1

CHAPTER 1
(INTRODUCTION)
 2

INTRODUCTION

HYDROLOGY
The Western Yamuna Canal has the history of being dug up during the rule of Ferozshah
Tuglak in the second half of 14th century A.D. later it was linked to Tajewala head Work which
was constructed in 1872. This canal has been the life line the areas which now constitute Haryana.

Between Tajewala, the starting point o this canal, and dadupur, the place where it
enters the plans, the terrain has a good natural slope affording over 40 meters of difference in
levels Survey and primary investigations revealed a potential of about 66 MW of power by
converting this natural gradient into waterfalls along the route of the canal.

Hydroelectric Power -- what is it?

It=s a form of energy … a renewable resource. Hydropower provides about 96 percent of the
renewable energy in the United States. Other renewable resources include geothermal, wave
power, tidal power, wind power, and solar power. Hydroelectric powerplants do not use up
resources to create electricity nor do they pollute the air, land, or water, as other powerplants
may. Hydroelectric power has played an important part in the development of this Nation's
electric power industry. Both small and large hydroelectric power developments were
instrumental in the early expansion of the electric power industry.

Hydroelectric power comes from flowing water … winter and spring runoff from mountain
streams and clear lakes. Water, when it is falling by the force of gravity, can be used to turn
turbines and generators that produce electricity.

Hydroelectric power is important to our Nation. Growing populations and modern technologies
require vast amounts of electricity for creating, building, and expanding. In the 1920's,
hydroelectric plants supplied as much as 40 percent of the electric energy produced. Although
the amount of energy produced by this means has steadily increased, the amount produced by
other types of powerplants has increased at a faster rate and hydroelectric power presently
supplies about 10 percent of the electrical generating capacity of the United States.
Hydropower is an essential contributor in the national power grid because of its ability to
respond quickly to rapidly varying loads or system disturbances, which base load plants with
steam systems powered by combustion or nuclear processes cannot accommodate.

Reclamation=s 58 powerplants throughout the Western United States produce an average of 42

billion kWh (kilowatt-hours) per year, enough to meet the residential needs of more than 14
million people. This is the electrical energy equivalent of about 72 million barrels of oil.
Hydroelectric powerplants are the most efficient means of producing electric energy. The
efficiency of today's hydroelectric plant is about 90 percent. Hydroelectric plants do not create
air pollution, the fuel--falling water--is not consumed, projects have long lives relative to other
forms of energy generation, and hydroelectric generators respond quickly to changing system
conditions. These favorable characteristics continue to make hydroelectric projects attractive
sources of electric power.
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CHAPTER 2
(LITERATURE REVIEW AND WORKING)
 4

HOW HYDROPOWER WORKS

Hydroelectric power comes from water at work, water in motion. It can be seen as a form of
solar energy, as the sun powers the hydrologic cycle which gives the earth its water. In the
hydrologic cycle, atmospheric water reaches the earth=s surface as precipitation. Some of this
water evaporates, but much of it either percolates into the soil or becomes surface runoff. Water
from rain and melting snow eventually reaches ponds, lakes, reservoirs, or oceans where
evaporation is constantly occurring.

Moisture percolating into the soil may become ground water (subsurface water), some of which
also enters water bodies through springs or underground streams. Ground water may move
upward through soil during dry periods and may return to the atmosphere by evaporation.

Water vapor passes into the atmosphere by evaporation then circulates, condenses into
clouds, and some returns to earth as precipitation. Thus, the water cycle is complete. Nature
ensures that water is a renewable resource.

Generating Power

In nature, energy cannot be created or destroyed, but its form can change. In generating
electricity, no new energy is created. Actually one form of energy is converted to another
form.

To generate electricity, water must be in motion. This is kinetic (moving) energy. When
flowing water turns blades in a turbine, the form is changed to mechanical (machine) energy.
The turbine turns the generator rotor which then converts this mechanical energy into another
energy form -- electricity. Since water is the initial source of energy, we call this
hydroelectric power or hydropower for short.
 5

At facilities called hydroelectric powerplants, hydropower is generated. Some powerplants are

located on rivers, streams, and canals, but for a reliable water supply, dams are needed. Dams
store water for later release for such purposes as irrigation, domestic and industrial use, and
power generation. The reservoir acts much like a battery, storing water to be released as
needed to generate power.
 6

The dam creates a Ahead@ or height from which water flows. A pipe (penstock) carries the water
from the reservoir to the turbine. The fast-moving water pushes the turbine blades, something
like a pinwheel in the wind. The waters force on the turbine blades turns the rotor, the moving
part of the electric generator. When coils of wire on the rotor sweep past the generator=s
stationary coil (stator), electricity is produced.

This concept was discovered by Michael Faraday in 1831 when he found that electricity could be
generated by rotating magnets within copper coils.

When the water has completed its task, it flows on unchanged to serve other needs.

Transmitting Power

Once the electricity is produced, it must be delivered to where it is needed -- our homes,
schools, offices, factories, etc. Dams are often in remote locations and power must be
transmitted over some distance to Vast networks of transmission lines and facilities are used to
bring electricity to us in a form we can use. All the electricity made at a powerplant comes first
through transformers which raise the voltage so it can travel long distances through powerlines.
(Voltage is the pressure that forces an electric current through a wire.) At local substations,
transformers reduce the voltage so electricity can be divided up and directed throughout an area.

Transformers on poles (or buried underground, in some neighborhoods) further reduce the
electric power to the right voltage for appliances and use in the home. When electricity gets to
our homes, we buy it by the kilowatt-hour, and a meter measures how much we use.
its users.
 7

While hydroelectric powerplants are one source of electricity, other sources include powerplants
that burn fossil fuels or split atoms to create steam which in turn is used to generate power. Gas-
turbine, solar, geothermal, and wind-powered systems are other sources. All these powerplants
may use the same system of transmission lines and stations in an area to bring power to you. By
use of this Apower grid,” electricity can be interchanged among several utility systems to meet
varying demands. So the electricity lighting your reading lamp now may be from a hydroelectric
powerplant, a wind generator, a nuclear facility, or a coal, gas, or oil-fired powerplant … or a
combination of these.
 8

The area where you live and its energy resources are prime factors in determining what kind of
power you use. For example, in Washington State hydroelectric powerplants provided
approximately 80 percent of the electrical power during 2002. In contrast, in Ohio during the
same year, almost 87 percent of the electrical power came from coal-fired powerplants due to the
area=s ample supply of coal.

Electrical utilities range from large systems serving broad regional areas to small power companies
serving individual communities. Most electric utilities are investor-owned (private) power
companies. Others are owned by towns, cities, and rural electric associations. Surplus power
produced at facilities owned by the Federal Government is marketed to preference power
customers (A customer given preference by law in the purchase of federally generated electrical
energy which is generally an entity which is nonprofit and publicly financed.) by the Department of
Energy through its power mar

How Power is Computed

Before a hydroelectric power site is developed, engineers compute how much power can be
produced when the facility is complete. The actual output of energy at a dam is determined by
the volume of water released (discharge) and the vertical distance the water falls (head). So, a
given amount of water falling a given distance will produce a certain amount of energy. The
head and the discharge at the power site and the desired rotational speed of the generator
determine the type of turbine to be used.

The head produces a pressure (water pressure), and the greater the head, the greater the pressure
to drive turbines. This pressure is measured in pounds of force (pounds per square inch). More
head or faster flowing water means more power.
keting administrations.

To find the theoretical horsepower (the measure of mechanical energy) from a specific site, this
formula is used
 9

THP = (Q x H)/8.8

where: THP = theoretical horsepower

Q = flow rate in cubic feet per second (cfs)
H = head in feet
8.8 = a constant

A more complicated formula is used to refine the calculations of this available power. The
formula takes into account losses in the amount of head due to friction in the penstock and other
variations due to the efficiency levels of mechanical devices used to harness the power.

To find how much electrical power we can expect, we must convert the mechanical measure
(horsepower) into electrical terms (watts). One horsepower is equal to 746 watts (U.S. measure).

Turbines

While there are only two basic types of

turbines (impulse and reaction), there are
many variations. The specific type of
turbine to be used in a powerplant is not
selected until all operational studies and
cost estimates are complete. The turbine
selected depends largely on the site
conditions.

A reaction turbine is a horizontal or vertical

wheel that operates with the wheel
completely submerged, a feature which
reduces turbulence. In theory, the reaction
turbine works like a rotating lawn sprinkler
where water at a central point is under
pressure and escapes from the ends of the
blades, causing rotation. Reaction turbines
are the type most widely used.
 10

An impulse turbine is a horizontal or vertical wheel that uses the kinetic energy of
water striking its buckets or blades to cause rotation. The wheel is covered by a
housing and the buckets or blades are shaped so they turn the flow of water about 170
degrees inside the housing. After turning the blades or buckets, the water falls to the
bottom of the wheel housing and flows out.
 11

1. Project Profile and Japan’s ODA Loan

China

Nepal
New Delhi Bhutan

Project site
Bangladesh

Myanmar

India

Map of project area Control room

1.1 Background
Haryana, a state in northern India, was, until 1966, part of the state of Punjab. It has a
population of about 22 million (70% of which is rural), an area of 44,212 km2 (or 1% of
the total area of India), and most of the land is flat. It is bounded by Punjab and Himachal
Pradesh in the north, Rajasthan in the southwest, and Uttarakhand and Uttar Pradesh in
the east bordering the Yamuna River.
In 1993, when it accounted for 42.5% of Haryana’s GDP, agriculture was still the
linchpin of the state economy, but in 2004, it dropped to 28.2%. In the meantime, the
industry’s contribution to the state economy remained at the 26–27% mark in 2004, while
the service industry’s contribution increased to 140%. This change in the industrial
structure of India is manifested in the trend in electricity consumption by sector. The
percentage of total electricity consumption that agriculture accounts for peaked in
FY2000 and has been on the decline ever since. By contrast, the percentage of total
electricity consumption attributed to the industrial sector has been rising at a rate of
around 36% from FY2000 to FY2004; therefore, the supply and demand of electric power
has remained stringent. In addition, given that the state of Haryana has hammered out a
policy of strengthening the manufacturing and service industries, it can be seen that the
development of new power sources and enhancement of power generating efficiency will
continue to be important issues in the months and years to come.
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1.2 Objective
The project objective is to increase the amount of power generated through the
construction of a power generating channel in parallel with the existing Western Yamuna
Canal as well as through the building of power plants in the Tajewala district of the state
of Haryana, thereby contributing to the development of the state economy and
improvement of its living conditions.

1.3 Borrower/Executing agency

Borrower: President of India / Haryana State Electricity Board
Executing agency: Haryana State Electricity Board (HSEB); since 1997, changed to
Haryana Power Generation Corporation Limited (HPGCL). 1

1.4 Outline of Loan Agreement

Loan Amount / Loan Disbursed Amount 4,000 million yen / 3,244 million yen
Exchange of Notes / Loan Agreement March 1981
Terms and Conditions
-Interest Rate 2.75%
-Repayment Period (Grace Period) 30 years (10 years)
-Procurement Partially untied
Final Disbursement Date March 1992
Main Contractors Sumitomo Corporation
Consulting Services None
Feasibility Study (F/S), etc. 1984 Haryana State Electricity Board 2

2. Evaluation Result (Rating: D)

2.1 Relevance 3 (Rating: b)
In India, the electric power sector has consistently been a high priority area and given
the largest share of the public sector investment plan as stipulated in three of the last five

1
Under the 1997 Haryana Electricity Reform Act, Haryana State Electricity Board (HSEB) was split
into Haryana Power Generation Corporation Limited (HPGCL), which is in charge of power generation,
and Haryana Vidyut Prasaran Nigam Ltd. (HVPNL), which, in the beginning, was in charge of the
transmission and distribution of power. Additionally, in 1999, while limiting its operations to power
transmission, HVPNL established North Haryana Power Distribution Corporation and South Haryana
Power Distribution Corporation to handle the distribution of power in their respective regions. Both
corporations are wholly owned by HVPNL.
2
During the 20-year period from the launch of the project and its completion, a detailed project
report
(dubbed DPR by the government of India) was compiled three times: 1984 DPR (Stage 1, Stage 2),
1994
DPR (the revised version of 1984 DPR, Stage 1 only), and 1998 DPR (Stage 2 only). In addition, although it is
recorded in JBIC’s internal information that a project report was prepared by the Central Water
Commission (CWC) in 1989, it could not be obtained.
3
In the past, three surveys have been conducted on this project: (1) an interim monitoring and supervision
survey (1985); (2) SAPS (1997) targeting the rehabilitation of Stage 1; (3) SAPS (2000) targeting Stage 2.
 3

national five-year plans: the 6th Five-Year Plan (1980–1984), the 8th Five-Year Plan
(1992–1997), and the latest, that is, the10th Five-Year Plan (2002–2007). 4
On the other hand, as part of its electrical power policy, the Central Electricity
Authority (CEA) drafted a National Perspective Plan in 2000. The plan aimed to fill the
shortage in electricity by renovating and rehabilitating the existing hydro power plants by
the 11th Five-Year Plan (2007–2012). The National Electricity Policy 2006, which was
based on the Electricity Act 2003 adopted in April 2003, pointed out that hydro power
was an important infrastructure for the social economic development of the nation and
emphasized as a clean and renewable energy source.
Power supply in the state of Haryana experienced a shortage of 16% in the end of 1979
when the demand for electricity peaked. Power shortage was predicted to continue into
the 1980s, and the response to this longstanding shortage in electrical power was included
in the Haryana State 6th Five-Year Plan (1982–1987) as one of its top policies. Even in
the first half of FY2006, the supply and demand balance experienced a shortage of 11.8%,
demonstrating that the power shortage besetting the state continues unabated. Thus
meeting the need for power development had become the overriding issue for the state of
Haryana.
Despite the fact that most of the state of Haryana is flat, hydro power generation was
chosen over thermal power generation because, in the case of Stage 1 of this project, it
was decided that it would be possible to use the available
Figure 1: drop extending 38.4 m from the existing Tajewala Barrage
Silt that pours into canals
from Yamuna River to downstream Dadupur. And in Stage 2, it was concluded
that it would be possible to increase the amount of
electricity generated by taking advantage of the available
drop extending 48.9 m from the Hathnikund Barrage,
which was planned to be built, to Dadupur. 5 This is how
the construction of the first hydro power plant in the state
of Haryana was attempted in this project. 6

4
Stage 1 of this project was included in the electricity development program adopted in the 6th Five-Year
Plan of the government of India, which called for the installation of 1,295 MW of hydro power in
the northern region of the country. On the other hand, Stage 2 was included among those projects
implemented in the 8th Five Year Plan.
5
In addition, as of 1981,the option of developing a thermal power plant as a way of dealing with
the electricity shortage was considered too difficult as there were no nearby coal mines and the
transportation
cost would be too high. The other alternative was to install a new hydro power plant. While it was
not
possible to confirm the actual cost of transporting the coal, it is conceivable that, as of 1981, although it was
assumed that the “coal linkage” would be realized by 1985, there was a strong likelihood that this
date would be postponed to 1990, thus rendering development of thermal power generation as being very
difficult. (Coal linkage refers to the rule that ensures steady supply of coal by linking exclusive coal mining
to major consumers of coal.)
6
As of 1981, 109 years had already elapsed since the Tajewala Barrage was completed, so the barrage had
become decrepit. Thus, the decision to construct the new barrage at Hathnikund upstream along the Yamuna
 4

Thus was confirmed the policy consistency among this project, the policy of the
government of India, the policy of the power sector, and the development plan of the state
of Haryana. As described below, however, it cannot be said that the relevance of the
planning and the scope of this project were sufficient.
The first difficulty was that, with regard to the prospect of securing the amount of
water required in running Power House D in Stage 2, the analysis and verification by
those concerned with this project was inadequate. 7 At the time of appraisal, it was
assumed that to secure the required amount of water it was absolutely imperative that the
dispute with the neighboring states over the water right issue be settled and that the
Hathnikund Barrage be constructed. But that issue was not settled until 1994, and it took
time to determine a number of important matters, including the location and funding for
the Hathnikund Barrage, thus significantly delaying the commencement of work. 8 The
water sharing dispute and the delay in the construction of the Hathnikund Barrage were
the main reasons why the commencement of this project was delayed.
The second difficulty was that, even after taking into consideration the flat
topographical characteristics of Haryana, it was opted to build a hydro power plant in the
state. 9 Given the background described above, there was a substantial need for hydro
power and several questions remain, including whether the technical specifications of the
hydro power plant were properly and adequately examined. 10

2.2 Efficiency (Rating: c)

River had already been made.

7
In the water sharing dispute, a memorandum of understanding (MOU) concerning the right to the use
of water in the Tajewala Barrage was entered into between the state of Punjab and the state of Uttar Pradesh
in
1954, and it was agreed that the MOU would be valid for the next 50 years. However, in 1975, the
water sharing dispute surfaced again, prompting the Central Water Commission to intervene four times – in
1981,
1985, 1990 and 1991 – in an effort to settle the dispute. Cognizant of the complexity of the water right issue,
since its June 1976 pledge, JBIC had been postponing exchanging notes. However, in the end, thanks to
a detailed explanation of the water sharing issue and that of the Hathnikund Barrage offered by the
Chairman of the executing agency (HSEB), who arrived in Japan in February 1981, JBIC came around to
agreeing to exchange the relevant notes.
8
As of 1979, the central government of India had not authorized Stage 2 of this project, which was
preconditioned on the construction of the new Hathnikund Barrage. Finally, in 1996, construction of
the
Hathnikund Barrage was implemented with the funding provided by the World Bank as one of the
main components of the Haryana Water Resources Consolidation Project.
9
As of February 1981, total power generation capacity in the state of Haryana was 1,077.5 MW, of
which
61.2% and 38.8% were hydro power and thermal power, respectively. It was considered that hydro
power was the main source of power and thermal power was an auxiliary source. However, all of the hydro
power
was purchased from other power plants in the state of Punjab and Himachal Pradesh, and there were
no
hydro power plants in the state of Haryana.
10
For example, a horizontal valve turbine was used in this project, but it is debatable whether the use of this
technology was appropriate. The use of the horizontal valve turbine is normally considered appropriate for
low heads, and on this point, the choice of this type of turbine was appropriate for this project. However, as a
precondition for efficient operation of the horizontal valve turbine, it is essential that only clear water
be used, and in the Western Yamuna Canal, which is filled with large quantities of gravel and quartz silt,
some people are of the opinion that the introduction of a vertical valve turbine, which is relatively easy to
operate and maintain, would have been the best choice. (This is based on the analysis of a technical
evaluator. See
2.3 “Effectiveness,” for a discussion on this problem.)
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2.2.1 Outputs
The output that was expected under this project comprised of following items: a
hydraulic turbine (valve turbine), a synchronous generator, a process inspection in Japan,
a water level measuring gauge, and funds to purchase a 100-ton trailer. With regard to the
hydraulic turbine and the generator actually procured, while changes were made in
specifications (due to reduction of a head drop and a change made by the supplier), the
overall output was according to plan. However, detailed information on the process
inspection in Japan, water level measuring gauge, and the 100-ton trailer was unavailable.
Additionally, all of the aforementioned equipment and materials, including the ones
ordered for use in Stage 2, were delivered at the time construction work in Stage 1 started.
However, because of the long delay in Stage 2, some of these equipment, materials and
parts were used as spare parts for Stage 1. The equipment, materials and parts (mainly
AVR, governor, and lubricating device) were procured with the funding provided by
India’s Power Finance Corporation (PFC). According to a hearing held by the executing
agency, the cost of these equipment and materials were equivalent to about 20% of the
construction cost of Stage 2 of this project.

Table 1: Composition of the Western Yamuna Canal Hydroelectric Project

Stage 1
A channel for generating electricity was
constructed from the existing Tajewala Barrage
to Dadupur (18 km downstream), and three
power houses (A, B and C) were built. Each
power house was equipped with two electric
generators.
Stage 2
A channel for generating electricity was
constructed from Hathnikund (4 km upstream
of the Tajewala Barrage) to the Tajewala
intake. Power House D was built on the
channel, and equipped with two electric
generators.

Figure 2: Western Yamuna Canal Hydroelectric Project: Location of Each Power House

Stage 1 Tajewala Barrage Yamuna River

Stage 2 Power
Power House B
Power House A
House D
Power
House C
Hathnikund Barrage

Source: HPGCL
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Table 2: Details of Changes in the Outputs of this Project

Stage 1 Stage 2
Planned Actual Planned Actual
Rated head: Rated head: Rated head: Rated head:
13.59 m 12.80 m 10 m 12.80 m
Hydraulic Speed: Speed: Speed: Speed:
turbine 166.7 min-1 187.5 min-1 166.7 min-1 187.5 min-1
Diameter of the Diameter of the Diameter of the Diameter of the
runner: 3.30 m runner: 3.15 m runner: 3.30 m runner: 3.15 m
Max. output: Speed: change to Max. output: Speed: change to
8.0 MW 187.5 min-1 8.0 MW 187.5 min-1
Voltage: 6.6 kV Annual energy Voltage: 6.6 kV Power House (D):
Speed: production: change Speed: Total max. output:
166.7 min-1 to 166.7 min-1 increased to 14.4
Bulb diameter: 225—284 GWh Bulb diameter: MW (7.2 MW ¯2)
Electric 3.5 m 3.5 m
generator Power Houses Power Houses
(A-C) ¯ 2 (each 8 (A-C) ¯ 2 (each 6
MW) = Total max. MW) = Total max.
output: 48 MW output: 12 MW
Annual energy Annual energy
production: production:
275 GWh 64 GWh

2.2.2 Project period

In the original plan, the implementation period of this project was 52 months, from
March 1981 to June 1985, and Stage 1 and Stage 2 were to be implemented
simultaneously. However, in actuality, the implementation period was 282 months, from
March 1981 to May 2004. In short, the actual period of implementation was 540% of the
original plan. The biggest reason for the delay was the delay in the commencement of
work of Stage 2.

Figure 3: Implementation Period of this Project: Planned and Actual

FY
Planned

Stage 1 (40 months)

Stage 2 (52 months)

Stage 1 (98 months)

Actual

Period when this project was suspended (139 months)

Stage 2 (45 months)

If the Stage 1 and Stage 2 were treated separately, it can be seen that the
implementation period of Stage 1 was 204% of the original plan. Although the
 7

commencement of work was delayed in Stage 2, its implementation period was 87% of
the original plan. The period when this project was actually suspended was 139 months.
The following reasons may be cited for the delay in Stage 1: (1) drawing of the
construction diagram for Power House A was delayed 20 months due to lack of
experience of the designer from CEW; and (2) the water level in the pond was changed at
the request of the State Irrigation Department, and as a result, the depth and width of the
channel had to be changed, resulting in additional civil works. In addition, (3) due to an
overflow of ground water, construction of Power Houses B and C had to be interrupted
and 24 additional months (from February 1981 to February 1983) were required to review
the draining and drilling plans. 11
Meanwhile, commencement of work was delayed in Stage 2 due to a dispute that broke
over the rights to use the water in the Yamuna River. In the implementation plan, work in
Stage 2 was scheduled to commence at the same time as the work on the Hathnikund
Barrage. This was because unless the construction of the said barrage was assured and
the link channel completed, it would be meaningless to commence work in Stage 2. As
noted above, the water sharing dispute in the Yamuna River basin was settled in 1994,
and the construction of the new barrage commenced in 1996. The new barrage went into
operation in December 2000.

2.2.3 Project cost

The planned cost of this project was 17,280 million yen (5.819 billion rupee), but the
actual cost was increased by 36%, to 23,531 million yen, due to the long delay of the
actual construction work and the resultant additional civil works.

11
According to the Mid Term Monitoring Report, the work of drilling the gravel bed containing
ground-water is the most difficult and uncertain. So the method of construction adopted at the time
of planning is regarded as relevant.
 8

2.3 Effectiveness (Rating: a)

2.3.1 Operation and effect indicators
(1) Maximum output
The maximum output was, in the case
Table 3: Date of Completion / Start of Operation
of Stage 1, 16 MW × 3 (Power Houses of the Western Yamuna Power Plant
A, B and C) = 48 MW; in the case of
Completion/ start of
Power House
Stage 2, 7.2 MW × 2 = 14.4 MW. For operation
the 16 years for which data on Stage 1 Unit 1 May 30, 1986
A
Unit 2 June 23, 1986
(Power Houses A, B and C) was Unit 1 May 15, 1987
Stage 1 B
available, the target value was achieved Unit 2 June 20, 1987
Unit 1 March 27, 1989
only in a very small number of years. In C
Unit 2 April 18, 1989
Stage 2 (Power House D), the target Unit 1 April 20, 2004
Stage 2 D
Unit 2 May 16, 2004
value was never once reached. However,
except for Power House A in FY2005, all power houses achieved more than 80% of their
target.
In addition, the main reason why the power houses cannot achieve 100% of their target
value is the recent reduction in the discharge of the Yamuna Canal. 12 On the other hand,
the main reason why the maximum output was so low in FY2003 is that the silt ejector at
Power House A Unit 1 broke down, and a month and a half later, the front gate could not
be opened due to silt, ultimately causing a shutdown of the channel. The operation of Unit
1 was stopped for a period of one year. A new silt ejector has been procured from a local
manufacturer, so the problem has already been solved.

Figure 4: Stage 1 Maximum Output

17
16
Target value 15
14
発電
Power 所 B B
House Power 所C C
発 電House
13
MW

12
11
10
Power発電所
HouseAA
9
8
7
87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02
03
年
FY度

Source: Based on data obtained from the executing agency (HPGCL)

12
The maximum usable amount of water (5,400 cusecs) agreed upon between the state of Haryana and the
state of Uttar Pradesh can be obtained only during the rainy season, from July to September.
 9

(2) Net electric energy production

The planned value of net electric energy production was 275 GWh for Stage 1 and 64
GWh for Stage 2. However, the only time 100% of the target value was actually reached
was in FY1990 for Stage 1. As for Stage 2, this happened only in FY2004, the first in
which it started operations. The main reason, in addition to the reduction in the
aforementioned reduction in the discharge of the Western Yamuna Canal, is the increase
in the number of forced outages.
In respect of Stage 1, since its completion in FY1989, more than 80% of the target was
achieved, except for FY2005. With respect to Stage 2, more than 80% of the target was
achieved in FY2005. After taking into consideration the hours when the power houses are
shut down every fiscal year for planned inspections and maintenance and repair, the
executing agency (HPGCL) establishes a separate set of planned values. If these targets
were used as benchmarks, it would mean that more than 80% of the target was achieved
every fiscal year. Thus it can be concluded that an acceptable level has been achieved.

(3) Plant load factor 13

For Stage 1, when based on the average discharge year, the plant load factor (PLF) was
67.54%. When based on the draught discharge year, the PLF was 53.51%. In regard to
Stage 2, the PLF was 51.37% for both cases. 14
When the average discharge level is used as the standard, Stage 1 has never
accomplished 100% of the target with the exception of Power House A in FY1990.
However, all power houses have achieved anywhere from more than 80% to less than
100% of the target. In addition, Stage 2 has also achieved more than 80% of the target
with the exception of FY1988. From these data, it can be concluded that although the
operation of the power houses is not prefect, an acceptable level has been achieved.

(4) Hydro utilization factor 15

Since there are no comparable standard target values based on the values planned at the
time of appraisal or those based on periodical reviews, in this evaluation, target values of
approximately 90% were used based on the “operation indicators for hydro power” set by

Net electric energy production

13 PLF = ×100
Maximum output × 8,760 Hrs
14
The PLF value for Stage 1 planned at the time of appraisal was 79.9% when it was based on the average
discharge year, and 65.3% when based on the draught discharge year. In regard to Stage 2, the figures were
55.9% and 45.8%, respectively. However, by taking into consideration the reduction in the amount of water
available for use in the Yamuna Canal, in this evaluation, the net electric energy production and the planned
value were recalculated.
Net electric energy production
1 5 Hydro utilization factor = ×100
Possible annual electric energy production in the reference year
 10

JBIC. 16
Over the past 19 years, for both Stage 1 and Stage 2, the number of years in which the
power houses achieved 100% of the target values is, as shown below, extremely low.
However, more than 80% of the target value was achieved in most of the years.

Table 4: Hydro Utilization Factor

(A) Number of years when 100% of the
target value was achieved
PHA: 0 years out of 19
Stage 1 PHB: 4 years out of 19
PHC: 1 year out of 17
Stage 2 PHD: 0 years out of 2
(B) Number of years when more than 80% and
less than 100% of the target value was achieved
PHA: 17 years out of 19
Stage 1 PHB: 18 years out of 19
PHC: 17 years out of 17
Stage 2 PHD: 1 year out of 2

(5) Planned and forced outages

The number of forced outage hours has never been zero, thus casting doubt over any
claim that the power houses are being properly operated. On the other hand, the executing
agency sets 20 days (480 hrs) as its target for the planned outage hours per annum.
However, for all power houses and for nearly all fiscal years, the target values were
exceeded by a large margin. In FY2004, the actual number of planned outage hours was
138 days. Even in Stage 2, which was completed only recently, the actual planned outage
hours exceeded the target value. This suggests that either there is a need to revise the
target to a more realistic one, or the power house is not being operated and maintained
properly. This also suggests that problems that are not easily solved, like the failure of the
silt ejector and the front gate in Power House A Unit 1, are also occurring frequently in
Power House D.

Table 5: Number of years when actual planned outage hours

exceeded the target value

PHA: 13 years out of 18 72%

Stage 1 PHB: 15 years out of 18 83%
PHC: 13 years out of 16 81%
Stage 2 PHD: 2 years out of 2 100%

2.3.2 Economic analysis

As shown in Table 6, at the ex-post evaluation the EIRR value was in the negative,
which indicates that the earnings generated by this project are not enough to recover the
initial investment. The negative IRR means that the profit or loss generated by the project
swings to the negative side compared to a project that brings about an equivalent positive

16
This method was taken based on discussion with a technical evaluator.
 11

IRR value.

Table 6: Economic Analysis

At time of appraisal At time of ex-post evaluation
IRR FIRR: 11.14% EIRR: 14.63% FIRR: -9.74% EIRR: -3.56%
Cost Project cost, operation and maintenance expenses
Earnings from sale
of electricity (for
the years after
Net profit from Construction and Construction and
FY2006
sale of electricity operation cost of operation cost of
Benefit calculated based
(Unit price 4.4 thermal power thermal power
on the average
yen/kWh) plant plant
electricity sale
fares of FY2001
to FY2005)
Project life 35 years
Note: In calculating EIRR, custom duties and VAT were excluded, while an exchange conversion
coefficient (SPF) was used.

2.4 Impact
(1) Regional economic development
As discussed above, given that the Table 7: Power Plants Owned by the State of
Haryana and their Capacity
supply capacity of this project
accounts for only 4.0% of the supply Name of Plant Maximum Output Share
Faridabad Thermal
capacity of the power plants the 3 × 55 MW = 165 MW 16%
Power Plant
executing agency currently holds, the
Panipat Thermal 4 × 110 MW = 440 MW
project will have only a minimal Power Plant 2 × 210 MW = 420 MW
80%

impact on the regional economic

development. Additionally, since the Western Yamuna
6 × 8 MW = 48 MW 4%
Hydro Power Plant
electricity generated is all transmitted Total 1,073 MW 100%
to the grid, there is no way to identify
and estimate the population that will benefit from this project.

(2) Improving the living environment

Being a project for constructing power plants, it is necessary to take into consideration
the process through which electricity that has been generated reaches individual
consumers (transmission, distribution, etc.). Therefore, it was impossible to determine the
direct impact this project has on the living environment of individual consumers.

(3) Environmental aspect

In this project, no impact on the natural environment was observed.
 12

Satisfaction Survey of Large Consumers and Domestic Consumers in the Vicinity

of the Western Yamuna Hydro Power Plant

In this ex-post evaluation, a satisfaction survey was conducted on large-scale consumers

(industry and agriculture) and domestic consumers in the vicinity of the area where this
project was implemented. Although the survey sample was not large enough to make it
scientific, nor was it able to clearly specify the degree of direct contribution this project
would make, the survey was significant in that it provided a glimpse into the thinking of
a limited number of users.

[Objective]
ɾç Clarify the improvements needed to ensure adequate power supply for areas affected
by this project by ascertaining the power condition in those areas.

[Outline of survey method, etc.]

Large consumers
Domestic consumers
Industry Agriculture
Period of November 15, 2006 – November 15, 2006 – November 15, 2006 –
survey February 10, 2007 November 20 , 2006 November 20, 2006
Yamunanagar and
Place Yamunanagar Kalser and Bahadurpur
Bhud Kalan
Sample size 18 companies 20 households 30 households
Sample method Randomly selected Randomly selected Randomly selected
Valid response
56% (10 companies) 100% 100%
rate

[Results]
ɾç All of the companies and most of the farmers said that they are “not at all satisfied”
with the present electricity supply situation (generation, distribution and
transmission), while all of the domestic consumers said they are “not satisfied” with
the present situation. The reasons given are as follows:
(1) Quality of electricity: Low because of frequent voltage fluctuation which
reduces the service life of equipment and materials and damages the irrigation
pump.
(2) Frequency of interruption and outages: [Industry] Occurs 3 times a day (with
total duration of 1 to 1.5 hours a day,) which forces companies to shut down their
production lines. To deal with this problem, all 18 companies surveyed rely on
private power generation. [Agriculture] All households experience outages of
more than 1 hour a day regardless of the time of year. Especially, those who own
more than 10 ha of land have adopted an alternative means of securing
electricity, including purchasing diesel pumps. [Domestic consumers] While the
household electrification in both villages is 100%, interruption and outages
occur as frequently as 2 to 3 times a day, with duration of 2 to 3 hours each.
(3) Costs incurred per year due to outages: [Industry] Most of the companies
 13

shoulder 1 million rupees (about 2.7 million yen), including the cost of raw
materials, equipment failure, and contract cancellation. [Domestic consumers]
Most households in Yamunanagar have an uninterruptible power supply unit.
(4) Potential areas of improvement: construction of new power plants; renovation of
existing power plants; training employees; institutional reform of the power
sector; improving customer services; introduction of an efficient billing system.

(4) Land acquisition and resident relocation

At the time of the original plan, 1,837 acres of land was to be acquired in Stage 1 and
50 acres in Stage 2, and no relocation of residents was planned. In actuality, 837 acres of
land was acquired in Stage 1 and 120 acres in Stage 2, and, as originally planned, there
was no relocation of residents. However, in respect of Stage 2, in 1998, landowners filed
a lawsuit demanding an increase in the amount of compensation due. In 2000, the suit was
settled when the executing agency paid all of the landowners a total of approximately 8.6
million rupees.

2.5 Sustainability (Rating: b)

2.5.1 Executing agency
2.5.1.1 Technical capacity
This project was the first project handled by the executing agency that dealt with hydro
power plants. However, because several of the engineers in charge and other technical
personnel had experience at hydro power plants in states other than the state of Haryana,
the technical capacity of the agency was sufficient to operate hydro power plants.
At present, the technical level is sustained mainly through on-the-job training (OJT).
Since the executing agency does not have its own training institution, training is
conducted mainly by external training institutions such as the National Power Training
Institute (NPTI). However, these OJT programs are available only to engineers and there
are not enough engineers and technicians. As a result, only a limited number of people are
able to attend external training courses, for they require participants to be away from their
job for a fixed period of time. In addition, in recent years, participation in training related
to thermal power generation is given preference over hydro power generation. Given this
situation, while sustainability regarding technical capacity is being ensured, there are
many areas for improvement.
In reference to overhauling, for small power plants such as this, outsourcing it is the
best alternative and it is the norm in India.
 14

2.5.1.2 Operation and maintenance system

As is mentioned in the above discussion, although this project was the first project
handled by the executing agency that dealt with hydro power plants, the 15 engineers in
charge of this project (in administrative positions, including the 2 chief engineers) and 13
technicians all had experience working at hydro power plants in Bhakra (Sutlej River,
Punjab), Chukka (Bhutan) and Shanan (Himachal Pradesh), so that the operation and
maintenance system and capacity had already been put in place. . 17 However, the
executing agency is aware of its own lack of administrative ability in regard to the
management and monitoring of a number of companies that had been involved in the
construction of the Western Yamuna Hydro Power Plant, so it can be concluded that this
project was not always executed in an efficient manner.
At present, the executing agency is headed by a Chairman and the total number of
personnel is 4,868, of which 124 people work at the headquarters, 415 in hydro-related
departments, and 4,329 in thermal-related departments. There were no major
organizational changes during the transition from HSEB to HPGCL. Basically, the
departments and people that were in charge of power generation at HSEB were
transferred to HPGCL without any major changes. The process apparently went without
any hitches. With HPGCL, it became possible to specialize in power generation, thus
making transfers less frequent. Today, once posted, a person remains at the same post for
at least three years.
A total of 312 employees are working at the Western Yamuna Hydro Power Plant, of
which 187 are technicians, including engineers, and there are 160 employees who
specialize in the operation and maintenance of the power plant. The executing agency is
concerned about the lack of human resources, that is, the lack of technicians. Moreover,
The Chief Engineer of Western Yamuna Hydro Power Plant is also in charge of the
operation and maintenance of Panipat Thermal Power Plant. As already indicated in the
SAPS, the excess responsibility and workload on a Chief Engineer still continues even
today. These problems are an obstacle for the quick and smooth decision making process
required for the operation of the plant. In short, securing the operation and maintenance
system of this project still continues to be an important issue.

2.5.1.3 Financial status

Looking at the expenses, these have been increasing in unison with the inflation rate
during the past couple of years, and there is no major change in the composition. However,

1 7
The Mid Term Monitoring Report mentions that HSEB did lack experience with civil works related
to wiring and piping, and HSEB was well aware of this. Thus, in order to avoid any risks, they outsourced
such work following the advice of an installation consultant from Fuji Electric.
 15

in keeping with investment in the construction of thermal power plants, loans have also
been on the rise, which suggests that the financial burden on interest payments may also
grow.
The costs incurred by the executing agency are all supposed to be switched over to the
HPVNL. In other words, the before tax profits of the executing agency are basically
adjusted so that they become “zero,” and because, at this time, the risk of this adjustment
system becoming dysfunctional was not observed, it can be concluded that the executing
agency’s financial sustainability was guaranteed. 18

Table 8: HPGCL’s Financial Status after the Split-up

(unit: million rupees)
Outstanding
Sales and Profit
FY Sales Cash in-flow balance of
expense ratio before tax
borrowings
98 5,174 91.1% 184.4 0 9,714.6
99 8,078 88.7% 615.3 0 12,492.4
00 8,083 91.8% 505.7 0 14,820.2
01 9,866 88.1% -194.1 0 14,881.5
02 14,112 88.0% 1,116.4 0 17,804.4
03 15,486 89.3% 1,250.6 0 24,673.6
04 16,470 90.8% 1,257.9 -40.0 32,355.6
Source: HPGCL Annual Accounts

The executing agency intends to continue allocating about 4% of the project cost, a valid
amount, to its operation and maintenance (allowing for approximately a 5% increase in
inflation per annum).

2.5.2 Operation and maintenance status

Although the records of operation and maintenance work are kept at each power house,
the manuals are kept only at Power House B, which is considered the central point. When
required, photocopies are made and used in the rest of the power houses. Personnel at the
executing agency acknowledge that the annual inspection of the power houses, the
frequency and contents of the inspections recommended by the manufacturer are not
always followed in conducting the annual inspection of the power houses. In addition, the
agency acknowledges that significant improvement needs to be made on the frequency
and contents of the operation and maintenance work.
Currently the most pressing issue concerning the operation and maintenance of the
power houses is their overhaul in Stage 1. Despite the repeated recommendations in the
SAPS, the overhaul has not been conducted for over 20 years (generally, it is done once

18
JBIC’s “Power Sector Study for India” (2005) concludes that, as of FY2004, Haryana is one of the
few states in India where the electricity business is turning a profit.
 16

every 5 to 6 years). At the site level, workers understand the necessity of overhauling the
power houses and are thus concerned that this is not being done. The reason why an
overhaul has not been undertaken is that a complete shut down of the power houses could
even trigger political and social problems under the current electricity shortage situation.
In addition, the headquarters do not approve an overhaul because the agency cannot
devote enough money for “special repair” including an overhaul within a fixed budget.
However, in respect of Stage 1, the headquarters have recognized that overhauling is
necessary. The executing agency is now requesting the contractors to conduct a technical
assessment.
Problems that should be addressed immediately include (1) the damage to the parts of
the turbine that are under water caused by the increase in the amount of quartz silt
especially during the monsoon season; and (2) the damage to the electronic control panel
in the control room in all power houses caused by the air conditioning system’s failure to
run properly. Most of these problems had to do with
Figure 5: Turbine damaged
by quartz silt the problem of replacements parts (these parts are old
designs or their production has been discontinued,
there is no technology for the production of spare
parts, etc.) and the lack of awareness of the
importance of operation and maintenance.
Moreover, the issue of safety and hygiene, which
was indicated in the SAPS, has not been thoroughly
tackled, and no improvement has been made on this
front. 19
3. Feedback
3.1 Lessons Learned
(1) It is basic knowledge that in India water disputes erupt very often and require a
long time to settle. For the future, in implementing hydro power development
projects that involve interstate rivers, all stakeholders, including the JBIC and the
executing agency, should conduct detailed surveys and analyses of their own, and
pay close attention to the impact these water disputes may have on ODA loan
projects, and through these activities accurately identify the feasibility of
individual projects. In particular, since the construction of the Hathnikund Barrage,
which was a precondition for Stage 2 of this project, was a project under the

19
As of 2007, the problem concerning the under water part of the turbine was in the process of being solved
by repairing the runner blade and the discharge ring and by replacing the carbon ring. As for air conditioning,
a new system is scheduled to be procured this fiscal year. In respect of safety and hygiene, while it
was confirmed that rubber boots and cotton work gloves were provided, helmets continued to be unavailable,
and there was no plan to procure them. Outsourcing the cleanup services for the power houses is now
being considered.
 17

jurisdiction of India’s Irrigation Department and financed by the World Bank, the
gathering of information not only from the executing agency of the target project
but also from the supporting and executing agencies of other related projects is
judged to have also been indispensable for preventing the problem from
escalating.
(2) In the development of hydro power plants many factors should be taken into
account, such as rainfall, water availability, physiography, topography,
underground water, properties of the water, among others, so that the correct type
of technology is applied. In this project, because technology that was not
appropriate for the characteristics of the Western Yamuna Canal was applied, there
was a lot of damage to the equipment even from the very first stages of the
operation of the power plants. For future hydro power development projects, the
appropriateness of technology should be looked at and judged objectively by
conducting thorough research and analysis of the specific factors that surround the
project.
(3) The loan disbursement for this project was concluded in 1992. However, since the
construction of Power House D had not yet completed, JBIC still regarded the
project as an “on-going project.” On the other hand, the executing agency did not
fully understand that the project was still “unfinished.” In the future, when the
project has not completed by the loan expiry date, JBIC will be expected to give
detailed explanation not only to the borrower but also to the executing agency so
that a common understanding is shared among all stakeholders.

3.2 Recommendations
3.2.1 Recommendations to the executing agency
[Close communication with JBIC]
In order to secure the smooth implementation of a project, it is recommended that
day-to-day communication with JBIC be maintained. In the case any issues arise,
measures should be taken based on discussions with JBIC, so that these issues are solved
immediately.

[Thorough operation and maintenance]

(1) Conduct an overhaul for Stage 1 as soon as possible. In addition, personnel of the
executing agency’s headquarters, being fully aware of the importance of periodic
overhauls, should consider including the necessary budget in the regular operation
and maintenance budget.
(2) Based on the operation and effect indicators, it is highly likely that, despite the
 18

fact that it has been only two years since it began operating, Power House D is not
being operated properly. Especially for FY2005, many of the indicators have not
even achieved 80% of the target values. Identify the real cause through
discussions with the manufacturer and take appropriate measures to deal with
them.
(3) Conduct repair and maintenance procedures (frequency and content) as per
recommendations of the manufacturer, so as to strengthen preventive maintenance.
Request the manufacturer to provide manuals for each of the four power houses.
(4) Spare no pains to form and enforce safety measures that conform to Indian laws.
The staff workers at the power houses should be educated on these laws on a daily
basis.
(5) Proceed with the plan of outsourcing cleanup services as soon as possible and
spare no pains to operate and maintain the power houses properly.

[Technical capacity]
Based on the amount of water that can be used in the Western Yamuna Canal today,
efforts will be made to improve the rate of water utilization by reevaluating the power
generation capacity of all four power houses.

3.2.2 Recommendations to the government of India

Problems related to replacement parts are not specific to this project. To solve these
problems, it is recommended that the government of India build up its capacity to obtain
the required amount of equipment, materials and parts by taking sufficient budgetary
steps.

Co mp arison of Orig in al an d Actu al Scop e
Item Plan
(1) Outputs ɾ Construction of a power
generating channel
ɾ Hydraulic turbines (valve
turbines)
ɾç Synchronous generator × 8 ɾç
Process inspection in Japan ɾç
Water level measuring gauge ɾç
Funds to purchase a 100-ton
trailer
(2) Project Period [Overall Project]
March 1981–June 1985
(52 months) [Stage 1]
March 1981–February 1985
(48 months)
[Stage 2]
March 1981–June 1985
(52 months)
(3) Project Cost 4,000 million yen
Foreign currency 13,279 million yen
Local currency (447 million rupees)
17,280 million yen
Total 4,000 million yen
ODA loan portion 1 rupee = 29.7 yen
Exchange rate (as of March 1981)
19
Actual
Although there changes regarding,
construction of channel, hydraulic
turbines and generators (rotation
frequency/runner diameter, sum total
annual output), nearly all were
achieved as planned. Additionally,
details information on process
inspections, water level measuring
gauge, 100-ton trailer was
unavailable.
[Overall Project]
March 1981–May 2004
(282 months, 542% of original plan)
[Stage 1]
March 1981–April 1989
(98 months, 204% of original plan)
[Period when project was stopped]
February 1989–August 2000
(139 months)
[Stage 2]
September 2000–May 2004
(45 months, 87% of original plan)
3,244 million yen
20,287 million yen
(1,568 million rupees)
23,531 million yen
3,244 million yen
1 rupee = 12.94 yen
(1980–1998 average)
 20

Modern Concepts and Future Role

Hydropower does not discharge pollutants into the environment; however, it is not free from
adverse environmental effects. Considerable efforts have been made to reduce environmental
problems associated with hydropower operations, such as providing safe fish passage and
improved water quality in the past decade at both Federal facilities and non-Federal facilities
licensed by the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission.

Efforts to ensure the safety of dams and the use of newly available computer technologies to
optimize operations have provided additional opportunities to improve the environment. Yet,
many unanswered questions remain about how best to maintain the economic viability of
hydropower in the face of increased demands to protect fish and other environmental resources.

Reclamation actively pursues research and development (R&D) programs to improve the
operating efficiency and the environmental performance of hydropower facilities
 21

Hydropower research and development today is primarily being conducted in the following
areas:

Fish Passage, Behavior, and Response

Turbine-Related Projects
Monitoring Tool Development
Hydrology
Water Quality
Dam Safety
Operations & Maintenance
Water Resources Management

Reclamation continues to work to improve the reliability and efficiency of generating

hydropower. Today, engineers want to make the most of new and existing facilities to increase
production and efficiency. Existing hydropower concepts and approaches include:

-- Uprating existing powerplants

-- Developing small plants (low-head hydropower)
-- Peaking with hydropower
-- Pumped storage
-- Tying hydropower to other forms of energy

Uprating

The uprating of existing hydroelectric generator and turbine units at powerplants is one of the
most immediate, cost-effective, and environmentally acceptable means of developing additional
electric power. Since 1978, Reclamation has pursued an aggressive uprating program which has
added more than 1,600,000 kW to Reclamation's capacity at an average cost of $69 per kilowatt.
This compares to an average cost for providing new peaking capacity through oil-fired
generators of more than $400 per kilowatt. Reclamation's uprating program has essentially
provided the equivalent of another major hydroelectric facility of the approximate magnitude of
Hoover Dam and Powerplant at a fraction of the cost and impact on the environment when
compared to any other means of providing new generation capacity.

Low-head Hydropower

A low-head dam is one with a water drop of less than 65 feet and a generating capacity less than
15,000 kW. Large, high-head dams can produce more power at lower costs than low-head dams,
but construction of large dams may be limited by lack of suitable sites, by environmental
considerations, or by economic conditions. In contrast, there are many existing small dams and
drops in elevation along canals where small generating plants could be installed. New low-head
dams could be built to increase output as well. The key to the usefulness of such units is their
ability to generate power near where it is needed, reducing the power inevitably lost during
transmission.
 22

Pumped Storage

Like peaking, pumped storage is

a method of keeping water in
reserve for peak period power
demands. Pumped storage is
water pumped to a storage pool
above the powerplant at a time
when customer demand for
energy is low, such as during the
middle of the night. The water
is then allowed to flow back
through the turbine-generators at
times when demand is high and
a heavy load is place on the
system.

The reservoir acts much like a

battery, storing power in the
form of water when demands are
low and producing maximum
power during daily and seasonal
peak periods. An advantage of
pumped storage is that
hydroelectric generating units
are able to start up quickly and
make rapid adjustments in
output. They operate efficiently
when used for one hour or
several hours.

Because pumped storage

reservoirs are relatively small,
construction costs are generally
low compared with conventional
hydropower facilities.
 23

CHAPTER 3
(CONCLUSION)
 24

CONCLUSION

Reclamation is helping to meet the needs of our country, and one of the most pressing needs is
the growing demand for electric power. Reclamation powerplants annually generate more than
42 billion kWh of hydroelectric energy, which is enough to meet the annual residential needs of
14 million people or the energy equivalent of more than 80 million barrels of crude oil.

The deregulation of wholesale electricity sales and the imposition of requirements for open
transmission access are resulting in dramatic changes in the business of electric power
production in the United States. This restructuring increases the importance of clean, reliable
energy sources such as hydropower.

Hydropower is important from an operational standpoint as it needs no "ramp-up" time, as many

combustion technologies do. Hydropower can increase or decrease the amount of power it is
supplying to the system almost instantly to meet shifting demand. With this important
load-following capability, peaking capacity and voltage stability attributes, hydropower plays a
significant part in ensuring reliable electricity service and in meeting customer needs in a market
driven industry. In addition, hydroelectric pumped storage facilities are the only significant way
currently available to store electricity.

Hydropower=s ability to provide peaking power, load following, and frequency control helps
protect against system failures that could lead to the damage of equipment and even brown or
blackouts. Hydropower, besides being emissions-free and renewable has the above operating
benefits that provide enhanced value to the electric system in the form of efficiency, security,
and most important, reliability. The electric benefits provided by hydroelectric resources are of
vital importance to the success of our National experiment to deregulate the electric industry.

Water is one of our most valuable resources, and hydropower makes use of this renewable
treasure. As a National leader in managing hydropower, Reclamation is helping the Nation meet
its present and future energy needs in a manner that protects the environment by improving
hydropower projects and operating them more effectively.
 25

CHAPTER 4
(GLOSSARY)
 26

GLOSSARY

Alternating Current An electric current changing regularly from one direction to the
opposite.

Ampere The common unit of measurement of electrical current.

Baseload The minimum constant amount of load connected to the power

system over a given time period, usually on a monthly, seasonal, or
yearly basis.

Baseload Plant A plant, usually housing high-efficiency steam-electric units,

which is normally operated to take all or part of the minimum load
of a system, and which consequently produces electricity at an
essentially constant rate and runs continuously. These units are
operated to maximize system mechanical and thermal efficiency
and minimize system operating costs.

Bus (buswork) A conductor, or group of conductors, that serve as a common

connection for two or more electrical circuits. In powerplants,
buswork comprises the three rigid single-phase connectors that
interconnect the generator and the step-up transformer(s).

Capability The maximum load that a generating unit, generating station, or

other electrical apparatus can carry under specified conditions for a
given period of time without exceeding approved limits of
temperature and stress.

Capacity The amount of electric power delivered or required for which a

generator, turbine, transformer, transmission circuit, station, or
system is rated by the manufacturer.

Circuit A conductor or a system of conductors through which electric

current flows.

Current (Electric) A flow of electrons in an electrical conductor. The strength or rate

of movement of the electricity is measured in amperes.

Dam A massive wall or structure built across a valley or river for storing
water.
 27

Demand The rate at which electric energy is delivered to or by a system,

part of a system, or a piece of equipment. It is expressed in
kilowatts, kilovolt amperes, or other suitable units at a given
instant or averaged over any designated period of time. The
primary source of "demand" is the power-consuming equipment of
the customers.

Direct Current Electric current going in one direction only.

Distribution System The portion of an electric system that is dedicated to delivering

electric energy to an end user. The distribution system "steps
down" power from high-voltage transmission lines to a level that
can be used in homes and businesses.

Energy The capacity for doing work as measured by the capability of

doing work (potential energy) or the conversion of this capability
to motion (kinetic energy). Energy has several forms, some of
which are easily convertible and can be changed to another form
useful for work. Most of the world's convertible energy comes
from fossil fuels that are burned to produce heat that is then used
as a transfer medium to mechanical or other means in order to
accomplish tasks. Electrical energy is usually measured in kilowatt
hours and represents power (kilowatts) operating for some time
period (hours), while heat energy is usually measured in British
thermal units.

Generation (Electricity) The process of producing electric energy by transforming other

forms of energy; also, the amount of electric energy produced,
expressed in watthours (Wh).

Generator A machine that converts mechanical energy into electrical energy.

Head The difference in elevation between the headwater surface above

and the tailwater surface below a hydroelectric powerplant under
specified conditions.

Horsepower A unit of rate of doing work equal to 33,000 foot pounds per
minute or 745.8 watts (Brit.), 746 watts (USA), or 736 watts
(Europe).

Hydroelectric Power Electric current produced from water power.

Hydroelectric Powerplant A building in which turbines are operated, to drive generators, by

the energy of natural or artificial waterfalls.
 28

Kilowatt (kW) Unit of electric power equal to 1,000 watts or about 1.34
horsepower. For example, it's the amount of electric energy
required to light ten 100-watt light bulbs.

Kilowatt-Hour (kWh) The unit of electrical energy commonly used in marketing electric
power; the energy produced by 1 kilowatt acting for one hour. Ten
100-watt light bulbs burning for one hour would consume one
kilowatt hour of electricity.

Kinetic Energy Energy which a moving body has because of its motion, dependent
on its mass and the rate at which it is moving.

Load (Electric) The amount of electric power delivered or required at any specific
point or points on a system. The requirement originates at the
energy-consuming equipment of the consumers.

Megawatt A unit of power equal to one million watts. For example, it's the
amount of electric energy required to light 10,000 100-watt bulbs.

Ohm The unit of measurement of electrical resistance. The resistance of

a circuit in which a potential difference of one volt produces a
current of one ampere.

Peakload The greatest amount of power given out or taken in by a machine

or power distribution system in a given time.

Power Mechanical or electrical force or energy. The rate at which work

is done by an electric current or mechanical force, generally
measured in watts or horsepower.

Pumped-Storage A plant that usually generates electric energy during peak-load

Hydroelectric Plant periods by using water previously pumped into an elevated storage
reservoir during off-peak periods when excess generating capacity
is available to do so. When additional generating capacity is
needed, the water can be released from the reservoir through a
conduit to turbine generators located in a power plant at a lower
level.

Rated Capacity That capacity which a hydro generator can deliver without
exceeding mechanical safety factors or a nominal temperature rise.
In general this is also the nameplate rating except where turbine
power under maximum head is insufficient to deliver the
nameplate rating of the generator.
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Reservoir An artificial lake into which water flows and is stored

for future use.

Turbine A machine for generating rotary mechanical power from

the energy of a stream of fluid (such as water, steam, or
hot gas). Turbines convert the kinetic energy of fluids to
mechanical energy through the principles of impulse and
reaction, or a mixture of the two.

Volt (V) The unit of electromotive force or potential difference

that will cause a current of one ampere to flow through
a conductor with a resistance of one ohm.

Watt (W) The unit used to measure production/usage rate of all

types of energy; the unit for power. The rate of energy
transfer equivalent to one ampere flowing under a
pressure of one volt at unity power factor.

Watthour (Wh) The unit of energy equal to the work done by one watt in
one hour.
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