UNIT TEST

Earth and Life Science

A. Identify the idea/term referred to by the following statements.

______________________1. He suggested that early Earth was very different from present day
and that lightning and volcanic activity catalyzed the creation of organic molecules to form
a "primordial soup" from which life arose

______________________2. The concept which suggests life on Earth came outer space and
brought by meteorites

______________________3. He disproved spontaneous generation of large organisms by

showing maggots came from flies not from rotting meat

______________________4. Scientist who designed a special flask that allowed air in but kept
microbes out and once and for all disproved spontaneous generation

______________________5. Gas was believed to be absent from early Earth's atmosphere

______________________6. The scientists who tested the primordial soup model by using an
electrical spark to produce amino acids from the molecules believed to be present on early
Earth?

______________________7. Another name for spontaneous generation

______________________8. Characteristic that best explains people having a stable internal

body temperature

______________________9. Chemical reactions that occur within the body

______________________10. Cells that have no membrane-bound nuclei

______________________11. The splitting of glucose molecules into pyruvates during cellular

respiration.

______________________12. The final stage of cellular respiration.

______________________13-14. Two raw materials for cellular respiration.

______________________15. The stage of photosynthesis where oxygen is produced.

______________________16. The type of reproduction which involves combining genetic

information from two parents

______________________17. The type of reproduction that results in identical copies of the

parent

______________________18. The theory on the origin of life that refers to life coming from other
living things

______________________19. The theory on the origin of life that refers to life arising from non-
living molecules

______________________20. The source of energy needed in photosynthesis

B. Write the letter of your choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
21. Miller and Urey used the following substances to simulate Earth's early atmosphere
EXCEPT
A. ammonia B. water vapor C. methane D. oxygen

22. Whi

ch of the following characteristics is shared by all organisms?

A. All organisms have cells that contain DNA
B. All organisms are composed of two cells
C. All organisms can smell and taste
D. All organisms can move

23. Which statement is TRUE concerning cells?

A. Every cell must get energy from food, be able to grow and divide, and respond to
its environment.
B. Cells are the smallest structural and functional unit of nonliving organisms.
C. All cells have a nucleus.
D. All of the above statements are not true concerning cells.

24. What is a major function of ribosomes in a cell?

A. Building lipids C. Synthesizing proteins
B. Breaking down large molecules D. Storing nutrients

25. Which of the following statements best identifies these two cells?

Cell X is a unicellular organism that has cytoplasm, a cell membrane, ribosomes, free-floating
DNA, and multiple flagella.
Cell Y is a multicellular organism that has cytoplasm, a cell membrane, ribosomes, a nucleus,
an endoplasmic reticulum, and mitochondria.

A. Both Cell X and Cell Y are eukaryotic cells.

B. Cell Y is a prokaryotic cell and Cell X is a eukaryotic cell.
C. Cell X is a prokaryotic cell and Cell Y is a eukaryotic cell.
D. Both Cell X and Cell Y are prokaryotic cells.

26. A pathogen is ingested by a white blood cell.

How might a lysosome assist in getting rid of the pathogen?
A. A lysosome can capture the pathogen and force it back out of the cell.
B.A lysosome can fuse to the pathogen, injecting it with neutralizing genes to
deactivate the pathogen.
C.A lysosome can directly engulf the pathogen, allowing its acidic environment to
destroy the pathogen.
D. A lysosome can fuse to the pathogen once it has been engulfed in a vesicle,
breaking it down with digestive enzymes.

For 27-29, the figure on the right shows a cell with structures
labeled A, B, C, and D.
Choices are:
 A. Structure A C. Structure C
B. Structure B D. Structure D

27. What structure represents the chloroplast?

28. Which organelle is responsible for packaging and sending out proteins to their proper
destinations?

29. What type of cell represents the figure?

A. Plant cell B. Animal cell C. Bacterial cell D. Prokaryotic cell

30. An organism ingests a toxin that damages the mitochondria of its cells.
Which function of the mitochondria might be inhibited in the cell?
A. Creating proteins C. Converting energy in sugar to ATP
B. Producing sugar from sunlight D. Disposing of damaged cell parts

31. Lysosomal storage diseases (LSDs) are a group of rare and inherited genetic disorders in
which some part of the lysosome does not function properly, causing the accumulation of
toxic substances in the cell and ultimately, cell death.
What would be the most likely explanation as to why the lysosomes of someone with this
disease are not functioning properly?
A. The enzymes of the lysosome are beginning to break down the DNA of the cell.
B. The enzymes of the lysosome are not breaking down enough toxic material.
C. The enzymes of the lysosome are beginning to break down the ribosomes.
D. The enzymes of the lysosome are breaking down too much toxic material.

