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EXERCISE 2
DISCRETE RANDOM VARIABLE-INTRODUCTION
1 1
1) Let a sample space S consist of three elements a , b and c . Let P (a ) = , P (b) = , and
4 2
1
P (c ) = . If X is a random variable defined on S by X (a ) = 10 , X (b) = -3 , X (c ) = 15 ,
4
find P (-2 �X �2) .
2) A student is to match three historical events (Mahatma Gandhi’s Birthday, India’s Freedom
and First World War) with three years $(1947, 1914, 1869)$. If he guesses with no
knowledge of the correct answers, what is the probability distribution of the number of
answers he gets correctly?
3) Let X be a one dimensional random variable.
(i) If a < b , show that the two events a < X �b and X �a are disjoint.
(ii)Show that P ( a < X �b) = P ( X �b) - P ( X �a ) .
1 1
4) Let a sample space S consist of three elements A , B and C .Let P ( A) = , P ( B) = and
4 2
1
P ( C ) = . If X is a random variable defined on S by X ( A) = 10 , X ( B ) =- 3 ,
4
X C = 15 , find P ( - 2 �X �2) .
( )
5) A random variable X has the following probability distribution:
x: 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
p ( x) : 0 k 2k 2k 3k k2 2k 2 7k 2 + k
(i) Find k
(ii) Evaluate P ( X < 6) , P ( X �6) , and P ( 0 < X < 5)
1
(iii) If P ( X �c) > , find the minimum value of c ,and
2
(iv) Determine the distribution function of X .
6) From a lot of 10 items containing 3 defectives, a sample of 4 items is drawn at random. Let
the random variable X denote the number of defective items in the sample. Answer the
following when the sample is drawn without replacement.
(i) Find the probability distribution of X .
(ii) Find P ( X �1) , P ( X <1) and P ( 0 < X < 2) .
7) A random variable X has the following probability distribution:
Values
of X , 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
x
p ( x) : a 3a 5a 7a 9a 11a 13a 15a 17a
x - 3 - 1 0 1 2 3 5 8
x
p ( x) = ; x = 1,2,3, 4,5
15
= 0, elsewhere
�1 5 �
Find (i) P [ X = 1or 2] , and (ii) P �
� <X < X >1�
�
�
�2 2 �
�
11) Four coins are tossed. Let X be the number of heads and Y be the number of heads minus
the number of tails. Find the probability function of X , the probability function of Y and
P ( - 2 �Y < 4) .
12) Consider a group of five blood donors- a, b, c, d and e -of whom only a and b have type O +
blood. Five blood samples, one from each individual, will be typed in random order until an
O + individual is identified. Let the random variable Y = the number of typings necessary to
identify an O + individual. Find the probability mass function of Y .
Solution
= 2
p ( 1) P ( Y = 1) = P ( a or b typed first ) = = 0.4
5
p ( 2) = P ( Y = 2) = P ( c,d or e first, and then a or b)
3 2
= P ( c,d or e first ) �P ( a or b) = . = 0.3
5 4
= 3 2 2
p ( 3) P ( Y = 3) = P ( c,d or e first and second, and then a or b) = . . = 0.2
5 4 3
= 3 2 1
p ( 4) P ( Y = 4) = P ( c, d and e all done first ) = . . = 0.1
5 4 3
p ( y) = 0 If y �1, 2,3, 4
13) Airlines sometimes overbook flights. Suppose that for a plane with 50 seats , 55 passengers have
tickets. Define the random variable Y as the number of ticketed passengers who actually show
up for the flight. The probability mass function of Y appears in the accompanying table:
y 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55
p( y) 0.05 0.10 0.12 0.14 0.25 0.17 0.06 0.05 0.03 0.02 0.01
(i) What is the probability that the flight will accommodate all ticketed passengers who
show up?
P ( Y �50) = p ( 45) + p ( 46) +L + p ( 50) = 0.83
(ii) What is the probability that not all ticketed passengers who show up can be
accommodated?
P ( Y > 50) = 1- P ( Y �50) = 0.17 .
(iii) If you are the first person on the standby list, what is the probability that you will be
able to take the flight?
P ( Y �49) = p ( 45) + p ( 46) +L + p ( 49) = 0.66
(iv) What is this probability if you are the third person on the standby list?
P ( Y �47) = p ( 45) + p ( 46) +L + p ( 47) = 0.27
14) After all students have left the classroom, a teacher notices that four copies of the text were
left under desks. At the beginning of the next class, the teacher distributes the four books in a
completely random fashion to each of the four students (1, 2, 3, and 4) who claim to have left
books. One possible outcome is that 1 receives 2’s book, 2 receives 4’s book, 3 receives his or
her own book, and 4 receives 1’s book. This outcome can be abbreviated as (2, 4, 3, 1).
Let X denote the number of students who receive their own book. Determine the pmf of X.
Ans: p(0) = 9/24, p(1) = 8/24, p(2) = 6/24, p(3) = 0, p(4) = 1/24
EXERCISE 11.3
CONTINUOUS RANDOM VARIABLE
1) The diameter of an electric cable, say X , is assumed to be a continuous random variable with
probability density function f ( x) = 6 x ( 1- x) , 0 �x �1 .
(i) Check that above is p.d.f
(ii) Determine a number b such that P ( X < b) = P ( X > b)
2) A continuous random variable X has a probability density function f ( x) = 3x 2 , 0 �x �1 .
Find a and b such that
(i) P { X �a} = P { X > a } , and
(ii) P { X > b} = 0.05 .
3) Let X be a continuous random variable with p.d.f
�
ax, 0 �x �1
�
�
�
a, 1 �x �2
f ( x) = �
�
�
- ax + 3a
� 2 �x �3
�
�
0,
� elsewhere
(i) Determine the constant a .
(ii) Compute P ( X �1.5) .