Research in English Language Teaching

“Increasing Students’ Writing Skill Using Color Coding Strategy of Eight

Grade Students of SMP N 1 Colomadu.”

Arranged by :

Dwi Cahyo Saputro (15520038)

ENGLISH DEPARTMENT
TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION FACULTY
UNIVERSITAS SLAMET RIYADI SURAKARTA
2018/2019
 CHAPTER I : INTRODUCTION

A. Background Of Study
English is a language that must be learned by people around the
world, because some countries in this world are using english as the main
language. So, to get easier way to cummunicate to the others or people that
live in international countries which english as the main language of them,
learning english is important to all people including young generations.
The English language has been the common language of the world
for decades. It is now impossible to find a country where learning English has
not become a norm. While there are some people who would like to stick
with their native language and who would prefer not to learn English, the
benefits of learning and mastering English goes beyond the four corners of
one’s own country. English is the most spoken language around the world.
(Diana-Petruţa MAHU 2012).
The important component in english is grammar, without grammar,
people will not be a good speaker. Because they are do not know the structure
of sentences in english. In grammar, there are many test that can be
implemented for knowing the progress of grammar skill of the person. But, in
this paper, only error recognition test will be presented. Because, in some
schools, this test is still be a difficult test for the students. But, in the other
hand, error recognition test is a part of writing skill.
Writing skill is tested through different test methods including
error recognition, sentence completion, self-writing, intensive performance,
and essay or composition. These different test types appear on both low-
skates and high-skates tests. In most language testing programs, error
recognition tests are used frequently, especially with elementary learners to
evaluate their writing ability. What is interesting to note is that writing is a
process of production rather than a matter of recognition or selection. In this
study the researchers investigates the relationship between, if any, Iranian
EFL students' performance on an error recognition test and their writing
ability. (Adel Dastgoshadeh, Kaveh Jalilzadeh, and Parviz Birjandi 2011).
Learners with reading and writing problem may have
difficulties with receptive and expressive language skills, visual-motor,
auditory and visual processing. They may also have shortfalls in the areas
of memory, study and organizational skills, attention span and social
skills. Teachers should therefore be aware of the fact that pupils with
reading and writing problem may have their own unique learning profile
and that the degree of their difficulties also differ. It is important to
resolve and offer support to every pupil depending on his/her strengths and
needs (Alberta Education, 1996).

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 Color Coding strategy is a color ormark that is used by
students in writing paragraph. According to Silliman and Wilkinson
(2004), Color Coding strategy is a strategy as predicted on the student’s
basic understanding of essay and paragraph form. That understanding is
applied to the student’s own writing through a strategy which allows the
students to visualize the form of his or her writing. It means Color
Coding strategy is implementation of prewriting, writing and writing
process that use the mark color. The green color for topic sentence, the
yellow color for main idea andthe red color for conclusion in paragraph.
After that, the prewriting, writing and rewriting process will be given
color by color coding.

B. Problem Identification
In the learning process, students may be less able to understand in
forming sentences and then write them in a paragraph. so that in the learning
process, students will find a difficulty. when students are faced with a
situation where the teacher gives a topic for writing, many students feel
confused about what will be written. so the core problem in the learning
process is the difficulty of students in sharing their thoughts or opinions in
writing, because their understanding in English is still lacking and their
confidence is weak.
The use of this method can make it easy for students to make a
sentence or if it is developed in a paragraph. This method is a guidance for
students to understand generic structure, language features, nouns, verbs,
tenses, and so on. Through this method, students will better understand
sentence structure and paragraph. the main problem in using this method for
students who are beginners is the difficulty in understanding instruction,
where students will be confused in determining the type of text.

C. Formulation of the Problem

1. What is the difficulties that usually appeared in progress of learning
writing skill?
2. Is the Color Coding Strategy an effective method for teaching writing?

D. Objectives of the Study

1. To know the problems that most appeared in writing skills.
2. To know the effectiveness of the color coding strategy in learning writing
skills.
3. To know the components of writing skills.

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E. Benefit of Study
1. For the researcher, knowing the problems that often arise in teaching
writing skills and better understanding how to develop a method for more
effective learning.
2. For the learners, they will know the difference between those skills and be
more understand the definitions of each skills. So, they can be more
motivated to learn those skills.
3. For the teacher, they will know how to conduct the better learning
activities with new methods by knowing the difference and additional
definitions.

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CHAPTER II : UNDERLYING THEORIES AND HYPOTHESIS

A. Underlying Theories
1. Writing Skill
a. Definition of Writing Skill
1) According to Raimes (1983), Writing is :
i. Controlled-to-free approach
ii. Free-writing approach
iii. Paragraph-pattern approach
iv. Grammar-syntax-organisation approach
v. Communicative approach
vi. Process approach
2) According to Silva (1990), Writing is :
i. Controlled composition approach
ii. Current-traditional rhetoric
iii. Process approach
iv. Academic-purposed writing approach
3) According to Johns (1990), Writing is :
i. Process approach
ii. Interactive approach
iii. Social constructionist view
4) According to Tribble (1996), Writing is :
i. Traditional text-based approach
ii. Process approach
iii. Genre approach
5) According to Nunan (1999), Writing is :
i. Product-based approach
ii. Process-based approach
iii. Discourse-based approach
iv. Reader-based approach
6) According to Hyland (2002), Writing is :
i. Text-oriented approach
ii. Writer-oriented approach
iii. Reader-oriented approach
b. The Types of Writing Skill :
1) Expository
Expository writing's main purpose is to explain. It is a subject-
oriented writing style, in which authors focus on telling you about a given
topic or subject without voicing their personal opinions. These types of
essays or articles furnish you with relevant facts and figures but do not
include their opinions. This is one of the most common types of writing.