32. If proteins do not have the correct structure, they cannot function properly. Protein
misfolding is a cellular malfunction that occurs when proteins do not properly get modified
and folded into their correct 3D shape after they are initially synthesized.
Which of these cell structures is most likely responsible for protein misfolding?
A. Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) C. Lysosome
B. Mitochondria D. Nucleus

33. What cell structure is responsible for regulating all cellular activities?
A. Mitochondria B. Golgi body C. Nucleus D. Lysosome

34. Which of the following structures are found in eukaryotes, but not prokaryotes?
A. Cytoplasm B. Cilia C. Cell membrane D. Golgi body

35. Which of the following are prokaryotes?

A. Fungi B. Plants C. Bacteria D. Animals

36. Which of the following structures are present in plant cells but absent in animal cells?
A. Golgi bodies B. Cell walls C. Cytosol D. Mitochondria

37. Which of the following is found in BOTH plant and animal cells?
A. Nucleus B. Chloroplast C. Cell wall D. Lysosome

38. A plant is moved from direct sunlight and placed into complete darkness.
Which structure in the plant's cells would be most affected by this change?
A. Mitochondria B. Chloroplast C. Golgi body D. Vacuole

39. Which are the raw materials of photosynthesis?

A. Water and CO2 C. NADPH
B. Oxygen and Glucose D. Glucose and CO2

40. Which of the following is NOT true about the light reactions of photosynthesis?
A. The light reactions occur at daytime.
 B. The light reactions need chlorophyll molecules.
C. ATP is a product of the light reaction.
D. Carbon dioxide is a raw material in the light reaction.

41. Which of the following equations correctly summarizes the process of photosynthesis?
A. CO2 + water ⟶ glucose + oxygen C. CO2 + glucose ⟶ water + oxygen
B. glucose + oxygen ⟶ CO2 + water D. CO2 + oxygen ⟶ water + glucose

42. Which of the following are true regarding photosynthesis and cellular respiration?
A. Photosynthesis and cellular respiration are performed by all plants and animals.
B. Both photosynthesis and cellular respiration occur in the chloroplasts of a cell.
C. Photosynthesis produces carbon dioxide, and cellular respiration uses CO2.
D. Photosynthesis and cellular respiration are near-opposite processes.

43. Which of the following explains what happens to oxygen produced by the light-
dependent reactions?
A. It is used in the Calvin cycle.
B. It is released into the atmosphere.
C. It combines with NADPH to produce water.
D. It is recycled as a reactant in another light-dependent reaction.

44. What will happen if ATP and NADPH are already used up at night?
A. Less oxygen will be produced. C. Glucose production will stop.
B. Less carbon dioxide will be used. D. Water molecules will split to form electrons.

45. Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding glycolysis?

A. Glycolysis can occur without the presence of oxygen.
B. Glycolysis takes place in the mitochondria of a cell.
C. Glycolysis is the final step in aerobic respiration.
D. Glycolysis produces a net of 1 ATP, 1 NADH and 4 pyruvate.

46. What is true of NAD in cellular respiration?

A. NAD carries the oxygen needed to break down the glucose molecules into the cell.
B. NAD is used to directly break apart the glucose molecules.
C. NAD carries and transfers electrons and H+ ions.
D. NAD carries excess carbon dioxide out of the cell.

47. Gwen is investigating how exercise affects the rate at which she can squeeze a ball.
After several minutes, she begins to experience muscle soreness and fatigue. She knows that
this means her muscles are beginning to run out of oxygen.
Which process is likely causing the soreness in her muscle cells?
A. Lactic acid fermentation C. Photosynthesis
B. Alcohol fermentation D. Krebs cycle

48. Which is NOT a product of the Krebs cycle?

A. Carbon dioxide B. NADH C. Oxygen D. FADH2

49. Which of the following will cause the process of respiration to stop?
A. Large amount of glucose C. Absence of oxygen
B. Small amount of water D. Presence of carbon dioxide

