2/12/2019 Voltage Regulation Formula | Percentage Regulation versus Power Factor

Voltage Regulation Formula

ELECTRICAL MACHINES, TRANSFORMERS

Voltage Regulation Formula:

Voltage Regulation Formula – Constant voltage is the requirement of most domestic, commercial and industrial loads. It is, therefore, necessary that the output voltage of a transformer must stay
within narrow limits as the load and its power factor vary. This requirement is more stringent in distribution transformers as these directly feed the load centres. The voltage drop in a transformer
on load is chiefly determined by its leakage reactance which must be kept as low as design and manufacturing techniques would permit.

The figure of merit which determines the voltage drop characteristic of a transformer is the voltage regulation. It is defined as the change in magnitude of the secondary (terminal) voltage, when
full-load (rated load) of specified power factor supplied at rated voltage is thrown off, i.e. reduced to no-load with primary voltage (and frequency) held constant, as percentage of the rated load
terminal voltage. In terms of symbols

Figure 3.28(a) shows the transformer equivalent circuit* referred to the secondary side and Fig. 3.28(b) gives its phasor diagram. The voltage drops IR and /X (as shown in the phasor diagram)
are very small in a well-designed transformer (refer Ex. 3.6). As a result the angle Sbetween V1 and V2 is of negligible order, so that

When the load is thrown off

where I is the full-load secondary current and V2, the full-load secondary voltage (equal to the value of V2 (rated)). Thus

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Equation (3.66) implies that voltage regulation is the maximum when the load power factor (lagging) angle has the same value as the angle of the equivalent impedance. From Eq. (3.65), the
voltage regulation is zero when

For 0 (leading) larger than that given by Eq. (3.66), the voltage regulation is negative (i.e. the secondary full-load voltage is more than the no-load voltage).

The complete variation of % regulation with power factor is shown in Fig. 3.29.

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