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ELECTROLYTE SOLUTIONS
WHICH OF THESE ARE ELECTROLYTE SOLUTIONS:
SOLUTIONS:
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End
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ENTHALPY CHANGES IN SOLUTION
Hsoln = H1 + H2 + H3
The enthalpy of solution,
Hsoln, can be either
positive or negative.
dry
Ni(s) + HCl(aq) NiCl2(aq) + H2(g) NiCl2(s)
• Saturated solution
Solvent holds as much solute
as is possible at that
temperature.
Undissolved solid remains in
flask.
Dissolved solute is in dynamic
equilibrium with solid solute
particles.
DEGREE OF SATURATION
• Unsaturated Solution
Less than the maximum amount
of solute for that temperature is
dissolved in the solvent.
No solid remains in flask.
DEGREE OF SATURATION:
• Supersaturated
Solvent holds more solute than is normally possible at that
temperature.
These solutions are unstable; crystallization can often be
stimulated by adding a “seed crystal” or scratching the side of the
flask.
DEGREE OF SATURATION:
Ohm’s Law:
The current (I) flowing through a
particular medium is directly
proportional to the voltage or
the electrical potential
difference (V) across the
medium and indirectly
proportional to the resistance
of the medium (R). V
I
R
I in amperes, V in volts, and R in Ohms ( )
ELECTRICAL CONDUCTION IN SOLUTION:
RESISTANCE (R):
Is directly proportional to the
length and inversely
proportional to the cross
section area of the medium.
V
R
R
l
R , is specific resistance or resistivity
A
ELECTRICAL CONDUCTION IN SOLUTION:
CONDUCTANCE (C):
Is the reciprocal of resistance
where is the specific
conductance, or conductivity
equal to 1/.
1 1A A
C
R l l
Sample Problem:
(1000 cm 3 L1 )
m
c
c is the concentrat ion of solution in mol L-1
1 1 1
Ostwald Dilution Law ( c )
Ka 0
2
o
SAMPLE PROBLEM:
i should be
nonelectrolytes 1
NaCl 2
CaCl2 3
12.7
Colligative Properties of Electrolyte Solutions
Boiling-Point Elevation Tb = i Kb m
12.7
Freezing Point Depression
At what temperature will a 5.4 molal solution of
NaCl freeze?
Solution
∆TFP = Kf • m • i
∆TFP = (1.86 oC/molal) • 5.4 m • 2
∆TFP = 20.1 oC
FP = 0 – 20.1 = -20.1 oC
COLLIGATIVE PROPERTIES OF ELECTROLYTE
SOLUTIONS
ASSUMPTIONS:
- electrolytes are completely dissociated into ions
- the solutions are dilute (<0.01 m)
- presence of an ionic atmosphere, each ion is surrounded by ions of
opposite charge.
In Debye Huckel calculation the Gibbs energy is related to the activity
coefficient of the individual ions.
1.824 x 10 6
log z z I
( T )3/2
DEBYE HUCKEL THEORY:
1.824 x 10 6
log
( T )3 / 2
I is the ionic strength defined as :
1
I mi zi2
2 i
where mi and zi are the molality and
charge of ith ion in the electrolyte.
DEBYE HUCKEL THEORY:
at standard conditions (T 298K), and
solutions in water ( 78.54) the Debye Huckel
equation become :
log 0.509 z z I