50. Which of the following occur during Krebs cycle?

A. FADH2 accepts two electrons in order to form FAD.
B. Pyruvate is converted into acetyl-CoA.
C. Acetyl-CoA combines with oxaloacetate to form citrate.
D. Glucose is split into two pyruvate.
47. What are the parts of the pistil?
A. Stigma, Style, Ovary C. Anther, Filament, Style
B. Stamen, Ovary, Anther D. Filament, Stamen, Ovary

48. What statement accurately compares sexual and asexual reproduction?

A. Sexual reproduction results in genetic variation and asexual reproduction does not.
B. Sexual reproduction requires one parent while asexual reproduction requires two.
C. Sexual reproduction occurs only in animals while asexual reproduction occurs only
in plants.
D. Sexual reproduction is much faster than asexual reproduction.

49. When a butterfly drinks from a flower, it brushes against the anthers and gets covered
with pollen. When the butterfly visits another flower, the pollen attaches which part of the
flower resulting in pollination?
A. Anther B. Stigma C. Sepals D. Petal

50. What must happen for fertilization to occur in flowering plants?

A. The plant must be exposed to sunlight during pollination
B. The sperm cells in the pollen tube must be able to reach the eggs in the ovules.
C. The eggs in the ovules must be able to reach the top of the stigma where pollen
is trapped.
D. All of these
Which of the following equations accurately represents cellular respiration?
Choose 1 answer:
Choose 1 answer:

(Choice A)
A
\text{C}_{6}\text{H}_{12}\text{O}_{6} + 6\text{O}_{2} \longrightarrow 6\text{CO}_{2} +
6\text{H}_{2}\text{O} + \text{energy}C
6
H
12
O
6
+6O
2
⟶6CO
2
+6H
2
O+energy

(Choice B)
B
6\text{CO}_{2} + 6\text{H}_{2}\text{O} \longrightarrow \text{C}_{6}\text{H}_{12}\text{O}_{6} +
6\text{O}_{2} + \text {energy}6CO
2
+6H
2
O⟶C
6
H
12
O
6
+6O
2
+energy

(Choice C)
C
6\text{CO}_{2} + 6\text{O}_{2} +\text{energy} \longrightarrow
\text{C}_{6}\text{H}_{12}\text{O}_{6} + 6\text{H}_{2}\text{O}6CO
2
+6O
2
+energy⟶C
6
H
12
O
6
+6H
2
O

(Choice D)
D
\text{C}_{6}\text{H}_{12}\text{O}_{6} + 6\text{H}_{2}\text{O} + \text{energy} \longrightarrow
6\text{CO}_{2} + 6\text{O}_{2} C
6
H
12
O
6
+6H
2
O+energy⟶6CO
2
+6O
2
What is the net production of ATP, pyruvate, and NADH when one molecule of
glucose undergoes glycolysis?
Choose 1 answer:
Choose 1 answer:

(Choice A)
A
2 ATP, 2 NADH, and 2 pyruvate

(Choice B)
B
4 ATP, 1 NADH, 2 pyruvate

(Choice C)
C
4 ATP, 2 NADH, and 4 pyruvate

(Choice D)
D
2 ATP, 1 NADH, and 1 pyruvate

Which 3-carbon molecule is one of the final products of glycolysis?

Choose 1 answer:
Choose 1 answer:

(Choice A)
A
ADP

(Choice B)
B
Pyruvate

(Choice C)
C
2-Phosphoglycerate

(Choice D)
D
Glucose

Glycolysis is the first stage in the process of cellular respiration.

What is the main transformation that occurs during glycolysis?
Choose 1 answer:
Choose 1 answer:

(Choice A)
A
Glycolysis produces \text{CO}_{2}CO
2
C, O, start subscript, 2, end subscript, NAD, and pyruvate by oxidizing glucose.

(Choice B)
B
Glycolysis produces ATP through the process of oxidative phosphorylation.

(Choice C)
C
Glycolysis produces ATP, pyruvate, and NADH by oxidizing glucose.

(Choice D)
D
Glycolysis produces pyruvate and ATP through by oxidizing glucose and NAD+.

Chemiosmosis is a part of oxidative phosphorylation, the final step in cellular respiration.

Which of the following is true regarding chemiosmosis?
Choose 1 answer:
Choose 1 answer:

(Choice A, Checked)
A
The energy from a proton gradient is used to make ATP.

(Choice B)
B
Chemiosmosis regenerates electron carriers like NADH and FAHD2.

(Choice C)
C
ATP synthesis creates a proton gradient that causes electron flow through an electron
transport chain (ETC).

