Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
(BCE IV/I)
2.0 HIGHWAY PAVEMENT
FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT
RIGID PAVEMENT
Syllabus: Overall
1. Traffic Engineering
2. Highway Pavement
• Load Support
• Smoothness/
Good Riding Characteristics
• Drainage
• Safety and Comfortable
2.1.4 Types of Pavements
• Based upon the Structural Behaviour of the Materials Used in
the Construction, Pavements are Classified as:
1. Flexible Pavement
2. Rigid Pavement
3. Semi-Rigid Pavement
4. Composite Pavement
1. Flexible Pavement
• So named because the
pavement structure Deflects or
Flexes under Loading.
• Dense-graded HMA
• Stone matrix asphalt (SMA)
• Open-graded HMA
• Bituminous surface treatments (BSTs)
• Earthen Roads-Stabilized and Unstabilized
• WBM Roads, etc.
Types of Flexible Pavements
Dense-graded
Open-graded Gap-graded
Rigid Pavement
• So named because the
pavement structure deflects
very little under loading due
to the high modulus of
elasticity of the surface
course.
• Possesses considerable
flexural strength.
• Has slab action and is capable
of transmitting the wheel
loads through a wider area
below.
Rigid Pavement
• Doesn’t get deformed to
the shape of the lower
surface as it can bridge the
minor variations of lower
layers.
1. Subgrade
2. Sub-base Course
3. Base Course
4. Wearing/Surface Course
Indian Practice
SURFACE/WEARING COURSE
BASE COURSE
SUB-BASE COURSE
SUBGRADE
British Practice
WEARING COURSE
SURFACING
BASE COURSE
SUB-BASE COURSE
SUBGRADE
American Practice
SURFACE COURSE
BINDER COURSE
BASE COURSE
SUB-BASE COURSE
SUBGRADE
For Flexible Pavements
1. Subgrade
2. Sub-base Course
3. Base Course
4. Wearing/Surface Course
For Rigid Pavements
1. Subgrade
2. Sub-base Course
3. Base Course
4. Wearing/Surface Course
2.1.6 Functions and Characteristics of
Pavement Layers
Subgrade
• Improve drainage.
• The base course lies close to the pavement surface and hence
it must possess high resistance to deformation in order to
withstand the high pressures imposed upon it. So, it is of
superior quality materials.
Functions:
• This course receives the impact of the traffic through the
wearing course.
3. Environmental Factors
4. Failure Criteria
1. Traffic Factors and Loads Characterization
a) Tire/Wheel/Axle Loads
b) Axle and Tire Configurations
c) No. of Load Repetitions
d) Moving Loads
e) Traffic Distribution
f) Contact Area
g) Vehicle Speed
A) Tire/Wheel/Axle Loads
Axle Load
• The total weight felt by the roadway for all wheels connected
to a given axle.
• In another way, it is the fraction of total vehicle weight
resting on a given axle.
• Single Axle Load - The
total load transmitted by all
wheels of a single axle
extending the full width of
the vehicle.
Tandem Axles
Tridem Axles
Quad Axles
Axle Loads Practice in Nepal
2. Rutting Failure
• Is due to the build up of excessive compressive strain at the top
of subgrade layer
• Pavement is considered failed if it exhibits a rut depth of 20 mm
2.4 Design Methods for Flexible
Pavements- CBR, Road Note 29, 31,
AASHTO
Design Methods for Flexible Pavements
Design Methods of Flexible Pavements
1. Mechanistic(Theoretical/Analytical) Design Approach
Based on Boussinesq’s Theory
Based on Burmister’s Theory
2. Empirical Design Approach
Group Index Method
CBR (California Bearing Ratio) Method
Road Note 29 Method
Road Note 31/ Catalogue Method
IRC Method
IRC Recommended CBR Method (IRC 37: 1970)
IRC 37: 1984
IRC 37: 2001
AASHTO Method
3. Mechanistic-Empirical Design Approach – Semi-empirical Design Approach
Triaxial Method
Asphalt Institute Method
1. Mechanistic Design Approach
A) Based on Boussinesq’s Theory
• Flexible pavement can be analyzed using Layer Theory as
derived by Joseph Valentin Boussinesq in 1885.
Difference between Flexible and Rigid
Plates