2 stroke and 4 stroke

The stroke in an engine is the distance covered by the piston from top dead center to the
bottom dead center. In simple words, stroke is the distance of cylinder between piston moves. If
a piston moves 2 times in the cylinder, that means, engine is known as two stroke engine and if
it moves 4 times in a four stroke engine. The crankshaft rotates one time between 2 strokes.
4 stroke
Intake, Compression,Power,Exhaust
2 stroke
Intake/Ignition
Compression/exhaust
The basic and main difference between two stroke and four stroke engine is that the crankshaft
complete one revolution in one power stroke in 2 stroke engine and complete 2 revolution in
one power stroke in four stroke engine. So the 2 stroke engine give high power compare to 4
stroke engine but the 4 stroke engine is more fuel efficient.
Here I like to list many other differences,It

1. Two stroke engine (2$) has one revolution of crankshaft within one power stroke.
 Four stroke engine (4$) has two revolution of crankshaft between one power
strokes.
 2$ can generate high torque compare to 4 strokes engine.
 4$ generates less torque due to 2 revolution of crankshaft between one power
strokes.
 2$ used port to inlet and outlet of fuel.
 4$ used valve to inlet and outlet.
 2$ engines require lighter flywheel compare to other engines because it generates
more balanced force due to one revolution for one power stroke.
 4$ requires heavy flywheel because it generates unbalance force due to two
revolutions for one power stroke.
 2$ has high power to weight ratio compare to others.
 4$ engines have less power to weight ratio.
 2$ creates more noise.
 4$ is less noisy
 Two stroke engines are less efficient and generate more smoke.
 Four stroke engines are more efficient and generate less smoke
 2$ engines are generally lighter.
 4$ engine comparatively heavier than 2$.
  2$ are mostly used in ships, scooters etc.
 4$ engines mostly used in car, truck, and other automobiles.
 In 2$ Due to poor lubrication more wear and tear occurs
 In 4$ Less wear and tear occurs.

A four stroke
engine is an internal combustion engine in which the piston completes four
separate strokes which comprise a single thermodynamic cycle. A stroke refer to full travel of
piston along the cylinder in either direction. The four separate strokes are termed as INTAKE,
COMPRESSION, POWER and EXHAUST.
A two-stroke
(or two-cycle) engine is a type of internal combustion engine which completes a power cycle
with two strokes (up and down movements) of the piston during only
one crankshaf revolution.
At the top of the stroke, the spark plug ignites the fuel mixture. ... (At the same time, another
crankcase compression stroke is happening beneath the piston.) Since the two stroke
engine fires on every revolution of the crankshaft, a two stroke engine is usually more powerful
than a four stroke engine of equivalent size.

Ships refrigeration plant may vary from the small domestic

refrigerating unit for provisions to large plant for reefer vessels. The
Chief Engineer is responsible for the correct temperatures being
maintained, delegating the good operations and maintenance of the
plant to the 2/E. Larger plants may have a Refrigeration Officer.
Machinery under ship's engineer responsibility may include:

 Domestic ref. plant.

 Cargo ref. plants

 Air conditioning plants

 Ventilation and heating plants

 Cargo refrigerated containers

All maintenance recommendations from the makers have to be

carried out regularly and according to instructions, entered in the
refrigeration maintenance log, together with the test of all cut outs,
i.e. HP, LP, LO, HT, that have to be carried out at regular intervals,
generally one month.

All adjustment must be made according to standard good practice

and records of the same entered in the log.

Filter separators and driers should be regularly cleaned in order to

have always the circuit moisture, dirty and oil free. When shutting
down a plant all refrigerant gas must be pumped in the liquid
receiver or condenser.

Four basic components of a refrigeration system The four

main components of a refrigeration system working on the vapour
compression cycle are:

 The compressor

 the condenser

 the expansion valve

 the evaporator.

