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1960

Properties of air-entrained concrete at early ages

Ugur Ozoguz

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 PROPERTIES OF AIR-ENTRAINED CONCRETE

AT EARLY AGES

by

UGUR OZOGUZ

THESIS

submitted to the faculty of the

SCHOOL OF MINES AND METALLURGY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI

in partial fulfillment of the work required for the

Degree of

MASTER OF SCIENCE IN CIVIL ENGINEERING

ROLLA, MISSOURI

1960
 ii

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

Acknowledgment is gratefully made to Professor E* W* Carlton,

Professor John L* Best and Professor John B. Heagler, Jr* for their

suggestions, cooperation and assistance in making this paper possible*

The author also wishes to express his appreciation to Mr* Y*

Ugulgonul for his help in carrying out the laboratory experiments*

 iii

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

Acknowledgment •• «...... ...... ......... ............. .......... ii

last of Illustrations ....................... ......... ....... . . iv

List of Tables • •••.... ....... .................. .............. v

Introduction ••••••••••••••.... ........... •............ ....... 1

Review of Literature •••*•••••.......... 3

Test Apparatus •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••.•••••••••.. 6

Materials ••••••••.•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 13

Test Procedure

Design of the Mix ....... 16

Compressive Strength T e s t ............... 21

Durability Test •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 21

Summary and Discussion ......... 46

Conclusion •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 49

Bibliography....... ........ •••••••••....... .................. 50

V i t a ............................................................ 52
 iv

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

Figure Page

1 Mechanical Sieve Shaker ......... *....................... 7

2 R o t a p ........... 7

3 Air Entraining Pressure, Apparatus ••••••........ 8

4 Compression Testing M a c h i n e ..... ............... 10

5 Freezing and Thawing Apparatus •••....... 10

6 Sonic Testing Apparatus •••*•••••«............•......... 11

7 Relation between % Sand and Unit Weight of Total

A g g r e g a t e ..... •........... ••••••.......... ......... 18

8 Effect of w/c on Air Content and Workability of Concrete* 20

9 Test Cylinders .............. ...................... 22

10 Compression Test of Cylinders ................... *...... 22

11 Results of Compression Test

Curve of Compressive Strength Vs* Age of Concrete ••• 24

12 Test Beams ...........................••••••.......... ••• 26

12a Curve: Amount of Air Entraining Agent Vs. Percent

Entrained Air (avr.) ...... *...... •*••••••..... 27

13 Shematic of Sonic Testing A p p a r a t u s .................... 29

14-18 Curves of Dynamic Modulus of Elasticity Vs. Cycles of

Freezing and Thawing *...... ••••*••....... •••••..... 41-45
 V

LIST OF TABLES

Table Page

1 Coarse Aggregate Sieve Analysis .................. 13

2 Sand Sieve Analysis ............................

3 Aggregate Maximum D e n s i t y ..... .............. • .... . 16

4 Characteristics of the Trial M i x e s ................ 17

5 Relationship Between w/c and Slump and Air C o n t e n t .... .. 20

6 Results of Compressive Strength T e s t ................. 23

6a Amounts of Entrained Air in the B a t c h e s .............. 25

7 Values of Correction Factor A.S.T.M. Designation C215-55T. 32

8 Characteristics of Specimens Subjected to Freezing-and-
Thawing ............... ...... ...... ...... .............. 33

9-14 Dynamic Modulus of Elasticity of Concrete S p e c i m e n s ...... 34-39

 INTRODUCTION

This study, entitled "Properties of Air-Entrained Concrete at

Early Ages" concerns a group of tests designed to provide quantitative

information regarding the effect of entrained air on the strength and

durability of concrete before it reaches its 28 day strength.

Experiences in the field and laboratories have demonstrated

that the addition of a moderate amount of air to any concrete mix

will bring a marked increase in resistance to the disintegrating

effects of freezing and thawing.

There have been extensive studies made on the subject of

durability of air entrained concrete. Most of these studies were

based on the effect of freezing and thawing action after the speci­

mens had been cured for a period of 28 days. According to ASTM (1)

the standard procedure is to remove the specimens from the curing

room and begin freeze-thaw tests at 14 days unless otherwise

specified. These recommendations have not been adhered to in very

many cases.

In 1946, Charles E. Wuerpel published the results of a series

of tests (2) in which specimens were subjected to freezing and thawing

after 16 days of curing. This series of tests was designed to

investigate the relative effects of nine different air-entraining ad­

mixtures in concrete. Another freeze-thaw series (3) was performed

on specimens cured for nine days. The object of these tests was to

determine the durability of concrete cured for nine days before being

subjected to freezing and thawing action.

(1) All references are in bibliography.

 Test results show that dynamic modulus of elasticity of an

air-entrained concrete, after reaching its 28 day strength, is reduced

by 38 percent at the end of 250 freezing and thawing cycles, air

content being 5 + percent of the concrete volume (4)*

As the use of prestressed concrete construction becomes

increasingly widespread it becomes necessary to realize that there

are certain physical limitations of concrete which must be recognized

and taken into consideration. It is the job of the research engineer

to determine these limitations and impose restrictions upon the con­

struction engineer* As an example, it is the custom to apply pre­

stress load to the concrete at early ages, yet very little is known

about the strength and physical properties of concrete at these early

ages* It is the intent of this study to add to the limited fund of

knowledge concerning the effects of air-entrainment on the freeze-thaw

characteristics at early ages*

 3
REVIEW OF LITERATURE

Mach has been written and published on the action of air-

entrainment in concrete. A review of literature concerning air-

entrained concrete and some of the previous work done in this field

will now be discussed.

The application of air-entrainment to the concrete mix, for

the improvement of its durability, workability and uniformity, is

one of the most important developments in concrete technology.

Until the introduction of air-entrainment, about twenty years ago,

it was generally assumed that a change in the water-cement ratio

affected durability in about the same manner as it affected the

strength. Air-entrained concrete changed this picture materially.

The improvement in durability with the use of proper amounts of

entrained air in concrete is so great that variations in the water-

cement ratio, within the usual working range, do not have the same

significance as formerly.

There has been considerable doubt concerning the efficiency

of air entrainment because of the probable reduction of the bond

between reinforcing steel and the air-entrained concrete. Tests

performed in laboratories with different types of air-entraining

agents show that it is possible to obtain the desirable bond with

air-entrained concrete.

The deliberate addition of air to concrete seemed, from a

superficial examination, to be contradictory to the principle that

high density is a pre-requisite of high quality. But the concept of

 4
density of concrete actually means: freedom from honeycombing and

large voids resulting from inadequate consolidation or from segre­

gation* Air entrainment, by enabling some reduction in water-cement

ratio, tends to improve the quality of the concrete paste, and by

improving workability tends to reduce segregation and improves con­

solidation of the concrete.

The first activity with air-entraining concrete was started

in the United States in 1938 in the Northeastern states area.

Laboratory tests were designed by many highway departments, mainly

New York, Pennsylvania, Massachusetts, Maine and Vermont* A report

prepared and published by the Portland Cement Association on a survey

conducted in August 1946 in the Northeastern United States, shows that

concrete pavements made with air-entrained portland cement concrete can

successfully withstand severe exposures (5)* During World War II

extensive studies on air-entrainment were made by the Central Concrete

Laboratories of the Corps of Engineers* Air-entrained concrete was

used in military installations, particularly airport pavements*

First experiments proved that, to obtain desirable properties of

air-entrained concretes, entrained air must be approximately three

percent above that which is normally present in the concrete, this

brings the total amount of air to between four and five percent (6)*

When the mixing of air-entraining agent (7) has not been well con­

trolled, there has always been a tendency for the air content to be

low and the concrete to b e ”stickyw * By adding the air-entraining

agent to the mixing water instead of the sand the sticky concrete

was eliminated and the air content was increased*

 5

H. L. Kennedy (&) Manager, Cement Division, Dewey and Almy Chemical

Company, Cambridge, Massachusetts, suggests ”for prestressed con­

crete that control of the air content between three and five percent

is desirable and practical. This will assure minimum, if any,

impairment of strength and abrasion resistance and excellent dura­

bility, plus some improvement in workability and reduced absorption1*.

Paul Klieger (9)* Senior Research Engineer, Portland Cement

Association, accomplished a series of tests using concrete with

cement contents of 4«0, 5*5 and 7*0 sacks per cubic y a r d with five

to six inches of slump. For each cement content three maximum sizes

of aggregate (3/3M> 2/4n * and 1 l / 2 ,f) were used. Results of this

series of tests m a y be summarized as follows:

a) For constant cement content and consistancy for smaller

size of aggregate, there is less reduction in strength as the air

content increases.

b) In all cases the entrainment of air increases the

resistance of concrete t o freezing and thawing and to surface

scaling.

c) Concrete made with smaller sized aggregate requires higher

air content for the same freezing and thawing resistance.

d) Concrete cured continuously moist requires more entrained

air for adequate resistance to freezing and thawing, than the air

dried concrete.
 6
TEST APPARATUS

Equipment and devices used Tor making and testing the specimens

are listed as follows:

1. Sieves and sieve shaker

2. Concrete Mixer

3* Air-entrainment Pressure Meter

4. Compression Testing Machine

5* Freezing and Thawing Apparatus

6. Sonic Testing Apparatus

To give the reader more information, each piece of apparatus

will be discussed in detail in the following paragraphs.

1) Mechanical Sieve Shakers:

Mechanical sieve shakers used for screening the coarse and fine

aggregate, were of two types:

a) Large shaker, a product of Gibson Screen Company com­

posed of five woven wire screens. Designation is as follows:

1", 3/4", 1/2”, 3/8”, #4 (Figure 1).

b) Smaller size screen shaker, a Rotap (Figure 2) is a

product of W. S. Tyler Company. It has a rotary movement.

Sieve designation is: #8, #16, #30', #50, #100, #200.

2) Concrete mixer was of revolving drum type having a capacity

of three cubic feet and was manufactured by Sears, Roebuck & Co.

3) Air-entraining Pressure Apparatus (Figure 3) consisted of

a portable device made from alkali resistant light weight alloy. The

three main parts of this apparatus are: bowl, upper assembly and

calibration cylinder. Its brand name is ACME Air-Entrainment Meter,

 7

Figure 1* Mechanical
Sieve Shaker

Figure 2. Rotap
 8

Figure J* Air Entraining Pressure Apparatus.

 9
manufactured by E. W# Zimmerman, Chicago, Illinois.

4) Compression Testing Machine; A hydraulic compression (Fig# 4)

machine was used for testing the compressive strength of cylinders#

It has two ranges: Low range, 0 to 60,000 pound# High range, 0 to

300,000 pound# It is manufactured by Forney, Inc#, Pennsylvania#

5) Freezing Apparatus was a Boweser sub-zero industrial

chilling unit# It has three compartments having a volume of & cubic

feet each# Thawing unit is composed of two metal water tanks

(Figure 5)*

6# Sonic testing apparatus (Figure 6) was used to measure

the fundamental frequency of the concrete specimens# It consists of

a cathode-ray oscillograph, an audio oscillator, an amplifier, a

driver to produce the vibration and a pick-up#

The oscillograph was manufactured by Allen B# DuMont

Laboratories, Inc#, Passoic, New Jersey, Type 164E.

The audio oscillator was manufactured by Hewlet Packard, Palo

Alto, California# Its range of cycles is from 550 to 6,000 cycles#

Graduation is as follows:

From 550 to 1,000 cycle r a n g e -----10 cycles

From 1,000 to 1,400 cycle r a n g e --- 20 cycles

From 1,400 to 3,000 cycle r a n g e --- 50 cycles

From 3,000 to 6,000 cycle r a n g e --- 100 cycles

The driver is a magnetic speaker with a stem connected to the

voice coil. This is a product of the Guam Company, Chicago, Illinois.

The pickup is a simple phonograph pickup manufactured by the

Astatic Corporation, Conneaut, Ohio.

 10

Figure 4. Compression
Testing Machine•

Figure 5. Freezing & Thawing Apparatus

 11

Figure 6* Sonic Testing Apparatus

 The stem transmits the vibrations to the specimen and the

pickup transmits th e m from the specimen to the amplifier.

 13
MATERIALS

CEMENT

The cement used in this experiment was Portland Type I, manu­

factured by Marquette Portland Cement Company, Cape Girardeau,

Missouri.

COARSE AGGREGATE

Gravel obtained from Meramec River Gravel Company was used as

coarse aggregate*

Results of the sieve analysis is shown in Table 1*

TABLE 1 - COARSE AGGREGATE SIEVE ANALYSIS

Cumulative %
Sieves % Retained Retained

1" 0.00

3/4" 30.65 30.65

1/2” 21.40 52.05

3/8" 2.90 54.95

No. 4 35.25 90.20

Passing No. A 9.30 . 99-50

•50 Waste

The percent of gravel retained on the 3/0w sieve was somewhat lower

than that generally recommended. It was decided, however, to use the

aggregate as it comes from the bin, rather than blend in an additional

amount of 3/0 inch material. It was put in individual bins in the

laboratory three days before the mixing time.

 14
SAND

The natural sand was obtained from the Meramec River and Gravel

Company and was placed in the storage bin three days before the mixing

time.

Results of the sieve analysis is shown in Table 2.

TABLE 2 - SAND SIEVE ANALYSIS

Cumulative %
Sieves % Retained Retained

No. 8 44.2 44.2

No. 16 22.0 86.2

No. 30 22.0 58.2

o

29.0 87.2
o
«

No. 100 10.0 97.2

No. 100 Passing 1.0 98.2

1.8 Waste

WATER

The water used in the testing was ordinary tap water supplied

by the Rolla Municipal Utilities.

AIR-ENTRAINING AGENT

There are various air entraining adnjixfcures for concrete that

can be either interground with the cement during the manufacturing

process or added separately at the mixer. Many of them are essentially

saponifying agents, they react with the alkaline constituents of the

cement to form soap and from the soap, form minute air bubbles.

Many materials, including the natural wood resins, fats, various

sulfanated compounds and oils, have the property of entraining air in

concrete. Some of these, as for example the resins, are insoluble in

water and must be neutralized before they can be used as admixtures

(10).

The air-entraining agent used in this study was neutralized

vinsol resin with brand name t,AD-AIRE,t manufactured by the Carter-Waters

Corporation, Kansas City, Missouri. "AD-AIRE" complies with the

standards recommended by the American Society for Testing Materials

for materials used in air-entrained concrete, General Testing

Laboratories, Report No. 30426.

It was necessary to add nine grains of ,,AD-AIRE,, to the mixing

water to obtain 4-5+ one percent air in a three cubic foot batch of

concrete (31).
 16
TEST PROCEDURE

Design of the Mix

The amounts of coarse and fine aggregate required for proper

design was found b y using trial mixes. The best combination of sand

and gravel is the one which has the highest unit weight.

The procedure is as follows:

A uniform mixture of 9*6 lb. of sand and 22.4 lb. of coarse

aggregate was prepared. This corresponds to 30 percent and 70 per­

cent by weight of the total aggregate, respectively. A portion of

the mixture was rodded in three layers 25 times each into a container

of .2 cubic feet. When the rodding was finished the container was

weighed. Excluding the weight of the container itself, the weight of

the aggregate in .2 cubic feet was found to be 22.50 lb. Dividing

22.50 by .2, the unit weight of the mix was determined: 112.5 lb.

per cubic foot.

The same procedure was repeated for the following percentages

of coarse and fine aggregates. Results are shown in Table 3«

TABLE 3 - AGGREGATE MAXIMUM DENSITY

Percent Coarse Unit Weight

Aggregate Percent Sand lb./cu. ft.

70 30 112.5
60 40 115.0

50 50 122.5
40 60 121.5
 A curve was plotted, unit weight versus percentages of sand in

the total aggregate (Figure 7). The mixture of 50 percent coarse

aggregate and 50 percent of sand was chosen as the best combination.

This procedure was similar to the one performed by Mr. Dine (12).

Even though the best gradation of the aggregates was obtained

by the above mentioned method, some trial mixes of concrete were made

with different amounts of sand, gravel,ncement and water. The amount

of water was determined as that required to produce a 3 ” slump.

Five cylinders made with different mixes were tested at the

end of three days. The amount of materials and the results of the

tests are shorn in Table A*

TABLE 4 - CHARACTERISTICS OF THE TRIAL MIXES

% gravel % sand % cement of 3 day comp

Mix of total of total total mix strength
No. aggregates aggregates by weight wZs. nsi

1 70 30 13*8 .575 1,950

2 65 35 14.2 .620 2,280

3 60 40 15.8 .595 2,125

4 55 45 14.0 .760 1,850

5 50 50 18.0 .530 2,350

Mix No. 5 gave the best result. The water cement ratio of

this mix (.53) seemed to be a little high for an air-entrained

concrete, because air-entrainment adds to the fluidity or slump of

concrete and it is possible to restore the initial degree of stiffness

by adding solids or subtracting water. Air cannot be added to a

mixture without introducing unbalances in consistancy and yield of

the plastic concrete. Moreover, the strength of the hardened concrete

Total Aggregate
 19
depends on the consistancy of the plastic concrete. Experiments

have shown that for the same workability, less water is required

than for ordinary concrete. For a 5 to 6 inch slump, water-cement

ratio was reduced from 7«5 gallon per sack of 6.5 gallon per sack, for

an increase of air content from six percent to ten percent (13)* Tests

were performed on the concrete mix selected for this study, to deter­

mine the reduction in the amount of water required for a 3 inch slump

due to the addition of the air entraining agent. For this series of

tests, four different batches of concrete were prepared in which the

amount of both coarse and fine aggregates, cement and air-entraining

agent were kept constant. The latter was determined by the method

cited on Page 15 . Nine grams of AD-AIRE were added to 3 cu. ft. of

concrete to insure 5 percent of air-entrainment. Each batch was

tested for air content and workability. Results are shown in Table

5 and plotted in Figure 8.

Mix with a water-cement ratio of .46 was chosen for the test

specimens •

To determine the effects of entrained air on concrete, two

groups of tests were performed:

a) Compressive strength

b) Variation in elastic modulus versus number of freeze-thaw

cycles.

Concrete used in these experiments were made with only one

maximum size of aggregate. Proportions of all ingredients were kept

constant throughout the experiment. They were as follows:

 20
Slump (inches)

•50

•*5

.40

5 4 ^ ( 5
Percent Air

Figure 8* Effect of W/C on Air Content and Workability

of Concrete*

Table 5* Relationship between W/C and, Slump and Air Content*

Water-Cement Ratio S lump (inches) Percent Air Content

.50 11.0 (5.(5

.47 5.5 <5.1

.45 2.7 5.2

•4? 1.5 p.<5
 21
Percent of Concrete Weight

Coarse aggregate : 36.66

Sand : 36.66

Cement : 18.33

Water : 8.45

The only variable was the amount of entrained air, ranging from 2+ to

6+ percent of concrete volume.

COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH TEST

From four batches of different air content, 24 cylinders were

poured. These were standard 6n x 12w cylinders (Figure 9)»

The four different batches were prepared separately. The

first batch was mixed without air-entraining agent. Its air content

measured with an air meter was 1*9 percent. Six cylinders were poured

from that batch.

Three other batches were prepared with different amounts of

air-entraining agent in each one. Air contents of these second, third

and the fourth batches are respectively (3*55)>(4*60) and (5«8) percent

of the concrete volume. From each batch, six cylinders were poured

and placed in the moist room until time to be tested. Cylinders were

removed from the curing room at 1, 2, 3* 7* 14 and 28 days, capped

with plaster of paris (Figure 10) and tested in the compression

testing machine. The results of these tests are shown in Table 6 and

in Figure 11.

DURABILITY TEST

To test the resistance of concrete to freezing and thawing, four

different batches of concrete were mixed, with a different air content

 22

Figure 9* Test c y l i n d e r s

Figure 10* Compression Test

 23

Specimen Days Percent Air Comp. Strength Specimen Days Percent Air Comp. Strength
Designation Cured Content psi Designated Cured Content psi

A-l 1 1 . 9 ____ 1050 C-l 1 4.6 880

A-2 2 1.9 2070 C-2 2 4.6 1550 ...

A-3______ 3 1.9 2340 C-3 _ ... 3 4.6 2130

A-4 . 7 1.9 4000 C-4 7 4.6 3150

A-5 14 1.9 5080 C-5 14 4.6 4050

A-6 28 1.9 6100 c-6 28 4*6 4900

B-l 1 _ 3 -51 __ 780 D-l 1 . „_ 5 .8 770

B-2 2 3.55 1350 D-2 2 5.8 1330

B-3 3 3.55 1870 D-3 _ 3 5.8 1700

_ B-4 7 3.55 2900 D-4 J...... _5.8_ . 2400

B-5 14 3.55 3610 D-5 14 5.8 3220

B-6 28 3*55 4220 D-6 28 5-8 3860

TABLE 6 - RESULTS OF COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH TEST

11.
uv -•■v'"""
(ISX) HJSfmiS 2AIS

!
 25
for each batch* Sixty beams were poured from these four batches.

These beams were 16 inches long, 3.5 inches wide and 4.5 inches deep

(Figure 12).

