Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
op kers
Class 12 T
By E ran culty
-JE Fa r
IIT enior emie .
S fP r es
o titut
Ins
PHYSICS
FOR JEE MAIN & ADVANCED
SECOND
EDITION
Exhaustive Theory
(Now Revised)
Formula Sheet
9000+ Problems
based on latest JEE pattern
PlancEssential
Questions recommended for revision
23. A LT E R N AT I N G
CURRENT
1. INTRODUCTION
A majority of electrical power in the world is generated, distributed, and consumed in the form of 50-Hzor60-Hz
sinusoidal alternating current (AC) and voltage. It is used for household andindustrial applications.
AC has several advantages over DC. The major advantage of AC is the fact that it can be transformedinto any form,
whereas direct current (DC) cannot. A transformer permits voltage to be stepped up or down for the purpose of
transmission. Transmission of high voltage (in terms of KV) implies that less current is required to produce the same
amount of power. Less current permits thinner wires to be used for transmission.
In this chapter, we will introduce a sinusoidal signal and its basic mathematic equation. We will discuss and analyse
circuits where currents i(t) and voltages v(t) vary with time. The phasor analysis techniques will be used to analyse
electronic circuits under sinusoidal steady-state operating conditions. The chapter will conclude with single-phase
power.
2. SINUSOIDAL WAVEFORMS
AC, unlike DC, flows first in one direction, then in the
opposite direction. The most common AC waveform is a RMS value
sine (or sinusoidal) waveform. Peak value
PLANCESS CONCEPTS
It is always advisable to find symmetries in functions while calculating rms and average value to reduce
the period of integration.It helps a lot in avoiding unnecessary calculations when functions are defined
part by part.
Yashwanth Sandupatla (JEE 2012, AIR 821)
∫ fdt t2
t1
Average value of a function,from t1 to t2, is defined as <f>=
t2 − t1
. We can find the value of ∫ fdt graphically if the
graph is simple. It is the area of f-t graph from t2 − t1 . t1
∫ idt
0
Iavg =
t
,where i is the instantaneous value of the current.
∫ dt
0
∫ io sin ( ωτ + θ) dt
Case I: Average value over complete cycle 0 t
. Similarly Vavg = 0
∫ dt
0
t/2
∫ io sin ( ωτ + θ ) dt
0 2io 2 io
Case II: Average value=
over half cycle Iavg = ; Similarly Vavg =
t/2 π π
∫ dt
0
Illustration 1: An electric heater draws 2.5 A current from a 220-V, 60-Hz power supply. Find (JEE MAIN)
(a) The average current
(b) The average of the square of the current
(c) The current amplitude
(d) The supply voltage amplitude
Sol: In AC circuit, the average value of current over a long time interval is zero but I2 is not zero. The r.m.s. value of
Imax Vmax
current and voltage is=
given by Irms = and Vrms .
2 2
(a) The average of sinusoidal AC values over any whole number of cycles is zero.
P hysi cs | 23.3
Im
( c ) Irms = ; So, current amplitude I =
m
= 2 Irms 2 ( 2.5A ) 3.5 A
=
2
Vm
( d) = =
Vrms 220V ; So, supply voltage amplitude
= V m 2 ( Vrms )
= ( 220V ) 311 V.
2=
2
∫ f 2dt
t1
Root mean square value of a function, from t1 to t2 is defined as frms =
t2 − t1
T T
I0 V0
I= =
eff Irms = 0.707 I0 =
Where I0 is the peak value of the current. Similarly Ve f f or Vrms = 0.707 E0 A
2 2
PLANCESS CONCEPTS
RMS value is actually more important because in the context of power transmission,the loss in energy
due to a resistor plays an important role. And the power is given by i2R, where R is the resistance.
Yashwanth Sandupatla (JEE 2012, AIR 821)
π π 3π
Illustration 2:Find the RMS value of current I = Im sin ω t from (i) t=0 to t= (ii)t= to t = (JEE MAIN)
ω 2ω 2ω
Sol: In AC circuit over time interval 0 ≤ t ≤ T the RMS value of current is given by
T T
3π
π 2π
∫
2
ω Im sin2 (ωt)dt
∫ Im2 sin2 (ωt)dt 2
Im I
π 2
Im Im
(i) =
Irms 0
= = m (ii) =
Irms 2
= = A
π 2 2 π 2 2
ω ω
PLANCESS CONCEPTS
The RMS value of one cycle or half cycle (either a positive or negative cycle) is same.
GV Abhinav (JEE 2012, AIR 329)
(
= VP1 sin 10t + 1100 = )
Leads V2 VP2 sin 10t − 40
0
( ) … (ii)
by 1500. It is also correct to say that v1lags v2by 2100, since v1 may be written as
= (
V1 VP1 sin 10t − 2500 ) V … (iii)
v
VP
VPsin(t+) Vpsin t
t
-VP
3. POWER IN AC CIRCUITS t
∫ vidt
Average power in alternating current circuit over time t is defined as Pavg = 0
, where V andiare the
t
∫ dt
0
Thus, apparent power = Vrms × irms and true power=apparent power × power factor
For φ = 0o, the current and voltage are in phase. The power is thus, maximum (Vrms × irms). For φ = 90o the power is
zero. The current is then stated wattless. Such a case will arise when resistance in the circuits is zero. The circuit is
purely inductive or capacitive. The case is similar to that of a frictionless pendulum, where the total work done by
gravity upon the pendulum cycle is zero.
We shall discuss more about the power and power factor later, shortly after we define impedance and its properties.
Illustration 3: When a voltage Vs = 200 2 sin (ωt+15o) is applied to an AC circuit, the current in thecircuit is found
to be I=2 sin (ωt+π/4) then average power consumed in the circuit is (JEE MAIN)
=Pav Vrms=
Irms cos φ
200 2 2
2
. =
2
cos 300 ( )
100 6 W
4. SIMPLE AC CIRCUITS
Vm Vrms Vrms2
Im = ⇒ Irms = <P> = Vrms Irms cos φ =
R R R
Vm
= cos=
ωt Im cos ωt
XC
1 V-
T
where X C =
where and is called capacitive reactance. Its unit is Ohm ( Ω ).
ωC t
From the graph of current versus time and voltage versus time,
i
T
it is clear that current attains its peak value at a timebefore the
4
T t
time at which voltage attains its peak value. Corresponding to phase difference.
4
2π T π
= ω� t = = i leadsvcby π / 2 diagrammatically (phasediagram) represented as Figure 23.5
T 4 2 c
V T
t
Vm
Diagrammatically (See Fig. 23.7) it is represented as
Im
iL lags behind VL by π / 2 since φ =90 , <P>=Vrms Irms cos φ =0. The current lags voltage by π / 2 in a purely inductive
0
circuit.
Applied Induced
voltage voltage
5. IMPEDANCE
We have already seen that the inductive reactance XL = ωL and capacitance reactance X=
C 1 / ωL play the role of
an effective resistance in apurely inductive and capacitive circuit respectively. In the series RLC circuit, the effective
( )
2
resistance is the impedance,defined as Z = R + XL − X C …(iv)
The relationship between Z, XL, and XC can be represented by the diagram shown in Fig. 23.9.
Following is a diagrammatic representation of the relationship between Z, XL and XC.
Z
The impedance has SI unit of Ω. In terms of Z the current may be rewritten as I(t) XL - XC
V0
sin ( ωt − φ ) …(v)
=
Z R
PLANCESS CONCEPTS
By now, students should get a clear idea of individual behaviour of inductor, capacitor and resistor and
be able to visualize phasors. They should never get confused whetherinductor, capacitor is leading, etc.
Chinmay S Purandare (JEE 2012, AIR 698)
The upcoming series of circuits would be easy to understand because they are just a superposition of individual
phasor diagrams.
6. MIXED AC CIRCUITS
6.1 LR Circuit
If VR, VL and Vsare the RMS voltage across are R, L and the AC source respectively. Then,
=
VS VR2 =
+ VL2 I2 R 2 + XL2 Where Is is r.m.s value of source current.
VL
R VR
V S VS
L VL
VR IS
(a) (b)
Figure 23.10: (a) AC voltage applied to LR circuit (b) Phasor diagram of voltage drops across R and L
−1 −1 X ωL
The phase angel φ by which the applied voltage leads the current
= is φ tan
= L
tan
R
R
Vrms
R 2 + ( ωL ) . The RMS value of the current is Irms =
2
Sol: Theimpedance of LR circuit is=
Z . In LR circuit, the
Z
ωL
current lags the applied voltage by phase angleφ obtained as φ =tan−1 .
R
The impedence of the L-R series circuit is given by:
1/2 1/2
Z2= R 2 + ( ωL )
2 2 2
= (R ) + ( 2πfL )
P hysi cs | 23.9
1/2
= 62 + ( 2 × 3.14 × 40 × 0.01 )
2
= 6.504 Ω
V 220
(a) RMS value of the current: Irms==
rms
= 33.83 A
Z 6.504
(b) The potential difference across the resistance is given by: VR=Irms × R=33.83 × 6= 202.83 V
(c) Potential difference across the inductance is given by:
( )
VL = Irms × ( ωL ) = 33.83 × 2 × 3.14 × 0.01 = 96.83 V
ωL
(d) Phase angle φ =tan−1 ; so, φ = tan (0.4189=22.46)
-1
R
φ 22.46
Now time lag= = T= = 0.0623 s.
360 360
9
Illustration 5: A H inductor and a 12 Ω resistance are connected in a series to a 225 V, 50 Hz ac source.
100π
Calculate the current in the circuit and the phase angle between the current and the source voltage. (JEE MAIN)
Vrms
R 2 + ( ωL ) . The RMS value of the current is Irms =
2
Sol: Theimpedance of LR circuit is =
Z . In LR circuit, the
Z
ωL
current lags the applied voltage by phase angleφ obtained as φ =tan−1 .
R
9
Here XL= ωL =2 πfL = 2π × 50 × = 9Ω
100π
V 225 −1 XL −1 9 −1
(a) l=
= and (b) φ tan
= 15A = = =
tan =
tan 3 / 4 370o
Z 15 R
12
i.e., the current will lag the applied voltage by 370 in phase.
Illustration 6: A chokecoil is needed to operate an arc lamp at 160 V (RMS) and 50 Hz. The arc lamp has an
effective resistance of 5Ω when running of 10 A (RMS). Calculate the inductance of the choke coil. If the same arc
lamp is to be operated on 160V (dc), what additional resistance is required? Compare the power losses in both
cases.
(JEE ADVANCED)
VL
And as, VL=IXL=I ωL = 2πfLI L=
2πfI
=
152
2 × π × 50 × 10
=4.84 ×10 −2 H
V = V0sin t
Now the lamp is to be operated at 160 V dc; instead of choke, if additional Figure 23.11
resistance r is I put in a series with it, V = I(R+r), i.e. 160 = 10(5+r) i.e. r = 11Ω In
case of AC, as choke has no resistance, power loss in the choke will be zero, while
2 3 . 1 0 | Alternating Current
the bulb will consume P=I2 R=102 × 5=500 W. However, in case of DC,as resistance r is to be used instead of choke,
the power loss in the resistance r will be PL=102 X 11=1100 W
While the bulb will still consume 500 W, i.e., when the lamp is run on resistance r instead of choke, more than
double the power consumed by the lamp is wasted by the resistance r.
6.2 RC Circuits
VR
IS
R VR
V S VC
VS
C -
- VC
(a) (b)
Figure 23.12: (a) AC voltage applied to RC circuit (b) Phasor diagram of voltage drops across R and C
If Vs, VR and VC are RMS voltages across a source, resistance and capacitor respectively
VS 1
Impedance of circuit, Z= = R 2 + X 2C = R2 +
IS 2 2
ωC
−1 −1 X 1
VS leads=
IS by φ tan
=
C
tan
R ωCR
The current leads the applied voltage by angel φ .
Illustration 7:An ac source of angular frequency ω is fed across a resister R and a capacitor C in series. The current
registered is I. If now, the frequency of source is changed to w/3 (but maintaining the same voltage), the current in
the circuit is found to be halved. Calculate the ratio of reactance to resistance at the original frequency w.
