AMMETER AND COLOR

CODING
Submitted By:
ITPN-606
Rajwinder Kaur-1894804
Gaurav Verma-1893184
Harpreet Kaur-1894466
Navneet Kaur-1894735
Gagandeep Singh-1893413
➢ OBJECTIVES:
• How ammeter works ?
• What is the importance of color coding?
• How to find the value of resistance in the circuit ?
• Determine the right cabling of given circuit ?
• How to troubleshoot the causes of failure registers in given circuit ?
• How current impact the whole process of ammeter ?
 HOW AMMETER WORKS ?
❑ An ammeter has been rejected from the quality control. When the current
crosses 1mA, the needle freezes at the right extremity of the scale for all
range except 1mA and 50mA. For these two ranges, the device seems to
work correctly.

❑ General operation: Parallel circuits are essential in this device since they
allow the selection of many range in order to measure different values of the
current.
❑In this device some resistance receives a certain amount of current which
will induce the deflection of the needle up to maximal current available for
this resistance. For current superior to the full-scale deflection current, the
needle is blocked at the end of the scale (figure 5-50)
❑ THE SHUNT RESISTANCE IS IN PARALLEL WITH THE NEEDLE (MOBILE EQUIPMENT). ITS PURPOSE IS
TO MAKE SURE THAT ALL CURRENT BIGGER THAN 1 MA GETS AROUND THE MOBILE EQUIPMENT
IN ORDER TO EXPAND THE RANGE OF MEASURE. IN THIS CASE CURRENT UP TO 10MA COULD BE
MEASURED. TO FIND THE REAL CURRENT VALUE, THE READ VALUE ON THE AMMETER IS
MULTIPLIED BY 10. (FIGURE 5-51)

A REAL AMMETER HAS MANY SCALE SWITCHES IN ORDER TO MEASURE DIFFERENT RANGE OF
THE CURRENT. FIGURE 5-52 REPRESENTS A 3 SCALES AMMETER (1MA, 10MA, 100MA). WHEN THE
SWITCH IS ON THE 1 MA POSITION, ALL CURRENT ENTERING GOES DIRECTLY TO THE MOBILE
EQUIPMENT. WHEN THE 10MA POSITION IS CHOSEN, A MAXIMUM OF 9MA PASSES THE SHUNT
RESISTANCE RSH1 AND A MAXIMUM OF 1MA PASSES THROUGH THE MOBILE EQUIPMENT. FOR
THE 100MA POSITION, THE SHUNT RESISTANCE COULD SEE UP TO 99MA AND THE MOBILE
EQUIPMENT ONLY 1MA.
PROBLEMS:
The following picture represents the front face of the device. By
removing a front plate, you have access to the inside circuit. All
resistances have a tolerance of 1% and are color coded with 5 rings.
Compare all connection of the ammeter with the following diagram.
Determine the value of each resistance. Determine the right cabling for
this circuit. The 100mA position of the switch is labelled 1.
PROBLEMS:
2. You have corrected the cabling of the circuit and now everything is
operating correctly for 1mA, 5mA, 10mA and 50mA but freezes for a current
superior to 50mA on the 100mA scale. What are the possible causes for this
failure? Which value should have R4 and R5?
HINTS:
Each resistance has the following color ring (from the left to the right in
the colored picture) (temperature and tolerance rings are reversed)
• Brown, black, red, white, brown
• Brown, black, red, white, brown
• Brown, black, red, white, brown
• Brown, red, yellow, orange, brown
• Green, blue, blue, white, brown
COLOR BAND THEORY
COLOR BAND THEORY
• 4 Band Resistor Color Code
This diagram shows you how to read the 4 band
resistor color codes. The tolerance band has a
slightly larger distance to the other bands, so the
reading direction can be determined. The 3 band
resistor does not have the tolerance band, it always
has a 20% tolerance.
• 5 Band Resistor Color Code
This diagram helps you read the 5 band resistor color
code. The five bands are used for resistors with a
tight tolerance. The first three bands are used to
indicate the significant values, the fourth band is the
multiplier and the sixth band shows the tolerance.
COLOR BAND THEORY
• 6 Band Resistor Color Code
This diagram shows you how to read the 6 band
resistor color codes. It is very similar to the 5 band
code, with the first three bands used to indicate the
significant numbers. The 6th band is used to indicate
either the temperature coefficient(most common) or
the failure rate.
IMPORTANCE OF REGISTER
• Resistor color code and resistor color coding scheme and other methods of
resistor marking schemes to indicating its value.
• Hold the resistor with these grouped bands to your left. Always read resistors
from left to right. Resistors never start with a metallic band on the left. If you
have a resistor with a gold or silver band on one end, you have a 5% or 10%
tolerance resistor.
• To overcome this, small resistors use colored painted bands to indicate both
their resistive value and their tolerance with the physical size of the resistor
indicating its wattage rating. These colored painted bands produce a
system of identification generally known as a Resistors Color Code.
• Components and wires are coded with colors to identify their value and
function. The colors brown, red, green, blue, and violet are used as
tolerance codes on 5-band resistors only
EXPLANATION:
SOLUTIONS:
• Compare all connection of the
ammeter as below:
We have resistors with 5 different rings
with 1% of tolerance. To find, the
value of each resistance we follow
the rules as below:
For first resistance,
The value of R1 will be 102×109 +/- 1%

For Second resistance,

Also, The value of R2 will be
102×109 +/- 1%
SOLUTIONS:
For Third resistance,
Also, The value of R3 will be 102×109 +/- 1%

For Forth resistance,

The value of R4 will be 124×103 +/- 1%

For Fifth resistance,

The value of R5 will be 566×109 +/- 1%
SOLUTIONS:
According to situation, Now everything is operating correctly for 1mA, 5mA,
10mA and 50mA, but freezes for a current superior to 50mA on the 100mA
scale. That’s why, the right cabling is needed for this circuit that can be
explained as below:
The cabling of the circuit is corrected for 1mA, 10mA, 20mA, 30mA,
40mA & 50mA. Because the color rings exit for these cabling of the
circuit. But R4 & R5 will be failure; It will not exit in color Rings. Suppose
Taking a example for R4,
R=V/I
124×103 +/- 1%= V/100 Ma
V= 124×103 +/- 1% x100
SOLUTIONS:
• Similarly, For R5
R=V/I
566×109 +/- 1%= V/100 Ma
V= 566×109 +/- 1% x100

These are not exist in color band so the resistance for R4 & R5 will be
failure. And it will freeze because it will not deflect these values of
current in this circuit.