(Choice D)
D
A temperature gradient drives ATP synthesis.

Oxidative phosphorylation is the final step in cellular respiration.

List the following steps of oxidative phosphorylation from beginning (top) to end (bottom).
i. Electrons are transferred to molecules in the beginning of the electron transport
chain
ii. H+ ions are pumped across the mitochondrial membrane to establish the
electrochemical gradient
iii. H+ ions flow down the gradient to generate ATP
iv. Electrons are transferred to oxygen, causing it to split and take up H+ ions, which
forms water

After glycolysis, pyruvate is oxidized to produce carbon dioxide, NADH, and a molecule that
contains 2 of the 3 carbons from the pyruvate.
Which product of pyruvate oxidation enters the Krebs cycle?
Choose 1 answer:
Choose 1 answer:
(Choice A)
A
Carbon dioxide

(Choice B)
B
Acetyl-CoA

(Choice C)
C
NADH

(Choice D)
D
Glucose

Identify each of the following molecules as reactants or products of the Krebs cycle.

Reactant
Product
Acetyl CoA
Carbon dioxide
NAD+
NADH
FADH2
FAD

Which of the following statements about the Krebs cycle is most accurate?
Choose 1 answer:
Choose 1 answer:

(Choice A)
A
The Krebs cycle occurs as part of both cellular respiration and photosynthesis.

(Choice B)
B
Oxygen and water are produced in the Krebs cycle.

(Choice C)
C
The Krebs cycle is the first step in cellular respiration.

(Choice D)
D
Not all living things engage in the Krebs cycle.

In the absence of oxygen, some organisms produce ethanol (alcohol) and ATP from
pyruvate and NADH.
What is the name of this anaerobic pathway?
Choose 1 answer:
Choose 1 answer:

(Choice A)
A
Glycolysis
(Choice B, Checked)
B
Alcohol fermentation

(Choice C)
C
Lactic acid fermentation

(Choice D)
D
Krebs cycle

How do lactic acid and alcohol fermentation differ?

Choose all answers that apply:
Choose all answers that apply:

(Choice A, Checked)
A
Carbon dioxide is released only during alcohol fermentation.

(Choice B, Checked)
B
Lactic acid fermentation can occur in large muscles in the human body, while alcohol
fermentation occurs in yeast and some bacteria.

(Choice C, Checked)
C
Lactic acid fermentation produces lactic acid as a byproduct, and alcohol fermentation
produces ethanol.

(Choice D)
D
Lactic acid fermentation produces a 2-carbon compound, while alcohol fermentation
produces a 3-carbon compound.

When do organisms use anaerobic pathways to generate energy?

Choose 1 answer:
Choose 1 answer:

(Choice A)
A
When there is not enough oxygen available to undergo aerobic cellular respiration

(Choice B)
B
When the Krebs cycle is moving too slowly

(Choice C)
C
When glucose is available as a reactant

(Choice D)
D
When the cytoplasm is unavailable for cellular respiration

A species of shark reproduces sexually in the wild, but females of this species can reproduce
asexually in captivity.
What is one disadvantage of asexual reproduction?
Choose 1 answer:
Choose 1 answer:

(Choice A)
A
Increased number of males produced

(Choice B)
B
Increased gene recombinations

(Choice C)
C
Decreased genetic diversity within the species

(Choice D)
D
Decreased number of offspring produced

New starfish can develop from broken arms that have detached from the original starfish.
What type of reproduction is this?
Choose 1 answer:
Choose 1 answer:

(Choice A)
A
Binary fission

(Choice B)
B
Sexual reproduction

(Choice C)
C
Fragmentation

(Choice D)
D
Budding

Where are male gametes produced in flowering plants?

In the anthers
In the testes
In the ovaries

What is the function of the ovaries in a flowering plant?

To produce female gametes
To produce male gametes
To produce male and female gametes

What is pollination?
The transfer of pollen from stigma to anther
The transfer of pollen from stigma to ovary
The transfer of pollen from anther to stigma

Which statement about flowering plants is correct?

The stamen is the female part of the flower and comprises the filament and anther
The stamen is the male part of the flower and comprises the filament and anther
The carpel is the female part of the flower and comprises the ovary and filament

Which statement about wind-pollinated plants is correct?

Their stamens and stigmas are inside the flower and, compared to insect-pollinated plants,
they have large petals
Their stamens and stigmas are outside the flower and, compared to insect-pollinated plants,
they have small petals
Their stamens and stigmas are outside the flower and, compared to insect-pollinated plants,
they have large petals

How are the pollen grains of insect-pollinated plants adapted for transfer?
They are smooth and light
They are produced in very large amounts
They are sticky or spiky

What happens to the female parts of the flower after fertilisation?

The ovules become seeds and the rest becomes the fruit
The ovules become fruit and the rest becomes the seeds
The ovules become seeds and the rest becomes the food store

9
What conditions do seeds need to germinate?

Water only

Oxygen only

Water and oxygen

10
How do germinating seeds get the food they need to grow?

By photosynthesis

From their food store

From the soil

Some plants, such as strawberries, develop new flowering stems through the use of
aboveground horizontal stems. Which term best describes these structures?

Cuttings

Bulbs

Tubers

Rhizomes

Stolons

The production of new plants from underground stems is an example of __________

reproduction.
A.
Sexual

B.
Zygote

C.
Two parent

D.
Asexual

2.
Sexual reproduction in plants, as in all organisms, requires__________.
A.
A male and female

B.
Only a male

C.
Only a female

D.
Only small parts of the plant

3.
Spores are produced during the __________ stage of a plant's life cycle.
A.
Gametophyte

B.
Sporophyte

C.
Sexual

D.
Asexual

4.
What special types of cells are produced during the gametophyte stage of a plant's life
cycle?
A.
Sex cells

B.
Zygotes

C.
Spores

D.
Seed cells

5.
One difference between sexual reproduction in plants and animals is that in plants, sex cells
__________.
A.
Are called sperm and egg

B.
Join in a process called fertilization

C.
Unite to form a zygote

D.
Are produced in structures made of haploid cells

6.
The male part of the flower that contains the pollen producing parts is the
Petals
Stamen
Carpels
Sepals

The innermost part of the flower that contains the ovaries that make the ovules to be
fertilized by the pollen are the
A.
Petals

B.
Stamen

C.
Carpels

D.
Sepals

8.
The base of the flower where it is attached to the rest of the plant is the
A.
Pistil

B.
Receptacle

C.
Furit

9.
The colorful parts of the flower within the sepals altogether called the corolla are
A.
Petals

B.
Stamen

C.
Carpels

D.
Sepals

10.
The parts of the flower that are the leaflike outermost layer altogether called the calyx are
the
A.
Petals

B.
Stamen

C.
Carpels

D.
Sepals

11.
A flower that lacks one or more organs is called a(n) __________.
A.
Long-day plant

B.
Complete flower

C.
Incomplete flower

D.
Short-day plant

12.
If a stigma receives pollen from another flower of the same species, the flower is __________.
A.
Cross-pollinated

B.
An incomplete flower

C.
A complete flower

D.
Self-pollinated

14.
Moths feed on flowers that are open at night. These flowers are usually __________.
Discuss
A.
Dull in color with no nectar but a strong scent

B.
Brightly colored and unscented

C.
Pale in color and sweetly scented

D.
Scented like rotting meat
15.
During pollination, pollen grains are transferred from the anther to the __________.
A.
Pistil

B.
Ovary

C.
Stamen

D.
Sepal

16.
Pollen is produced by the __________.
A.
Stigma

B.
Ovary

C.
Anther

D.
Style

17.
Nectar-feeding pollinators are attracted to a flower by its color or _____.
A.
Stigma

B.
Sepals

C.
Scent

D.
Pollen

18.
The base of the pistil is the __________.
A.
Style

B.
Sepal

C.
Stamen

D.
Ovary

19.
The flowering plant group which is the biggest in the plant kingdom is
A.
Ferns

B.
Angiosperms

C.
Gymnosperms

20.
Angiosperms differ from mosses, ferns and fungi in that they have
Discuss
A.
True leaves, stems and roots

B.
Mycelium

C.
Fronds

21.
What is the name of the process by which a plant makes it own food?
A.
Reproduction

B.
Respiration

C.
Sunlight

D.
Photosynthesis

22.
These are a type of plant that reproduce by seeds not contained in a flower
A.
Angiosperms

B.
Gymnosperms

C.
Ferns

23.
Cone bearing plants is called _______________.
A.
Fungi

B.
Conifers

C.
Angiosperms

24.
The leaves of confiers are in the form of _____________.
A.
Needles

B.
Fronds

C.
Mycelium

14.