(JEE MAIN)
Sol: The impedance of RC circuit is:
2
1 Vrms
=
Z R2 + . The RMS current is Irms =
ωC Z
V V
According to the given problem, I= = … (i)
Z 2 2
1/2
R + ( 1 / C ω )
ω I V
And for frequency of , = … (ii)
3 2 2 2
1/2
R + ( 3 / C ω )
Substituting the value of I from equation (i) in (ii),
1 9 1 3
4 R2 + R2 +
= i.e.. = R2
2 2 2 2 2 2 5
C ω C ω C ω
P hysi cs | 23.11
1/2
3 2
R
X (1 / cω ) 5 3
So that,
= = =
R R R 5
Illustration 8: In an RC series circuit, the RMSvoltage of source is 200V, and its frequency is 50 Hz. If R = 100 Ω
100
and
= C µF , find
π 220V50HZ
(a) Impedance of the circuit (b) Power factor angle
(c) Power factor (d) Current
(e) Maximum current (f) Voltage across R
C R
(g) Voltage across C (h) Max voltage across R Figure 23.13
(i) Maxvoltage cross C ( j)<P>
(k) <PR> (l) <PC> (JEE ADVANCED)
2
2 1
=Z R +
ωC
Vrms XC
The RMS current is Irms = . The phase angle between current and voltage is given by tan φ = . The RMS
Z R
I0 V0
value of current and voltage
= is Irms = and Vrms =
. Power developed in circuit is P Vrms Irms cos φ .
2 2
106
=
XC = 100 Ω
100
π
( )
2 π50
XC
(b) tan=
φ = 1 φ 450
∴=
R
1
(c) Power factor= cos φ =
2
Vrms 200
(d) Current=
Irms = = 2A
Z 100 2
1
( j) <P>= Vrms Irms cos=
φ 200 × 2 × W
2
(k) <PR>Irms 2R=200 W
(l) <Pc>=0
PLANCESS CONCEPTS
We observed here that inductor’s reactance is directly proportional to the frequency used in the circuit
and vice-versa for capacitor. So a combined circuit of them can be used as a frequency filter. High
frequencies can be received by noting the voltage across capacitor and low frequencies can be noted
using the inductor.
Nitin Chandrol (JEE 2012, AIR 134)
Vs = V sint XL
V
V
90
o I
I
XC
L C
(a) (b)
Figure 23.14: (a) AC voltage applied to LC circuit (b) Phasor diagram for voltage drops across L and R
6.3 LC Circuits
( )
From the phasor diagram V = I XL − X C = I Z; φ =900
VR2 + ( VL − VC )
2
For LCR series circuits Vs =
2
2 1
R + ( XL − X C )
2 2
Impedance of circuits Z = = R + ωL −
ωc
1
X − X ωL −
VS leads IS by φ =tan−1 L −1 ωc
= tan
C
R R
R
Power in LCR circuit= Vrms=
Irms cosf V=
rms Irms VR Irms
Z
P hysi cs | 23.13
VL -
R VR
VL-VC
VS
VS L VL
VR IS
C VC VC-
(a) (b)
Figure 23.15: (a) AC voltage applied to LCR circuit. (b) Phasor diagram of voltage drops across L, C and R
1
At a particular angular frequency ωο of the source, when XL = X C or ωο L= , the impedance of the circuit
ω0 C
becomes minimum and equal to R and therefore, the current will be maximum. The circuit is then said to be
current on the other hand, flows mainly along the surface of the conductor.
This effect is known as the skin effect. The reason is that when ac flows through
V0 V
aconductor, the flux change in the inner part of the conductor is higher.
Figure 23.16
PLANCESS CONCEPTS
The idea of resonance is used in TV channelsfor clarity: a particular frequency is assignedto a channel
and when this frequency is received by the receiver,the current corresponding to this frequency becomes
maximum. This helps in maximum possible separation of channels, thus increasing their individual clarity.
It is also used by intelligence agencies to intercept the signals of anti-social elements. They generally use
frequency of a very high order.
Nivvedan (JEE 2009, AIR 113)
2 3 . 1 4 | Alternating Current
Illustration 9: In the circuit shown in the Fig. 23.17, find (JEE MAIN)
(a) The reactance of the circuit 200V, 50Hz
(b) Impedance of the circuit
2 100
(c) The current H 100 F
(d) Reading of the ideal AC voltmeters
(These are hot wire instruments and read RMS values) V1 V2 V3
V4
R 2 + ( X C − XL )
2
Sol: In series LCR circuit, the impedance is Z = where XC V5
and XL are the capacitive reactance and inductive reactance respectively. Figure 23.17
2 1
(a) XL = 2πfL = 2π × 50 × = 200Ω XC= =100 Ω
π 100 −6
2π50 × 10
π
∴ The reactance of the circuit X=XL-XC=200-100=100 Ω
vrms 200
(c) The current =
Irms = = 2A
Z 100 2
(d) Readings of ideal voltage
V1 : Irms XL = 200 2 V
V2 : IrmsR = 100 2 V
V3 : Irms X c = 100 2 V
V4 : Irms R 2 + XL2 =
100 10 V
, which also happens to be the voltage of source.
V4 : Irms Z = 200 V,
Illustration 10: A resistance R, inductance L and a capacitor C all are connected in series with ac supply. The
resistance of R is 16 Ω and for a given frequency, the inductive reactance of L is 24 Ω and capacitive reactance of C
is 12 Ω. If the current in the circuit is 5 amp, find: (JEE MAIN)
(a) The potential difference across R, L and C
(b) The impedance of the circuit
(c) The voltage of ac supply
(d) Phase angle
1
2
(16 ) + (12) =
2 2
(b) Z= R 2 + − ωL = 20 Ω
ωC
ωL − ( 1 / ωc )
−1 24 − 12
(d) φ =tan
=
R
tan−1=
16
=
tan
−1
( 0.75) 360 46"
R 2 + ( X C − XL )
2
Sol: In series LCR circuit, the impedance is Z = where XC and XL are the Figure 23.18
capacitive reactance and inductive reactance respectively. The phase angle between voltage
X − XC
and current is given by φ =tan−1 L . Find the current in the series circuit, and multiply the resistance or
R
reactance of each element with the currrent to find the voltage drop across it.
1 1
1. Calculate XC; X
= = =17.68 k Ω
C
ωC 2π ( 60.0Hz ) 0.15µF
( )( )
2. Calculate XL ; XL =ωL = 2π 60.0Hz 25mH = 9.42π Ω
R 2 + ( XL − X C=
) ( 9.9k Ω ) + ( 0.00942k Ω − 17.68k Ω)
2 2 2
=
Z = 20.25 K Ω
Vrms 115 V
4. Divide the voltage by the impedance: =
Irms = = 5.7 mA
Z 20.25 k Ω
= Irms=
5. Multiply the current by the resistance: Vrms.R R 5.68 mA(9.9k =
Ω) 56 V
= Irms=
6. Multiply the current by the inductive reactance: Vrms.L XL 5.68 mA( 9.42k=
Ω) 54 V
= Irms=
Vrms.C X C 5.68 m A(17.68k =
Ω ) 100V
= 0.10 KV
2 3 . 1 6 | Alternating Current
In analysing this circuit, we make use of the results derived before. The current
V(t) V0
in the resistor is IR (t)= = = sin ωt= IR0 sin ωt … (i)
R R
dIL
Where IR0 = V0 /R. The voltage across the inductor is VL (t)
= V(t)
= V0 sin ω=
t L … (ii)
dt
t
V0 V0 V0 π π
which gives=
IL (t) ∫L sinωt'dt'
=
ωL
=
cos ωt
XL
sin ωt −=
IL0 sin ωt −
2 2
… (iii)
0
Similarly, the voltage across the capacitor is VC (t)=V0 sin ωt =Q(t)/c, which implies
dQ V π π
IC (t) = =ωCV0 cos ωt = 0 sin ωt + =IC0 sin ωt + … (iv)
dt XC 2 2
= V0 / XC and X=
where IC0 C 1 / ωL is the capacitive reactance.
Using Kirchhoff’s junction rule, the total current is simply the sum of all three currents.
I(t) = IR (t) + IL (t) + Ic (t) = IR0 sin ωt + IL0 sin ωt − π + IC0 sin ωt + π … (v)
2 2
The current can be represented with the phasor diagram shown in Fig. 23.20
ICO
I0 ICO + ILO
IRO V0
ILO
From the phasor diagram, we see that. I0 = IR0 + IL0 + IC0 … (vi)
2 2
1 1 1 1 1
I0 = I0 = IR0 + IL0 + IC0 = I2R0
+ (Ic0 − I=
L0 ) V0
2
+ ωC − = V0 + − … (vii)
ωL
X C XL
2 2
R R
Note however, since IR(t), IL (t) and IC(t) are not in phase with one another, I0is not equal to the sum of the maximum
amplitudes of the three currents: I0 ≠ IR0 + IL0 + IC0 … (viii)
With I0 = V0 /Z, the (inverse) impedance of the circuit is given by:
2 2
1 1 1 1 1 1
= + ωC − = + − … (ix)
Z R 2
ω L R 2 X C XL
The relationship between Z, R, XL and XC is shown in Fig. 23.21 which shows a relationship between Z, R, XL and XC
in a parallel RLC circuit.
1/Z 1 -1
XC XL
1/R
As in the series RLC circuit, power is dissipated only through the resistor. The average power is
P(t) Z 1
Power factor = = = = cos φ … (xv)
V02 / 2Z R R
2
1 + RωC −
ω L
2 3 . 1 8 | Alternating Current
Illustration 12: The image shows an inductor (L=0.22 mH) in series with a 15 Ω L R
resistor. These elements are in parallel with a second 15 Ω resistor. An AC generator
powers the circuit with an RMS voltage of 65V. R
In the limit of high frequency, the inductor behaves like a very large resistor. In such a
case, nearly all of the current flows through the branch with the lone resistor. Calculate
the current by dividing the RMS voltage by the single resistor.
Figure 23.22
In the limit of low frequency, the reactance of the inductor approaches zero.
In such a case, the current flows through each resistor equally. Calculate the
equivalent resistor and divide the voltage by the equivalentresistance to determine the current.(JEE ADVANCED)
Sol: For very high source frequency, the reactance of the inductor becomes practically infinite so that the current
doesn’t flow through the inductor. Thus, the inductor acts as an open circuit. For very low source frequency, the
reactance of the inductor becomes practically zero, and theinductor behaves as a short circuit.
Vrms 65 V
1. Calculate the current at high frequency: =
Irms = = 4.3 A
R 15 Ω
−1
1 1 R 15Ω
2. Calculate the equivalent resistance at low frequency: R eq =
+ == = 7.5Ω 3.
R R 2 2
Vrms 65V
Divide the voltage by the equivalent resistance: =
Irms = = 8.7 A
R eq 7.5Ω
Illustration 13: For the circuit shown in Fig. 23.23, current in inductance is 0.8 A while its capacitance is 0.6A. What
is the current drawn from the source? (JEE ADVANCED)
IL
C
I IC
Figure 23.23
V π V π
So, IL= ; IC
sin ωt − =−0.8 cos ωt= sin ωt += 0.6 cos ωt
XC 2 XC 2
So, the current drawn from the source, I =IL + IC =−0.2cos ωt , i.e. I0 = 0.2 A
(b) Power factor is also equal to the ratio of the resistance and the impedance of the Z
ac circuit.
1
R
Thus, cos φ = C
Z
(c) Power factor depends upon the nature of the components used in the circuit.(d) If 0 R
a pure resistor is connected in the ac circuit then, Figure 23.24
E0 I0 E02
=φ 0,cos
= φ 1 ; p=
av = = Erms Irms
2 2R
Thus, the power loss is maximum and electrical energy is converted in the form of heat.
(e) If a pure inductor or capacitor are connected in the ac circuit, then
φ ≠ 90o , cosφ = 0 ∴ Pav =0 (minimum)
Thus is no loss of power.
(f) If a resistor and an inductor or a capacitor are connected in an ac circuit, then φ ≠ 0 or φ ≠ 90o. Thus φ is in
between 0 & 90o.
(g) If the components L, C and R are connected in series in a circuit, then
X ( ωL − 1 / ωC ) R R R
=
tan φ= = and cos φ= = ; Power factor cos φ
R R Z 2 2
1/2 Z
(
R ωL − 1 / ωC )
(h) Power factor is a unit less quantity.
(i) If there is only an inductance coil in the circuit, there will be no loss of power, and energy will be stored in the
magnetic field.
( j) If a capacitor is only connected in the circuit, there will also be no loss of power, and energy will be stored in the
electrostatic field.
(k) In reality, an inductor and capacitor do have some resistance. So, there is always some loss of power.
(l) In the state of resonance, the power factor is one.
8. WATTLESS CURRENT
(a) The component of current whose contribution to the average power is nil, is called wattless current.
