September, 2015

Qualcomm Technologies, Inc.

LTE-U/LAA, MuLTEfire™ and

Wi-Fi; making best use of
unlicensed spectrum

©2013-2015 Qualcomm Technologies, Inc. and/or its affiliated companies. All Rights Reserved. 1
Making the best use of licensed and unlicensed spectrum

For both licensed & unlicensed spectrum

Higher efficiency
More licensed spectrum is the top priority
Use unlicensed spectrum opportunistically
More spectrum

Technologies for hyper-densification

More small cells
2
Multiple technologies will co-exist for best use of all spectrum
LTE Advanced LTE Unlicensed Wi-Fi ac/ad/ax
Licensed spectrum foundation, augmented with LTE-based technologies in unlicensed spectrum, 802.11-based technology solely operating in
unlicensed spectrum solutions LTE-U, LAA, MuLTEfire™ unlicensed spectrum

Mobile broadband services for best Broadens LTE ecosystem to enhanced Also evolving for enhanced performance
performance and quality-of-experience and new deployment opportunities and expanding to new usage models

LTE Unlicensed: LTE-U/LAA aggregation with an LTE licensed spectrum anchor, whereas MuLTEfire can operate solely in unlicensed spectrum MuLTEfire is an initiative of Qualcomm Technologies, Inc.
3
Extending the benefits of LTE to unlicensed spectrum
LTE Carrier Aggregation LTE-U1 to boost downlink
with licensed anchor channel Targeting mobile operators deployments in USA,
Korea, India, etc. based on 3GPP Rel. 10/11/12

Licensed Spectrum
Exclusive use
LAA (Licensed-Assisted Access)
Targeting mobile operator deployments in Europe,
Japan, and beyond2 based on 3GPP Rel. 13 and beyond

LTE-based technology MuLTEfire

without licensed anchor channel
Unlicensed Spectrum Broadening LTE technology and ecosystem to new
Shared use deployment opportunities

1Downlink only in unlicensed spectrum (SDL). RF specs and coexistence tests defined by LTE-U forum: coexistence and fair sharing can be obtained using techniques such as channel selection and CSAT (Carrier Sensing Adaptive
Transmission). 2 These regions mandate specific access procedures, including Listen Before Talk (LBT),. LAA R14 targets enhancements to support aggregation for both uplink and downlink

4
 Aggregation with licensed spectrum provides best performance
LTE - Wi-Fi Link Aggregation (LWA)
for carrier Wi-Fi deployments1
Wi-Fi in
Unlicensed
2.4 & 5 GHz Link
Aggregation
Enhanced user
experience
Licensed
400MHz to 3.8GHz
Better capacity and
coverage
LTE in
Mobile operator’s LTE Unlicensed Unified network
5 GHz Carrier
anchor spectrum
Aggregation Fair coexistence

LTE in unlicensed (LTE-U/LAA)

for new small cell deployments

5
Unlicensed 5 GHz spectrum ideal for small cells
LTE-U, LAA, MuLTEfire™, Wi-Fi (802.11ac/ax) will coexist to meet various needs

Pico/Enterprises Venues
Small Businesses Residential / Neighborhood

Opportunistic use Large amount of spectrum

Shared spectrum but ‘free’, technology neutral Could be ~500MHz but regionally dependent

Shorter range Wide bands available for sharing

Lower transmit power per regulations Efficiently shared amongst multiple users
6
 Multiple technologies to support all deployment scenarios
LTE-U/LAA 802.11ai
aggregation Fast Roaming
Small Cell Carrier Wi-Fi AP

MuLTEfire Dual-connectivity
Neutral host LTE/Wi-Fi Link
offload Aggregation
LTE advanced
Carrier Aggregation

802.11ac/ad 802.11ac 802.11ad

MU-MIMO (WiGig)
MuLTEfire/ LTE/Wi-Fi
Wi-Fi Call Continuity Wi-Fi
access access

LTE/Wi-Fi Technology Solutions

LTE in Licensed Spectrum
LTE in Unlicensed Spectrum
LTE Unlicensed Solutions 802.11ac Wi-Fi Carrier Wi-Fi Solutions
802.11ad WiGig 7
Fair Wi-Fi coexistence a key principle in LTE unlicensed design
Extensive over-the-air testing performed in the lab and in the field

>2x

1x 1x ≥1x
Gain
(Median throughput)
Operator Operator Operator Operator
A B Operator B switches A B
Wi-Fi Wi-Fi Wi-Fi to LTE Wi-Fi LTE in
in unlicensed unlicensed

In many cases a better neighbor

to Wi-Fi than Wi-Fi itself
Assumptions: Two operators. 48 Pico+108 Femto cells per operator. 300 users per operator with 70% indoor. 3GPP Bursty model. 12x40MHz @ 5GHz for unlicensed spectrum.
LTE 10 MHz channel at 2 GHz;. 2x2 MIMO, Rank 1 transmission, eICIC enabled; LTE-U - Phase II., 2x2 MIMO (no MU-MIMO).; Wi-Fi - 802.11ac 2x2 MIMO (no MU-MIMO), LDPC codes and 256QAM).
8
 Ensuring fair coexistence between LTE unlicensed and Wi-Fi
Working together across the mobile and Wi-Fi industries

Minimum requirements Going above and beyond minimum requirements

Spectrum regulations Standards & specifications Conformance testing

• Power, bandwidth and emission levels • LTE-U for USA, Korea, India, other • Coexistence and fairness test
markets based on LTE R10/11/121
• Additional specific access procedures • Expected to be more rigorous than
required in Europe and Japan (Listen • LAA for Europe, Japan and beyond Wi-Fi testing today
Before Talk features) defined in 3GPP R132 • Still allowing for differentiation
• Example: LTE-U forum specifications

1 With dynamic channel selection and CSAT - Carrier Sensing Adaptive Transmission required in the small cell.. 9
2 LAA Licensed Assisted Access, Work item approved in 3GPP R13 June 15. In addition, New RF band support (e.g. 5GHz) needed at both device and small cell
 LTE Unlicensed development through industry collaboration

Fair co-existence between

LTE-U Forum Wi-Fi and LTE unlicensed 3GPP LAA
Founding members Alcatel-Lucent, Ericsson, Being standardized in 3GPP release 13
LGE, Qualcomm Technologies Inc., Samsung, for completion 1H 2016 (ASN.1 freeze)
Verizon all have stakes in LTE and Wi-Fi Enhancements planned for release R14
Coexistence specs published March 2nd 2015, and beyond
updated June based on feedback, e.g. adding 3GPP will develop coexistence /
uplink and VoIP test cases LTE performance requirements and tests
Unlicensed Wi-Fi

Collaboration and engagement

• Presented LTE-U to Wi-Fi Alliance and IEEE at standards meetings
• An LTE-U workshop for key cellular and Wi-Fi vendors/operators
was held on May 28, 2015 with deep dive of technology
• Further collaboration on coexistence with industry is ongoing—
one-on-one and in industry groups
• Dialogue between 3GPP and IEEE802.11 & WFA throughout the LAA
standard’s development via presentations & liaison statements
• Open industry LAA workshop held 8/29/2015 in Beijing with
presentations from IEEE 802.11, WFA and other key stakeholders
• Started dialogue between 3GPP and WFA on coexistence testing 10
Spearheading LTE-U commercialization
Industry’s first UE solution
Industry’s first LTE-U
for LTE-U
small cell solution

FSM9955 X12 LTE

LTE WTR3950

Unlicensed (5 GHz)
Carrier
Licensed Anchor aggregation
WTR3925

LTE/ LTE
LTE-U

Converged SOC X12 LTE supporting LTE-U

with CSAT (R 10) based LTE/Wi-Fi fair
with WTR 3950
coexistence
WTR RF transceiver chips and FSM small cell solutions are products of Qualcomm Technologies, Inc.
11
FSM9955 brings LTE-U to small cells
For LTE-U commercial launches in 2016

Converged multi-mode SoC Ease of deployment and management

Announced: LTE-U CSAT

Hosted: Wi-Fi 802.11ac Hotspot 2.0

FSM9955
Foundation: 3G, LTE UltraSON™ elCIC1

• Industry-leading RF, power management, security • LTE Unlicensed / Wi-Fi coexistence – like CSAT
• Dedicated network listen—across technologies • UltraSON™ interference and mobility management
• Advanced interference management like eICIC
FSM small cell solutions and UltraSON are products of Qualcomm Technologies, Inc.. 1 eICIC is enhanced Inter Cell Interference Coordination defined by 3GPP.
12
Making best use of unlicensed spectrum for 1000x

1 3
Wi-Fi Multiple solutions will coexist LTE Unlicensed coexists fairly
802.11ac/ad/ax
to support all use cases and LTE Wi-Fi with Wi-Fi—coexistence is an
LTE-U/LAA
MuLTEfire™ deployment scenarios industry wide collaboration

2 4
Aggregation with licensed
spectrum for best performance:
• LTE-U/LAA carrier aggregation
• LTE - Wi-Fi link aggregation
Committed to LTE Unlicensed,
the Wi-Fi evolution, and LTE – Wi-Fi
convergence solutions
13
 LTE - Wi-Fi link aggregation
—Part of larger LTE - Wi-Fi convergence

14
LTE - Wi-Fi link aggregation for existing and new carrier Wi-Fi
Leverages new/existing, also
non-collocated carrier Wi-Fi
Wi-Fi 2.4 & 5 GHz unlicensed spectrum

Enhanced user experience

Licensed anchor for control and mobility
Control Traffic
Link
Unified network
Aggregation Operator LTE network in full control of Wi-Fi

Better performance
Simultaneously using both LTE & Wi-Fi links
Modem-level aggregation
for superior performance
Work item in 3GPP Rel. 13
LTE Anchor
Licensed Spectrum

Notes: Aggregation on modem level (PDCP level), also leveraging dual connectivity defined inR12; Control over X2-like interface needs to be supported by Wi-Fi AP. No change to LTE & WiFi PHY/MAC. No change to core network
15
Operator’s assets determine solution—many will do both

LTE-U
Wi-Fi LAA

Enhanced user Unified Better capacity

LTE - Wi-Fi experience network and coverage LTE-U/LAA
link aggregation carrier aggregation
Existing, new, also non-collocated For new small
carrier Wi-Fi deployments cell deployments

Deeper aggregation and better performance

Notes: Aggregation at modem-level (PDCP level) is a R13 candidate, (dual connectivity defined in R12 for licensed) ; LTE-U based on R10 for certain countries, defined as LAA R13 for other countries
16
Modem-level aggregation for superior performance
HTTP Combining LTE/Wi-Fi link aggregation

APP APP
Better load-balancing, across nodes
based on information on both links

HLOS HTTP HTTP Dynamically adapts to

HLOS radio/traffic conditions
TCP
Work item in 3GPP Rel. 13
Modem PDCP

Wi-Fi
LTE

17
Aggregation part of the larger LTE - Carrier Wi-Fi convergence

Wi-Fi Discovery Service Continuity Link Aggregation

Faster connections
LTE (LTE – R8 to R9, LTE Advanced R10 - R13) Link
aggregation Seamless services
Wi-Fi (IEEE 802.11ac, MU-MIMO, ai, k, v, ax)
More capacity

Optimized Connectivity
Hotspot 2.0
Experience (OCE)

Fast Reduced Load

Roaming Overhead Balancing
18
 Continuing to improve carrier Wi-Fi
802.11 g/n 802.11 ac MU - MIMO 802.11 ax
Breaking the Gbps barrier Next wave of efficiency

Hotspot 2.0 Carrier Wi-Fi Enhancements

Optimized Connectivity Experience (OCE) based on 11ai,k,v

20-30x faster roaming Reduced overhead Load balancing

Enabling seamless real-time services In dense Wi-Fi deployments Steering Wi-Fi connection
based on signal quality & load
Today Optimized
Up to 50% ~2%
Today Optimized
Management
Overhead
High Load Low Load

Wi-Fi Wi-Fi Wi-Fi Wi-Fi

19
Notes: Faster roaming: Based on Qualcomm Technologies prototype, in typical conditions, after full authentication with the target operator; Reduced overhead: Scenario such as airport/train stations/conferences (100s of users), 4 to 16 APs visible per STA, 2.4GHz band, 1 Mbps management traffic
802.11ax for improved densification and outdoor performance

5 GHz
Wi-Fi Wi-Fi Wi-Fi
2.4GHz 802.11n
Wi-Fi Wi-Fi
802.11ac
Wi-Fi
Wi-Fi

Densification Outdoor deployments Backward compatible

• Better capacity—especially in • Improved outdoor performance • Supports both 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz
dense scenarios • Longer cyclic prefix and longer • Backward compatible with legacy
• Uplink and downlink OFDMA OFDM symbol duration 802.11 (n/ac)
• Adding uplink MU-MIMO

20
LTE – Wi-Fi convergence - going beyond interworking

CONNECTIVITY COEXISTENCE CARRIER SPECTRUM

ENGINE (CnE) MANAGER SERVICES INTEGRATION

Faster
LTE-A connections

Seamless
services

Spectrum &
11ac/ad/ax network
efficiency
Optimized Interference Data offload/handoff, LTE-U,
connection mitigation VoLTE and VT LTE-Wi-Fi
interworking aggregation
INCREASING CONVERGENCE

Qualcomm Snapdragon …
21
MuLTEfire™ for 5 GHz unlicensed
spectrum—no licensed anchor

22
 MuLTEfire: LTE-like performance with Wi-Fi-like simplicity
LTE-based technology for unlicensed spectrum without licensed anchor channel

MuLTEfire
4G LTE-like performance Wi-Fi-like deployment simplicity
Enhanced capacity and range Operates in unlicensed spectrum
Improved mobility, quality-of-experience Leaner, self-contained network architecture
Hyper-dense, self-optimizing deployments Suitable for neutral host deployments
Harmoniously coexist with
Wi-Fi, LTE-U/LAA

Broadens LTE technology & ecosystem to new deployment opportunities

23
MuLTEfire expands small cell deployment opportunities
With seamless mobility within muLTEfire deployments

Enterprises Venues
Small Businesses Residential / Neighborhood

Unlicensed Spectrum Self-contained Neutral host

Operates solely in unlicensed spectrum Simplified network architecture Any deployment can service any
without licensed anchor channel suitable for end-user deployments device—no SIM required

24
MuLTEfire broadens the LTE ecosystem to more entities
Such as Internet Service Providers, Cable Operators, and enterprise/venue owners

Fixed broadband Enhanced hotspot / enterprise services

Offering SIM-less, nomadic Internet access

Augment mobile broadband

Leverage Providing neutral host offload to mobile networks
deployment assets

Improved end-user experience

Better capacity, range, and mobility than Wi-Fi
(especially in hyper-dense environments)

Physical location Customer relationships

25
MuLTEfire delivers enhanced offload for mobile networks
High-performance, neutral host offload capabilities with expanded reach to new markets

Traditional mobile deployments Neutral host deployments

Separate spectrum bands and deployments may prohibit Common spectrum and common deployment
reaching all venues, enterprises and homes provides neutral host services (Wi-Fi like)

26
MuLTEfire benefits mobile operators as a true neutral host
Neighborhood
• Could also be part of
Fixed broadband/ISP providers offering (e.g. ISP)
• Also for own MVNO or ISP
service offering

Full mobility with handovers

Enterprises within MuLTEfire networks Venues
• Also to provide access • Also to enhance venue
through issued certificate experience—’’free’ or fee

Mobile operators
• E.g. if licensed spectrum is not
available at certain locations Offload agreements Service continuity between
with Mobile operators MuLTEfire and mobile networks

27
LTE-U/LAA for 5 GHz unlicensed
spectrum with licensed anchor

28
LTE Unlicensed in 5 GHz for new small cell deployments

~2x capacity and range

Compared to Wi-Fi3
Unlicensed
(5 GHz)
Enhanced user experience
Licensed anchor for control and mobility
Carrier
LTE & aggregation
LTE-U/LAA
Single unified LTE network
Licensed Anchor Common management
(400 MHz – 3.8 GHz)
LTE Unlicensed A good Wi-Fi neighbor
• Initial LTE- and LAA: Supplemental
small cell Downlink (SDL) to boost downlink 1 In many cases, better neighbor to Wi-Fi
than Wi-Fi itself
• Later LAA phases: Carrier aggregation to
boost both downlink and uplink 2
• Later LAA phases: aggregation across non-
collocated nodes with dual-connectivity
1 LTE-Uand LAA R-13 will be downlink only. Both TDD or FDD aggregation is possible with SDL; 2 Target for R14 LAA using TDD + TDD aggregation, or FDD + TDD aggregation using TDD for unlicensed spectrum
3Assumptions: Two operators. 48 Pico+108 Femto cells per operator. 300 users per operator with 70% indoor. 3GPP Bursty model. 12x40MHz @ 5GHz for unlicensed spectrum; LTE 10 MHz channel at 2 GHz;. 2x2 MIMO, Rank 1 transmission, eICIC enabled;
LTE-U – LAA R13, 2x2 MIMO (no MU-MIMO).; Wi-Fi - 802.11ac 2x2 MIMO (no MU-MIMO), LDPC codes and 256QAM).
29
 4/x

LTE Unlicensed improves coverage compared to Wi-Fi

20/2

2 4 / 26
16/2
26/23
29/16
2/x 3/x
14/3 27/27

6/x
15/9
LTE / Wi-Fi
5GHz access point
9/1 Indoor 3rd floor

35/27
LTE Thrpt ( Mbps) / Wi-Fi Thrpt ( Mbps)
Source: Qualcomm Research. Example from our LTE Unlicensed testing in San Diego to validate coverage and performance advantages. 30
Unlicensed 5 GHz spectrum is ideal for small cells

US, Korea, China, Europe, US, Korea, India, China2,

US1, Korea5, Europe, Japan
Japan, India considered in EU3

20 120 MHz 20 20
MHz * * * * could be available MHz * * * * * * * * * * * MHz
in e.g. the US4/EU3
5.15 5.33 5.49 5.71 5.735 5.835
GHz GHz GHz GHz GHz GHz

UNII-1 UNII-2 UNII-2 5470-5725 MHz UNII-3 5725 – 5850 MHz

5150-5250 MHz 5250-5350 MHz ISM 5725 – 5850 MHz

LTE-U will use UNII-1 & UNII-3 (200MHz ) per LTE-U forum

LAA expected to cover additional 5 GHz bands

1 Channel 120, 124 and 128 (5.6-5.65 GHz) currently not permitted in the US. 2 5725MHz-5850MHz has been assigned to ISM services in China 3 Study of 5350MHz-5470MHz and 5725MHz-5925MHz use for license exempt is being planned in EU’.
4 5470-5650 MHz in Korea* These 5GHz channels typically require DFS, Dynamic Frequency Selection
31
 LTE-U/LAA protects Wi-Fi to ensure fair sharing of spectrum
1
Select clear channel: Dynamically avoid Wi-Fi

Unlicensed 20 ........ 20 Up to 500 MHz

5 GHz band MHz MHz available

2 If no clear channel: Fair sharing with Wi-Fi

LTE-U adaptive duty cycle (CSAT)1 LAA Listen Before Talk (LBT) with adaptive utilization2
for deployments in USA, Korea, India etc. using 3GPP Rel. 10/11/12 for deployments in Europe, Japan and beyond using 3GPP Rel. 13 LAA

Variable on, max 50ms continuously Variable on, max 10ms continuously
Wi-Fi medium LTE LTE LTE LTE Sensing channel
utilization estimation is on is off is on is off availability per CCA
Time Time

3
Release unlicensed channel at low traffic
1 CSAT - Carrier Sensing Adaptive Transmission required in the small cell Meeting regulatory requirements, in addition ensures fairness as defined by LTE-U forum 32
2 Part of 3GPP Rel 13, Licensed Assisted Access (LAA) for regions with specific access procedures and CCA Clear Channel Assessment, aka Listen Before Talk (LBT)
Going beyond Listen Before Talk (LBT) for fair sharing with Wi-Fi
For Licensed Assisted Access (LAA) deployments using 3GPP Rel. 13

Adaptive “ON” 1ms to 10ms

based on load—similar to CSAT

LTE LTE LTE LTE LTE LTE LTE

“OFF” “ON” “OFF” “ON” “ON” “ON” “ON”

Sensing channel Hold off when detecting

availability per LBT other user per LBT
Every 20us per CCA Sense every 20us and decrement random counter
(Clear Channel Assessment) before transmitting per extended CCA

Time

33
LAA Rel. 13
Live Demo
Operator 1
Operator 2

All sites
LTE + Wi-Fi

34
Note: The data rates shown are only for the unlicensed spectrum, with only control and signaling traffic going over licensed spectrum
LAA Rel. 13
Live Demo LAA LAA

Operator 1
Operator 2

Operator 1:
still on Wii-Fi
Wi-Fi performance
not adversely
affected Operator 2:
One site changed
to LTE Unlicensed
~ 2x Improvement

35
Note: The data rates shown are only for the unlicensed spectrum, with only control and signaling traffic going over licensed spectrum
LTE-U forum develops coexistence specifications
For LTE-U products based on 3GPP Release 10 and beyond, see www.lteuforum.org

20 20
MHz * * * * MHz * * * * * * * * * * *
5.15 5.33 5.49 5.835
GHz GHz GHz GHz

UNII-1 UNII-2 UNII-2 5470-5725 MHz UNII-3 5725 – 5850 MHz

5150-5250 MHz 5250-5350 MHz

U-NII-1 and U-NII-3

5 GHz unlicensed spectrum Licensed spectrum
F1
• To ensure fair-sharing coexistence between Wi-Fi and
LTE-U, and between LTE-U Supplemental
• Formed by Alcatel-Lucent, Ericsson, LGE, Qualcomm downlink
Technologies Inc., Samsung, Verizon
• Specifications published March 2nd 2015 and have been
Downlink Uplink
updated based on feedback from Wi-Fi industry
* These 5GHz channels typically require DFS, Dynamic Frequency Selection
36
 LTE-U/Wi-Fi co-channel coexistence using adaptive duty cycle
Carrier Sensing Adaptive Transmission (CSAT) example

LTE-U LTE-U Wi-Fi Wi-Fi Wi-Fi Wi-Fi

LTE “OFF” LTE “ON” LTE “OFF” LTE “ON”

2/6th of the time in the 4/6th of the time in the 2/6th of the time in the
example shown example shown example shown
Variable on, max 50 ms continuously
From 10ms to 100ms timeframe

Initially and Share channel with Wi-Fi

periodically: Sensing proportionally to active
channel utilization numbers of access points2
LTE-U estimates # of active
Wi-Fi APs and determines
utilization1
Provision for latency sensitive apps
(e.g. Voice over Wi-Fi) Time

1LTE reads Wi-Fi preamble to determine # of Wi-Fi APs and their usage; 2.Proportional time , here 2/6th of time is the upper limit for LTE ON. 37
Stress testing LTE/Wi-Fi co-channel in very harsh conditions
Qualcomm Technologies’ LTE/Wi-Fi coexistence test chamber

Hyper dense network

• Up to 9 Access Points (AP) placed ~1m apart
• All APs set to the same channel
• Commercial, off-the-shelf Wi-Fi and test LTE-U APs

Extreme interference for devices

• No isolation between neighboring APs and devices

38
Wi-Fi performance not adversely affected by LTE-U
Using adaptive duty cycle (CSAT) for fair coexistence

Wi-Fi Average
throughput

Wi-Fi performance
improved

7 Wi-Fi + 1 Wi-Fi 7 Wi-Fi + 1 LTE-U 6 Wi-Fi + 2 LTE-U 4 Wi-Fi + 4 LTE-U

Increasing LTE-U penetration

39
Better performance of LTE-U while protecting Wi-Fi
Using adaptive duty cycle (CSAT)
Average throughput
Wi-Fi average
throughput
Target AP with LTE-U
LTE - U LTE-U (6.7 Mbps)

Wi-Fi
(3.3 Mbps)

Target AP with
Wi-Fi

8 Wi-Fi + 1 Wi-Fi 8 Wi-Fi + 1 LTE-U Target AP

40
Fair LTE-U coexistence for Voice and Data
regardless of Wi-Fi vendor variation

41
Stress tests showing wide Wi-Fi vendor variation
Qualcomm Technologies’ LTE/Wi-Fi coexistence test chamber

Hyper dense network on same channel

• Up to 8 Access Points (AP) placed ~1m apart
• No isolation between neighboring APs and devices
• Up to 8 devices placed ~1m apart

Vendor variation tests

• Test 1) Vendor A and B enterprise grade Wi-Fi APs
with controller. 8 Aps with test AP—Wi-Fi or LTE-U
• Test 2) 5 top-selling retail APs (11ac) based on ‘best-
seller lists’. Mix of 4 APs from different vendors

42
Implementation variation among Enterprise Wi-Fi vendors
Using Qualcomm Technologies’ LTE/Wi-Fi coexistence test chamber

Mixture of Vendor A and

Baseline: Stress Test: B’s enterprise Wi-Fi APs
8 Wi-Fi + Wi-Fi 8 Wi-Fi + LTE-U

Wi-Fi vendor B
more aggressive
Vendor B

Wi-Fi vendor A
less aggressive
Vendor A

Vendor A and B enterprise grade Wi-Fi APs with controller. 8 Aps with test AP—Wi-Fi or LTE-U
43
LTE-U is a good neighbor regardless of Wi-Fi vendor
Using Qualcomm Technologies’ LTE/Wi-Fi coexistence test chamber

8 Wi-Fi + Wi-Fi 6.5

Vendor A

8X Wi-Fi
8 Wi-Fi + LTE-U 6.5

with LTE-U maintains

8 Wi-Fi + Wi-Fi 3.9
Vendor B overall Wi-Fi
8 Wi-Fi + LTE-U 4.9
performance
or
Wi-Fi LTE-U Mix of 8 Wi-Fi + Wi-Fi 5.8
vendor A/B 8 Wi-Fi + LTE-U 5.8

Average Wi-Fi throughput (Mbps)

Vendor A and B enterprise grade Wi-Fi APs with controller. 8 Aps with test AP—Wi-Fi or LTE-U
44
Significant implementation variation in retail Wi-Fi access point
Using Qualcomm Technologies’ LTE/Wi-Fi coexistence test chamber

Mix of vendors in a
Wide variation—also without
network of 4 Wi-Fi APs
most aggressive Wi-Fi AP

APs Throughput (Mbps) Aggregate

AP 1 AP 2 AP 3 AP 4 AP 1 AP 2 AP 3 AP 4 (Mbps)

A B C D 40.9 3.9 5.6 3.4 53.7

5 top-selling
B C D E 19.4 8.2 7.4 12.9 47.9
retail APs
determined from top C D E A 3.7 2.2 3.6 49.8 59.3
industry magazines D E A B 4.8 4.6 40.8 4.7 54.9
and online-retailers
E A B C 3.9 49.0 2.4 4.3 59.6

One Wi-Fi AP grabbing

Product diversity of 5 OEMs and 3 chipset-vendors. One common STA (11ac, 1x1) – a top-selling mobile-device used for all cases
~10x more resources 45
LTE-U ensures fair time sharing of the unlicensed channel
Using Qualcomm Technologies’ LTE/Wi-Fi coexistence test chamber
Duty cycle distribution
Duty Cycle
1
W in 1W+1W
0.9
W in 1W+1L
0.8 L in 1W+1L Wide variation in
with Wi-Fi to Wi-Fi sharing
Wi-Fi Wi-Fi 0.7

0.6

Or LTE-U ensures a fair

CDF
0.5
~50% sharing
0.4

0.3
Anomaly due to one
0.2
Wi-Fi not following spec
LTE-U with Wi-Fi 0.1

0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
Average across 4 Wi-Fi AP models Percentage

Testing pair-wise airtime sharing across 4 Wi-Fi AP models and between Wi-Fi/LTE-U Points
corresponding to all 4 Wi-Fi AP models 46
Over-the-air campus network for testing LTE-U

OTA Campus Network

Building WC Building WB
LTE-U eNB

Wi-Fi AP1
(Above CCA-ED)

Wi-Fi AP2
(Below CCA-ED)

Note: Wi-Fi AP 1 is above CCA-ED (CCA energy detect level at -62dBm where Wi-Fi backs off for other non-Wi0Di users). and Wi-Fi AP 2 is below CCA-ED,, which is used for some of the following test to show that LTE-U CSAT works well below Wi-Fi’s ED
47
Over-the-air Wi-Fi VoIP coexistence and quality ensured
Using Qualcomm Technologies’ over-the-air outdoor campus network
Probability of Packet loss
Jitter > 50ms rate
Wi-Fi + Wi-Wi 48ms
Downlink No change No change
(Max one-way delay) Wi-Fi + LTE-U 42ms 0% 0%
Compliant with
WFA’s requirements1
Wi-Fi + Wi-Wi 40ms Increased Increased
Uplink to 0.76% to 0.08%
(Max one-way delay) Wi-Fi + LTE-U 50ms

40ms 40ms

LTE “ON” LTE “OFF” LTE “ON”

Time

Provision for Wi-Fi VoIP

2ms puncturing introduces gaps to help Wi-Fi flush delay-sensitive data that may be queued due to LTE-U
1 Compliant with Wi-Fi Alliance's VoIP Enterprise specification: One way Delay < 50 ms maximum, maximum Jitter < 50ms maximum, Packet loss < 1%, Consecutive lost packets, no more than 3. Overall statics from 5 pairs of WiFi VoIP with LTE-U Presence.
48
 The role of energy detection in Wi-Fi and LTE-U

Received
signal
Wi-Fi LTE-U
Energy Detect LTE-U design will ensure fair sharing
Threshold for backing off to LTE-U Example with Wi-Fi below ED level, e.g. with
-62dbm1
By detecting non-Wi-Fi energy. (Clear Channel Wi-Fi network listen
Assessment Energy Detect CCA-ED).