No air-entraining agent was added to the first batch. Air

content of this batch of concrete was 2.0 percent (mix a). For the

other three batches different amounts of air-entraining agent were

added to the mixture. The amount of air-entraining agent was so

measured that the air contents of these second, third and the fourth

batches were respectively (b) 3*9* (c) 4*6 and (d) 6.1 percent of the

total concrete volume.

Percent air obtained in concrete mixes for different amounts of

air-entraining agent is shown in Table 6a and plotted in Figure 12a.

TABLE 6a - AMOUNTS OF ENTRAINED AIR IN THE BATCHES

Mixes for compressive Mixes for dura­

Amount of Air-Entraining strength test (l) bility tests (2)
Agent Mixed to the Concrete. 1% air of the 2% air of the
(ml./lOO lbs, of concrete) Mix concrete volume Mix concrete vol.

0.0 A 1.9 a 2.0

3.2 B 3.55 b 3.9

3.7 C 4.6 c 4*6

4.2 D 5.S d 6.1

As far as curing time was concerned, all specimens were grouped

into five series. The first series was cured in the moist room for one

day. The remaining four series were cured respectively 2, 3> 7 and 14

days. Each of the five series were composed of 12 beams, three from

each of the four batches of different air content.

 26

Figure 12* Concrete Beams After JO Freezing-end-Thawing

Cycles*

Curing Time 14 Bays*

Air Contents:
a-1 ... 2 percent
b-1 ... J.9 ■
c-1 ... k .6 ■
d-1 ... <5.1 »
 »}ry

Amount

AIR

IN30V 0NTNITOLN3 HIV AO INHOWV

 29
For the same range of curing time and for the same air content,

there were three specimens* In the numerical computations, average

results of the measurements of these three specimens were used*

Immediately after their respective curing periods, the speci­

mens were tested for Hindamental transverse frequency and weighed in

accordance with ASTM Designation C215-55T (14)* Freezing and thawing

tests were started b y placing the specimens in the water tank at the

beginning of the thawing phase of the cycle* One freezing-and-

thawing cycle consisted of freezing the specimens in the chilling

unit for three hours at -10°F and thawing in the tank full of water at

60°F for one hour* Four cycles a day was the average speed of the

experiment* When the freezing-and-thawing cycles were interrupted,

specimens were kept i n the frozen state*

Beginning at the tenth cycle, and repeated every five cycles

thereafter, specimens in the thawed condition were tested for

fundamental transverse frequency and then returned to the freezing

apparatus* Beams were tested on the sonic testing apparatus for

their dynamic modulus of elasticity according to the tentative

method of test for fundamental transverse longitudinal and torsional

frequencies of concrete specimens, ASTM Designation: C215-55T (15)•

To determine the transverse frequency the beams were placed

on rubber knife edged supports which touched the beams at their nodal

points, 0*224 L, L being the length of the beam* The sonic apparatus

was turned on with the driver touching the center of the beam and the

pickup placed at the end of the beam* The beam vibrates in a free-free

transverse mode (Figures 6 and 13)* After the fundamental frequency

 29
Oscillator Oscillograph

Side View End View

Figure 15#

a) Shematic of Sonic Testing Apparatus

b) Position of s Pick-Up, Driver, and Supports
was recorded the Dynamic Young* s Modulus of Elasticity was computed

using the equation given in ASTM Designation: C115-55T (16) •

Dynamic E = CWin2

where:

Dynamic E = Dynamic Young* s Modulus of Elasticity in pounds

per square inch.

W =» weight of specimen in pounds.

n =* fundamental transverse frequency, in cycle per second.

C =* 0.00245 L3 t sec^ per square inch.

bt3

L = Length of specimen in inches.

t, b = Dimensions of cross-section of specimen in inches, t

being in the direction in which it is driven.

T = A correction factor which depends on the ratio of

the radius of gyration (K).

K s* t to the length of the specimen, L and on Poisson*

3T 4S4
ratio. Values of T for Poisson* s ratio of 1/16 may be obtained from

Table 7.

Computation to find E

E =r CWn2

C =* 0.00245 1
bt3
K =* t = 3.5 - 1.01
Jj M 3.464
K/L = 1.01 =. 0.0631
~ n r

From Table T = 1.31

C = 0.00245 (16)3 1 .3 1 _ = 0 .068I

( 4 . « (3.5)3
 31
E =. 0.0681 W n 2

Results of tests for computation of dynamic Modulus of Elasticity

are shown in Tables 8 through 14, and plotted in Figures 14-18*

 k 7l T

0.00 1.00

0.01 1.01

0.02 1.03

0.03 1.07

0.04 1.13 .

0.05 1.20

0.06 1.28

0.07 1.38

0.08 1.4.8

0.09 1.60

0.10 1.73

0.12 2.03

0.14 2.36

0.16 2.73

0.18 3.14

0.20 3.58

0.25 4.78

0.30 6.07

TABLE 7

VALUES OF CORRECTION FACTOR

ASTM DESIGNATION C 215-55T

 33

Days Weight in lb. Days Weight in lb.