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 You always see it in textbooks and how-to articles. The author just tells
you about a given subject, such as how to do something.
2) Descriptive
Descriptive writing's main purpose is to describe. It is a style of
writing that focuses on describing a character, an event, or a place in great
detail. It can be poetic when the author takes the time to be very specific in
his or her descriptions.
3) Persuasive
Persuasive writing's main purpose is to convince. Unlike
expository writing, persuasive writing contains the opinions and biases of
the author. To convince others to agree with the author's point of view,
persuasive writing contains justifications and reasons. It is often used in
letters of complaint, advertisements or commercials, affiliate marketing
pitches, cover letters, and newspaper opinion and editorial pieces.
4) Narrative
Narrative writing's main purpose is to tell a story. The author will
create different characters and tell you what happens to them (sometimes
the author writes from the point of view of one of the characters—this is
known as first person narration). Novels, short stories, novellas, poetry,
and biographies can all fall in the narrative writing style. Simply, narrative
writing answers the question: “What happened then?”
c. Writing Skill Measurement
1) Drill : How many times do you drill on Writing Skill per day?
2) Methods : How the teacher give explanation about the definitions,
types, and examples of Writing Skill
3) Exercise : How difficult for you to making a good text for Writing
Skill?

2. Color Coding Strategy

Color Coding strategy is a color ormark that is used by
students in writingparagraph. According to Silliman and Wilkinson
(2004), Color Coding strategy is astrategy as predicted on the student’s
basic understanding of essay and paragraph form. That understanding is
applied to the student’s own writing through a strategy which allows
the students to visualize the form of his or her writing. It means
Color Coding strategy is implementation of prewriting, writing and
writing process that use the mark color. The green color for topic
sentence, the yellow color for main idea and the red color for conclusion
in paragraph. After that, the prewriting, writing and rewriting process
will be given color by color coding.

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B. Hypothesis

There are many advantages from using Color Coding strategy as a

learning method. It could increase the students’ writing skill by using some
interactive ways.

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 CHAPTER III : RESEARCH METHOD

A. Setting of the Study

This research will conducted at SMP N 1 Colomadu in 2018/2019
academic year.

B. Research Method
The method that will be used in this research is Classroom Action
Researh. Classroom Action research is an interactive method of collecting
information that is used to explore topics of teaching, curriculum
development and student behavior in the classroom. This research will
find out about the effectiveness of using Color Coding Strategy in teaching
writing skill.

C. Population, Sample and Sampling

a. Population : a complete set of elements (persons or objects) that
possess some common characteristic defined by the sampling criteria
established by the researcher. In this paper, the population is all of the
students of SMP N 1 Colomadu.
b. Sample : the selected elements (people or objects) chosen for
participations in a study, people are referred to as a subjects or
participants. The sample of the study in this paper is the eight grade of
class VIII E.
c. Sampling : Every element (member) of the population has a
probability greater than) of being selected for the sample. In this
paper, the study based on simple random sampling by using a table of
random numbers in book.

D. Techniques of Collecting Data

Data collection is the process of gathering and measuring
information on targeted variables in an established systematic fashion,
which then enables one to answer relevant questions and evaluate
outcomes. In this paper, the study is based on randomly collecting data of
the students.

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E. Validity and Reliability of the Instruments
Instrument is the generic term that researchers use for a
measurement device (survey, test, questionnaire, etc.). To help distinguish
between instrument and instrumentation, consider that the instrument is the
device and instrumentation is the course of action (the process of
developing, testing, and using the device). Validity is the extent to which
an instrument measures what it is supposed to measure and performs as it
is designed to perform. Reliability can be thought of as consistency. In this
paper, to measure the instrument validity use the Spearman-Brown
formulas :

F. Techniques of Analyzing Data

Analyzing information involves examining it in ways that reveal
the relationships, patterns, trends, etc. that can be found within it. In this
paper, the study based on the quantitative data by using the frequency
(rate, duration) of specific behaviors or conditions, test scores, survey
results, numbers or percentages of people with certain characteristics in a
population. To analyze the data, the researcher use the Pearson Product
Moments formulas.

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 Bibliography

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Petruţa, Diana. 2012. Why is learning english so beneficial nowadays?. Short

Contributions-Perspective on Communication. Accessed on 16 October
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Yenti, R.A. Teaching Writing Recount Text Through Guided Writing And Color
Coding Strategies At Tenth Grade Students Of Senior High School.
Accessed on 16 October from http://download.portalgaruda.org/

Yi, Jyi-yeon. 2009. Defining Writing Ability for Classroom Writing Assessment
in High Schools. Pan-Pacific Association of Applied Linguistics.
Accessed on 16 October from https://files.eric.ed.gov/