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Levels of need In the first instance, innovation implementation needs can be thought of
as forming themselves into a number of hierarchically-arranged levels
(see, for example, Maslow 1970: 39–46; Fullan 1991: Part I; Hersey and
Blanchard 1993: 473¤).
ELT Journal Volume 55/2 April 2001 © Oxford University Press 133
Familiarization At the most basic level, there is the need for familiarization. This involves
the innovation implementation team, on the one hand, in becoming
properly familiar with the innovation situation, and on the other, in the
potential innovation users likewise being adequately informed about the
background to, rationale for, and possible direction of the innovation.
Thus, for example, in a textbook development project, needs at this level
might be catered to by meetings in which the initial innovation concept is
explained and a proper needs analysis is conducted, involving a
representative cross-section of those who will use the textbook, as well as
those, such as heads of department, supervisors, and others, who will be
responsible for overseeing its use, and so on. On this basis, a ‘working
hypothesis’ can be developed about the shape that the innovation might
take in practice.
Socialization At the next level up there are the socialization needs. These involve
providing opportunities for the innovation prototype to be modified by
the same group that provided input into the needs analysis process, so
that the model at this phase of its development is checked for its match
with the prevailing socio-cultural educational preconceptions of this
group. At this stage in a textbook project, therefore, consultation
meetings could be held, in which the participants—teachers (and, ideally,
also learners), heads of department, supervisors, trainers, and the like—
are given a chance to provide feedback to the design team on how well
samples of draft materials do or do not fit in with and extend previous
approaches, and, as necessary, to suggest how they might be modified.
Application The third level up is concerned with the need for application. This is to do
with ensuring that the process by which the users actually test the
worked-out innovations is monitored and supported in such a way that
the necessary level of personal, practical understanding and expertise is
built up. To use the example of a textbook development project once
again, meeting needs at this stage might involve a programme of school-
based project work, in which teachers are supervised closely in their
attempts to put the new materials into practice, followed by further
support in the form of related trouble-shooting meetings.
Integration Finally, at the topmost level, there is the need for integration. Here, scope
should be given for the innovation to become the personal ‘property’ of
the users, through its further development, in ways determined as far as
possible by the users’ individual priorities. In a textbook project, this
could be done by linking teachers’ attempts to get the best out of the new
materials on an everyday basis to their schools’ and their own
professional development programmes, supported and supervised
directly by the host educational system.
The picture can be made clearer and simpler than this, however, by
conflating these four levels into just two basic, overall strata. Thus, needs
at the first and second levels can be seen as concerned with achieving an
initial conception of a proposed innovation, and its ‘ratification’. In other
words, they are to do with establishing a basis on which further
understanding and development can be built—what may therefore be
Potential-realizing
3 also at the
higher level.
1 Needs must be
figure 1
addressed at this Foundation-building
Levels of need in
level first
the innovation
implementation process
In other words, there has to be a first phase concerned with establishing a
secure foundation for understanding and for the initial acceptance of the
innovation. Following on from this, there must also be a phase devoted to
helping the innovation user to capitalize on the prior phase by
establishing an ever-increasing level of personal ownership of the
innovation.
Areas of activity Having outlined the vertical dimension of our model, we will now map
out its horizontal axis. This consists of the core areas of development
activity, and, therefore, of need, which ELT innovation projects
potentially involve, namely curriculum development (including
evaluation), teacher learning, trainer learning, and ELT management
learning.
Potential- ‘Modern’
realizing approach
Foundation- ‘Traditional’
figure 2 building approach
Curriculum
development needs
Now, many ELT innovation projects are concerned with attempting to
introduce elements of the ‘modern’ approach into a context dominated
by elements of the ‘traditional’ one. There is therefore a tendency for the
innovation development process to focus mainly on the higher level,
while ignoring or under-rating the importance of the lower one, i.e. to be
‘innovation-led’. However, it follows from the principles outlined in the
previous section that the key to satisfactorily catering to needs at the
higher level is to ensure that those at the lower level have first of all been
adequately attended to. Thus, for example, the confidence to
communicate meanings comes from a secure classroom environment,
and knowledge of language form. This is to cater to needs at the lower
level. However, there is an equal need for the classroom environment to
provide scope for individual creativity by learners, and opportunities for
them to manipulate language meaningfully. This caters to the higher
level. Rightly conceived of, therefore, a sound approach to the ELT
curriculum innovation process must be based on attempting to integrate
both main levels of need.
2 Teacher learning The second of the areas of activity on the horizontal axis—and, therefore,
needs of need—is teacher learning. Any attempt to change the curriculum—
whether indirectly through changes in teaching materials, for example,
or more directly, through changes in teaching methods—implies a need
for teacher learning, i.e. opportunities for teachers to learn about the
rationale for the new form of teaching, to critically evaluate it, and
understand how to get the best out of it.
The teacher learning dimension can also be mapped onto our emergent
matrix in terms of the two main levels of need, as follows: the first level
can be seen as corresponding to an ‘awareness’ need, i.e. the building up
of fundamental knowledge and skills by teachers about the curriculum
innovation in question, e.g. the new textbook, the new teaching
approach, etc., as well as the creation of opportunities for critiquing and
questioning it; the second level corresponds to needs associated with
‘ownership’ of the innovation, i.e. the acceptance by users of
responsibility for implementing, sustaining, and further developing a
personally meaningful version of the innovation.
Having described the two levels, however, it should be said that in our
experience there is a tendency in ELT innovation projects to focus rather
more on the first level than the second. The most common vehicle for
catering to teacher learning needs in such projects is a short course of
one kind or another. However, the ‘culture’ of a training course is often
very di¤erent from that of the normal teaching situation (Rudduck 1981:
164). In a course, removed as it usually is from the everyday pressures of
the work-place, it is all too easy for the ‘ideal’ to supplant the ‘real’. As a
result, while a course may meet the need for teachers to be ‘inducted’
into the innovation paradigm, it may not provide them with suªcient
opportunity to make the ideas personally meaningful in terms of the
realities of the context in which they normally work (cf. Joyce and
Showers 1980).
3 Trainer learning As already noted, ELT innovation projects generate a need for teacher
needs learning. This, in turn, often creates a need to train a cadre of teacher
trainers, in order to facilitate the teacher learning process. In our
experience, however, as with aspects of the previous areas of need, the
full extent of the trainer training need is not always recognized, since
frequently trainers are only ‘trained’ in the sense of having attended the
teacher training course, which they are then expected to handle as
trainers.
We see the true extent of needs in this area as corresponding once again
to our two-tier model. A foundation of understanding on the part of the
trainers about the content of the innovation should be constructed first of
all, so that they have the necessary in-depth grasp of what the teachers are
expected to learn. In the PELT Project, therefore, this has become the
main focus of the first part of the Project’s trainer training programme.
Orientation to teacher
Potential-
development
realizing
methodology
Foundation- Orientation to
building innovation content
figure 4
Trainer learning needs
Devolution of
Potential-
innovation monitoring
realizing
and support
Foundation- Innovation
figure 5 building orientation
ELT manager learning
needs