Specimen % Air Cured at 0 cycle Specimen Air Cured at 0 cycle

a-1 2.0 14 2 1 .6 0 c-1 4.6 14 21.32

a-2 2.0 7 21.54 c-2 4«6 7 21.29

a-3 2.0 . _3 . 21.63 _P-3 ... 4.6 3 21.49

a-4 2.0 2 21.43 c-4 4*6 2 21.48

-a-5 2.0 1 21.65 c-5 _ 4*6 1 21.41

b-1 . 3.9 14_____ 21.08 d-1 6,1 14 20.90

b-2 _ 3.9 _ 7 21.19 d-2 6.1 7 21.18

b-3 .3.9 3 21.16 __ .d-3 6.1 3 20.92

b-4 -.3.9 . . 2 21.31 d-4 6.1 2 21.03

b-5 _ 3 - 2 _____ 1 21.48 d-5 6.1 1 21.12

TABLE 8

CHARACTERISTICS OF SPECIMENS SUBJECTED TO FREEZING-AND-THAWING

 34

Average Fundamental Dynamic Modulus of Average Fundamental Dynamic Modulus

Frequency in cycles Elasticity in psi Frequency in cycles of Elasticity in
per second per second psi

a-1 2,110 6 .5 6 0 ,0 0 0 c-1 2.080 6.275.000

- a-2 2,050 6,180,000 c-2 1.978 5.590.000

a-3 2,025 6,050,000 _C=1_ _ 1.935 ..... 5,500,000

a-4 1.950 5,600.000 c-4 1.865 5.100,000

a-5 1,810 4.850,000 c-5 1.750 4.470.000

b-1 „ 2.055 6,050,000 d-1 2 .0 4 0 5.920,000

b-2 1.960 5.530.000 d-2 1.950 5 ,4 5 0 ,0 0 0

b-3_. . 1.900 5,200,000 d-3 1.900 5 .1 5 0 .0 0 0

b-4 .. 1.8 3 ________ 5,130,000 d-4 1,840 4.800.000

b -5 1.700 4,240,000 d-5 1 .6 6 0 3,950,000-. _

TABLE 9

DYNAMIC MODULUS OF ELASTICITY AT (0) CYCLE

 35

Specimen Average Fundamental Dynamic Modulus Specimen Average Fundamental Dynamic Modulus
No* Frequency in cycles of Elasticity in No. Frequency in cycles of Elasticity in
per second psi per second psi

a-1 2,100 6.500,000 c-1 . 2 ,0 7 5 .... __ 6,250.000

a-2 2,045 6.150,000 c-2 2,000 5.810.000

a-3 2,038 6,110,000 0 -3 1,980 5.750.000

a-4 2,000 5,900,000 c-4 1,940 5,500,000

1,966 5,700,000 c-5 1,890 5,200,000

b-1 2,053 0,050.000 d-1 2.047 5 ,9 6 0 ,0 0 0

b-2 1 .9 7 5 5 ,6 0 0 ,0 0 0 d-2 1 ,9 6 7 5 ,56 0 .0 0 0

1 ,9 5 3 ..... 5,500,000 d-3 1 .9 3 5 5,330.000

b-4 1,900 5,225,000 d-4 1,875 5,020,000

1,808 6,800,000 d-5 1.775 4,510,000

TABLE 10

DYNAMIC MODULUS OF ELASTICITY AFTER 10 CYCLES

 36

Average Fundamental Dynamic Modulus Average Fundamental Dynamic Modulus

Specimen Frequency in Cycles of Elasticity in Specimen Frequency in Cycles of Elasticity in
No. per second psi No. per second psi

a-1 2.100 6.500,000 c-1 2,072 6.240,000

a-2 2.033 6.080.000 c-2 2,080 5,900,000

. a-3 2,045 6.160.000 c-3 1,993 5,810,000

a-4 2,010 5.990.000 c-4 1,963 _____ 5.630.000

a-5 2,009 5,950,000 c-5 . 1,935 ..... 5,470,000

b-1 2,050 6,050,000 d-1 2.048 5,960,000

b-2 1.980 ___5 *6 5 0 ,0 0 0 ._ d-2 .. 1,972 ...... 5,600,000

6-3 1.9 0 5.520.000 d-3 1.965 5,500,000

b-4 .... 1,925 . 5,375,000 d-4 . 1,920 ..... 5,275.000

b-5 1.890 5,245,000 d~5 1.850 4.920,000

TABLE 11

DYNAMIC MODULUS OF ELASTICITY AFTER 15 CYCLES

 37

Fundamental Frequency Dynamic Modulus Specimen Fundamental Dynamic Modulus

Specimen in cycles per second of Elasticity in No. i Frequency in cycles of Elasticity in
No. psi per second psi

a-1 2,098 6,480,000 c-1 2,072 6.240.000

a-2 2,030 6,040.000 c-2 2,075 ...... . 5.880,000

_a-3 .. .. 2,055 6,300.000 c-3 2,000 5860,000

a-4 2.025 6,100,000 c-4 1,983 5,775,000

a-5 ... 2.018 6.000.000 .. o-5 . 1.960 5 .6 0 0 ,0 0 0

b-1 2,050 6.050.000 d-1 2,050 5.980,000

b-2 1,970 5 ,6 0 0 .0 0 0 d-2 1,980 5 ,6 2 0 ,0 0 0

b-3_. ... 1,977 5 .6 0 0 ,0 0 0 d-3 . 1,972....... 5.550.000

b-4 1.942 5.460.000 d-4 1..95P. .. . 5.440,000

______ 1.898 5,300,000 d-5 1,878 5.080.000

TABLE 12

DYNAMIC MODULUS OF ELASTICITY AFTER 20 CYCLES

 38

Fundamental Dynamic Modulus Specimen Fundamental Dynamic Modulus

Specimen Frequency in cycles of Elasticity No. Frequency in of Elasticity in
Ho. per second in psi cycles per second psi

a-1 2.090 6.410.000 c-1 2.070 6.225.000

a-2 2,020 6.000.000 c-2 2,020 5.850,000

a-3 _ 2.045 6,160,000 c-3.. 2.015 ... 5,950,000

a-4 2,040 6.150,000 c-4 2,000 5 .8 6 0 .0 0 0

a-5 _ 2,030 6.080,000 c-5 1.980 5,700,000

b-1 2.046 6.010,000 d-1 2.045 5.950.000

b-2 1,945. .. 5.430,000 d-2 1,985 _____ . 5,650,000 ....

