BUILDING

AND
MECHANICS
NOTEBOOK

INTA32 2_ W6_ A 1
PROFESSOR: ALEKSAND RA MOORE
STUDENT: CHRISTINA VITALE
 Table of Content
Role of the Interior Designer in Sustainable Design
 Circulation Design
 Case Studies of Different Structural Types
 Indoor Air Quality/HVAC Design Scenario
 Case Study—Heating and Cooling Design
 Water System and Plumbing Design
 Case Study—Restroom Design
 Fire Detection and Separation
Case Study—Acoustics
Lighting Selection Scenarios
 Works Cited
 Images Cited
 Role of the
Interior
Designer
in
Sustainable
Design
INTA32 2_ W1_ A 3
PROFESSOR: ALEKSAND RA MOORE
STUDENT: CHRISTINA VITALE
 Cold Climate
Site design: The position of the entrance of the building will be sheltered from the
prevailing winder winds with a cover over entrance, keeping out the cold and snow. The
entrance will be at the south side of the building. The 2000 sq ft building will building will
be near the existing evergreen trees, which provide wind break in the winter from the
house (Climates).

Construction methods and materials: There will be a structural load and a COLD roof on
the ledges to help keep the snow and ice build up minimal to reduce the potential hazards
from falling (Climates). The building will have double walls, which involves building two
stud walls; one that is load-bearing and a second wall that is not, and will have blown in
insulation (Build).

Use and control of daylight: The windows will be positioned so they

can take in the low-angle winter sun, and the glass will be used to
prevent heat loss and ice formation (Climates) .

Interior finishes: A wood fireplace, heavy drapery/upholstery and the 4

entryway should have laminate flooring, while the rest of the home will
be carpet because of their ability to keep the building warm. (Flooring)

Interior colors: Darker colors should be implemented so the heat can

absorb the sun’s heat (Climates).
Cold Climate
 Temperate Climate

Site design: The position of the building will be by the existing evergreen and deciduous
tress that will provide wind breaks in the winter and will provide shade in the summer, to
allow winter sun in for solar gain. (Climates).

Construction methods and materials: The roof and walls are insulated with reflective foil
& bulk insulation (or thermo-cellular reflective insulation), to reflect heat and retain
warmth or coolness. The building will utilize insulated thermal mass for all walls.
(Temperate)

Use and control of daylight: The building will be providing window coverings to reduce
summer heat gain and the loss of heat in winter, windows should be placed to take
advantage of any cooling breezes in summer, yet tinted so too much sun exposure
doesn’t create too much heat.(Temperate)

Interior finishes: Hardwood flooring, tile, blinds, drapery, and house plants to help with 6

clean air and cooling in the home (mentally and physically). (Flooring)

Interior colors: Neutral colors can be used to help neutralize all the
seasons.(Climates).
Temperate Climate
 Hot/Arid Climate

Site design: The position of the building will be by the existing evergreen and deciduous
tress that will provide wind breaks in the winter and will provide shade in the summer, to
allow winter sun in for solar gain. (Climates).

Construction methods and materials: Their will be continuous insulation is an excellent option for protecting
a building’s envelope. There will be concrete slabs to represent the primary foundation, to help keep the
home cool. Roofs in hot climates should reflect and release the sun's rays. Roofing made of highly reflective
materials, like white metal roofing or white concrete tile roofing, work well to reflect the heat and make the
building's occupants comfortable. (HOT)

Use and control of daylight: Windows provide a building with both natural lighting and ventilation. In hot climates, it is
important to use small windows that minimize the heat gain, particularly on the west side of a building. The main windows
of a building, for both light and ventilation, should face north and south. Ideally, these windows should have insulated
shutters that can be closed in the day and opened up at night. Every effort should be made to shade all the windows (Hot).

Interior finishes: Hardwood flooring, tile, heavy blinds, perhaps some blackout drapery
and house plants to help with clean air and cooling in the home (mentally and
physically). (Flooring) 8

Interior colors: Lighter and cool colors like light blue can be used to
help reflect the heat.(Climates).
Hot/Arid CLIMATE
Aspects an interior designer has on the
impacts of a sustainable design

In a true perspective, interior designers must be weary of their surroundings.

They must know the environment that a future platform will exist in. Knowing if
a building will be in a particular climate can change the way a house is designed
or positioned. If these aspects aren’t researched and discovered, a building
could suffer from the hazards that the environment can bring on the building
and personnel that occupy those spaces. The sun or cold winters can be to much
on a foundation if it is not built correctly. Understanding how these climates can
help a building design succeed is very much important as the negative impacts.
The sun can help bring warmth in a cool home, while the cold breeze can cool
down a room that was once intensely hot. Ensuring that interior designer's work
with all the team members and developers will greatly enhance the questions
and understanding of what will work to create the most practical sustainable
design.

10
 Vertical
Circulation
Design

INTA32 2_ W2_ A 1
PROFESSOR: ALEKSAND RA MOORE
STUDENT: CHRISTINA VITALE
 34” – 38”

34” – 38”

4”-7”

11” min 11” min 12” min

The stair enclosure must meet fire-rating requirements. All doors in an exit stair must swing in
the direction of discharge. Stairway should be enclosed by a walls of fire-rated construction so
it is accessible by a vestibule or open exterior balcony, the stairway is then a smokeproof
enclosure. This area is kept under positive air pressure so that smoke will not tend to enter
even when a door is opened.
 12” min

60” min
60” min

60” min
60” min

12” min 36” min 60” min

Maximum slope 1:12

(1:20 preferred)
 68” min

51” min

The ADA and ANSI A117.1 established barrier-free provisions for access by people with disabilities.
• Easily seen and understood visible signals in the car and at landings should be accompanied by
audible signals.
• A voice synthesizer may announce the floor, direction of travel, and safety or emergency messages
inside the car. Voice synthesizers are very helpful for people with vision problems.
Hydraulic Elevators
Hydraulic elevators are supported by a piston at the bottom of
the elevator that pushes the elevator up as an electric motor
forces oil or another hydraulic fluid into the piston. The
elevator descends as a valve releases the fluid from the piston.
They are used for low-rise applications of 2-8 stories and travel
at a maximum speed of 200 feet per minute. The machine room
for hydraulic elevators is located at the lowest level adjacent to
the elevator shaft.

