes (!) made from
amphipathic molecules
Thermotropic : transition from solid to liquid phase is

influenced by temperature. They have some subtypes
 Nematic phases
 Smectic phases (e.g.: myelin)
 Cholesteric phases – they have optic activity (e.g.:
cholesterol)
Lyotropic liquid crystals
d)
c)
at high concentration
e)
b)
a)
at low concentration
A material is called lyotropic if it forms liquid crystal phases because of the
addition of a solvent. Many amphiphatic molecules behave like lyotropic liquid
crystals depending on the volume balances between the hydrophilic part and
hydrophobic part in the molecules, and the content of the solvent (water or oil) added.
❒ At very low amphiphatic concentration:
the molecules will be dispersed randomly without any ordering.
❒ At slightly higher concentration:
amphipathic molecules will spontaneously assemble into micelles or vesicles.
(This 'hides' the hydrophobic part of the amphiphatic inside the micelle core,
exposing a hydrophilic (water-soluble) surface to water) (see a and b in the previous
slide)
❒ At higher concentration:
the assemblies will become ordered. A typical phase is a hexagonal columnar
phase, where the amphipathic molecules form long cylinders (again with a
hydrophilic surface towards water) (see c and d in the previous slide)
❒ At very high concentration:

a lamellar phase may form, wherein extended sheets of amphipathic molecules
are separated by thin layers of water. (see e in the previous slide).
1. A lamellar phase: Lipid bilayer formed by phospholipids (this is the basis of
cellular membranes).
2. A micelle formed by phospholipids.
Hydrophilic part is shown in red (this is towards the water), and the hydrophobic
part is shown in blue. You can observe that the amphipathic molecules arrange to
keep the hydrophobic parts away from water.
wikimedia commons
Thermotropic liquid crystals
Nematic phase type Smectic phase type

 The molecules are all ordered • The molecules are all ordered parallel
parallel with their long axis with their long axis
 They are not arranged in planes or
strata • They are confined in planes that can
slide one over each other
 They have optical activity
• A - type: their axis is perpendicular on

the plane
• C-type: their axis is slanted
Thermotropic liquid crystals
Cholesteric phase:
 The molecules are arranged in planes
 In each plane, the molecules are parallel with
adjacent molecules (in the same plane)
 The molecules are helicoidally arranged from plane
to plane
 They have optical activity
 They change their color with a change in their
temperature :
 The step (p) is temperature dependant
 They do reflect the light that has the same
wavelength as the step (p) of the helix

(see the image depicting half of the step p of the
helix)
wikimedia commons
5. Interfacial phenomena
Interfaces
An interface is a surface forming a common boundary among two

different phases, such as:
- an insoluble solid and a liquid (e.g. glass and water)
- two immiscible liquids (e.g. water and oil)
- a liquid and a gas (e.g. water and air) – this is also called a surface
- a solid and a gas (e.g. glass and air)
SURFACE
INTERFACE
http://www.pharmainfo.net/files/u8603/surfinter.jpg
Homework – try to count how many interfaces you can find in the figure above.
Interfaces
http://www.adhesiveandglue.com/IMAGENES/adhesion%20-%20cohesion.gif
At the interface level there are some resultant forces arising from:
- the attraction forces between the molecules belonging to each phase
(cohesion forces) (e.g. water molecules attract each other)
- the attraction between the molecules belonging to different phases
(adhesion forces) (for instance, water molecules are attracted by the
silica oxide in the glass)

Interface
These forces (cohesion and adhesion) play a special role in shaping the
overall form of the interfaces and some other phenomena, like:
- formation of menisci (see later)
- overall shapes of the cells (cell membrane is an interface!)
- overall shape of alveoli
- role in transport processes across an interface

Solid - Liquid interfaces
meniscus, pl. menisci : A crescent-shaped surface.
These appear at the interface between a solid and a liquid (think glass
and water, or blood vessel and blood, etc).
They can be:

- concave (having a depressed or hollowed surface)
- convex (surface that is evenly curved outward; like a hill)
Their shape is given by the nature of the fluid and solid and the relative
strength of cohesion and adhesion forces one to each other:

Shapes of menisci:
A) concave meniscus
Fadhesion > Fcohesion
B) convex meniscus
Fadhesion < Fcohesion
A drop of liquid on a solid:

Fadhesion >> Fcohesion Fadhesion > Fcohesion Fadhesion < Fcohesion Fadhesion << Fcohesion
(e.g. glue on paper) (e.g. water on glass) (e.g. water on some (e.g. water on teflon,
plastics) mercury on glass)
Capillarity: The movement of liquids in narrow tubes or through

the pores of a loose material, as a result of adhesion and
cohesion forces.
capillary ascension:
Fadhesion > Fcohesion
capillary depression:
Fadhesion < Fcohesion
water rises in a glass mercury descends in

narrow tube a glass narrow tube
Liquid - gas interfaces
 Surface tension phenomena

Deep inside the liquid, the intermolecular
attraction forces have a zero resultant.
In the surface layer, they do not:
one component parallel with the
surface – opposes breaking of the
surface layer;
one component perpendicular on the
surface, towards the liquid - acts like
a compressive force for the rest of the
liquid.
→ because of these, liquids have a
tendency to minimize the surface shape

(i.e. become spherical, think of water
droplets), and the liquids are
incompressible with normal external
forces (they are already compressed).
Surface tension
 Water has one of the highest surface tension values of any liquid.
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a8/Surface_tension_March_2009-3.jpg http://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/s--niKs9t9J--/c_fit,fl_progressive,q_80,w_636/17w941jaj23h6jpg.jpg
Surface tension
Surface tension ( σ ) can be measured - see the PSS "Surface tension".

For a given liquid in air, it is fixed.
For many molecular biological processes, it is important that this surface
tension be lower than of water or higher than of water.
If we add different substances in the liquid, we can influence the

cohesion forces, and therefore we can alter the surface tension.
The substances that are able to reduce the surface tension, are called
surface-active (tensioactive) substances (surfactants).
Surface-active substances
Most effective: amphipathic molecules
Traube's law: surface-activity of an amphipathic molecule

increases with the number of hydrophobic components of
that molecule
these substances are also known as sufactants [surface active agents]
Examples:
Decrease the surface tension of lipids
- detergents, soaps (oils) and thus facilitate the breaking
- bile salts of the surface and then the mixing of
the lipids with water
- pulmonary surfactant
Surface-active substances
How do surfactants reduce surface tension in an aqueous solution?
 Surfactant molecules migrate to the air-water

interface (surface) in order to minimize the contact
between their hydrophobic tails and the water.
 In doing so, they displace water molecules at the
Surfactant concentration surface and insert themselves between the
existing water molecules in the surface layer,
reducing the cohesive forces (thus lowering
surface tension).
 As the concentration of surfactant increases, more
and more molecules move to the surface until the
surface is completely saturated with surfactant. A
minimal value of surface tension is reached.
 If the concentration of surfactant is further

increased, micelles are formed in the bulk of the
liquid.
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/CMC.pdf/page1-440px-CMC.pdf.jpg
The pulmonary surfactant
 Pulmonary surfactant – liquid that covers the inner face of

pulmonary alveoli; made from water and surface active
molecules (phospholipds and proteins).
 It decreases the surface tension on the inside surface of each
alveolus: therefore, there is less force to be overcome by
respiratory movements.
 Roles:
 Increases pulmonary compliance and decreases the
amount of work required to inflate the lungs;

 Prevents the collapse of the lungs at the end of each of the
respiratory movements;
 Helps in stabilizing the volume of each adjacent alveolus.
 Pulmonary compliance: ΔVpulm / Δp

