Structural Integrity Tests For Existing Bridge at KM 2+590 Along Metamaiywa-Kebirigo (D224) Road (Mosobet-Kebirigo Section

MTRD REPORT NO.
318
MINISTRY OF TRANSPORT, INFRASTRUCTURE,HOUSING AND URBAN

DEVELOPMENT
STATE DEPARTMENT OF INFRASTRUCTURE
MATERIALS TESTING AND RESEARCH DIVISION(MTRD)
STRUCTURAL INTEGRITY TESTS FOR EXISTING BRIDGE AT KM 2+590

ALONG METAMAIYWA-KEBIRIGO (D224) ROAD (MOSOBET-KEBIRIGO
SECTION
FEBRUARY, 2018
CHIEF ENGINEER (MATERIALS )

MACHAKOS ROAD INDUSTRIAL AREA
P.O. BOX 11873-00400
NAIROBI
STRUCTURAL INTEGRITY TESTS FOR EXISTING BRIDGE AT KM 2+590 ALONG METAMAIYWA-KEBIRIGO (D224) ROAD (MOSOBET-KEBIRIGO SECTION
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MTRD REPORT NO.318
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1.0 INTRODUCTION……………………………………………………………………….....1
1.1 Scope of work……………………………………………………..…………….…1
2.0 TESTS DONE………………………………………………………………………..…….2
2.1 Overview of Tests Methods ………………………………………….…………………2
2.1.1 Visual Inspection……………………….............………….……….…..2

2.1.2 Schmidt Hammer Test………………………………………..............2
2.1.3 Electromagnetic Test……………………………………..……………..2
2.1.4 Ultrasonic Pulse velocity Test……………………………..……........3
2.1.5 Carbonation Test………………………………………………....….…..3
2.1.6 Reinforcement Corrosion Investigation………………..................4
3.0 TESTS RESULTS…………………………………………………………………………5
4.0 CONCLUSIONS …………………………………………………………………………..9
5.0 RECOMMENDATIONS…………………………………………………………………10
APPENDIX 2: PHOTOS………………………………………………………………....……..11
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MTRD REPORT NO.318
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1: Scope of work………………………………………………………………………...1
Table 2: Inferences for ultrasonic pulse velocities……………………………………...3
Table 3: Evaluation of Carbonation Depth……………………………………………….4
Table 4: Resistivity Level vs Possible Corrosion Rate…………………………………..4
Table 5: Concrete Strength Tests Results…………………………………………….…..5
Table 6: Ultrasonic Test Results (Direct Transmission)……………………………….6
Table 7: Resistivity Test Results ………………………………………………………......6
Table 8: Carbonation Test Results ……………………………………………….………..6
Table 9:Re-bar details for beams………………………………………………………..…..7
Table 10:Re-bar details for deck slab………………………………………………………9
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MTRD REPORT NO.318
1.0 INTRODUCTION
This report has been prepared in response to a request made by General Manager
(Maintenance),Kenya Rural Roads Authority of P.O. Box 48151-00100 Nairobi to
carry out structural integrity tests for existing bridge at km 2+590 along
Metamaiywa-Kebirigo (D224) road (Mosobet-Kebirigo section).
1.1 Scope of work

The scope of work as shown below involved testing of structural elements in the
superstructure and substructure for several parameters using various Non-
Destructive Testing methods.
Table 1: Scope of work
Item
no. Structural Parameters tested Inspection details/methods
element
Appearance Carry out visual inspection
Re-bar details Carry out electromagnetic
tests
Insitu Concrete strength Carry out Schmidt hammer
tests
Quality, homogeneity and Carry out ultrasonic pulse
1 Abutments internal defects of concrete velocity tests
matrix
Deterioration status of the i. Carry out resistivity
concrete matrix tests
i. Corrosion ii. Carry out carbonation
ii. Remaining effective depth tests
good covers
Crack profiling(if any) i. Use of crack width
microscope to measure
crack widths
ii. Carry out ultrasonic
tests to measure crack
depths
2 Wing walls Ditto Ditto
3 Deck slabs Ditto Ditto
4 Ancillary Fixtures Appearance Carry out visual inspections
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MTRD REPORT NO.318
2.0 TESTS DONE

Six tests were done namely:
i) Visual Inspection to ascertain the extent of wear and tear of the

structure.
ii) Ultrasonic Test to determine the homogeneity, quality, and internal
defects in the concrete matrix.
iii) Electromagnetic Test to establish the steel reinforcement details for
reinforced concrete.
iv) Schmidt Hammer Test to determine the concrete strength insitu.
v) Carbonation test to determine the effective good cover to the
reinforcement.
vi) Resistivity potential to determine the probability of corrosion of the
re-bars.
2.1 Test Method Principles

2.1.1 Visual Inspection
Visual Inspection is used in maintenance of facilities, inspection of
equipment and structures using either or all of human senses such as
vision, hearing, touch and smell. Visual Inspection typically means
inspection using human senses and/or any non-specialized inspection
equipment.
2.1.2 Schmidt Hammer Test
This is a rebound hammer method based on the principle that the rebound of an
elastic mass depends on the hardness of the surface that it strikes.
The method can be useful in supplementing core testing by locating areas of

potential weakness or variability and avoiding destructiveness.
The rebound number obtained from a Schmidt Hammer is correlated with

concrete cube crushing strength. This method is used for insitu concrete
strength tests in various structural elements.
2.1.3 Electromagnetic Test

This method is employed for locating steel in concrete .The principle method of
test is by electromagnetic induction. When a probe carrying an alternating field is
brought close to steel, eddy magnetic fields are generated by the steel, which
reduces the primary field of the probe. At maximum induction level depicted by
audio signals and reduction in minimum cover measurement, the location and
orientation of a reinforcement bar can be established. After appropriate
calibration, the technique can be used for: Electromagnetic cover meters can be
used for:
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MTRD REPORT NO.318
i. Quality control to ensure correct location and cover to reinforcing bars after
concrete placement.
ii. Investigation of concrete members for which records are not available or
need to be checked.
iii. location of reinforcement as a preliminary to some other form of testing in
which reinforcement should be avoided or its nature taken into account, e.g.
extraction of cores, ultrasonic pulse velocity measurements or near to
surface methods.
The accuracy of reinforcing bar size estimation range from ±2% to ±15%.
2.1.4 Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity Test

The velocity of an ultrasonic pulse is influenced by those properties of concrete
which determine its elastic stiffness and mechanical strength. The variations
obtained in a set of pulse velocity measurements made along different paths in a
structure reflect a corresponding variation in the state of the concrete. When a
region of low compaction, voids or damaged material is present in the concrete
under test, a corresponding reduction in the calculated pulse velocity occurs and
this enables the approximate extent of the imperfections to be determined.
As concrete matures or deteriorates, the changes, which occur with time in its
structure, are reflected in either an increase or a decrease, respectively, in the
pulse velocity.
Table 2: Inferences for ultrasonic pulse velocities

Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity Inference
(km/s)
> 4.5 Excellent Quality Concrete
3.5-4.5 Good Quality Concrete
3.0- 3.5 Satisfactory
2.0-3.0 Poor Quality Concrete
< 2.0km/s Very Poor Quality Concrete
2.1.5 Carbonation Test.

The phenolphthalein test is a simple and cheap method of determining the depth
of carbonation in concrete and provides information on the risk of reinforcement
corrosion taking place.
The drilling method is used to determine the depth of carbonation. The drilled out
material at prescribed depth is then analyzed for carbonation using
phenolphthalein reagent. Presence of carbonation is depicted by no color change
while the color changes to pink in the absence of carbonation.
Deterioration degree is judged based on the balance of carbonation depth as
shown in the table below.
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MTRD REPORT NO.318
Table 3: Evaluation of Carbonation Depth

Balance of Carbonation Degree of reinforcement
Deterioration degree
Depth corrosion
High T < 0 mm Large
Medium 0 mm ≤ T < 10 mm Medium
Low 10 mm≤ T < 30 mm Low
None 30 mm≤ T None
Note: Balance of Carbonation Depth = Cover – Carbonation depth
2.1.6 Reinforcement Corrosion Investigation (Resistivity potential
method)
Resistivity measurement is a fast and simple in situ non-destructive method to
obtain information related to the corrosion hazard of embedded reinforcement.
The time at which corrosion of steel may commence and the rate at which it may
proceed is dependent upon the properties of the cement paste and the
permeability of the concrete. Since the electrical conductivity of concrete is an
electrolysis process, which takes place by ionic movement in the aqueous pore
solution of the cement matrix, it follows that a highly permeable concrete will have
a high conductivity and low electrical resistance.
The knowledge of the electrical resistance of concrete can provide a measure of the
possible corrosion of steel embedded in it as shown below.
Table 4: Resistivity Level vs Possible Corrosion Rate
Resistivity Level(k ohm cm) Possible Corrosion Rate
<5 Very high
5-10 high
10-20 moderate to low
>20 insignificant
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MTRD REPORT NO.318
3.0 TEST RESULTS