(b) The average wattle of power iszero because the average of the second Irms cos
component of instantaneous power for a full cycle will be 0
E
(l0 sinφ) sin ( ωt − π / 2) is a wattless current whose amplitude is l0 sinφ . Irms sin Irms
Figure 23.25
(c) If RMS value of current in the circuit is Irms, then the RMS value of a
wattless current will be Irms, sinφ . A wattless current lags or leads the e.m.f.
by an angle π / 2 . RMS value of wattless current:
2 3 . 2 0 | Alternating Current
l0 l0 X X
Irms=
sin φ sin φ ; = . Since sin φ = , where X is the resultant reactance of the circuit.
2 2Z Z
9. TRANSFORMERS
A transformer is a device used to convert low alternating voltage at higher current into high alternating voltage
at lower current, and vice-versa. In other words, a transformer is an electrical device used to increase or decrease
alternating voltage.
K< 1 for step down transformer. In this case, NS < NP and ES < Ep i.e. Ep , and output alternating voltage <input
alternating voltage.
K>1 for step up transformer. In this case, NS > NP and ES > Ep i.e., output alternating voltage is greater than the
input alternating voltage.
For an ideal transformer (in which there in no energy losses), output power= input power .... (iii)
Let Ip and Is be the current in the primary and secondary coil respectively.
Es IP 1
Then output power= Es IS ; input power= Ep Ip ; from equation (iii) Ep = Es or = ; In general, E ∝ . For
Ep IS I
same power transfer, voltage increases with the decrease in current and vice-versa. Thus, whatever is gained in
voltage ratio is lost in the current ratio and viceversa. So, astep-up transformer increases the alternating voltage by
P hysi cs | 23.21
decreasing the alternating current, and a step- down transformer decreases the alternating voltage by increasing
the alternating current.
ouputpower Es IS
For a transformer, efficiency, n= = For an ideal transformer, efficiency, n is 100%. But in a real
inputpower EP IP
transformer, the efficiency varies from 90-99%. This indicates that there are some energy losses in the transformer.
Let us consider a choke coil of large inductance L and low resistance R. Then, the power factor of the given circuit
R R
will be given by cos φ = = (as R<< ωL )
R 2 + ω2L2 ωL
Now, as we know that R<<wL, the power factor is small and hence the power absorbed will be very small. And also,
on account of its large impedance (large inductance), current passing through the coil is very small. Hence, such a
coil is preferred in electrical circuits for the purpose of adjusting the current to any desired value without having a
significant energy waste.
Illustration 14: An ac circuit consists of a 220 Ω resistance and a 0.7 H choke. Find the power absorbed from a 220V
and 50 Hz source connected in this circuit if the resistance and choke are joined, (a) in series (b) in parallel
(JEE ADVANCED)
1 1 1 1
In parallel LR circuit = + . But for a choke, L is very large, so ≈0.
2 2 2 2
Z R ωL ω2L2
Z
(a) in series the impedance of the circuit is: XL
R 22 + ( 2πfL=
))2 (( 220 )2 + ( 2 × 3.14 × 50 × 0.7=
))2 311
2 2 2
=
Z R 22 + ω22=
L22 Ω
=
Z R + ω= L R + ( 2πfL= 220 ) + ( 2 × 3.14 × 50 × 0.7= 311Ω
V 220 Figure 23.27
∴ Irms = Vrms = 220 = 0.707A R 220
∴ Irms = rmsZ = 311 = 0.707A , cos φ= = = 0.707
Z 311 Z 311
=
and the power absorbed in the circuit,
= P Vrmsirms cos φ (=
220 )( 0.707 )( 0.707 ) 110.08 W
(b) When the resistance and choke are in parallel, the entire power is absorbed in resistance, as the choke (having
( 220 )
2
V 2rms
zero resistance) absorbs no power. =
∴P = =220W
R 220
2 3 . 2 2 | Alternating Current
PROBLEM-SOLVING TACTICS
(a) In this chapter, we have seen how a phasor provides a powerful tool for analysing the AC circuits.
Below are some important tips:
1. Keep in mind the phase relationship for simple circuits.
(i) For a resistor, the voltage and phase are always in phase.
(ii) For an inductor, the current lags the voltage by900.
(iii) For a capacitor, the current leads the voltage by 900.
(b) When circuit elements are connected in series, the instantaneous current is the same for allelements, and
instantaneous voltages across the elements are out of phase. On the otherhand, when circuit elements are
connected in parallel, the instantaneous voltage is the same for all elements, and the instantaneous currents
across the elements are out of phase.
(c) For a series connection, draw a phasor diagram for the voltage. The amplitude of the voltage drop across
all the circuit elements involved should be represented with phasors. In Fig. 23.28, the phasor diagram for a
series RLC circuit is shown for both the inductive case XL > X C and the capacitive case XL < X C . Below is a
phasor diagram for the series RLC circuit for (a) XL > X C (b) XL < X C .
VLO
VLO
V0 VLO +VCO
I0 VRO
I0 VRO VLO +VCO
V0
VCO
VCO
(a) (b)
Figure 23.28: Phase angle between applied voltage and current (a) in RC circuit, (b) in LC circuit
From Fig. 23.28(a), we see that VL0 > VC0 in the inductive case and V 0 leads I0 by a phase φ . On the other
hand, in the capacitive case shown in Fig. 23.28(b), VC0 > VL0 and I0 leads V 0 by a phase φ .
(d) Students should directly learn the formula for reactance, impedance, etc.to solve any problem easily.
(e) For parallel connection, draw a phasor diagram for the currents. The amplitudes of the current across all the
circuit elements involved should be represented with phasors. In the following Fig. 23.29, the phasor diagram
for a parallel RLC circuit is shown for both the inductive case XL > X C and the capacitive case XL < X C .
ICO ICO
I0 ICO + ILO
IRO V0
ICO + ILO IRO V0
I0
ILO ILO
(a) (b)
Figure 23.29
P hysi cs | 23.23
(f) Phasor diagram for the parallel RLC circuit for (a) XL > X C And (b) XL < X C : From Fig. 23.29(a), we see that
IL0 > IC0 in the inductive case and V0 lead I0 by a phase φ .On the other hand, in the capacitive case shown
in Fig. 23.29 (b), IC0 > IL0 and I0 leads V0 by a phase φ .
FORMULAE SHEET
(a) In an AC circuit, sinusoidal voltage source of amplitude V0 is represented as:V(t) =V0 sinwt.
The current in the circuit has amplitude I0 and lags the applied voltage by phase angle φ .
Current is represented as: I(t) = I0 sin ( ωt − φ )
(b) For a single-element circuit (a resistor, a capacitor or an inductor) connected to the AC voltage source, we
summarise the results in the below table:
R R 0
V0
IR =
0 R
L Inductive Reactance
XL = ωL (π/2)
V0
IL = i.e.,current lags
0 XL
voltage by 900
C Capacitive Reactance
1 (- π / 2 )
XC = V0
ωC IC = i.e. current leads
0 XC
voltage by 900
(c) For a circuit having more than one circuit element connected ina series,we summarise the results in the below
table:
R C V0 π
R 2 + XL2 I0 = 0<φ<
2
R + XL2 2
R C V0
2 I0 = π
R + X 2C R 2 + X 2C − < φ < 0
2
R L C φ > 0 if
V0
R + ( XL − X C )
2
2
I0 = XL > X C
R + ( XL − X C )
2 2
φ < 0 if XL < X C
2 3 . 2 4 | Alternating Current
At resonance, the current in the series LCR circuit is maximum, while that in parallel LCR circuit is minimum.
1 1 1
=
φ tan−1 R = − tan−1 R − ωC
X
L XC ωL
(f) The RMS (root mean square) value of voltage and current in an AC circuit are given as
V0 I0
Vrms = , and Irms =
2 2
R
(g) Average power of an AC circuit
= is P(t) Irms Vrms cos φ where cos φ = is the power factor of the circuit.
Z
ω0L 1 L
(h) Quality factor Q of LCR circuit is=
Q =
R R C
V2 N2
(i) For a transformer, the ratio of secondary coil voltage to that of primary coil voltage is =
V1 N1
where N1 is number of turns in primary coil, and N2 is number of turns in secondary coil.
For the step-up transformer, N2 > N1 ; for step down transformer, N2 < N1 .
P hysi cs | 23.25
Solved Examples
R 2 + ( X C − XL )
2
Z= and the power factor of the
Sol: In a series LCR circuit, the impedance of circuit is R
circuit is cos φ = .
R 2 + ( X C − XL ) where XC and XL are the capacitive
2
Z= R 2 + ( XL − X C )
2
and inductive reactances respectively. Phase difference
X − XC We want to find the value of the capacitor to make the
between voltage and current is φ =tan−1 L . circuit’s power factor 1.0
R
Potential drop across resistance is IR and that across (A) Find the value resistance and inductive reactance.
reactance is IX. For a LR circuit, current lags behind voltage in phase.
(a) Potential difference across The power in AC circuit is given as
(i) Resistance VR =I × R =5 × 16 =80 V
V 2rms × cos φ … (i)
( )
(ii) Inductor VL = I × ωL = 5 × 24 = 120 V P=
Z
...(1)
I (1 / ωC ) =5 × 12 =60 V
(iii) Capacitor VC =×
( 220 )
2
V 2rms × cos φ × 0.8
⇒ Z= = = 70.4 Ω
(b) The impedance of the circuit P 550
1
2 R
Power factor cos φ = , so we get value of resistance as
(16 ) + ( 24 − 12)
2 2 2
=
Z R + ωL − = Z
ωC
= 20 Ω R = Z × cos φ = 70.4 × 0.8 = 56.32 Ω
Inductive Reactance is
(c) The voltage of AC supply is given by
E =I × Z =5 × 20 =100 V ω
= L (Z 2 2
− R= ) ( 70.4 ) − (56.32)
2 2
ω=
L 42.2 Ω
(d) Phase angle between voltage & current is
(B) Capacitance needed to be connected in circuit to
ωL − ( 1 / ωC ) 24 − 12 make power factor = 1.0
−1
φ =
tan tan−1
R 16 When the capacitor is connected in the circuit.
Impedance
( )
= tan−1 0.75 = 360 52'
1
2
R 2 + ωL − …(ii)
=
Z ...(2)
ωC
2 3 . 2 6 | Alternating Current
Therefore to make a circuit with power factor = 1, 75 µF XL = 2π × 500 × 8.1 × 10−3 = 25.45 Ω
capacitor is to be connected in a series with resistance
and inductor. Capacitive reactance,
106
=
XC = 25.45Ω
2π × 500 × 12.5
Example 3: A 750 Hz, 20 V source is connected to
a resistance of 100 ohm, an inductance of 0.1803 ⇒ XL =
XC
Henry and a capacitance of 10 microfarad all in series.
Calculate the time in which the resistance (thermal This is the condition of resonance. This means that total
capacity 2J/°C) will get heated by 10°C. potential drop occurs across the resistance only.
( )
2
∴ V = VR2 + VL − VC = VR = 100 V
Sol: For an LCR circuit, the average power dissipated as
2
Vrms The total potential difference across resistance is the
heat is =
Pav × R , where Z is the impedance of the same as the applied voltage across circuit.
2
Z
circuit.
Product of power and time equals the heat generated. Example 5: A 0.21 H inductor and a 12 Ω resistor
are connected ina series to a 20 V, 50 Hz ac source.
XL = ωL = 2πfL = 2π × 750 × 0.1803
= 849.2 Ω and Calculate the current in the circuit and the phase angle
between the current and the source voltage.
1 1
=
X C =
ωC 2πfC
Sol: In series LR circuit, the current lags voltage by phase
1
= = 21.2Ω ωL
2π × 750 × 10−5 angle φ =tan−1 . And RMS value of the current is
R
V
So X = XL − X C = 849.2 − 21.2 = 828 Ω Irms = rms where Z is impedance of the circuit.
Z
(100 ) + ( 828 ) =
2 2
And hence=
Z R2 + X2 = 834Ω Impedance =
Z R 2 + (ωL)2 ;
Phase angle φ
P hysi cs | 23.27
ωL −1 65.94
VR V VL
tan−1 = tan ;
R 12 20
Sol: For dc supply, the coil is purely resistive; inductance Sol: For the LCR circuit, impedance is
does not come into picture. For AC voltage source,the
reactance of the inductor is non-zero. When a capacitor Z= R 2 + (X C − XL )2 .
is connected in a series in a circuit, the impedance of
The phase angle between voltage and current is given
R + ( XL − X C ) .
2 2
circuit is Z =
X − XC
The real power in the circuit is by φ =tan−1 L .
R
V2
P I2=
= R R. (a) P.D. across each component is found below
Z2
12 VL =I XL =5 × 24 =120 V,
Resistance of the coil, R= = 3Ω VR =5 × 16 =80 V
4 VC =I X C =5 × 12 =60 V
( Reactance of inductor in dc circuit is zero)
(b) Using the formula of Impedance
12
Impedance of coil, Z= = 5Ω ;
2.4 Z= R 2 + ( XL − X C )
2
Now, Z=
2
R 2 + ω2L2 ;
(16 ) + ( 24 − 12)
2 2
Z= =20 Ω
2 2
Z −R 4
or=
L = = 0.08 H
ω 50
(c) Voltage of AC source is
Reactance of the capacitor E = IZ = 5 × 20 =
100 V
1 1 (d) Phase angle is
X C= = = 8Ω
ωL 50 × 2500 × 10−6
−1 ( L
X − XC ) 24 − 12
= Φ tan
= tan−1
R 16
∴ When the capacitor is connected in series,
Z = R 2 + ( XL − X C ) = 32 + ( 8 − 4 ) =5 Ω
2 2 ( )
= tan−1 0.75 = 360 87'
circuit is given by
constant.
( )
=i i0 1 − e− t/ τ where τ is one time
(c) The quality factor Q of the circuit
(d) The amplitude of the voltage across the inductor at
(a) Current at any time is given by: the resonant frequency.
−
Rt Sol: When the LCR circuit is set to resonance, the
=i i0 1 − e L ...(1) … (i)
resonant frequency is f = .
1 1
2π LC
Differentiating above equation w.r.t. t, we get
ω0L 1 L
Quality factor is=
Q = .
−
Rt R R C
dI V R − RtL V
=dI V . R e= L ∴ i0 V ...(2) … (ii)
(a) Using formula of resonant frequency
=dt R . L e= ∴ i0 R ...(2)
dt R L R
dI V 200 The resonant frequency, for the circuit is given by
At =
t 0, dI= V= 200= 400 A / s
At =
t 0, dt= L= 0.5= 400 A / s ω0
dt L 0.5 1 1
=f =
L 2π 2π LC
(b) Current after one time constant τ =
R
1 1
From equation (ii) = = 5033Hz
dI
( )(
2π 10 × 10−3 H 100 × 10−9 F )
= 400
= e−1 147.15 A / s
dt (b) At resonance current is Maximum i.e. I0
(c) For steady state t = ∞
V0 200
So from (i) we get i(∞ ) = i0 = 400 A =
I0 = = 10.0 A
R 20.0Ω
Example 9: What is average and RMS current over (c) The quality factor Q of the circuit is given by
half cycle if instantaneous current is given by i=4
sin ωt + 3cos ωt. ?
=
Q
(
ω0L 2π 5033s
=
−1
)(
10.0 × 10−3 H )
R ( 20.0Ω )
Sol: Reduce the given expression of current in standard
( )
=i i0 sin ωt + φ , where i0 is the maximum current
form
= 15.8
in the circuit.
(d) At resonance, the amplitude of the voltage across
Given i = 4 sin ωt + 3cos ωt. the inductor is
4 3
t 5sin ( ωt + α )
= 5 sin ωt + cos ω= VL = I0 XL= I0 ω0L
0
5 5
where cos α =
4 3
and sin α = ;
= ( )(
(10.0A ) 2π 5033 s−1 10.0 × 10−3 H )
5 5 = 3.16 × 103 V
Comparing with
=i i0 sin ωt + φ ( )
Example 2: Consider the circuit shown in figure. The
5 10 sinusoidal voltage source is V (t) = V0 sinωt . If both
i0 = 5 A ; ⇒ irms = A ; iavg = A
2 π switches s1 and s2 are closed initially, find the following
quantities, ignoring the transient effect and assuming
that R, L, V0 and w are known:
JEE Advanced/Boards (a) The current I(t)as a function of time
(b) The average power delivered to the circuit
Example 1: A sinusoidal voltage V(t) = (200 V) sin ωt is
applied to a series LCR circuit with L=10.0 mH, C=100 (c) The current as a function of time, a long time after
nF and R=20.0 Ω . Find the following quantities: only S1 is opened
(a) The resonant frequency
(b) The amplitude of current at resonance
P hysi cs | 23.29
10 V AC
40 = 0.5 × 4 × 105 × L ⇒ L = 2 × 10−4 H
Sol: When two inductors are connected in parallel, the 1
LL
At resonance, XL = XC i.e. ω0L =
net inductance is L = 1 2 . If V is the RMS value of ω0 C
L1 + L2
1 1 1
applied voltage, then RMScurrent through inductor is =
C = = µF
ω20L
( 4 × 10 ) 32
2
V
5
× 2 × 10−4
I= .
XL
When the current lags behind the voltage by = 45o,
=
Let E E0 sin ωt , then current drawn from supply is, XL − X C
using tan φ = , gives
R
π E0 π 1
=I I0 sin ωt −= sin ωt − (Since current lags ωL −
2 ω L 2 1 ω2 L
1= ω C ⇒ R =ωL − =ωL − o
π
by ) R ωC ω
2
= I1 + I2
I =
E0
π
sin ωt −
(
120 ω = 2 × 10−4 ω2 − (4 × 105 )2 )
ωL1 2 VL
Source Voltage
E0 π E π
= sin ωt − + 0 sin ωt − VL - VC
ωL1 2 ω L 2 2
I I I 1 1 15 3
= + = + = = ;
o
⇒ 45
L L1 L2 5 10 50 10 VR
i
10
⇒L= H
3 VC
V 10 1
=
IrmsinL1 =− = ;
ωL1 2π × 50 × 5 50π
P hysi cs | 23.31
Example 5: An inductor of 20mH, a capacitor 100 µF Example 6: A choke coil is needed to operate an arc
and a resistor 50 Ω are connected in a series across lamp at 160 V (rms) and 50 Hz. The lamp has an effective
a source of e.m.f. V=10 sin (314t). Find the energy resistance of 5 Ω when running at 10 A (RMS). Calculate
dissipated in the circuit in 20 minutes. If resistance is the inductance of the choke coil. If the same arc lamp is
removed from the circuit and the value of inductance is to be operated on 160 V (dc), what additional resistance
doubled, then find the variation of current with time in is required? Compare the power losses in both cases.
the new circuit. L R
Sol: For the LCR circuit, the energy dissipated over a Choke Lamp
long
= time is U ( )
Vrms Irms cos φ t . When resistance is VL VR
removed,the circuit becomes LC circuit, the impedance
and hence current changes.
V = V0 sin t
The circuit is as shown in figure. One time cycle
Sol: Choke coil has large inductance and low internal
2π 2π
T= = = 0.02s. So, we have to calculate the resistance, sothere is no power loss in the choke coil.
ω 314 Hence, when alamp of some resistance is connected
average energy at time t>>T. in series with the coil, the net RMS voltage in circuit
(=
Vrms ) ( Vrms )R + ( Vrms )L .
2 2 2
L R C is When the same lamp
=∴U
V02R
=
t I0
V0
= (160 ) − (50 ) =
2 2
152 V
2Z 2
Z
As (=
Vrms ) (irms
= ) XL (irms )( 2πfL ) ;
L
102 × 50 × 20 × 60
=∴U = 864.2 J
2 × 3153.7 ( Vrms )L
∴L =
When resistance is removed,and inductance is doubled, ( 2πf )(irms )
then cos φ = 0 ⇒ φ = π / 2
Substituting the values
Value of impedance is 152
L= = 4.84 × 10−2 H
=
Z'
1
− ωL'
=
1
− 314 × 40 × 10−3 Ω ( )( )( )
2 π 50 10
ωC 314 × 10 −4
When lamp is operated on DC supply with a resistance
=19.3 Ω
R’ in series, then voltage drop across the circuit is
And the current in the circuit is found to be
V i (R + R' ) or 160=10(5+R’);
=
∴ R=' 11Ω
2 3 . 3 2 | Alternating Current
7200
Pav = ...(i) … (i)
Z2
JEE Main/Boards
Q.1 The resistance of coil for direct current (dc)is 10 Ω . Q.6 Is there any device which may control the direct
When alternating current (ac) is sent through it; will its current without dissipation of energy?
resistance increase, decrease or remain the same?
Q.12 Discusses the principle, working and use of a (c) Determine the rms potential drops across the three
transformer for long distance transmission of electrical elements of the circuit. Show that the potential drop
energy. across the LC combination is zero at the resonating
frequency.
Q.13(a) What will be instantaneous voltage for A.C.
supply of 220 V and 50 Hz? Q.22 A circuit containing a 80 mH inductor and a 60 µF
capacitor in series is connected to 230 V, 50Hz supply.
(b) In an A.C. circuit, the rms voltage is 100 2 V , find
The resistance of the circuit is negligible. (a) Obtain
the peak value of voltage and its mean value during a
the current amplitude and rms values. (b) Obtain the
positive half cycle.
rms value of potential drops across each element, (c)
What is the average transferred to the inductor? (d)
Q.14 What should be the frequency of alternating 200 What is the average power transferred to the capacitor?
V so as to pass a maximum current of 0.9 A through an (e) What is the total average power absorbed by the
inductance of 1 H? circuit? [‘average’ ‘implies’ averaged over one cycle;].
Q.15 An alternating e.m.f of 100 V (r.m.s), 50 Hz is Q.23 Answer the following questions: (a) in any A.C.
applied across a capacitor of 10 µF and a resistor of 100 circuit, is the applied instantaneous voltage equal to the
W in series.Calculate (a) The reactance of the capacitor; algebraic sum of the instantaneous voltage across the
(b) The current flowing (c) the average power supplied. series element of the circuit? Is the same true for rms
voltage? (b) A capacitor is used in the primary circuit of
Q.16 The effective value of current in a 50 cycle A.C. an inductor coil. (c) A supplied voltage signal consists
circuit 5.0 A. What is the value of current 1/300s after of a super position of a D.C voltage and A.C. voltage
it is zero? of high frequency. The circuit consists of an inductor
and a capacitor in series. Show that the D.C. signal will
appear across C and the A.C. signal across L. (c) An
Q.17 A pure capacitor is connected to an ac source of
applied voltage signal consists of a superposition of a
220 V, 50 Hz, what will be the phase difference between
D.C. voltage and an A.C. Voltage of high frequency. The
the current and applied emf in the circuit?
circuit consists of an inductor and a capacitor in series.
Show that the D.C. signal will appear across C and the
Q.18 A 100 Ω resistance is connected to a 220 V, 50 Hz A.C. signal across L. (e) Why is choke coil needed in the
A.C. supply. use of florescent tubes with A.C. mains? Why can we
(a) What is the rms value of current in the circuit? not use an ordinary resistor instead of the choke coil?
phase difference between voltage across inductor and and minimum current that can flow in the circuit is
capacitor. 10V
.S
( )
Q.27 A step-down transformer converts a voltage of 0.1 H 10
2200 V into 220 V in the transmission line. Number
of turns in primary coil is 5000. Efficiency of the
transformer is 90% and its output power is 8 kW. 10
Calculate (i) Number of turns in the secondary coil (ii)
input power.
(A) 2 Amp (B) 3 Amp
Q.28 What will be the effect on inductive reactance XL (C) 1 Amp (D) Nothing can be concluded
and capacitive XC, if frequency of ac source is increased?
Q.4 The ratio of time constant in build-up and decay in
Q.29 The frequency of ac is doubled, what happens to the circuit shown in figure is
(i) Inductive reactance (ii) Capacitive reactance? R
2R L
Exersice 2
Single Correct Choice Type V
(A) 1:1 (B) 3:2 (C) 2:3 (D) 1:3
Q.1 A rectangular loop with a sliding connector of
length 10 cm is situated in uniform magnetic field
Q.5 A current of 2A is increased at a rate of 4 A/s
perpendicular to plane of loop. The magnetic induction
through a coil of inductance 2H. The energy stored in
is 0.1 tesla and resistance of connecter (R) is 1 Ω. The
the inductor per unit time is
sides AB and CD have resistance 2 Ω and 3 Ωrespectively.
Find the current in the connecter during its motion with (A) 2 J/s (B) 1 J/s (C) 16 J/s (D) 4 J/s
constant velocity of 1 meter/sec.
A D Q.6 The current in the given circuit is increased with a
rate a=4 A/s. The charge on the capacitor at an instant
when the current in the circuit is 2 amp will be:
2 3
E=4V
R
B C R=1
1 1 1 1
( A ) 110 A (B ) 220 A ( C ) 55 A (D ) 440 A
L=1H
)
C=3F
Q.2 For L-R circuit, the time constant is equal to (A) (A) 4 µC (B) 5 µC
Twice the ratio of the energy stored in the magnetic (C) 6 µC (D) None of these
field to the rate of dissipation of energy in the resistance.