The pulmonary surfactant
❒ Laplace's law: (pressure in a bubble)
2σ
 Δp – pressure in the bubble (alveolus) Δp =
 r – radius of the bubble (alveolus) r
 Δp = 12-24 torr if the bubble
would be made from water
 Δp = few torr if the bubble is

made from surfactant (lower σ )
 Therefore, the surfactant helps

maintain a similar pressure in all

alveoli, regardless of their size
(radius r)
Homework: in which bubble there is a higher pressure: in a smaller one (small r) or in a bigger one (big r), if
the bubbles sit in air ?
Sample Quizzes
Answer key: A if I is true, II is true
B if I is true, II is false
C if I is false, II is true
D if I is false, II is false
1. Concerning the hydrogen bond between water molecules:

I. it is an attractive force between the hydrogen atom of one water molecule towards the hydrogen atom of
another water molecule;
II. the hydrogen bond is stronger than the covalent bond between the equivalent atoms.
2.The water molecule:

I. is a permanent electrical dipole;
II. the oxygen atom belonging to a water molecule is slightly electronegative, and the hydrogen atoms are
slightly electropositive.
3. Water as a liquid:
I. has the maximum density at 4 °C;
II. has a very small surface tension.
4. Regarding the solubility in water of different substances:

I. an electrolyte like NaCl is a hydrophobic substance;
II. olive oil is a hydrophilic substance.
Try to solve the questions, before looking at the answers on the

last page.
Sample Quizzes
5. Amphipathic molecules:
I. are substances that cannot be produced or found in the healthy human body;
II. have two parts (one hydrophilic and one hydrophobic part) within the same molecule.
6. Regarding the self-ionization of water:

I. if the pH of a particular solution is 10, it means that this solution is basic;
II. if the pH of a solution is smaller than 7, it means that the solution is acidic.
7. Regarding lyotropic liquid crystals:

I. they can be found in the composition of cellular membranes;
I. the transition from solid to liquid phase is chiefly influenced by temperature.
8. The surfactants:
I. are substances that increase the surface tension of liquids;
II. amphipathic molecules are effective surfactants.

last page.
Sample Quizzes
9. A molecular dipole is:

I. A molecule that has two radicals (e.g. a methyl group and an ethyl group);
II. A molecule made from two identical atoms (eg. H2, O2, N2, etc).
10. A molecular dipole is:

I. A molecule that has an asymmetric electrical distribution of electrical charges;
II. A molecule that has two positive electrical poles.
11. In van der Waals interactions between molecular dipoles, the molecules arrange themselves as:
I. positive end of a molecule repels the positive end of another molecule;
II. positive end of a molecule is attracted towards the negative end of another molecule.
12. The van der Waals force is:

I. a magnetic attraction between molecules;
II. weaker than the molecular covalent bond.
13. The van der Waals force is:

I. an electrical force between dipoles;

II. stronger than the hydrogen bond.
14. The hydrogen bond:

I. is the bond between two hydrogen atoms;
II. it is stronger than the covalent bond.
last page.
Sample Quizzes
15. Electrolytes:
I. Dissolve by forming hydrogen bonds with water;
II. Are hard to dissolve in water as they are hydrophobic.
16. Gastric juice is acidic, therefore:

I. The concentration of H3O+ ions in gastric juice is higher than in blood;
II. It has a pH higher than 8.
17. The pulmonary surfactant:

I. Is only secreted in the case of serious lung disease;
II. Causes pressure in larger alveoli to be higher than that in smaller alveoli.
18. Bound water:

I. Is associated to certain organic molecules;
II. Freezes at lower temperatures than unbound water.
19. In the organism, pH is:

I. Neutral in all biological fluids;
II. Kept at a constant value (buffered) in blood.
20. A liquid placed in a capillary tube will:

I. Rise in the capillary if the cohesion forces are smaller than the adhesion forces;
II. Rise in the capillary if the cohesion forces are greater than the adhesion forces.