b-3 . _ 1,965.... . 5 .6 0 0 .0 0 0 d-3 ... 1.980 5 .6 0 0 .0 0 0

b-4 1.960 5.550.000 d-4 ... 1.965 5,500,000

b-5 1.930 __ 5,450,000 d-5 1.910__________ 5.210.000

TABLE 13

DYNAMIC MODULUS OF ELASTICITY AFTER 25 CYCLES

 39

Fundamental Fre­ Dynamic Modulus Fundamental Frequency Dynamic Modulus

Specimen quency in cycles of Elasticity Specimen in cycles per second of Elasticity
No. per second in psi No, in psi

a-1 2,080 ',370,000 c-1 2,068 6 ,2 2 0 ,0 0 0

a-2 2,010 5,920,000 c-2 2,000 5,800,000

a-3 . 2,035 6 .1 0 0 .0 0 0 ... c-3 2,010 5,910,000

a-4 2,050 6 ,2 0 0 ,0 0 0 c-4 2,000 5,860,000

a-5 2,040 6 ,1 2 0 ,0 0 0 c-5 1,980 5,700.000

O
ON
O

O
O
b-1 2.041 6,000,000 d-1 2,040

•
b-2 1,938 5,400,000 d-2 1.988 5.685.000

. b~3 1,960 5 .5 6 0 .0 0 0 . d-3 . 1,985 ........ 5 ,6 2 0 .0 0 0

b-4 1,963 5,580,000 d-4 1.970 5,550.000

b-5 d-5 1.920 - 5,300,000 .

TABLE 14

DYNAMIC MODULUS OF ELASTICITY AFTER 30 CYCLES

 FIGURE 14 THROUGH 18

EFFECT OF CONTINUOUS FREEZING AND THAWING

CYCLES ON MODULUS OF ELASTICITY

CURING TIMES

Figure 1 4 ----- 1 day

Figure 1 5 ----- 2 days

Figure 1 6 -----3 days

Figure 1 7 ----- 7 days

Figure 1 8 ----14 days

KEY:

o 2*0 percent air

3*9 percent air

4*6 percent air

6.1 percent air

 a
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24odulus Of Elasticity
Modulus of Elasticity
 Modulus of Elasticity

j Figure 17
 Modulus of Elasticity

Figure 18
 S U M A R Y AND DISCUSSION

Compression Test

Four batches of concrete were prepared having air contents of

A (1.9$)> B ( 3 C (4*6£) and D (5*320• Six cylinders were

poured from each batch. Specimens were tested for their compressive

strength after curing periods of 1# 2, 3* 7* 14 and 28 days in the

moist room.

The results of the compressive strength tests are tabulated

in Table 6 and plotted in Figure 11. This data shows the trend of

the gain in strength of th e concrete specimens.

Concrete with an air content of 1*9 percent (A) has the highest

compressive strength at all ages of curing time. Its 28 day strength

is 6100 psi. As for the concrete of 5*3$ air content (D) the com­

pressive strength after 28 days is 3360 psi, which is 63*2^ of the

compressive strength of (A). Concrete with 4*3 percent entrained

air (C) exhibits a higher compressive strength than (B) which has

a lower air content (3*55)* This may seem contradictory to the

usual effects of entrained air in concrete. But this reverse action

m a y be expected for several reasons:

By introducing air in concrete the compressive strength is

reduced, also the air-entraining agent may cause dispersion of

cement in the plastic concrete. This phenomenon will most

likely cause an increase i n the compressive strength. The

reduction in compressive strength in concrete C, due to

natural action of effects mentioned above, may be less than in

concrete B.
 47
Due to the increase in workability concrete (C) may reach a

higher density for the same amount of compaction* Laboratory

tests (17) showed that the compressive strength is increased in

lean mixes, for air contents up to about 6 percent, and that this

,rbeneficial effect” was related to the ^improvement in

workability” •

Since the water-cement ratio was held constant throughout the

experiment this increase in strength may be due to one or both of the

above reasons*

DURABILITY TEST

For durability tests, 60 standard size beams were poured from

four different batches with air contents of: 2^, 4*6^ and 6.1J&*

Each batch was then broken down into five groups of three specimens

each* These groups were cured for 1, 2, 3* 7 and 14 days respectively

before being subjected to the freeze-thaw test. Each specimen was

subjected to 30 cycles of freezing and thawing* Beginning at the 10th

cycle and after eveiy five cycles specimens were tested for their

natural frequencies, and the dynamic modulus of elasticity was com­

puted for each* Results are shown in Tables 8 through 14 and plotted

in Figures 14 through 10*

For all specimens air-entrainment reduced the elastic modulus

but not proportionally* Concrete having 4*6^ air content exhibits

higher elasticity than concrete with 3*9^ air content*

Air entrainment does not have any effect through the freezing

and thawing cycles for one day cured concrete (Figure 14)* The in­

crease in modulus of elasticity for all specimens is the same*

 48
For two day cured specimens (Figure 15) the rate of increase

in modulus of elasticity is not as high as for the one day cured

concrete. Also a concrete with 3*9 percent air does not show too much

improvement in modulus of elasticity, relative to the other concrete.