(B) Ratio of the energy stored in the magnetic field to Q.7 A coil of inductance 5H is joined to a cell of emf 6 V
the rate of dissipation of energy in the resistance. through a resistance 10 Ω at time t=0. The emf across
(C) Half the ratio of the energy stored in the magnetic the coil at time t= 2 s is:
field to the rate of dissipation of energy in the resistance.
(A) 3V (B) 1.5V (C) 0.75V (D) 4.5V
(D) Square of the ratio of the energy stored in the
magnetic field to the rate of dissipation of energy in Q.8 The network shown in the figure is part of a
the resistance. complete circuit. If at a certain instant, the current I is
5A and it is decreasing at a rate of 103As -1 then VB-VA
Q.3 In the adjoining circuit, initially the switch S is open. equals.
The switch‘s’ is closed at t=0. The difference between
P hysi cs | 23.35
1 + 5 mH L S
A B
I 15 V A B
V=2sin(100t)
10 20
2V 10 0.1H
1 1 1 1
(A) A, A (B) A , A C
15 10 10 15
(A) 400 µF (B) 300 µF
2 1 1 2 (C) 500 µF (D) 200 µF
(C) A, A (D) A , A
15 10 15 25
Q.14 In the circuit, as shown in the figure, if the value
of R.M.S current is 2.2 ampere, the power factor of the
Q.11 In the circuit shown, the cell is ideal. The coil has
box is
an inductance of 4H and zero resistance. F is a fuse zero
resistance and will blow when the current through it
reaches 5A. The switch is closed at t=0. The fuse will 100 C
blow
1/ Henry
fuse
L Box
Sw
-1
Vrms=220 volt, -100 s
2V
1 3 1
(A) Just after t=0 (B) After 2 (A) (B) 1 (C) (D)
2 2 2
(C) After 5s (D) After 10s
Q.15 When 100 V DC is applied across a solenoid, a
Q.12 The circuit shown has been operating for a long current of 1 A flows in it. When 100 V AC is applied
time. The instant after the switch in the circuit labeled across the same coil, the current drops to 0.5 A. If the
S is opened, what is the voltage across the inductor VL frequency of the AC source is 50 Hz, the impedance
and which labeled point (A or B) of the inductor is at a and inductance of the solenoid are:
higher potential? Take R1=4.0 Ω , R2=8.0 Ω and L= 2.5 (A) 100 Ω , 0.93 H (B) 200 Ω , 1.0 H
H.
(C) 10 Ω , 0.86 H (D) 200 Ω , 0.55 H
2 3 . 3 6 | Alternating Current
(A) 6/5 (B) 5/6 (C) 4 (D) 3 3 Q.2 The current I4 through the resistor and voltage vC
3 3 4 across the capacitor are compared in the two cases.
Which of the following is/are true? (2011)
Q.19 The effective value of current i=2 sin100 π t+2 sin
(100 π t+300) is: (a) IRA > IBR (B) IRA < IRB
(A) 2A (B) 2 2 + 3 A B
(C) IC > IC (D) IC < IC
A B
(A) Capacitive i
(B) Inductive A 1 B
15 V 5 mH
(C) Purely resistive
(D) Data insufficient Q.4 An arc lamp requires a direct current of 10 A and 80
V to function. If it is connected to a 220 V (rms), 50 Hz
AC supply, the series inductor needed for it to work is
close to: (2016)
(A) 0.08 H (B) 0.044 H
(C) 0.065 H (D) 80 H
P hysi cs | 23.37
JEE Advanced/Boards
Exercise 1
L R
Q.4 Two resisters of 10 Ω and 20 Ω and an ideal Q.11 In the circuit shown in the figure, the switched
inductor of 10 H are connected to a 2V battery as S1 and S2 are closed at time t=0. After time t = (0.1) In
shown in figure. The key K is shorted at time t=0. Find 2sec, switch S2 is opened. Find the current in the circuit
the initial (t=0) and final (t->∞) current through battery. at time t = (0.2) ln 2sec.
L = 10 H
S1
R = 10 40 S2
20
K 100 V 10
1H
Q.5 An emf of 15 V is applied in a circuit containing
5 H inductance and 10 Ω resistance. Find the ratio of
the current at time t=∞ and t=1 second. Q.12 Find the value of i1and i2
S i1 30
Q.6 In the circuit in shown in figure, switch S is closed i2
at time t=0. Find the charge which passes through the 20
battery in one time constant.
100 V
2 3 . 3 8 | Alternating Current
Exercise 2
Q.14 An LCR series circuit with 100 Ω resistance Single Correct Choice Type
is connected to an ac source of 200 V and angular
frequency 300rad/s. When only the capacitance is Q.1 A square coil ABCD is placed in x-y plane with its
removed, the current lags behind the voltage by 600. centre at origin. A long straight wire, passing through
When only the inductance is removed, the current origin, carries a current in negative Z-direction. Current
leads the voltage by 600. Calculate the current and the in this wire increases with time. The induced current in
power dissipated in the LCR circuit. the coil is
Q.16 A series LCR circuit containing a resister of 120 (A) Clock wise (B) Anti clockwise
Ω has angularresonance frequency 4 × 105 rad s-1. At
resonance, the voltage across resistance and inductance (C) Zero (D) Alternating
are 60V and 40V respectively. Find the values of L and C.
At what frequency current in the circuit lags the voltage Q.2 An electric current i1 can flow in either direction
by 45o? through loop (1) and induced current i2 in loop (2).
Positive i1 is when current is from ‘a’ to ‘b’ in loop (1)
and positive i2 is when the current is from ‘c’ to ‘d’ in
Q.17 In an LR series circuit, a sinusoidal voltage V=V0 loop
sinωt is applied. It is given that
ω Loop (1)
L=
35mH,R =
11Ω, Vrms =
220V, =
50Hz
2π a b
And π =22 / 7 . Loop (2)
c d
P hysi cs | 23.39
(2) In an experiment, the graph of i2 against time ‘t’ is as Q.4 Two identical inductances carry currents that vary
shown below by Figure which one (s) of the following with time according to linear laws (see in figure). In
graphs couldi2have caused i2 to behave as give above. which of the inductances is the self-inductance emf
i2
greater?
i2
(A) 1 (B) 2
(A) t
(A) 0 t (C) Same (D) Data is insufficient to decide
t
1 C
i i2 (C) (D)
i22 LC L
(A) (B)
2
1 t t
t i3 i4
e e
(C) (D)
(A) (B)
t t
t t
LE2 LE2 LE2 LE2R 2
(A) (B) (C) (D)
e e 2R12 2R 22 2R1R 2 2R12
(C) (D)
Q.7 An induction coil stores 32 joules of magnetic
energy and dissipates energy as heat at the rate of 320
t t
watt when a current of 4 amperes is passed through it.
Find the time constant of the circuit when the coil is
joined across a battery.
(A) 0.2s (B) 0.1s (C) 0.3s (D) 0.4s
2 3 . 4 0 | Alternating Current
Q.8 In an L-R decay circuit, the initial current at t=0 is 1. Q.14 The current I, potential difference VL across the
The total charge that has inductor has reduced to one- inductor and potential difference VC across the capacitor
fourth of its initial value is in circuit as shown in the figure are best represented
vectorially as.
(A) LI / R (B) LI / 2R (C) LI / 2R (D) None
VC
VC
Q.9 An inductor coil stores U energy when i current
is passed through it and dissipates energy at the rate (A) I (B)
of P. The time constant of the circuit, when the coil is VL VL I
connected across a battery of zero internal resistance is
4U U 2U 2P
(A) (B) (C) (D) VL
P P P U VL
(C) (D)
I I
Q.10 When a resistance R is connected in series with VC VC
an element A, the electric current is found to be
lagging behind the voltage by angle θ1. When the
same resistance is connected in series with element B, Q.15 In the shown AC circuit in figure, phase difference
current leads voltage by θ2. When R, A, B, are connected between current I1 and I2 is
in series, the current now leads voltage by θ. Assume XC
same AC source in used in all cases. Then:
I1
(A) θ = θ1 − θ2 (B) tan=
θ tan θ2 − tan θ1
I2
θ1 + θ2
(C) θ = (D) None of these XL R
2
Q.17 For L-R circuit, the time constant is equal to (A) The low resistance of P
(A) Twice the ratio of the energy stored in the magnetic (B) The induced-emf in L
field to the rate of the dissipation of energy in the
(C) The low resistance of L
resistance
(D) The high voltage of the battery B
(B) The ratio of the energy stored in the magnetic field
to the rate of the dissipation of energy in the resistance.
Q.20 Two different coils have a self-inductanceof
L
C 8mH and 2mH. The current in one coil is increased at
a constant rate. The current in the second coil is also
VC
VL increased at the same instant of time. The power given
to the two coils is the same. At that time the current,
the induced voltage and the energy stored in the first
(C) Half of the ratio of the energy stored in the magnetic coil are I1 V1 and W1 respectively. Corresponding values
field to the rate of the dissipation of energy in the for the second coil at the same instant are I2, V2 and W2
resistance. respectively . Then:
(D) Square of the ratio of the energy stored in the I1 1 I
(A) = (B) 1 = 4
magnetic field to the rate of the dissipation of energy I2 3 I2
in the resistance.
W1 V2 1
(C) = 4 (D) =
Q.18 An inductor L, a resistor R and two identical bulbs W2 V1 4
B1 and B2 are connected to a battery through a switch S
as shown in the figure. The resistance of the coil having Q.21 The symbol L, C, R represents inductance,
inductance L is also R. Which of the following statement capacitance and resistance respectively. Dimension of
gives the correct description of the happening when frequency is given by the combination.
the switch S is closed?
1
L B1 (A) 1/RC (B) R/L (C) (D) C/L
LC
R B2
Q.22 An LR circuit with a battery is connected at t=0.
Which of the following quantities is not zero just after
E S the circuit is closed?
(A) Current in the circuit
(A) The bulb B2 lights up earlier then B1 and finally both
the bulbs shine equally bright. (B) Magnetic field
(B) B1 lights up earlier and finally both the bulbs acquire (C) Power delivered by the battery
brightness. (D) Emf induced in the inductor
(C) B2 lights up earlier and finally B1 shines brighter
than B2. Q.23 The switches in figure (a) and (b) are closed at t=0
(D) B1 and B2 lights up together with equal brightness C R L R
all the time. )
S
(C) The charge on L just after t=0 is E/R.
(D) The charge on L long after t=0 is EC.
B
2 3 . 4 2 | Alternating Current
Q.24 Two coils A and B have coefficient of mutual Comprehension Type Question
inductance M=2H. The Magnetic flux passing through
coil A changes by 4 Weber in 10 seconds due to the Paragraph 1: A capacitor of capacitance C can be
change in current in B. Then charged (with the help of a resistance R) by a voltage
source V, by closing switch s1 while keeping switch s2
(A) Change in current in B in this time interval is 0.5 A
open. The capacitor can be connected in series with an
(B) The change in current in B in this time interval is 2A inductor ‘L’ by closing switch S2 and opening S1.
(C) The change in current in B in this time interval is 8A V
(D) A change in current of 1A in coil A will produce a
change in flux passing through B by 4 Weber.
R S1
Assertion Reasoning Type
C
is V C
L
Q.26 Statement-I: Peak voltage across the resistance
can be greater than the peak voltage of the source in a
series LCR circuit. Q.29 If the total charge stored in the LC circuit is Q0
then for t>=0
d2Q
(C) The charge on the capacitor is Q = LC
Statement-II: Emf induced in an inductor is given by dt2
di
|e|
∈ =L (A) Statement-I is true, statement-II is true 1 d2Q
dt (D) The charge on the capacitor is Q = −
and statement-II is correct explanation for statement-I. LC dt2
(B) Statement-I is true, statement-II is true and statement-
II is not the correct explanation for statement-I.
(C) Statement-I is true, statement-II is false.
(D) Statement-I is false, statement-II is true.