last page.
References
- Curs de biofizica medicala, C. Ganea

- Curs de biofizica medicala, I. Baran, A. Popescu, et. al.
- Lucrari practice de biofizica si fizica medicala, 2013, ed. Carol
Davila
- Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry, ( 4th edition, D.L.Nelson,
M.M. Cox )
Images:
- Most are produced in our Department " Catedra de Biofizica
Medicala, UMF Carol Davila Bucuresti", and published in:
- Curs de biofizica medicala, I. Baran, A. Popescu, et. al.
Other images are:
- Public domain (licence GNU / GPL / CC), from:
- Wikimedia Commons ANSWERS FOR SAMPLE QUIZZES:
- OpenClipart Library 1. D 9. D 17. D
- For the rest, the image source is indicated below or overimposed 2. A 10. B 18. A
(e.g. “National Geographic”).
3. B 11. A 19. C
4. D 12. C 20. B
5. C 13. B
6. A 14. D
7. B 15. D
8. C 16. B

Water 11.10.2016 PDF

Hochgeladen von

Dokumentinformationen

Originalbeschreibung:

Originaltitel

Copyright

Verfügbare Formate

Dieses Dokument teilen

Dokument teilen oder einbetten

Freigabeoptionen

Stufen Sie dieses Dokument als nützlich ein?

Sind diese Inhalte unangemessen?

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

Water 11.10.2016 PDF

Hochgeladen von

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

Water

UMF Carol Davila,

Dr. Adrian Iftime

1. Basic molecular physics of liquids

 Molecular interactions between the molecules* of

o van der Waals forces:

o Hydrogen bond (H) (coordinative)

* For basic notions regarding chemical bonds between atoms

dipoles arrange if placed inside

influence of an external electrical field can become

permanent dipole - permanent dipole

permanent dipole - induced dipole induced dipole - induced dipole

In general, the boiling point of a chemical compound increases with

Compound M Boiling Compound M Boiling Compound M Boiling

Conclusion: Between molecules of NH3, H2O, HF there are

additional forces present that cause these molecules to be more

The hydrogen atom must be covalently bonded to another

The hydrogen bond is stronger* than van der Waals interactions,

* stronger = it takes more energy to break this bond

The crystalline model

2. The water molecule

Tetrahedral spatial arrangement

The water molecule is a permanent electrical

movie from http://www.northland.cc.mn.us hydrogenbonds.swf

Without this bonding, water

partly responsible for the complex

❒ hydrogen bonds; the distance between an oxygen and

❒ Single domain model

 Water can crystallize in different forms, under the

 In ice, the hydrogen bonds are permanent

• abnormally high melting and boiling temperatures

conductance, high heat of vaporization

Aqueous solution = a solution in which the solvent is water.

• amphipathic molecules: have both a hydrophilic and a

The ability of a substance to dissolve in water is determined by whether the molecules of

• Water molecules arrange themselves with their hydrogen

• This initial arrangement (the inner hydration shell) causes

In the image is OH-CH2-CH2-CH2-OH, a polyalcohol interposed between

 Molecules without a dipole moment (non polar)

 Under water influence they form instantaneous induced

 The system tends to go to a stable energetic state by

Clathrate hydrates (or gas clathrates) are

Small non polar molecules (typically

Clathrate hydrates resemble ice, however they are not ice.

H2O  H+ + HO- The self-ionization of water (autodissociation) is

2H2O  HO- + H3O+ - hydroxide, OH−

❒ Pure water, 25 °C:

4. Water in biological systems

 Water is distributed differently

Molecular model of the complete GPCR (rhodopsin) in an atomistic representation of its

I. Kosztin/Univ. of Missouri (made with VMD)

These molecules are large, having two parts:

A compound which has two immiscible hydrophilic and hydrophobic

Many amphiphilic molecules show lyotropic liquid-crystalline phase

- phospholipids form cellular membranes

❒ They are intermediary phases (mesophases) between

❒ They are found in some special substances

❒ They are anisotropic (not having properties that are the

❒ They have properties of:

 liquids – they can flow

 solid crystals – ordered spatial molecular strucure

There are several types: