CABLES

INTRODUCTION
CABLE
 Assembly of two or more Electrical conductors held together with on overall
sheath is called cable
 It is used to transmission of Electrical Power One Equipment (place) to
another (Place)Equipment

SELECTION OF CABLES
1. Current carrying capacity
 Number of phases, e.g. three phase or single phase
 System / source voltage
 Full load current (A) - or calculate this if the load is defined in terms of
power (kW)
 Full load power factor (pu)

2. Conductor material
 e.g. copper or aluminum

3. Insulation
 e.g. PVC, XLPE, EPR (for IEC cables), TW,THHW, XHH, etc (for
NEC cables
-according to the ecnomic we may select pvc or xlpe
-as per IEC Insulation level Temp=45degree
4. Conductor cross section
 single core or multicore (e.g. 2C, 3C or 4C)
-according to the safety margin it may select

5. Laying method&installation
 Installation method - e.g. cable tray / ladder, in conduit / raceways,
 against a wall, in air, directly buried, etc
 Ambient or soil temperature at the installation site
  Cable grouping, i.e. the number of other cables that are bunched
together or installed in the same area
 Cable spacing, i.e. whether cables are installed touching or spaced
 Soil thermal resistivity (for underground cables)
 For single core three-phase cables, are the cables installed in trefoil or
laid flat?

6. Cable accessories
According Indoor&outdoor Cable laying accessories may change.
 e.g. cable tray / ladder, in conduit / raceways,
7. IS standard
8. Ansi,IEC etc
 IEC60364:2001,62067
 BS 7671:2008 (IEE Wiring Regulations Seventeenth Edition)

9. Type of cable

1. HT Cable
It is used to HV Transmission
Normally 3core cable used, rarely 1 core cable used

2. LT Cable
It is used to LV Transmission
Usually 1 or 2 or 3 or 4 core cables used

Note: HT&LT cable should be separate, if it combines current loss

Will Occur.

3. Armoured (flexible steel protecting)

Armouring is done for a cable to save the cable Conductor from
damage by Mechanical Damage. Armour is made up of a metal wire or strip
generally of galvanized steel. It is wound over the insulation of conductor
(copper/Aluminium).
Generally , H.V cbles for undergound laying are armoured type.

4. UnArmoured (no protective flexible steel covering)

Unarmoured cables are armourless i.e there is no mechanical
Protection, mainly used for control systems
 5. HRPVC
It’s used to transmit the Electrical Power to High Temperature
places like Boiler---etc
6. HR-XLPE
It’s used to transmit the Electrical Power (Mineral insulated
cables) Temperature places like Boiler---etc
7. FRLS-Fire Redundant Cables
It’s used in Hazardous Area
8. Rubber cables
It’s used in flexible Place like crane, Lift

10. Type of Load

A. Motor load
 If load type is motor, starting current is high so according that
Motor rating Starter type may vary as per mentioned below
 However as per the motor rating & starter we have to select
the cable
 Dol starters- 6 times of FL Current
-up to 20HP Motor this Starter is used
 Star delta starters-4 times of FL Current
-Above 20HP motor this Starter used
 Auto Transformer starters-4 times of FL Current
 Soft starters(thryistor)- 2 times of FL Current
-Thyristor controlled starters
-cost high but good Efficiency
-Starting Current Less So transformer &Equipment
Rating may come less
 VFD Starters(Microprocessor)- 2.5 times of FL Current
-Microprocessor controlled starters
-cost high but good Efficiency
-Starting Current Less So transformer &Equipment
Rating may come less

B. Non motor load

These type of load has no starting current according that we
have to select the cable
DERATING FACTOR
 The cable manufacturer current rating should be decrease, according to
the site(Atmosphere) condition.

 Actual(site) Cable withstand current capacity is how much differ from

the Rated Manufacturer cable withstand current capacity is called
derating(correction) factor.

Derating factor calculated based on the below mentioned details

In Under ground cable
 Ground temperature
 Depth of laying the cab
 Thermal resistivity of Soil
 Resistivity of soil if Excavated Trench
 Multi Core Cables(if may touch or not)
In Overhead cable
 Overhead cables open pipe rack
 multicore cables(if may touch or not)
 ambient temperature(atmospheric temperature)

Formula used

In=(A*B*C*D*E)
WHERE
In=Net Derating Factor
A=Ground temperature
B=Depth of laying the cab
C=Thermal resistivity of Soil
D=Resistivity of soil if Excavated Trench
E=Multi Core Cables(if may touch or not)

Id = IC * In
WHERE
Id =Cable Derated Current
 IC = Cable Rated Current(as per table)
In=Net Derating Factor(as per table)

VOLTAGE DROP
Cable voltage Drop caused according below mentioned factors
 Distance / length of cable run from source to load
 Resistance and Reactance of the cable
 Power factor
 Full load current of the System(if motor staring &running FL shall
calculate)
 System voltage
Formula used
Vd=(/3)1.732 * Ifl *(RcosØ + XsinØ)*L/1000*1/n
Where Ifl – Full Load Current
R – Cable Resistance
X – Cable Reactance
L - Cable Length
cosØ- Power Factor
n – No of Run

%Vd=vd/433(system voltage) * 100

Allowable Voltage Drop = 4% or 5% (for Load feeder)

(Note:- source to Destination Allowable Voltage Drop should vary
Please check picture-)

IF Load is motor, Starting Current voltage Drop shall Calculate

Vd=(/3)1.732 * (X*Ifl) *(RcosØ + XsinØ)*L/1000*1/n

Where Ifl – Full Load Current

X – 6 or 4 or 2.5 or 2(as per Starter it will vary)
R – Cable Resistance
X – Cable Reactance
L - Cable Length
cosØ- Power Factor(it may low like .3)
n – No of Run
 %Vd=vd/433(system voltage) * 100

Allowable Voltage Drop = 15% (forMotor feeder)

Calculation
•Load current
•Length
•Cable-resistance &
reactance
value
•Derating factor
•voltage drop
•Starting
•running