Flowering plants are also known as...

Ferns
Angiosperms
Gymnosperms
Mosses

What is the reproductive structure of a flowering plant?

Root
Stem
Flower
Leaf

3. Which part of a flowering plant serves as the main site of photosynthesis?

Stamen
Petal
Leaf
Root

4. Which structure is considered the male reproductive part of a flowering plant?

Stamen
Petal
Pistil
Sepal

5. Flowers that contain both male and female reproductive parts are called ...

Complete Flowers
Perfect Flowers
Imperfect Flowers
Total Flowers

6. The part of the plant that houses the ovules or eggs is called the ...

White Water Lily Ovary Section. Credit: Gary Ombler / Getty Images
Ovary
Style
Petal
Filament

7. The part of a flowering plant that produces pollen is called the ...
Close-up of Lily's Stamens (Filaments and Anthers). Credit: WIN-Initiative/Neleman/Getty
Images
Filament
Stigma
Style
Anther

8. What is the leaf-like structure that protects the budding flower called?

Dew Drop on a Flower Bud. Credit: Darrell Gulin / Getty Images

Petal
Sepal
Pistil
Style

9. This part of a flower is often scented to attract insects and animals.

Long-tailed Skipper (Urbanus proteus) and Gulf Fritillary (Agraulis vanillae) Butterflies feed on
Mexican Sunflower (Tithonia rotundifolia).. Credit: Jim McKinley / Getty Images
Petals
Filament
Carpel
Ovary

10. After fertilization, this part of a plant eventually becomes the fruit.

Apple Tree. Credit: wallacefsk / Getty Images

Seed
Sepal
Ovary
Petal

What is the role of the endosperm in seed development?

It serves as a food source for the developing embryo in some plants.

It produces structures needed to protect the embryo.

It forms a hard outer casing that gives the embryo structure and support.

It serves as a source of ethylene during fruit maturation.

1. Without pollination, which important plant process would not be accomplished?

Reproduction

Digestion

Sucession

Photosynthesis
2. Which of the following strategies are used for cross-pollination?

Transfer by water
Transfer by animals

Transfer by wind

All of the answers are correct.

What two parts of the flower are involved in pollination?

Style and petals
Sepals and petals
Stigma and style
Anther and stigma

Which of the following terms refers to life coming from other living things?
Abiogenesis Biogenesis
Spontaneous generation Endosymbiosis

Which concept refers to life arising from non-living molecules?

Organic evolution Chemosynthesis
Chemical evolution Photosynthesis

Which are the raw materials of photosynthesis?

B. Water and CO2 C. NADPH
B. Oxygen and Glucose D. Glucose and CO2

What is the source of energy needed in photosynthesis?

A. Sun C. Sugar
B. Chlorophyll D. Carbon dioxide

Which of the following is NOT true about the light reactions of photosynthesis?
E. The light reactions occur at daytime.
F. The light reactions need chlorophyll molecules.
G. ATP is a product of the light reaction.
H. Carbon dioxide is a raw material in the light reaction.

All, EXCEPT ONE, of the following will happen if plankton is no longer found in seas and
oceans. Which is the exception?
A. Sea animals will have no food.
B. People in coastal areas will lose a source of livelihood.
C. Oxygen in the atmosphere will decrease.
D. Carbon dioxide and water in the atmosphere will decrease.

The light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis take energy from sunlight and convert it into
stored chemical energy.
Which compounds are produced in the light-dependent reactions?
ADP and NADPH
ATP and NADP+
ADP and NADP+
ATP and NADPH

37. Energy comes from food. How do plants obtain energy?

A. Plants use energy from the sun to make their food and get energy from that food.
B. Plants obtain energy from materials such as rotting logs.
C. Plants obtain their energy from other organisms.
D. All plants must eat in order to obtain energy.

41. Photosynthesis can be divided into two steps: the light-dependent reactions and the
Calvin cycle. Which of the following is true regarding these two steps?
 A. During the light-dependent reactions, carbon dioxide is fixed to produce sugars
that form glucose.
B. The light-dependent reactions take place in the thylakoid membrane, and the
Calvin cycle takes place in the stroma.
C. The light-dependent reactions use ATP from the Calvin cycle, and the Calvin cycle
uses energy from absorbed sunlight.
D. The Calvin cycle converts water molecules into oxygen gas as a byproduct of its
reactions.