Conventional Hydraulic Elevators have a sheave that extends

below the floor of the elevator pit, which accepts the retracting
piston as the elevator descends. Some configurations have a
telescoping piston that collapses and requires a shallower hole
below the pit. Max travel distance is approximately 60 feet.

Hole-less Hydraulic Elevators have a piston on either side of the

cab. In this configuration, the telescoping pistons are fixed at
the base of the pit and do not require a sheave or hole below
the pit. Telescoping pistons allow up to 50 feet of travel
distance. Non-telescoping pistons only allow about 20 feet of
travel distance.

Roped Hydraulic Elevators use a combination of ropes and a

piston to move the elevator. Maximum travel distance is about
60 feet.

Hydraulic elevators have a low initial cost and their ongoing

maintenance costs are lower compared to the other elevator
types. However, hydraulic elevators use more energy than
other types of elevators because the electric motor works
against gravity as it forces hydraulic fluid into the piston. A
major drawback of hydraulic elevators is that the hydraulic fluid
can sometimes leak, which can cause a serious environmental
hazard. The environmental risk and high energy use are two
main reasons that hydraulic elevators are not being installed as
often as in the past.
Geared and Gearless Traction
Elevators with Machine Room
Traction elevators are lifted by ropes, which pass over a wheel
attached to an electric motor above the elevator shaft. They are
used for mid and high-rise applications and have much higher travel
speeds than hydraulic elevators. A counter weight makes the
elevators more efficient by offsetting the weight of the car and
occupants so that the motor doesn't have to move as much weight.

Geared Traction Elevators have a gearbox that is attached to the

motor, which drives the wheel that moves the ropes. Geared
traction elevators are capable of travel speeds up to 500 feet per
minute. The maximum travel distance for a geared traction elevator
is around 250 feet.

Gear-less Traction Elevators have the wheel attached directly to the

motor. Gear-less traction elevators are capable of speeds up to
2,000 feet per minute and they have a maximum travel distance of
around 2,000 feet so they are the only choice for high-rise
applications.

Geared traction elevators are middle of the road in terms of initial

cost, ongoing maintenance costs, and energy consumption. Gear-less
traction elevators have a high initial cost, medium ongoing
maintenance costs, and use energy a bit more efficiently than geared
traction elevators.

It is important that traction elevator ropes and sheaves are checked

for wear on a regular basis. As they wear, the traction between the
sheave and the cables is reduced and slippage becomes more
regular, which reduces the efficiency and can become dangerous if
left unchecked.

Traction elevators have height restrictions that are governed by the

length and weight of the cables or ropes. New materials that are
stronger and lighter, such as carbon fiber, will allow traction
elevators to achieve new heights
Machine-Room-Less (MRL)
Elevators
Machine-Room-Less Elevators are traction elevators
that do not have a dedicated machine room above the
elevator shaft. The machine sits in the override space
and is accessed from the top of the elevator cab when
maintenance or repairs are required. The control
boxes are located in a control room that is adjacent to
the elevator shaft on the highest landing and within
around 150 feet of the machine.

Machine-room-less elevators have a maximum travel

distance of up to 250 feet and can travel at speeds up
to 500 feet-per-minute. MRL elevators are
comparable to geared traction elevators in terms of
initial and maintenance costs, but they have relatively
low energy consumption compared to geared
elevators.

Machine-room-less elevators are becoming the most

popular choice for mid-rise buildings where the travel
distance is up to 250 feet. They are energy efficient,
require less space, and their operation and reliability
are on par with gear-less traction elevators.

The main reason that MRL elevators have been

adopted so slowly in the United States is because the
building codes had provisions that didn't allow the
motor to be within the hoistway. This is slowly being
changed, but it is worth consulting with the local
authorities before specifying an MRL elevator.
 Case Studies
of
Different
Structural

INTA32 2_ W2_ A 2
PROFESSOR: ALEKSAND RA MOORE
STUDENT: CHRISTINA VITALE
 Church of
Light
Fig. 1 Church of Light, Osaka, Japan (Interior Chapel)

Name: Church of Light

Location: Osaka, Japan
Architect: Tadao Ando
Function: Church and Chapel

Symbolic:

Tadao’s minimalist approach with the

structure of the building really effects Fig. 2 Church of Light, Osaka, Japan (Interior Chapel)

the interior in a simplistic manner. It

creates a sense of purity and elegance in
which light and darkness guides the
those within the church towards the
natural lighted cross at the front of the
chapel. The structure and interiors
collaboration come together so well,
that they are able to evoke pure
emotions.
Fig. 3 Church of Light, Osaka, Japan (Render of Exterior)
 Johnson
Wax
Building
Fig. 4 Johnson Wax Building, Racine, Wisconsin

Name: Johnson Wax Building

Location: Racine, Wisconsin
Architect: Frank Lloyd Wright
Function: Research Tower &
Administration Building

Innovative:
Frank Lloyd Wright was very insightful and Fig. 5 Johnson Wax Building, Racine, Wisconsin (Administration Office)
really idolized different approaches to his
designs. For this particular design approach, he
wanted to make sure the structure and the
interior has customized red brick that fit the
curved elements of the building and compliment
each other. Since the building wasn’t in a area
with great views. Lloyd created windows and
skylights throughout each building to bring in the
sky wherever he could to those who worked
inside the buildings. To accommodate the
exterior nature elements he brought “Tree
Shaped Columns”, and one of the first open
concept office spaces. The structure of the
building with it’s curves, windows, skylights and
open area really influenced the same interior Fig. 6 Johnson Wax Building, Racine, Wisconsin (Administration Office)
aspects within the building with a natural and
modern approach.
 Seattle
Central
Library
Fig. 7 Seattle Central Library, Seattle, Washington

Name: Seattle Central Library

Location: Seattle , Washington
Architect: Rem Koolhaas and Joshua
Prince-Ramus
Function: Library

Magnificent:
As you stare in amazement at the Seattle Fig. 8 Seattle Central Library, Seattle, Washington (Reading Area)
Central Library. The thought of this glass
and steel framed building being a library
in the first place surpasses the normal
structure we are used to seeing. Now, this
was the approach for the architects. They
wanted to change the normal “look”. The
exterior is open to the world and flows
into the interior of the building. The
windows bring forth light, a open space
and a cohesive environment that we aren’t
used to in library's. Each level and
function of this building runs into each
other. There are books, media centers
Fig. 9 Seattle Central Library, Seattle, Washington (Reading Area)
and lounge area everywhere. Those that
go into the building are all there for a
reason. The interior and exterior help
bring that reasoning together with this
very intelligent design.
 Indoor Air
Quality/HVAC
Design Scenario

INTA32 2_ W3_ A 1
PROFESSOR: ALEKSAND RA MOORE
STUDENT: CHRISTINA VITALE
 Boulder, Colorado Air Quality
Index (AIQ)
Denver Metro
No Advisories in Effect
No Indoor Burning Restrictions
Current Air Quality
Wednesday, February 13, 2019:
No Advisories are in effect for the
seven-county Denver-Boulder
metropolitan area until at least 4
PM Thursday, February 14, 2019.
Good or moderate air quality
conditions are expected.
When no advisories are issued, air
quality is good or moderate and is
expected to remain so during the
effective period of the forecast. No
restrictions are in place.
 Indoor air quality (IAQ) and an
energy conscious approach

•To ensure a healthy indoor air quality (IAQ)and promote an energy

conscious approach to the heating, cooling, and ventilation systems:
• As a collaborative effort , the mechanical engineer will ensure the heating
and cooling systems are properly designed and that there is enough
ventilation to keep the space free from contaminants.
• The interior designer will select materials and equipment that limit adding
new pollutants.
• The building owner also has a big part in maintaining the IAQ. The
mechanical equipment must be properly maintained and cleaned, and any
leaks need to be promptly and correctly repaired to avoid the growth of
mold.
• Ventilation is one of the best ways to maintain a good IAQ by bringing in
fresh air and airing out the contaminants present in the space.
• This can be achieved by mechanical means. The mechanical engineer will
make sure there are enough air changes by using fans and pressurization or
depressurization to draw outside air in and push the indoor air out.
• Air cleaners or filters can be used to prevent pollutants from outside from
entering the space or to prevent pollutants already existing inside from
recirculating the space.
• Another method is natural ventilation from operable windows and even the
infiltration of air when the door opens (Healthy).
 Ceiling Tile and Renovation
Overview
•The building has water-damaged ceiling tiles.
• Since there has been water damage in the ceiling tiles, they will need to be
replaced (IAQ). It would also be idea to ensure there is no mold growth
within the ceiling and old ceiling tiles.

•The office space will remain occupied during the renovation

construction.
• As the interior designer should specify I will ensure that there are no
materials and furnishings that give off little or no additional contaminants
such as VOCs (Volatile organic compounds). Since the space will be occupied
during the renovation, care will be taken to provide as much separation
between the construction work and the occupied space (VOC).
 Window Renovation Overview
•The client is considering replacing the windows of the building. The
space where the windows are located is on the west and south sides of
the building.
• It would be beneficial to have an two layers of glass window approach. Using
low-E coatings, which affect the windows’ ability to absorb or reflect radiant
energy, may cost 10 to 15 percent more, but they can reduce energy loss up
to 18 percent. Adding low-E coatings to all of the windows in the United
States would save half a million barrels of oil per day.
• Will apply sun-control or other reflective films on south-facing windows to
reduce solar gain in warm climates.
• Will install new windows correctly to avoid air leaks around the window
frame.
• Will select windows with both low U-values and low SHGC ratings in climates
with both heating and cooling seasons.
• To help aid with saving money and utilizing natural resources (energy). It
would be very valuable for the client to utilize natural ventilation from
operable windows and even the infiltration of air when the door
opens(Windows).
 Flooring and Wall Finish
Overview
• Flooring and wall finishes will all be replaced. Recommended wall coverings and paint:
• Flooring
• Floor Tile or Hardwood floor will be ideal:

• Floor-tile adhesives may emit toluene, benzene, ethyl acetate, ethyl benzene, and styrene.
Adhesives with low VOCs are available.
• Hardwood flooring:
• UF or polyurethane coatings on hardwood flooring briefly emit butyl acetate, ethyl
acetate, ethyl benzene, xylenes, and formaldehyde VOCs.
• Some of the adhesives used with wood flooring also emit VOCs.
•Wall Coverings
• VOC emissions for all types of wall coverings drop significantly a few days after installation. The adhesives
used for heavy wall coverings can be a problem; wallpaper paste may emit a wide variety of VOCs. Low-
toxic adhesives are available.
• To reduce VOC emission, lightweight wall paper can be used with light, water-based glue.

