Resistive Circuits

(Source: Hambley, A.R., Electrical Engineering Principles & Application

Ario Sunar Baskoro

Series Resistance
Parallel Resistance
Parallel Resistance
• Four resistances are in parallel

• Two resistances

or
Combining Series and Parallel
Examples
Circuit Analysis using Series/Parallel Equivalents #1
Circuit Analysis using Series/Parallel Equivalents #2
Circuit Analysis using Series/Parallel Equivalents #2
Circuit Analysis using Series/Parallel Equivalents #2
 Voltage Divider Circuits

voltage-division principle: Of the total voltage, the fraction

that appears across a given resistance in a series circuit is the
ratio of the given resistance to the total series resistance
Example of Voltage Division
 Current Division Circuit

Current-division principle: For two resistances in parallel,

the fraction of the total current flowing in a resistance is
the ratio of the other resistance to the sum of the two
resistances
Example
Node Voltage Analysis

A node is a point at which two or more circuit elements are joined together
In node voltage analysis, we first select one of the nodes as the reference
node
The negative reference polarity for each of the node voltages is at the
reference node
Once the node voltages have been determined, it is relatively easy to
determine other voltages and currents in the circuit.
Node Voltage Analysis

Clockwise direction
The current flowing out of node
2 through R3 is given by

To find the current flowing out of node n through a resistance toward node k, we
subtract the voltage at node k from the voltage at node n and divide the difference
by the resistance

The current flowing out of node 2 through R2, we have

Now we apply KCL, adding all of the expressions for the currents leaving
node 2 and setting the sum to zero

We usually write expressions for the currents leaving the node under
consideration and set the sum to zero.
Applying this approach at node 3
Example
Example
 Circuit Equation in Standard Form
For two node voltages

For three unknown node voltages

Circuit Equation in Standard Form
Example
Mesh Current Analysis

When several mesh currents flow through one element, we consider the current in that
element to be the algebraic sum of the mesh currents
The current in R3 is (i1−i2)  v3 = R3(i1−i2).
Example

The current in R2 referenced to the left is i3 − i1.

Furthermore, the current referenced upward in R3 is i2 − i1.
In terms of the mesh currents, find the current in a. R2
referenced upward; b. R4 referenced to the right; c. R8
referenced downward; d. R8 referenced upward.
Answer a. i4 − i1; b. i2 − i1; c. i3 − i4; d. i4 − i3.