P hysi cs | 23.43
Paragraph 2: In a series L-R circuit, connected with a ways as shown in column II. When a current I (steady
sinusoidal ac source, the maximum potential difference state for DC or rms for AC) flows through the circuit, the
across L and R are respectively 3 volts and 4 volts corresponding voltage V1 and V2 (indicated in circuits)
are related as shown in column I. (2010)
Q.30 At an instant, the potential difference across
Column I Column II
resistor is 2 V. The potential difference in volt, across
the inductor at the same instant will be: (A) I ≠ 0, V1 is (p)
V1 V2
(A) 3 cos30o (B) 3 cos60o Proportional to I
(C) 3 cos45o (D) None of these 6 mH 3 F
3 3 6 mH 3 F
(C) 1 + (D) 2 +
2 2
R3 C
V
2 2 F 1 R5 (D) I ≠ 0, V2 is (t)
R1 E1 V1 V2
Proportional to I
2 12 V 1k 3 F
1 R2
A E2 B
2 S 3V 2 R4
3 V
L
(s)
10 mH V1 V2
in R1.
(b) If Now The switch S is put in position 2 at t=0. Find: V
(D) After time interval 2τ, charge on the capacitor is CV Find the amplitude of current in the steady state and
(1-e-1) obtain the phase difference between the current and
the voltage. Also plot the variation of current for one
cycle on the given graph. (2004)
Q.4 After capacitor gets fully charged, S1 is opened and
S2 is closed so that the inductor isconnectedin series V
with the capacitor, then (2006)
(A) At t=0, energy stored in the circuit is purely in the
form of magnetic energy. t
T/4 T/2 3T/4 T
(B) At any time t>0, current in the circuit is in the same
direction.
(C) At t>0, there is no exchange of energy between the
inductor and capacitor. Q.8 What is the maximum energy of the anti-neutrino ?
(2012)
(D) At any time t>0, instantaneous current in the circuit
(A) Zero
C
may V (B) Much less than 0.8 × 106 eV
L
(C) Nearly 0.8 × 106 eV
Q.5 If the total charge stored in the LC circuit is Q0 then
(D) Much larger than 0.8 × 106 eV
for t ≥ 0 (2006)
PlancEssential Questions
JEE Main/Boards JEE Advanced/Boards
Exercise 1 Exercise 1
Q. 15 Q.21 Q.22 Q. 3 Q.4 Q.7
Exercise 2 Exercise 2
Q. 1 Q.3 Q. 11 Q.2 Q.3 Q.12
Answer Key
Q.18 (a) 2.20A, (b) 484 W Q.23 (a) Yes. The same is not true for rms voltage,
because voltage across different element may not be
Q.19 0.354A in phase.
Q.20 109.5 A (b) The high induced voltage, when the circuit is broken,
Q.21 (a) 50 rad s-1, (b) 40 Ω , 8.1A, (c) VLcms=1437.5 is used to change the capacitor, thus avoiding sparks,
etc.
1
V,Vvcrms=1437.5V,VRms=230 VLCrms= Irms ω0L − = 0 (c) For dc, impedance of L is negligible and C very
ω0 C
high (infinite), so the D.C. signal appears across C. For
Q.22 (a) For
= V V0 sin ωt frequency ac, impedance of L is high and that of C is
low. So, the A.C. signal appears across L.
V0 π
=I sin ω
= t + ; If R 0 (e) A choke coil reduces voltage across the tube without
1 2
ωL − wasting power. A resister would waste power as heat.
ωC
Q.24 1.75 × 10−2 H; 5.5Ω
Where- sign appears if ωL >I/ ωC , and+sign appears
if ωL <I ωC . Q.25 0.04H
=I0 11.6A,I
= rms 8.24A Q.26 Resonant frequency=39.79 Hz
(b) VLCrms =207V, VCrms =437 V (i) 2000 Ω (ii) 100 Ω (iii) 2A
(c) Whatever be the current I in L, actual voltage leads (iv) 900 (v)1800
current by π / 2 . Therefore, average power consumed Q.27 (i) 500; (ii) 8.9kW
by L is zero.
(d) For C, voltage lags by π / 2 . Again average power
consumed by C is zero.
(e) Total average power absorbed is zero.
Exercise 2
Q.1 B Q.2 A Q.3 C Q.4 B Q.5 C Q.6 C
Q.7 A Q.8 B Q.9 C Q.10 A Q.11 D Q.12 D
Q.13 C Q.14 A Q.15 D Q.16 A Q.17 D Q18 D
Q.19 B Q.20 A
JEE Advanced/Boards
Exercise 1
LE2
Q.1 0.8 Q.2 [I]−1 Q.3
2R12
1 1 e2 − 1 EL
Q.4 , Q.5 Q.6
15A 10A e 2
eR 2
KLt2 20
Q.7 q = C Q.8 ≅ 2H Q.10 C = 9.2 .F
R π2
P hysi cs | 23.47
1
Q.15 Z = 100 Ω, VQ = 9.8 V Q.16 0.2 mH, µF,8 × 105 rad / s
32
π 1
Q.17 20A, , ∴ Steady state current=20sin π 100t −
4 4
Exercise 2
Comprehension Type
Q.2 A → r, s, t; B → q, r, s, t; C →q, p; D → q, r, s, t
4
Q.3 B Q.4 D Q.5 C Q.6 R = (r – r )
3 1 2
π
Q.7 Amplitude = 20A, phase difference = Q.8 C
4
Q.9 C, D
2 3 . 4 8 | Alternating Current
Solutions
JEE Main/Boards Im
z
Exercise 1
x
z
Sol 1: In a resistance coil, when an alternating current
is flown, there will be a magnetic field generated across R
Re
the coil and so there will be an inductance induced into
the coil. Hence it will have more impedance compared
Sol 4: As derived above,
to the one withDC current.
ZR = R
Sol 2: We know that power dissipated = VI cosθ. ZL = iωL
R ZC = –i/ωC
cos θ = ⇒ power factor
Z znet=ZR + ZL + ZC (Since they all are in series)
now for an ideal inductor, Z = ωL and R = 0
Now we can write any quantity in phasor notation,
∴ cos θ = 0
for V = V0 cos (ωt + θ)
Hence power = VI (0) = 0
we write this quantity in phasor notation as,
L
Re
R
I = I ∠ – π + θ … (iii) V0 ∠0
0 = I
2 π
ωL∠
π 2
Phase of current = – + θ
2 I V0 ∠ − π
=
π ωL 2
Phase of voltage = –
2 π
⇒ I = I0 ∠ −
∴ Depending upon the ‘θ’ we can speak more about 2
the relation between fV and φI.
Phase of voltage = ∠ 0 = zero
Sol 5: Let V = V0 sin (wt + θ) be an ac voltage source.
Then
1/2
T 2
∫ V dt
V(0)
Vrms = 0
T
dt
∫
0 I
1/2
T 2
2
∫ V0 sin (ωt + θ)
-
2
Vrms = 0 π π
T Phase of current = ∠ − = −
2 2
Hence current lags behind the voltage by an angle of
now for simplifying the calculation,
π
∴ We put θ = 0, and solve; .
2
V
we get Vrms = 0 Sol 8: ω = 2pf
2
Now as derived in Q.4;
2 3 . 5 0 | Alternating Current
−i −i V0
ZC = = ∴ vrms =
ωC 2πfC
2
C V0 = (220) ( 2)
V0 = 311 V.
∴ Imax = 5.0 2 A
I = 200 2∠0
π
2πf∠ Let ∴ I = 5 2 sin(100πt)
2
π 1
I = I ∠ − when t = sec
0
2 300
then
200 2
we want I0 = = 0.9 π 3
2πf I = 5 2 sin = 5 2× 2.5 6 A
=
3 2
200 2
∴f= H ≡ 50 Hz
2π(0.9) Z Sol 17: Vrms = 220
V0 = 2 (Vrms)
Sol 15: V0 = Vrms . 2
V0 = 220 2
100 10f ω = 2pf
V = V0 cos t V= 220 2 ∠ 0
V = V0 cos (t) C
(a) V0 = 100 2
ω = 2π (50) = 100 p
∴ V = 100 2 cos (100 pt) = 100 2 ∠ 0
−i 1 π
ZC = = ∠ − [In phasor notation]
ZR= R = 100 ωC ωC 2
−i −i
ZC = = = –i (318) W 1 π
ωC (100π)(10 × 10−6 ) Z C
= ∠ −
ω C 2
∴ Resistance of capacitor is |ZC| ≈ 318 W
V V0 ∠0
(b) now Znet = ZR + ZC Now I = =
Z 1 π
C
∠ −
Znet = 100 – i (318) ωC 2
I = V ωC∠ π + 0
0
−318 2
Znet= (100)2 + (318)2 ∠ tan−1
100
I = V ωC∠ π
Znet = 334 ∠ –72.5° 0
2
I V= 100 2∠0 = 0.42 ∠72.5=0.527 A
= ∴ Phase of current =
π
Z 334∠ − 72.5 2
(c) Pavg= Vrms Irms cos f Phase of voltage = 0
π π
0.42 ∴ φI– fv= –0=
= (100) . cos(72.5) = 29.9 cos (72.5) 2 2
2
Sol 18: V = 220 2 cos (50 (2π) t)
Pavg = 9 watt
V = 220 2 cos (100 pt)
Sol 16: f = 50 Hz ∴ ω = 2π × 50 = 100 p
=V 220 2∠0
Irms= 5.0 A
2 3 . 5 2 | Alternating Current
10 C
220 V A
50 H
220 V
50 H
(a) ZR = R = 100 ⇔ ZR = 100 ∠ 0
V = I Z
V = 220 2 cos (100pt)
I V= 220 2∠0
= V = 220 2 ∠ 0 … (i)
Z 100∠0
Now let ‘C’ be the capacitance of the circuit;
=I 2.2 2∠0
−i −i 1 π
ZC = = = ∠ − … (ii)
⇒ I = (2.2) 2 cos (100pt) ωC 2πfc 2 πfc 2
ZR = R = 10Ω = 10 ∠ 0 … (iii)
now I0 = (2.2) 2
Now Znet = ZR + ZC
I0 (2.2)( 2)
Irms = = = 2.2 Amp.
2 2 1
Znet= (10 + ZC) = 10 – i
2πfc
(b) Net power over a full cycle
2
1
(Vrms )2 (220)2 |=
Znet | (10)2 +
= = = 484 watt 2πfc
R 100
1
Sol 19: V = 110 2 cos (2π (70) t) − 1
tan θ = 2πfc = −
R 2πfcR
1H
−1
θ = tan–1 2πfRC
110 V
10HZ −1
∴ Z = (10)2 + (X C )2 ∠ tan−1 … (iv)
2πfRC
Now V =
IZ
V = 110 2 cos (140 pt)= 110 2 ∠ 0 …(i)
I = V
ZL = iωL = i (140 π) = i (140 π) Z
|ZL| = 440 W 220 2 −1
=I ∠0 − tan−1
π 100 + X 2C 2πfRC
ZL= 440 ∠ …(ii)
2
220 2
Now I0 =
I V= 110 2∠0
= 100 + X 2C
Z π
440∠ I0 220
2 Irms = =
2 100 + X 2C
1 π 1 π
=I ∠− = cos 140πt −
2 2 2 2 2 2 Irms = 2A (Given)
1 220
I0 = = 0.354 Amp. ⇒2=
2 2 100 + X 2C
P hysi cs | 23.53
100 + X 2C =
(110)2 V = – (813 ∠ 0) (40)
V =
−325∠0
XC = 109.5 A
⇔ V = – 325 cos (50 t)
1 −325
Sol 21: Z = ZR + ZL + Z C = 40 + iωL – Vrms = = −230
ωC 2
1 (b) Inductance:
Z= 40 + i ωL −
ωC
I = 23 2 cos (50t)
= V 230 2 cos(2π(50)t)
4
=V 230 2 cos(100πt)
I = 8.13 cos (50 t)
Now potential drop across =V 230 2 < 0
( )
V = – IR ZL ⇔ 8π <
π
… (i)
2
2 3 . 5 4 | Alternating Current
ω22 2π (50)
(b) Capacitor
X2 = ω2L … (ii)
π 500 π
VC = I( ) ( Z C ) = 11.6∠
2 2 π
∠−
2
(i) ⇒ x1 =
(1) 2π × 200 × L
(2)
(ii) x 2 2π × 50 × L
11.6 × 500
VC = ∠0 x1
3π =4
x2
VC = 616 ∠ 0 → (x2) x1 22
x=
2 = = 5.5 ohm.
4 4
⇔ VC = 616 cos (100 pt + 0)
616
(VC)O = 616 (VC)rms= =4
2
P hysi cs | 23.55
I = V = 250 2∠0 Sol 29: XL = ωL
Znet 100πL x1 ω1 ω2
(22)2 + (100πL)2 ∠ tan−1 ⇒ x2 = . x1
22 =
x2 ω2 ω1
250 2 100πL ⇒ x2= 2x
I = ∠ − tan−1
484 + (100πL) 2 22
−1
xc =
250 2 I0 ωC
I0 = and Irms=
484 + (100πL)2 2 x1 w2 x
= ⇔ x2 = 1
x2 w1 2
250
⇒ Irms = Phasor method:-
484 + (100πL)2
Let V = V0 cos (ωt + q1) be the emf of an AC-source,
Put we are given that Irms = 10 A; then can write this is phasor method as,
250 V = |V| ∠ q1⇔ V = V0 ∠ q1
∴ 10 =
484 + (100πL)2 Now for I = I0cos ( ω t + q2)
484 + (100 πL)2 = 625 ⇔ I = I0 ∠ q2
141
100 πL = 141 ⇒ L = Now let Impedance (Z) ;
100π
11.9 ZRe sis tance = R
⇒L= L = 0.04 H.
100π −i
Z capacitor =
ωC
Sol 26: Current drawn in circuit is maximum when the
(i is iota; complex number)
circuit is in Resonance i.e. the Imaginary part of the
circuit is zero. Zinductor = iωL
Now solve this question exactly as solved in Q. 21. Now in a circuit with series RCL;
i
VS NS Znet
= Z=
R Z C + ZL = =
R + i ωL
Sol 27: = ωC
VP NP
1
220 NS Znet = R + i ωL − → … (i)
= ωC
2200 5000
Now let us write this in phasor notation,
NS = 500 turns.
Znet | Znet | ∠ q
=
Output power
n (efficiency) =
Imput power
2
1
8 kW | Znet=
| R 2 + ωL −
x= ωC
Pi
2 3 . 5 6 | Alternating Current
Exercise 2 10
10
=i = 1 amp
10
Sol 1: (B) Emf induced in rod = BLv At t = ∞
A D 10
2 3 10
R
B C
i1 i2 10
i 10V 10V
=i = = 2 amp.
2
1 Rnet 5
3
∴ Difference = (2 – 1) amp= 1 amp.
(1) E (2)
P hysi cs | 23.57
L 1
Sol 4: (B) T1 (time constant) during build up = ⇒ i = 0.6 ⇒ i = 0.3 amp
2R 2
L
T2 during decay = di
Emf across coil = L
3R dt
T 3
∴ 1 = di di
T2 2 = i0 (– (–2) e–2t) ⇒ = 2 i0 e–2t
dt dt
ln2 −1 1
di E= 6e ⇒E=6× E = 3V
Sol 6: (C) i = 2 amp = 4 amp/s. 2
dt
Applying KVL, Sol 8: (B) i = 5 amp
4V di
= –103 A/S
dt
1
[Since decreasing; –ve sign]
1 5mH
1H A B
3F 15V
di Q di
⇒ 4 – i (1) – L − =0 VA – i(1) + 15 – L = VB
dt C dt
Q di
⇒ 4 – 2 (1) – 1 (4) – =0 VA – VB = i – 15 + L
C dt
⇒Q=–2×3 VA– VB = 5 – 15 + 5 × 10–3 (–10+3)
⇒ Q = 6C.
VA – VB = 5 – 15 – 5 ⇒ VA – VB = –15 V
−Rt
Sol 7: (A)
=i i0 1 − e L
Sol 9: (C) When ‘i’ is reversed,
1 5mH
6V R L
A i B
15V
di
VA + i (1) + 15 – L = VB
dt
6v di
i0
= = 0.6 VA – VB = –i – 15 + L
10 dt
−10t
=i 0.6 1 − e 5 ⇒ i = 0.6 (1 – e )
–2t
= –5 – 15 + 5 (+10-3) × 103
di
[i is decreasing against the direction of KVL. Hence
Put t = ln 2 dt
= 103].
(
⇒ i 0.6 1 − e
= 2 n 2
) VA – VB = – 5 – 15 + 5
n 2−1 =i 0.6 1 − 1 VA – VB = –15 V
⇒ i 0.6 1 − e
= ⇒
2
2 3 . 5 8 | Alternating Current
Sol 10: (A) At t = 0, inductor is open circuited, Sol 12: (D) Just before the switch is opened, let us find
the currents,
at t = ∞, it is short circuited
at t = 0, L i2
A B
i1
12 V R1 R2
10 20
l2 V
i=
Rnet
2V
RR 4×8 8
2V 2 Rnet= 1 2 = = Ω
i=
Rnet
⇒ i1 =
10 + 20 R1 + RL 12 3
12 9
2 1 i= ⇒ i = amp.
i1 =
⇒= amp. 8 2
30 15
3
Finally; at t = ∞ Now just at the instant switch is opened, i would remain
same
L B
A
10 20 12 V R2
R1
2V
9
2V 2 ∴ VR = i R1 = × 4 VR = 18V
i2 = ⇒ i2 = amp 1 2 1
Rnet 20
Now applying KVL;
1 12 + (VB – VA) – 18 = 0 ⇒ VB – VA = 6 V.
i2 = amp.
10
Sol 13: (C) Power factor,
Sol 11: (D) At t = 0, no current flows in the circuit.
R
cos φ =
2 2
Fuse L = 4H (X C − XL ) + R
V=2sin (100t)
S ~
2V
10Ω 0.1H
As time starts, current starts flowing and at t = ∞,
current in the circuit is infinity. C 10 0.1H
Hence at t = 10, i → ∞ so the fuse will get blown
∴ C
[ Infinity is just an unknown number !]
P hysi cs | 23.59
Im I V=
=
220 2
Z 2
z 2 1
(100) + 100 −
100 πC
(XC-XL)
R 1
R 100 −
100 πC
1 π –tan–1 100
cos φ = ⇒ θ=
2 4
| X C − XL | 220
∴ tan φ = ⇒ |XC – XL| = R irms =
R
1 ≡ 2.2
2
(100)2 + 100 −
XL = ωL = (0.1) (100) ⇒ XL = 10 Ω. 100πC
⇒ |XC – XL| = R 2
220 1
= (100)2 + 100 −
1 2.2 100πC
= R + XL
ωC
2
1 1 1
C= ⇒C= ∴ (100) = 100 + 100 −
2 2
ω(R + XL ) 100(20) 100πC
1 1
C= × 10−3 ⇒ C = 500 µF. ⇒ 100 − =0
2 100πC
−1
1 ∴ XC = – 100 ∴ X C =
Sol 14: (A) ZL = iωL = × 100 π = i 100 W ωC
π
1 XC
H 100 C Now power factor; φ = tan–1 R
−100 π
φ = tan–1 100 ⇒ φ = −
4
π 1
Power factor; cos φ = cos =
4 2
ZR = 100 W
Sol 15: (D) For 100 V D.C. source, i =1 amp.
−i −i
ZC
= =
ωC 100πC 100
Hence,=
R = 100Ω
1
Znet = ZR + ZL + Z C
Now for AC source of 100 V
i
Znet = 100 + i (100) –
100πC 100 1 100
i=
Znet ⇒ 2 = Z
net
2
2 1
Znet= (100) + 100 − ⇒ Znet = 200
100πC
Z=
net R 2 + XL2
1
100 −
−1
tan 100 πC ∴ R2 + XL2 = (200)2 ⇒ XL2 = (200)2 – (100)2
100
XL = 174 W
2 3 . 6 0 | Alternating Current
∫ dt i0 = 22 + 22 + 2(2)(2)cos(30°)
O
I12 T i0 =
I20 T + +0 8 + 8 3 ⇒=
i0 2 2 + 3
2 2 I12
Irms = ⇒ Irms
= I20 +
T 2
Phase diagram will be shown as
π π 1
Sol 17: (D) = ωt ;= 100πt ; t = s. o
4 4 400 i2 = 2 sin (100t + 30 )
for CR circuit;
Sol 20: (A) We can speak on nature by observing the
R2 phase of final Impedance. If the phase of Impedance is
cos q2= = 0.5 ... (ii)
2 2 negative then it is capacitive, else it is inductive.
R2 + XC
ω 1
Now when L, C, R of two circuits are joined; ∴ ω' = =
2 2 LC
∴ ZR = R
R1 + R 2
cos θ =
2 2 1 1 L
(R1 + R 2 ) + (X C − XL ) ZL = i ω L = i . .L=i
2 LC 2 C
Given that cos θ = 1
−i −i L
∴ XC = XL = X ZC = = = −2i
ωC 1 C
.C
X 2 LC
tan q1= L
R1 3i L 3i L
X ∴ ZL + Z C =
− ; Znet= R −
tan q2= C 2 C 2 C
R2
−3i L
tan θ1 XL R 2 R 2 Znet= Z 0 ∠ tan−1
= . ≡ 2R R
tan θ2 R1 X C R1
4 ∴ -ve phase
tan q1=
3 Hence capacitive.
P hysi cs | 23.61
Previous Years’ Questions Sol 4: (C) For the lamp with direct current,
V = IR
π ⇒ R =8Ω and P =80 × 10 =800 W
Sol 1: (A) As the current i leads the emf e by , it is an
R–C circuit. 4
For ac supply
1 2
XC π Erms
tan φ = or tan = ω C \ωCR = 1 =P I 2
= R R
rms
R 4 R Z2
(220)2 × 8
As ω = 100 rad/s ⇒ Z2 =
800
1 –1
The product of C–R should be s ⇒ Z=22Ω
100
⇒ R 2 + ω2L2 =(22)2
2
1
Sol 2: (B, C) Z = R 2 + X 2C = R2 + ⇒ ωL = 420
ωC ⇒ L=
0.065 H
In case (b) capacitance C will be more. Therefore,
impedance Z will be less. Hence, current will be more.
∴Option (b) is correct. JEE Advanced/Boards
Further,
Exercise 1
Vc = V 2 – VR2
Sol 1: At t = 0, we can replace the inductor by open
= V 2 – (IR)2 circuit and at t = ∞, the inductor can be short circuited
dI
Sol 3: = 103 A/s
dt 10 4 4
I
A B
1Ω 15 V 5 mH 10
di 10
∴Induced emf across inductance, |e| = L |e| = i1 = = 1 amp.
dt 10
(5 × 10–3) (103) V = 5 V
At t = ∞,
Since, the current is decreasing, the polarity of this emf
6
would be so as to increase the existing current. The
circuit can be redrawn as
10
I = 5A 4 4
A B
1Ω 15 V 5 mH
Now VA – 5 + 15 + 5 = VB 10 10
i2
= = amp
\VA – VB = – 15 V R eff 8
or VB – VA = 15 V i1 1 8
= = = 0.8 amp
i2 10 10
8
2 3 . 6 2 | Alternating Current
L
Sol 2:
RCV
L L
V = IR ⇒ ⇒
RC(IR) R(RC)I 10
Now {RC} = time constant in RC circuit 20
∴ L
[RC] = [T] and = time constant in LR circuit 2V
R
2
I=
∴ L Rnet
= [T]
R
2
I1 =
L [T] −1 10 + 20
∴ = = [I] .
RCV [T] [I] 2
I1 = amp. … (i)
30
Sol 3: Let us calculate the total energy stored in the at t = ∞,
inductor before switch is shifted.
R2
10
20
L
2V
Here the resistor 10 Ω is shorted.
2 2 1
E R1 I2
= = = amp.
Rnet 20 10
1 2
Energy stored in inductor = LI
2 Sol 5: Let us now derive the current in the circuit as a
1 function of time
= L [Iat t = ∞]2
2
R=10 L=5
E
It =∞ =
R1 i
2 V
1 E
∴E= L
2 R1
LE2
E= at time t = t; current = i amp;
2R12
using KVL;
Now this is the total heat produced in R2.
di di
V – iR – L = 0 ⇒ V – iR = L
dt dt
Sol 4: This is similar to the Questions 1 (Ex. I). 1 di
⇒ dt =
At t = 0; Inductor is open circuited, L V − iR
At t = ∞, Inductor is short circuited. Integrating;
At t = 0; 1
t
di
i
L0∫ dt = ∫
i
V − iR
0
⇒ i = i0 1 − e−Rt/L
( )
P hysi cs | 23.63
At t = 0, i = zero E = 2kLt
At t = ∞, i = i0 = constant E 2kL
Current in the coil II is = t
R R
Now R = 10Ω, L = 5
dq
i=
(
i = i0 1 − e−2t
) dt
t
At t = 1 sec 2KL
i −2
q= ∫ i dt ⇒q= ∫ R
t dt
i = i0 (1 – e–2) ⇒ = (1 − e ) t =0
i0
t
2KL t2
i
e2 − 1
= q= .