•Paint
• Latex water-based paints release much lower VOCs and may emit butanone, ethyl benzene, and toluene.
Latex paints with mercury-based preservatives and antimildew agents can increase the risk of liver and
kidney damage and if inhaled, can affect the lungs and brain. Despite this, they are less hazardous than
solvent-based paints(Paint).

•New furniture will be purchased.

Most of the more serious effects of VOCs are the result of exposures at levels higher than
those normally expected indoors, such as installation of large volumes of new furniture. To
alleviate any aftermath. The team will ensure to purchase furniture that has pressed-wood
products that are made with VOC-emitting chemicals to provide strength and moisture
resistance, including formaldehyde, ∝-pinene, xylenes, butanol, butyl acetate, hexanal, and
acetone.
• Common pressed-wood products include particleboard, medium-density fiberboard (MDF), hardwood
plywood, chipboard, and hardboard such as pegboard (Furniture).
 Case Study—
Heating and
Cooling Design

INTA32 2_ W3_ A 2
PROFESSOR: ALEKSAND RA MOORE
STUDENT: CHRISTINA VITALE
 Name: Aldo Leopold Legacy Center
Location: , Baraboo, Wisconsin
Architect: The Kubala Washatko Architects,
Inc.
Function: Weave a land ethic into the fabric
of our society; to advance the understanding,
stewardship and restoration of land health;
and to cultivate leadership for conservation.
Fig. 1 Aldo Leopold, Baraboo, Wisconsin

HVAC System:
• As one of the first cutting-edge “green” systems to be installed in North America, the
project team behind the design of the center’s geothermal system and heat exchangers
feed radiant floor heat as well as supply cooling in the hottest summer months. An
integral part of the HVAC system for ventilation, the concrete “earth tubes” were
installed early in the construction process, covering more than 5,000 square feet, with
one third of it under the building itself. The maze of pipes enters the structure through
the concrete foundation wall and is grouted in place with non-shrink, non-metallic
grout (Aldo Legacy).

• The building’s heating, cooling and ventilation systems are powered by solar panels, a
renewable source of energy rather than natural gas or other fossil fuels. More than 500
sensors monitor energy use, temperature, and even carbon dioxide levels in the
building to track the Legacy Center’s performance and indoor comfort levels (Aldo
Legacy).

How this system effects the Interior:

• The Legacy Center's main building is an all-perimeter space oriented along an east-
west axis to maximize daylight penetration and to allow strategic placement of
operable windows for cross ventilation and passive heating and cooling. Daylight levels
provide sufficient general illumination during most periods of the day. Light enters the
building from two directions, providing balanced natural light (Aldo Leopold).
• Displacement ventilation provides fresh air that has been preconditioned by an earth-
tube system. An ultraviolet filter located between the earth tubes and the air-handling
unit controls mold and bacteria. All building areas except the basement mechanical
room can be naturally ventilated in appropriate weather. The radiant floor provides
heating in winter and cooling in summer. Staff determine whether the building is
operation (Aldo Leopold).

Aldo Leopold Legacy Center

 Name: The Terry Thomas
Location: Seattle, Washington
Architect: Weber Thompson
Function: Seattle's first
commercial office building
structure developed in decades
without central air conditioning.
Fig. 2 The Terry Thomas , Seattle, Washington

HVAC System:
• The Terry Thomas is a highly sustainable, LEED Gold for Core and Shell certified
commercial building located in Seattle’s South Lake Union neighborhood. Wrapped in
windows, it is a building designed along a modern aesthetic with a combination of
time-tested strategies from the pre-HVAC era and complimentary new technologies. It
is Seattle’s first commercial office building structure developed in decades without
central air conditioning and is a working demonstration of the possibilities of
sustainable design (Terry Thomas).

• The design choices made for The Terry Thomas reflect changing attitudes about the
environment, climate change and employee well-being. The building reduces its carbon
footprint with no air conditioning, reduced lighting, a feature stair that encourages use, and a
single elevator. The passive cooling system features operable windows, automated louvers and
a courtyard. Warm air is drawn into the central courtyard, which acts as a chimney, sending it
skyward. Glass sunshades, exterior automated blinds, and a reflective roof protects occupants
from solar heat gain. Designing to optimize the natural ventilation went hand in hand with
enabling natural light to penetrate the building, dramatically reducing the need for electrical
lighting (Terry Thomas).
How this system effects the Interior:
• Weber Thompson’s Offices are probably the best offices anyone here has ever worked
in. Fresh air, natural daylight, climate control and a solid connection with the outside all
work together to make this a great place to spend 50% of our waking week (Interior).

• As designer and client, we were faced with the rare challenge of creating our own ideal,
creative work environment that reflected our culture and gave us a chance to try out some
sustainable strategies. We took a collaborative approach and after a series of intensive
meetings, an employee survey and focus groups with staff members, consultants, city
representatives and owners, it was determined that the office (and by extension, the building)
would feature passive ventilation, extensive daylighting, sustainable materials and would aim
for LEED certification (Interior).

The Terry Thomas

 Name: Sacramento Kings
Golden 1 Center
Location: Sacramento, California
Architect: Aecom Architecture
Function: Modern Arena
Fig. 3 Sacramento Kings Golden 1 Center, Sacramento, California

HVAC System:
The Golden 1 Center is unprecedented in its building systems as well. It is the first U.S.
arena of its size to use a displacement ventilation system, and the first to receive approval
from the NBA to incorporate fresh air into its supply air during a game—something
typically restricted due to concerns that abrupt changes in outdoor temperature and
humidity could affect player safety by, for example, creating condensation on the court.
The displacement ventilation system allays these firms by directing fresh air upward from
floor openings under the seating, instead of pumping forced air down into the arena from
overhead diffusers (Kings).

How this system effects the Interior:

• As the first LEED Platinum–certified NBA arena, the Golden 1 Center is expected to
reduce overall carbon dioxide emissions by an estimated 24 percent from that of Sleep
Train Arena. Its downtown location alone has cut average miles traveled per attendee
by 20 percent and travel-related greenhouse gas emissions per attendee by 36 percent
(Kings).

• The arena is powered entirely by solar energy, sourced from a 1.2-megawatt array on
its rooftop and an 11-megawatt solar farm 40 miles away. It also uses 45 percent less
water than what state code requires, and 30 percent less energy than the baseline set
by the stringent California Title 24 requirements. Measures such as locally sourcing 90
percent of its food help(Kings).

• Perhaps most relevant to the everyday attendee is that the arena’s conditioning can be
crowd-sourced. An in-game app allows audience members—all 17,000 of them—to
input whether they’re hot, cold, or comfortable in real time, allowing building facilities
to assess audience comfort quickly (Kings).

Sacramento Kings Golden 1 Center

 Water System
and Plumbing
Design

INTA32 2_ W4_ A 1
PROFESSOR: ALEKSAND RA MOORE
STUDENT: CHRISTINA VITALE
Things to consider for a homes Water
Supply, Waste system & Venting
• Fresh water (potable) enters your home through the main water supply line connected to a
municipal water company or to your well if a municipal water supply is not available. If you
are connected to a municipal water supply line your water passes through a meter that
registers the volume of water used which determines your monthly or bi-monthly water bill.
In many areas your sewer bill is calculated based upon your use of municipal water, with
adjustments made for certain months of the year when usage for lawn and garden watering
and other outside uses keep a portion of the water from entering the wastewater collection
system, thus keeping it from needing to be treated. An average family of four in the United
States uses about 400 gallons of water per day (Home).

• Wastewater, any water used within the home that is not consumed, enters the drain system in
order to be removed from your home. Wastewater must first flow through a trap, a U-shaped
pipe that holds standing water and prevents sewer gases from entering your home. If not used
for a lengthy period of time these traps may become dry and sewer odors can enter your
home. You need merely to pour water into the drain to refill the trap and eliminate the odor.
By state and local plumbing codes, every fixture must have a drain trap (Home).

• The drain system within your home works entirely by gravity, allowing wastewater to flow
downhill through a series of large diameter pipes. These drain pipes are connected to a vent
pipe system that bring fresh air to the drain pipes, preventing suction that would either stop
or slow the free flow of wastewater. Vent pipes exit your home through one or more roof
vents. You must take care to ensure that these roof vents do not become clogged. Leaves and
bird nests are two ways in which these roof vents can become clogged (Home).
 Supply piping, Waste
piping, and Vent piping
VENT TO THE HOUSE

VENT

SOIL STACK
WASTE STACK
BRANCH SUPPLY

BRANCH SUPPLY

WATER MAIN BRANCH SUPPLY

COLD WATER SUPPLY

SEWER HOT WATER SUPPLY

SEWER
 Fire Detection
and Separation

INTA32 2_ W4_ A 2
PROFESSOR: ALEKSAND RA MOORE
STUDENT: CHRISTINA VITALE
 Types of Fire Alarm Systems
Classification/Type
Household fire Warning System
Protected premises system (Local
Alarm)
Auxiliary fire-alarm system
Remote-Station protective
signaling system
Proprietary fire-alarm
system
Central-station fire-alarm system
Description
Sounds alarm only locally;
notification to department
manually; may automatically
initiate fire-suppression system
Local system with direct
connection to municipal fire-
alarm box
Similar to auxiliary system, with
telephone line to police or
staffed answering service
Manned, on-site central
supervisory station receives
signals from all buildings
Similar to proprietary, but
equipment is owned and
operated by service company
Uses
Residential
Privately owned facilities
Public buildings including
schools, government offices,
museums
Private buildings, such as stores
and offices that are occupied for
extended periods
Large multiple-building facilities,
including universities and
manufacturing facilities
Supervises many unrelated local
systems and fee
Back Wall Elevation Toilet
Stall

6” MAX
36” MIN

24” MIN
12” MIN
17” - 19”

33” - 36””
15”- 48”

16” – 18”
Side Wall Elevation Toilet
Stall

54” MIN

12” MAX 42” MIN

33” – 36”

15” MIN

42” MAX
Knee Space at Sink and
Mirror Height

8” MIN

40” MAX
34” MAX

27” MIN
29” MIN

9” MIN

6” MIN
 Fire Detection
and Separation

INTA32 2_ W5_ A 1
PROFESSOR: ALEKSAND RA MOORE
STUDENT: CHRISTINA VITALE
 Types of Fire Alarm Systems
Classification/Type
Household fire Warning System
Protected premises system (Local
Alarm)
Auxiliary fire-alarm system
Remote-Station protective
signaling system
Proprietary fire-alarm
system
Central-station fire-alarm system
Description
Sounds alarm only locally;
notification to department
manually; may automatically
initiate fire-suppression system
Local system with direct
connection to municipal fire-
alarm box
Similar to auxiliary system, with
telephone line to police or
staffed answering service
Manned, on-site central
supervisory station receives
signals from all buildings
Similar to proprietary, but
equipment is owned and
operated by service company
Uses
Residential
Privately owned facilities
Public buildings including
schools, government offices,
museums
Private buildings, such as stores
and offices that are occupied for
extended periods
Large multiple-building facilities,
including universities and
manufacturing facilities
Supervises many unrelated local
systems and fee
 Designed for Fire Safety
Type Designed for Fire Safety
Protection of the The most important elements of a building structure to be protected are the columns.
Building Structure Next in importance are the girders, the beams, and, lastly, the floor slabs. Most large
buildings are constructed of either reinforced concrete or protected steel. Steel does not
burn but loses much of its structural strength in a fire and will sag or collapse at the
sustained temperatures frequently reached by ordinary building fires. Steel reinforcing
bars in concrete beams and columns are buried a specific distance within the mass of the
concrete and are protected by its thermal mass and natural fire-resistant properties.
Fire-resistant structural steel column assemblies. Steel structural forms can be
embedded in concrete or wrapped in plaster, mineral slabs, or spray-on insulation (Fire).

Compartmentation An entire building or a large space can be divided into two or more separate spaces,
each completely enclosed within a fire-barrier envelope of floor-and-ceiling assemblies
and walls. This compartmentation prevents the spread of fire, smoke, and heat beyond a
restricted area of the building. Compartmentation protects the building's occupants and
property by confining the fire, heat, smoke, and toxic gases to the area of their origin
until the fire is extinguished or until it burns itself out completely. It also stops the
spread of fire by hot combustion gases (Fire). paramount

Areas of Refuge Areas of refuge or refuge areas, called areas of rescue assistance in the Americans with
Disabilities (ADA) Accessibility Guidelines for Buildings and Facilities (ADAAG), are
provided in high-rise buildings and for wheelchair users in multistory buildings. In large
buildings, not all occupants can evacuate easily or in a timely manner, so refuge areas
provide a place for them to wait that is protected from smoke. Ideally, refuge areas
should remain free of smoke, gases, heat, and fire throughout a fire and until rescue.
The structure of and essential services in refuge areas are intended to be maintained at
all times, but these goals are almost impossible to achieve in practice (Fire).

Horizontal Exits A horizontal exit does not lead to the exterior of the building. Instead, it provides a
protected exit to a safe area of refuge in another part of the building or an adjoining
building without a change in level. A horizontal exit uses fire-rated walls and doors to
subdivide a building into separate areas, which are then treated as separate buildings.
Occupants escape from a fire on one side of a building by moving horizontally through
self-closing fire doors to the other side (Fire).

Escape Routes In order to design safe exits from a building, interior designers must first create safe exit
paths. Stairs and corridors are constructed along the paths to slow down the fire and to
guide occupants out of the building. Exits are located so that they offer more than one
route out and limit distances to safe exits. Finally, the number of people allowed to
occupy the building at one time is limited so that the building can be emptied quickly
(Fire).
Finish Materials Many finishes and furnishings that an interior designer will specify are subject to fire
code restrictions. Interior wall finishes include exposed interior surfaces applied over
fixed or movable walls, partitions, columns, and other constructions. Interior ceiling
finishes include exposed interior surfaces, such as suspended ceiling grids and coverings
applied to fixed or movable ceilings, soffits, and space frames. Fire code provisions
regulate exposed interior surfaces, including coverings applied over finished or
unfinished floors, stairs (including risers), and ramps (Fire).
 Case Study—
Acoustics

INTA32 2_ W5_ A 2
PROFESSOR: ALEKSAND RA MOORE
STUDENT: CHRISTINA VITALE
 Acoustics
Areas of Concern Acoustics Issue
Open Office Areas Open offices create a multitude of problems for achieving speech privacy. Modular office cubicle. In
recent years, office systems manufacturers and distributors have lightened the look of their
products. In doing so, they have effectively given up trying to achieve speech privacy with cubicle
walls. Sound in open office. Sound in open offices can travel directly from the source to the listener;
it may also be diffracted by objects in its path or reflected off ceilings or walls (Acoustics).
Concert halls Good sight lines, which often are also good listening paths, are critical as well. The hardest place to
get good sound is in the center middle seats, which, ironically, are the most expensive seats in a
concert hall. It is important for an architect to spend time with the acoustical consultant early in the
design of a concert hall, to incorporate acoustical qualities into the architectural design. The shape
of the building is critical to the quality of the music heard there. The design should proceed from the
outside in, then the materials should be selected. The interior designer must work closely with both
the architect and the acoustical designer to create a design that will accommodate a variety of
musical styles and instrumentations (Acoustics)..
Auditoriums Auditoriums must accommodate many activities, including concerts, with varying acoustical
requirements. Their acoustical quality depends on the design concept, the budget, and the
availability of auditorium staffing to adjust movable acoustical treatments. Solutions, therefore,
must either be a compromise between the disparate needs or be adjustable to accommodate varied
circumstances. The acoustical design of an auditorium involves room acoustics, noise control, and
sound-system design (Acoustics)..
Theaters Monumental, high-ceiling spaces do not work well for theaters because they have long
reverberation times and require strong reinforcement for speech. All wall and ceiling surfaces that
do not produce quick reflections should be treated with efficient sound-absorbing material to
control echo and reverberation. In a theater, the effortless perception of speech is the most
important acoustic goal. Sound reinforcement is essential in large theaters that seat more than 1000
people, and in theaters in the round that seat more than 600 people (Acoustics)..
Worship spaces Houses of worship combine speech and music during the same service, so changing draperies to
accommodate either is not an option. The materials in worship spaces are often hard and reflect
sound, like those in concert halls. Wood paneling absorbs low-frequency energy unless it is very
thick or bonded to a massive surface. Brick, stone, and concrete reflect sound well, as does thick
plaster. Carpet is not widely used in worship places, with the exception of large evangelical
churches. No sound-absorbing materials are used on the ceiling. Sometimes, pew cushions are
needed to compensate for missing sound absorption in empty pews.
In the past, too much sound-absorbing material in large cathedral spaces resulted in acoustically44
dead spaces that were very poor for music and not very good for speech. The remedy was often the
addition of an expensive sound system (Acoustics)..

Schools Schools have a variety of spaces as well as a variety of acoustical environments. Auditoriums require
sound systems for some activities. Some schools use a modified gym or cafeteria for musical and
theatrical presentations. If the space includes large areas of sound-absorbing materials, it will not
work well as an auditorium. Integrating loudspeakers into the design without creating large
obstructions can be architecturally difficult, and they should be designed early in the process. School
dining areas are especially noisy. The kitchen and serving areas should be kept separate from the
eating area so that kitchen noise does not add to the clamor of hundreds of children and teenagers.
The ceiling and walls should have sound-absorbing materials, and the ceiling tile should have a
minimum NRC rating of 0.8. Nothing will quiet the excessive noise in a gymnasium, but noise is
expected. The ceiling should be sound-absorbing, with an NRC rating of 0.7. If there is a sound-
amplification system, the walls should also have sound absorption to prevent echoes. Swimming
pools are chaotically noisy. Special moisture-resistant acoustical materials are available for such wet
areas as swimming pools and shower rooms (Acoustics)..
 Lighting
Selection
Scenarios

INTA32 2_ W6_ A 1
PROFESSOR: ALEKSAND RA MOORE
STUDENT: CHRISTINA VITALE
 Specific lighting Needs & Function
Scenarios Lighting Selection
High-end jewelry store Expensive or exclusive higher-end stores include those that sell jewelry, gifts, antiques,
fine clothing, and accessories. These stores have less activity than other retail
establishments and feature the most personalized attention and assistance from sales
personnel. The lighting should establish the store's image and enhance product color,
sparkle, or texture. The lighting goal is to encourage lingering, examination of products,
and impulse buying. High-end shops do not need to use more energy to be effective and
can provide more focus and highlights by reducing ambient light levels. Fluorescent
lighting should be used to provide ambient lighting in high-end stores. White-painted
parabolic louvers may be preferable in small spaces or those with low ceilings. For the
highest-end retailers, smaller diameter T5 or T2 fluorescent lamps should be considered
for use in concealed applications, such as coves, valances, and shelf lighting. The best
color-rendering lamps with CRIs above 80 and a warmer color temperature of between
3000 K and 3200 K should be used for higher-end stores. Since the human eye is
attracted to the brightest object in the field of view and then to the next brightest object,
the highest-wattage or the tightest-focus lamps should be used for the most important
items or areas in the store. Exposed or decorative sources should be used to draw
attention to specific displays or areas of the shop (Lighting).
Elementary school The goal for lighting educational spaces is to conserve energy while supporting a rich
learning environment through the careful selection and location of lighting fixtures and
controls. Institutional and educational buildings have tight budgets and require extremely
hardy, vandal-proof, and low energy consumption lighting. In general, maintenance is
poor and is done on a repair rather than prevention basis, so equipment should be as
maintenance free as possible. The most efficient lighting source for educational buildings
is daylight, followed by HPS, fluorescent, and metal-halide lighting. Long-life sources
require less maintenance, so fluorescent or HID fixtures should be used in corridors,
stairs, and any locations where re-lamping is difficult, such as high-ceilinged gyms and
assembly rooms (Lighting).
Office space Designing lighting for an office means designing for change. Flexibility must be
incorporated into both the overall layout and the degree of control that an employee has
over his or her workspace. Daylighting should be included, both to serve as an energy-
efficient light source and to provide the benefits of keeping in touch with nature. One
way to achieve individual flexibility is with addressable ballast technology, using remote-
control devices to make adjustments to the ambient light conditions in the immediate
area. The use of T8 3500 K–4100 K triphosphoric linear lamps or similar compact
fluorescent units with high-frequency electronic ballasts offer energy conservation and
good color within the office spaces (Lighting).
Public restroom The lighting in a public restroom should vary from the light levels in the rest of the
building. Well-lit toilet rooms encourage the maintenance staff to keep the space bright
and clean and ensure users that it is safe and hygienic. The toilets, urinals, and lavatories
benefit from a task-lighting approach. Other areas may be much less brightly illuminated,
depending on whether the interior is in a nightclub or an office, for example. High-quality
lighting near the mirrors enhances a user's appearance, which is especially important in
restaurants and similar social environments. Public restrooms have a high number of
plumbing fixtures and high-volume use, so appropriate lighting is essential for keeping
these facilities clean and pleasant (Lighting).
 Work Cited
• Lighting,
https://digitalbookshelf.aionline.edu/#/books/9780470886359/cfi/6/50!/4/18/4
@0:0, web accessed 05MAR19.
 Works Sited
Build, Building Materials Suitable for Cold Conditions, http://www.gohaus.com/best-floors-for-cold-
climates/,web accessed Feb 2nd, 2019
Flooring, What Flooring Is Best For Cold Climates?,
https://www.azobuild.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=8227, web accessed Feb 2nd, 2019

Climate, Cold, temperate, Hot & Dry, Hot & Humid,

https://myclasses.artinstitutes.edu/content/enforced/147558-17001373/24239acd-2de5-4ae3-98fe-
bcea16611851/AI_INTA322_W1_L6_S1_G1.pdf?_&d2lSessionVal=2nImOCs0ijXzZP1oWkv7czEnK&ou=147
558, web accessed Feb 2nd, 2019

Temperate, Passive design for houses in arid and temperate climates,

http://www.housingforhealth.com/housing-guide/passive-design-for-houses-in-arid-and-temperate-
climates/, web accessed Feb 2nd, 2019
Hot, Designing Energy Efficient Buildings in Hot Climates,
https://www.bautexsystems.com/company/news-events/hot-climate-building-design, web accessed Feb
2nd, 2019

48
 Work Cited
• ADA Standards for Accessible Design, https://www.access-
board.gov/guidelines-and-standards/buildings-and-sites/about-the-ada-
standards/guide-to-the-ada-standards/chapter-5-stairways#stairs, web accessed
06FEB19.
•Building Systems for Interior Designers,
https://digitalbookshelf.aionline.edu/#/books/9780470886359/cfi/6/22!/4/8/10
/16/2@0:22.9, web accessed 06FEB19.
•Elevator Types, https://www.archtoolbox.com/materials-systems/vertical-
circulation/elevatortypes.html, web accessed 06FEB19.
 Work Cited
• Church of the Light / Tadao Ando Architect ,
https://www.archdaily.com/101260/ad-classics-church-of-the-light-tadao-ando,
web accessed 09FEB19.
•Designed to Inspire: SC Johnson’s Frank Lloyd Wright,
https://www.scjohnson.com/en/a-family-company/architecture-and-
tours/frank-lloyd-wright/designed-to-inspire-sc-johnsons-frank-lloyd-wright-
designed-administration-building, web accessed 09FEB19.
•Seattle Central library, https://www.world-architects.com/en/oma-office-for-
metropolitan-architecture-rotterdam/project/-124, web accessed 09FEB19.
 Images Cited
• Figure 1 – 3
• Church of the Light / Tadao Ando Architect ,
https://www.archdaily.com/101260/ad-classics-church-of-the-light-tadao-ando, web
accessed 09FEB19.

•Figure 4 – 6
• Designed to Inspire: SC Johnson’s Frank Lloyd Wright,
https://www.scjohnson.com/en/a-family-company/architecture-and-tours/frank-lloyd-
wright/designed-to-inspire-sc-johnsons-frank-lloyd-wright-designed-administration-
building, web accessed 09FEB19.

•Figure 7-9
• Seattle Central library, https://www.world-architects.com/en/oma-office-for-
metropolitan-architecture-rotterdam/project/-124, web accessed 09FEB19.
 Work Cited
Healthy,
https://myclasses.artinstitutes.edu/d2l/le/content/147558/viewContent/29413
36/View, web accessed 13FEB19.
•IAQ, https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2014-
08/documents/table1.pdf, web accessed 13FEB19.
•Paint ,Flooring, Windows, Furniture
https://digitalbookshelf.aionline.edu/#/books/9780470886359/cfi/6/40!/4/26/3
6/12/22/2/2/4@0:67.4, web accessed 14FEB19.
 Images Sited
Boulder, Colorado AIQ,
https://www3.epa.gov/myem/envmap/myenv.html?minx=-
105.34224&miny=39.95274&maxx=-
105.21624&maxy=40.07874&ve=11,40.01574,-
105.27924&pText=Boulder%2C%20Colorado&pTheme=, web accessed
13FEB2019
 Work Cited
• Aldo Legacy, https://www.countymaterials.com/en/news/item/aldo-leopold-
legacy-center,web accessed 15FEB19.
•Aldo Leopold, http://www.aiatopten.org/node/135, web accessed 15FEB19.
•Terry Thomas/Interior, http://www.weberthompson.com/projects/175, web
accessed 15FEB19.
•Kings, https://www.architectmagazine.com/technology/the-sacramento-kings-
golden-1-center-sets-a-green-paradigm_o, web accessed 15FEB19.
 Images Cited
• Figure 1
• Aldo Leopold, Baraboo, Wisconsin,
http://www.earthisland.org/journal/index.php/magazine/entry/building_on_
the_land_ethic_in_the_21st_century/, web accessed 15FEB19.
•Figure 2
• The Terry Thomas, http://www.weberthompson.com/projects/175, web accessed
15FEB19.

•Figure 3
• Sacramento Kings Golden 1 Center, Sacramento, California,
https://www.architectmagazine.com/technology/the-sacramento-kings-golden-1-
center-sets-a-green-paradigm_o, web accessed 15FEB19.
 Work Cited
•“Home”, Your Home Plumbing System,
http://www.msdlouky.org/programs/whenuflush/homeplumbing.html,web
accessed 21FEB19.
 Work Cited
•Types of Fire Alarm Systems,
https://digitalbookshelf.aionline.edu/#/books/9780470886359/cfi/6/60!/4/12/1
0/8/10/2@0:17.4, web accessed 26FEB19.
• Plumbing Elements and Facilities, https://www.access-board.gov/guidelines-
and-standards/buildings-and-sites/about-the-ada-standards/ada-
standards/chapter-6-plumbing-elements-and-facilities/,web accessed 24FEB19.
•Toilet and Bath Design,
https://myclasses.artinstitutes.edu/d2l/le/content/147558/viewContent/29413
57/View,web accessed 24FEB19.
 Work Cited
•Types of Fire Alarm Systems,
https://digitalbookshelf.aionline.edu/#/books/9780470886359/cfi/6/60!/4/12/1
0/8/10/2@0:17.4, web accessed 26FEB19.
• Fire Safety Design,
https://digitalbookshelf.aionline.edu/#/books/9780470886359/cfi/6/58!/4/36/3
4/2/4/4@0:69.4,web accessed 24FEB19.
 Work Cited
•Acoustics,
https://digitalbookshelf.aionline.edu/#/books/9780470886359/cfi/6/72!/4/8/16
/10/2/2/2/2@0:48.2, web accessed 01MAT19.