Wi-Fi detects Wi-Fi signals and backs
off for other users—not for LTE-U
Detect and decode a Wi-Fi signal (and Wi-Fi
preamble) to determine if channel is busy—
carrier sensing.
LTE-U detects a Wi-Fi signal to
CCA-CS: required threshold
for Wi-Fi to detect other Wi-Fi account for fair sharing
Example
Detect and decode a Wi-Fi signal (Wi-Fi
-82dbm1
preamble) e.g. to estimate active Wi-Fi APs

Receiver cannot detect Example

anything below noise floor -90dbm1
1 Per 20MHz bandwidth
49
LTE-U is a good neighbor below Energy Detect levels
Using Qualcomm Technologies’ over-the-air outdoor campus network

Vendor A Wi-Fi with other Wi-Fi 30.2

Wi-Fi with LTE-U 48

Wi-Fi with Wi-Fi

Wi-Fi with other Wi-Fi 34.5
Vendor B Wi-Fi better off
Or Wi-Fi with LTE-U 52.6 with LTE-U as
neighbor

Wi-Fi with other Wi-Fi 30.0

Vendor C
LTE-U with Wi-Fi Wi-Fi with LTE-U 37.9
The APs are below Energy Detect
Downlink throughput (Mbps)
-62dbm levels to each other
50
 LTE-U is a good neighbor above Energy Detect levels
Using Qualcomm Technologies’ over-the-air outdoor campus network

Wi-Fi with other Wi-Fi 23.7

Vendor A
Wi-Fi with LTE-U 24.1

Wi-Fi with Wi-Fi

Wi-Fi with other Wi-Fi 30.7
Vendor B LTE-U is a good
Or Wi-Fi with LTE-U 28.0
neighbor to Wi-Fi

Wi-Fi with other Wi-Fi 20.2

Vendor C
LTE-U with Wi-Fi Wi-Fi with LTE-U 25.2
The APs are above Energy Detect
Downlink throughput (Mbps)
-62dbm levels to each other
51
 LTE-U is a good neighbor also for the uplink
Using Qualcomm Technologies’ over-the-air outdoor campus network

Wi-Fi with other Wi-Fi 20.6

Vendor A
Wi-Fi with LTE-U 36.8

Wi-Fi with Wi-Fi

Wi-Fi with other Wi-Fi 34.8
Vendor B
Or Wi-Fi with LTE-U 33.5 LTE-U is a good
neighbor to Wi-Fi

Wi-Fi with other Wi-Fi 39.2

Vendor C
LTE-U with Wi-Fi Wi-Fi with LTE-U 37.2
The APs are above Energy Detect
Uplink throughput (Mbps)
-62dbm levels to each other
52
LTE Unlicensed is a good neighbor to Wi-Fi

1 3
LTE-U Extensive collaboration on
Fair coexistence with Wi-Fi a key Forum
LTE-U/LAA principle in the design of LTE coexistence across mobile and
unlicensed 3GPP Wi-Fi industries.
MuLTEfire™
Wi-Fi

2 4
Extensive LTE-U over-the-air
LTE Wi-Fi testing in lab/field proves fair
coexistence with Wi-Fi
Committed to LTE Unlicensed,
the Wi-Fi evolution, and LTE – Wi-Fi
convergence solutions

53
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Qualcomm is a trademark of Qualcomm Incorporated, registered in the United States and other countries. MuLTEfire and UltraSon are trademarks of Qualcomm
Incorporated. Other product and brand names may be trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective owners.

References in this presentation to “Qualcomm” may mean Qualcomm Incorporated, Qualcomm Technologies, Inc., and/or other subsi diaries or business units within the
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Qualcomm Incorporated includes Qualcomm’s licensing business, QTL, and the vast majority of its patent portfolio. Qualcomm Technologies, Inc., a wholly-owned subsidiary
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