Compressor :The function of the compressor in a refrigeration

system is to raise the pressure of the vapourised refrigerant,
causing its saturation temperature to rise so that it is higher than
that of seawater or an air cooled condenser. The compressor also
promotes circulation of the refrigerant by pumping it around the
system.

Condenser :The function of the condenser is to liquefy the

refrigerant and sub cool it to below the saturation temperature by
circulating seawater or air. Latent heat originally from the
evaporator is transferred to the cooling medium. The liquid
refrigerant still at pressure produced by the compressor passes on
to the expansion valve.

Expansion valve : The function of the expansion valve in a

refrigeration system is to regulate the flow of refrigerant from the
HP side of the system to the LP side of the system. The drop in
pressure causes the saturation temperature of the refrigerant to fall
so that it will boil at the low temperature of the evaporator. The
expansion valve controls the flow of refrigerant to the evaporator
thermostatically.

Evaporator : The function of the evaporator in the refrigeration

system is to cool the air in the fridge space. It does this because the
temperature of the refrigerant entering the evaporator is lower than
that of the air in the space and this causes the refrigerant to receive
latent heat and evaporate. The evaporator normally has a fan to
circulate the air around it.

Three desirable properties of a refrigerant are:

1. Low boiling point

2. low condensing pressure

3. high specific enthalpy of vaporisation. (This reduces the

quantity of refrigerant in circulation and lower machine speeds,
sizes, etc).

The effects of insufficient refrigerant in the system are a low reading

on the LP pressure gauge and a lack of frost on the suction pipe.

The high pressure (HP) cut out is fitted on the discharge side of the
compressor in a refrigeration system. This will shut down the
compressor in the event of an over pressure and can only be
manually reset.

Details of refrigeration cycle -How the system works ?

Refrigeration of cargo spaces and storerooms employs a system of

components to remove heat from the space being cooled. This heat
is transferred to another body at a lower temperature. The cooling
of air for air conditioning entails a similar process.
The transfer of heat takes place in a simple system: firstly, in the
evaporator where the lower temperature of the refrigerant cools the
body of the space being cooled; and secondly, in the condenser
where the refrigerant is cooled by air or water. The usual system
employed for marine refrigeration plants is the vapour compression
cycle as shown in diagram here.

Fig: Vapour compression cycle

The pressure of the refrigerant gas is increased in the compressor

and it thereby becomes hot. This hot, high-pressure gas is passed
through into a condenser. Depending on the particular application,
the refrigerant gas will be cooled either by air or water, and because
it is still at a high pressure it will condense. The liquid refrigerant is
then distributed through a pipe network until it reaches a control
valve alongside an evaporator where the cooling is required. This
regulating valve meters the flow of liquid refrigerant into the
evaporator, which is at a lower pressure. Air from the cooled space
or air conditioning system is passed over the evaporator and boils
off the liquid refrigerant, at the same time cooling the air.

The design of the system and evaporator should be such that all the
liquid refrigerant is boiled off and the gas slightly superheated
before it returns to the compressor at a low pressure to be
recompressed.

Thus it will be seen that heat that is transferred from the air to the
evaporator is then pumped round the system until it reaches the
condenser where it is transferred or rejected to the ambient air or
water.

It should be noted that where an air-cooled condenser is employed

in very small plants, such as provision storerooms, adequate
ventilation is required to help remove the heat being rejected by the
condenser. Also, in the case of water-cooled condensers, fresh
water or sea water may be employed. Fresh water is usual when a
central fresh-water/sea-water heat exchanger is employed for all
engine room requirements. Where this is the case, because of the
higher cooling-water temperature to the condenser, delivery
temperatures from condensers will be higher than that on a sea
water cooling system.

Temperature Records

Temperatures of domestic refrigerated rooms have to be corrected

daily by the 2nd Engineer or delegated Officer, passed to the Chief
Engineer and to the Master. On larger plant suitable logs will be
supplied in order to enter temperature of the cargo and all other
relevant details.