Increase in modulus of elasticity is lessened in three day cured

specimens (Figure 16). A slight decrease in the modulus of elasti­

city is noticed in concrete a (2 percent in air) after 20 cycles and

in concrete c (4*6j6) and b (3»9$) after 25 cycles. This decrease in

modulus of elasticity for concrete a (2^) is obvious for 7 day curing

time (Figure 17)• Concrete b (3*9^) and c (4«6#) start to loose in

modulus of elasticity after 15 cycles. In this group the only con­

crete which indicates continued growth in elasticity modulus is

group d (6.1$). The decrease in elastic modulus for concrete with

highest air content (6.1) is noticed in Figure 18, which shows the

results of freezing-and-thawing action on 14 day cured concrete, but

only after 20 cycles. Other concrete decreased slightly after all

cycles of freezing-and-thawing.

It is observed that the freezing and thawing does not stop

hardening of concrete. As the freezing of the water in the capillary

progresses, pressure due to the expansion of the first frozen water

forces the excess water into the air bubbles. The expansion of this

excess water in these bubbles may occur without disrupting the

concrete. During thawing time the water is repelled back into the

capillaries and it continues t o serve its purpose.

 49

CONCLUSION

1. No proportionality can be derived between air content and

decrease in compressive strength of the concrete. Concrete with l+m6%

air content exhibits higher strength than concrete containing air.

2. Air entrainment generally decreases dynamic modulus of

elasticity.

3* The beneficial effect of air entrainment in retarding the

deterioration, due to freezing and thawing, is observed after seven

days of curing time.

4. Increase in dynamic modulus of elasticity is not prevented

by continuous freezing and thawing action up to 14 days.

5* Rate of increase in dynamic modulus of elasticity is

inversely related to curing time.

6. Decrease in dynamic modulus of elasticity is observed

after 14 days.

7. The beneficial effect of air-entrainment is observed in

seven day cured concrete. It is not clear for other ages of

curing time.

Due to the time limit it was not possible to run more than 30

freezing-and-thawing cycles, obviously this is not enough cycles to

derive more strict conclusions.

 50
BIBLIOGRAPHY

1* Tentative Method of Test for Resistance of Concrete Specimens to

Rapid Freezing and lhawing. A.S.T.M. Designation C290-52T, Part
3, Page 1341, 1955.

2* Laboratory Studies of Concrete Containing Air Entraining

Admixtures, Journal of the American Concrete Institute, Vol. 17,
No. 4, Page 385, February 1946.

3. A.C.I., ibid, pp. 337-338*

4. E. W. Scripture, Jr., S. W . Benedict, F. J. Litwinowicz, Air

Entrainment and Resistance to Freezing and Thawing, American
Concrete Institute, Vol. 48, Page 297, December 1951*

5. Air Entrainment Proves its Value. Concrete, Vol. 55, No. 5,

PP* 3-5, May 1947*

6. Ready M i x Men Discuss Air-Entrainment Concrete, Vol. 53, No. 3,

Page 10, March 1945.

7. Edward L. Howard and Gordon W. Greene, Air in Ready Mixed

Concrete. Concrete, Vol. 55, PP* 16-18. August 1945*

8. Kennedy, H. L., High Strength Concrete, Proceedings of the First

United States Conference on Prestressed Concrete, August 14-16,
Page 130, 1951.

9. Klieger, Paul. Effect of Entrained Air on Strength and Dura­

bility of Concrete with various sizes of Aggregates. Highway
Research Board Bulletin 128, 1956.

10. Admixtures for Concrete. A.C.I., Vol. 51, Report No. 212,
pp. 113-143, October 1954.

11. Spilman, J. Arthur. Effects of Air Entraining Agents on Certain

Physical Properties of Concrete at Early Ages. Thesis, Missouri
School of Mines and Metallurgy, Rolla, Missouri.

12. Dine, A. E. The Effects of Air-Entrainment on Concrete

Containing Chert Gravel. Thesis, Missouri School of Mines and
Metallurgy, Rolla, Missouri.

13. Klieger, Paul. Further Studies on the Effect of Entrained Air

on Strength and Durability of Concrete with Various Sizes of
Aggregates. Portland Cement Association Research Bulletin No. 77,
November 1956.
 51
14* Method of Test for Fundamental Transverse, Longitudinal and Tor­
sional Frequencies of Concrete Specimens. A.S.T.M. Part 3,
Page 1355, 1955.

15. A.S.T.M. ibid pp. 1355-1359.

16. A.S.T.M. ibid pp. 1355-1359.

17* Stanlon Walker and Delraar L. Bloem. Studies of Concrete Bitrained

Air, American Concrete Institute, Vol. 6, Page 630, June 1946.
 52

VITA

Ugur Ozoguz was born on May 13, 1933 in Istanbul, Turkey.

He attended Grammar School and St . Joseph French High School in

this city, and in September of 1954 entered Robert College American

Engineering School in Istanbul, Turkey. In June 1958 he received a

Bachelor of Science Degree in Civil Engineering. He enrolled at the

Missouri School of Mines and Metallurgy in February, 1959 for

graduate studies.

After acceptance of this thesis b y the Graduate Committee of

the Missouri School of Mines and Metallurgy, he will be eligible

for the Master of Science Degree in Civil Engineering.