Visual Inspection
i. This is a single span structure comprising of an RC deck slab, RC beams

concrete blocks abutments and wing walls.
ii. There were no visible structural defects.
iii. There were no bearings, bituminous sheets were used instead.
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MTRD REPORT NO.318
Table 5: Concrete Strength Tests Results
Structural Element Test Location Average Concrete Strength

(N/mm2)
Abutment 1-blocks
Metamaywa Side A1 18.2
Abutment 2-blocks A2 18.8
Kebirigo Side
R.H.S 18.7
Wing wall- blocks
kebirigo side L.H.S 18.2
Wing wall- blocks R.H.S 16.8

kebirigo side
L.H.S 18.2
Kebirigo Side Support 25.9

Deck slab -RC
Midspan 29.2
B1 30.2
26.7
Beam-RC B2
B3 30.2
B4 30.6
B5 27.2
B6 23.7
Table 6: Ultrasonic Test Results (Direct Transmission)
Test Location Distance Transit Velocity Remarks

(mm) Time (ms) (km/s)
Beam 1 170 41.8 4.07 good quality
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MTRD REPORT NO.318
Table 7: Resistivity Test Results
Structural Element Test Location Resistivity Remarks

(kΩcm)
Beams B1 107.4 probability of corrosion
Deck slab DS1 109.4 activity is insignificant
Table 8: Carbonation Test Results
Test element Test Carbonation Least Effective Remarks/Degree

location Depth (mm) Cover Cover of deterioration
Recorded (mm)
(mm)
Beams B1 3.0 24 21 Low
Deck slab DS1 3.0 30 27 Low
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MTRD REPORT NO.318
Table 9: Re-Bar Details for beams
Test Member Size (mm),No of Re-Bars & Spacing(mm) Re- Average Links
Location bar covers details
size (mm) (mm)
(mm)
Deck Slab 200
Beam 1 Side A: Spacing:

A 25
200
Side B:
C 25 27 Size: 10
80
170
BB
200
Deck Slab
Beam 2 Side A: Spacing:

A 25
400 25 100
Side B:
C
25 Size: 10
80
170
B A
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MTRD REPORT NO.318
Test Member Size (mm),No of Re-Bars & Spacing(mm) Re- Average Links
Location bar covers details
size (mm) (mm)
(mm)
Deck Slab 200
Beam 3 Side A:25 Spacing:

A
400 25 Side B:25 200
C Size: 10
80
170
BB
Deck Slab 200
Side A: 23 Spacing
Beam 4 Side B: 24 200

A 25 Size: 10
400
C
120
170
BA
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MTRD REPORT NO.318
Table 10: Rebar Details for the deck slab
Test location Orientation Average cover Spacing Rebar Size

(mm) (mm)
(mm)
longitudinal 51 200 12
DS1-Kebirigo side Transverse 42 200 12

support
longitudinal 42 200 12
DS2-midspan Transverse 30 200 12
4.0 CONCLUSIONS
4.1 Carbonation and resistivity tests results
The carbonation tests results show that there is adequate effective good cover to
reinforcement hence no risk of re-bar corrosion.
Resistivity tests indicate insignificant corrosion activity.
4.2 Ultrasonic pulse velocity results
When a region of low compaction, voids or damaged material is present in the