R 2
⇒ q=
2KL 2
2R
t( )
i0 e2 0
KLt2
Sol 6: i = i0 (1 – e–Rt/L) q= C
R
dq
i= ⇒ q = ∫ i dt
dt
Sol 8: Power factor is cos (θ)
−Rt
=q ∫ i0 1 − e L dt Img
t −RT
=q i0 ∫ 1 − e L dt
XL+XC
t0
t
−Rt R
⇒ q = i0 t − − L e L R
R
0 Given that cos θ = 1 ⇒ θ = 0
−Rt
L
⇒ q = i0 t + L eL
− 0 +
∴ |XL + XC| = 0 ⇒ XL = – XC
R R
XL = ω L
−Rt
⇒ q = i0 t − L 1 − e L XL =
−1
⇒ ωL =
1
R ωC ωC
1 1
i0L −Rt ω = ⇒L=
⇒ q=
i 0t − 1 − e LC ω2C
R L
ω = 2π (50) = 100 p
L
One time constant ⇒ t = 1 20
R L= = = 2H.
(100π) C π2 2
L i0L
⇒ q = i0 . −
R R
(
1 − e−1 ) Sol 9: We know that VR and VL will have a phase
π
i0L i0L 1 i0L difference of .
q= − 1 − ⇒ q = 2
R R e Re
EL Vnet = VR2 + VC2 = 162 + 122 = 20V.
q=
R 2e
Sol 10: Resistance of Lamp = R
Sol 7: Given mutual inductance between coils = M
V 2 100 × 100
And I1 = kt2 R =
= = 200Ω
P 50
dI
∴ EMF induced in second coil= L = L [2kt]
dt Maximum current the lamp can sustain,
2 3 . 6 4 | Alternating Current
50 1
i=
max = amp. 40
100 2 100 V
Now in the given conditions;
(200 V, 50 HZ ) 10
200V
i= = 1 amp which is greater than 0.5 amp. 1H
200Ω
Hence we need to increase the Impedance by using a
capacitor of capacitance ‘C’. Such that ‘ I’ will be equal
to
1
amp.
∴ inew =
100
50
(
1 − e−50t )
2
∴=
Z
1
R +2
2 (
= 2 1 − e−50t
inew ) … (ii)
ωC But this equation; at t’ = 0, we get inew = 0
31
1H inew = 5 + 2
32
(
=i 10 1 − e−10t ) … (i)
inew = 5 +
31
16
amp. = 6.94 amp.
P hysi cs | 23.65
i2 D C
20
100 V 20 ∴ Hence the current in loop ABCD will be amp.
11
And this current will start decaying to zero
∴ At t = ∞, i = zero.
(ii) now at t = ∞ ;
inductor is short circuited, Sol 13: Applying KVL;
10 i1 30 R i(t)
i2
100 20
E L
100
i1 =
Rnet di
E – i (t) R – L =0
dt
100 50
i1 = = amp di
22 11 i(t) = 3 + 5t ⇒ =5
dt
10 i1 i3 30 E = R i(t) + L(5) ⇒ E = 4(3 + 5t) + 5(6)
i2 E = 42 + 20t
and i1= i2 + i3
200 V, ~ 200 V
2i2
2i2 = 3i3 ⇒ i3= 300 rad/s. 300 rad/s
3
2i2 5i2
i 1 = i2 + ⇒ i1 =
3 3
V = 200 2 cos(300t)
3 3 50 30
i2 = i= = amp.
5 1 5 11 11 =V 200 2∠0
20
i3 = amp. Znet
= ZR + ZL
11
(iii) Now when switch is open Znet = R + iωL
XC π −1 −1
tan–1 R = XC
= = = –70W
3 ωC 1 5
× 10 × 10 −6
XC 7
= 3 ⇒ X C = 3 R → (x2)
R
∴ ZP
= (32)2 + (70)2
1 1
=R 3 ⇒ C =
ωC R 3ω | ZP | = 77 ohm,
1 100
C= C
⇒= µF And impedance of coil Q is (68)2 + (XL )2
100. 3 (300) 3 3
1
Now when all together are present XL= ω L = × 105 × 4.9 × 10–3
7
Znet = ZR + ZL + Z C = 100 + iR 3 − iR 3 XL = 70 W
[From X1and X2]
∴ Impedance = (68)2 + (70)2
Znet = 100
| Z Q | = 98 W
Znet
= 100∠0
Znet = 32 – 70 i + 68 + 70 i
I = V 200 2∠0 I 2 2∠0
= ⇒= Znet = 100 W
Z
net
100∠0
=I 10 2 ∠0 ⇒=
I 2
∠0
power = VI
= (200 2) (2 2)cos(0)
100 10
200 2 2 2 2
Pavg = Vrms . Irms =
10
2 2
= . (77)
2
Pavg = 400 W.
VP = 7.7 V
P hysi cs | 23.67
1
Voltage across Q; VQ = (Irms) ( | ZP | ) = (98) 1
10 |XL – XC| = R; ωL − =R
ωC
VQ = 9.8 V.
ω2L − 1
= R ; ω 2L – ωCR – 1 = 0
Sol 16: ωr = 4 × 10 rad/s. 5 ωC
120
Sol 17: V = 220 2 sin (100 pt)
d
a b c
=V 220 2∠0
= ZL + ZR = i (100 π × 35 × 10–3) + 11
Znet
Znet = 11 i + 11
XL+XC di
∴ = constant
cons tant
dt
Hence i1 versus t is as shown.
R di
π Sol 3: (A) Emf induced across inductor = L
Now at θ = dt
4
2 3 . 6 8 | Alternating Current
1 2
Sol 9: (C) LI = U
2
A
I2R = P
Hence both A and B have same square value at every
L 2U
T= = point.
R P
P hysi cs | 23.69
2
1 π
Znet = ωL − ∠
ωC 2
B
i = V ⇒ V0 π
∠−
Z 2 2
Hence irmsA = irmsB net 1
ωL −
ωC
Here we have every value greater than that of Irmsin
VL = i Z L
graph A or graph B.
V0 π π
=VL ∠− ωL ∠
2 2 2
ωL − 1
ωC
∴ (irms)C> IA = IB. π π
VL = V1 ∠ −
2 2
Sol 13: (D) Initially in LR circuit; VC = i Z C
R R π π
cos θ1 = ⇒cos q1= VC= V1 ∠ − −
2 2 R 10 2 2
R + 9R
1 π π
P1 = VC= V1 ∠ − +
10 2 2
Now finally Hence phase difference between VL and VC will be π and
XL – XC = 3R – R = 2R π
between VL and I will be ± . Graph D satisfies all the
conditions. 2
R
cos θ2 =
2 2
R + 4R Sol 15: (A) Let us consider mesh (1);
1
P2 = XC
5
P1 1 P2 i1
⇒ = . 5 ⇒ = 2 (1)
P2 10 P1
i2 (2)
Sol 14: (D) Znet
= ZL + Z C
L C XL R
V V0 < 0
=
1 π
Z=
1 Z=
C ∠−
ωC 2
i V V0 ∠0
=1 =
V = V0 cos t Z 1 1 π
∠−
−i ωC 2
Znet = i ωL +
ωC i1 = V0 ωC∠
π
... (i)
2
1 Now in mesh (2)
⇒ Znet = i ωL −
ωC
Z 2 = ZR + ZL = R + i ω L
2 3 . 7 0 | Alternating Current
ωL B2
Z=
2 R 2 + (ωL)2 ∠ tan−1
R
i V V∠0
=2 = B2
Z 2 ωL
R 2 + (ωL)2 ∠ tan−1
R
i = i1 ∠ − tan−1 ωL
2 0
R
At t = ∞;
π ωL R
Phase difference between i1 and i2= − tan−1
i
B2
2 R
π X
= − tan−1 L R
2 R i
B2
2i
Multiple Correct Choice Type
dq dv
=C Sol 19: (B)
dt dt
dq i1 L i2
Given i = = constant
dt
i
dv
∴ = constant
dt
∴ Graph looks like a straight line.
(1) (2)
dv
i=C
dt Just after switch is closed, Inductor tries to oppose the
8−2 current ‘i1’. Hence i1< i2. As time goes on, the opposition
Slope of the graph = =2 given by inductor reduces.
3
∴ This opposition is due to the induced EMF in ‘L’.
i = 2C = 1 amp
1
C= C = 0.5 C.
2 Sol 20: (B, C, D) Emf induced in coil 1 = L1 di1
dt
L di
Sol 17: (D) Time constant τ = E2 = L2 2
R dt
1 2 di1 di2
Energy stored in magnetic field = LI Given that =
2 dt dt
Power dissipated in resistor = I R 2
E1 L1
∴ = = 4
1 2 E2 L2
LI
∴ 22 = τ V2 1
2
IR ∴ =
V1 4
And also given that power given to the two coils is
Sol 18: (A) At t = 0; same,
∴ Vi i1 = V2 i2
P hysi cs | 23.71
L
Sol 21: (A, B, C) RC and will have the dimensions
R As resistance is increasing, current decreases
1 R
of time and hence and will have dimensions of
RC L ∴ Magnetic field decreases.
frequency.
Hence there will b e a clockwise current in the ring.
Sol 22: (D) When just after battery is connected, current
Sol 26: (D) In an LCR circuit,
is zero in the circuit, and hence will follow magnetic
1 |Z|= R 2 + (XL − X C )2
field energy LI2 and power delivered (I2R) is also
zero. 2
Vmax
imax =
di
EMF induced is L . Hence there is a finite value. R 2 + (XL − X C )2
dt
R . Vmax
(VR)max = ;
Sol 23: (B, D) At time t = 0, capacitor is short circuited, R 2 + (XL − X C )2
Inductor is open circuited. ωL . Vmax
(VL )max =
At t = ∞, capacitor is open circuited, R + (XL − X C )2
2
V = V0 cos t
CV - + CV Znet = R + i ω L
ωL
L | Znet
= | R 2 + ω2L2 ;=
Z net | Z net | ∠ tan−1
R
I V V0 ∠0
= =
At t = 0; energy stored is purely in capacitor.In this type Z ωL
| Znet | ∠ tan−1
of circuits, charge and current will be in the form of sin R
or cos. Thus oscillatory.
V ωL
1 =I ∠ − tan−1
q = Q0 cos t ; Q0 = CV | Znet | R
LC
Now potential difference across resistance,
−1
i= Q0 sin ω t
LC VR = i × Z R
Q0 CV C V ωL
=i = = V = 0 ∠ − tan−1 R∠0
L
LC LC | Znet | R
Hence option D. V0 R ωL
VR
= ∠ − tan−1
| Znet | R
1
Sol 29: (C) q = Q0 cos t V0R
LC (VR)max = ≡ 4 volts (given) … (i)
R 2 + XL2
dq −Q0 1
dt
=
LC
sin t
LC
( VL ) = ( i ) ( Z L )
V X π
d2q −Q0 1 = 0 ∠ − tan−1 L
= cos t ωL∠
dt2 LC LC | Znet | R 2
d2q
= −
1
q, = ( )
VL V0 XL ∠ π − tan−1 XL
2 R
dt2 LC 2
R + XL
2
Hence option ‘C’. V0 XL
(VL )max = ≡3V … (ii)
R 2 + XL2
(i)
(1) R 4
= =
(ii) XL 3
(2)
R 4 3R
∴ = ⇒ XL = … (iii)
XL 3 4
P hysi cs | 23.73
V0R V0R
= 4 ; =4
2
R + XL2 5R
1
4 1
i2
V0 = 1 V 2 12 V
4+3 3
Vsource = Steady current in R4:
2
3
i0 = = 0.6 A
3+2
2 3 . 7 4 | Alternating Current
Time when current in R4 is half the steady value Sol 6: After a long time, resistance across an inductor
L –3
(10 × 10 ) becomes zero while resistance across capacitor
t1/2 = τL (In 2) = n (2) = n (2) becomes infinite. Hence, net external resistance,
R 5
R
= 1.386 × 10–4 s +R
3R
Rnet = 2 =
1 2 1 2 4
U= Li = (10 × 10–3) (0.3)2 = 4.5 × 104J
2 2 2E
Current through the batteries, i =
3R
+r +r
Sol 2: In circuit (p): I can’t be non-zero in steady state. 4 1 2
Given that potential across the terminals of cell A is
In circuit (q): V1 = 0 and V2 = 2I = V (also) zero.
d2Q
\Q = – LC
dt2
P hysi cs | 23.75
7π
•• Current ‘i’ immediately after t = is
6ω
Vc + 50
=i = 10 A
R
Charge flow = 2 × 10−6 C
Q final − Q(7 π /6ω) =