concrete under test, a corresponding reduction in the calculated pulse velocity
occurs and this enables the approximate extent of the imperfections to be
determined.
As concrete matures or deteriorates, the changes, which occur with time in its
structure, are reflected in either an increase or a decrease, respectively, in the
pulse velocity. In this case high ultrasonic pulse velocities were recorded for the
sampled area, an indication of good quality concrete.
4.3 Concrete Strength Tests
The strengths obtained from the sampled elements indicate low values for the
abutment and wing wall blocks in comparison to various standard concrete
classes for structural concrete. However results for the deck slab and beams
indicate class 25 concrete.
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MTRD REPORT NO.318
4.4 Re-Bar Details
Test results for re-bar details should be looked at in assessing their adequacy in
the structure as built.
5.0 RECOMMENDATION
The project Structural Engineer is advised to make his judgment as to the
suitability of the structure for the intended use based on the results presented
herein as a guide.
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MTRD REPORT NO.318
APPENDIX: PHOTOS FOR VARIOUS TESTING ACTIVITIES
Photo 1: Schmidt hammer test on a beam
Photo 2: Schmidt hammer test on a wing wall
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MTRD REPORT NO.318
Photo 3: Resistivity test on the deck slab
Photo 4: Carbonation test on a beam
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MTRD REPORT NO.318
Photo 5:Re-bar Mapping on a Beam
Photo 6: Ultrasonic pulse velocity test on a beam
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MTRD REPORT NO.318
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Structural Integrity Tests For Existing Bridge at KM 2+590 Along Metamaiywa-Kebirigo (D224) Road (Mosobet-Kebirigo Section

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MTRD REPORT NO.

MINISTRY OF TRANSPORT, INFRASTRUCTURE,HOUSING AND URBAN

STRUCTURAL INTEGRITY TESTS FOR EXISTING BRIDGE AT KM 2+590

CHIEF ENGINEER (MATERIALS )

2.1.1 Visual Inspection……………………….............………….……….…..2

Table 6: Ultrasonic Test Results (Direct Transmission)……………………………….6

Table 7: Resistivity Test Results ………………………………………………………......6

Table 8: Carbonation Test Results ……………………………………………….………..6

Table 9:Re-bar details for beams………………………………………………………..…..7

Table 10:Re-bar details for deck slab………………………………………………………9

1.1 Scope of work

2.0 TESTS DONE

i) Visual Inspection to ascertain the extent of wear and tear of the

2.1 Test Method Principles

The method can be useful in supplementing core testing by locating areas of

The rebound number obtained from a Schmidt Hammer is correlated with

2.1.3 Electromagnetic Test

2.1.4 Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity Test

Table 2: Inferences for ultrasonic pulse velocities

3.5-4.5 Good Quality Concrete

3.0- 3.5 Satisfactory

2.0-3.0 Poor Quality Concrete

< 2.0km/s Very Poor Quality Concrete

2.1.5 Carbonation Test.

Table 3: Evaluation of Carbonation Depth

3.0 TEST RESULTS

i. This is a single span structure comprising of an RC deck slab, RC beams

ii. There were no visible structural defects.

iii. There were no bearings, bituminous sheets were used instead.

Table 5: Concrete Strength Tests Results

Structural Element Test Location Average Concrete Strength

Wing wall- blocks R.H.S 16.8

Kebirigo Side Support 25.9

Table 6: Ultrasonic Test Results (Direct Transmission)

Test Location Distance Transit Velocity Remarks

Beam 1 170 41.8 4.07 good quality

Beam 2 170 45.0 3.78 good quality

Beam 3 1170 43.2 3.93 good quality

Beam 4 170 43.5 3.91 good quality

Beam 5 170 42.1 4.03 good quality

Beam 6 170 43.0 3.95 good quality

Table 7: Resistivity Test Results

Structural Element Test Location Resistivity Remarks

Table 8: Carbonation Test Results

Test element Test Carbonation Least Effective Remarks/Degree

Table 9: Re-Bar Details for beams

Deck Slab 200

Beam 1 Side A: Spacing:

Beam 2 Side A: Spacing:

Deck Slab 200

Beam 3 Side A:25 Spacing:

Deck Slab 200

Beam 4 Side B: 24 200

Table 10: Rebar Details for the deck slab

Test location Orientation Average cover Spacing Rebar Size

DS1-Kebirigo side Transverse 42 200 12

DS2-midspan Transverse 30 200 12

4.1 Carbonation and resistivity tests results

Resistivity tests indicate insignificant corrosion activity.

4.2 Ultrasonic pulse velocity results

When a region of low compaction, voids or damaged material is present in the

4.4 Re-Bar Details

APPENDIX: PHOTOS FOR VARIOUS TESTING ACTIVITIES