Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical
Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Mostafa Hosseini*1
, SeyedAhmad SeyedAlinaghi
, Mahmoud Mahmoudi
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical
Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Iranian Research Center for HIV/AIDS (IRCHA), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Received: 13 May 2009; Receivedin revised form: 15 Aug. 2009; Accepted: 23 Nov. 2009
Abstract- Prostate cancer is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in Iran, yet there are few
studies
examining risk factors specific to the Iranian context. We conducted acase-control study to explore
risk
factors for prostate cancer in Mazandaran, Iran from 2005 to 2008. The cases were 137 men with
clinicopathologically confirmed prostate cancer. Controls were 137 neighborhood and age match
men without
prostate cancer by PSA and digit examination. Analysis comprised an exploratory stage to identify
potential
risk factors, defined as variables associated with case status at the P < 0.20 level in conditional
logistic
regression. A second stage included all potential risk factors in multiple conditional logistic
regression
analysis, retaining those associated with prostate cancer at the P< 0.05 level. Potential risk factors
for
prostate cancer in exploratory analysis included familyhistory of prostate cancer, history of other
cancer,
prostatitis, alcohol consumption, pipe or hookah smoking, walking to work, duration of occupational
physical
activity, intensity of occupational physical activity, body mass index, and older age. Multivariate
analysis
found intensity of occupational physical activity, prostatitis, and older age as independent predictors
of
increased risk for prostate cancer in this Iranianpopulation. Our study confirms several recognized
risk
factors for prostate cancer, contributes evidence to the discussions of other hypothesized risk
factors, and
points to potentially new factors. Findings, along with confirmatory studies, can help guide efforts
for early
detection, treatment, and prevention for this common malignancy that is set to increase in Iran in
future
decades.
Key words: Prostatic neoplasms; risk factors; case- control studies; protatitis; Iran
Introduction
northern Iran.
ng/mL).
the P < 0.05 level. Data were entered and analyzed using
STATA (8.0).
Medical Sciences.
Results
M. Hosseini, et al.
the P < 0.05 level produced a final model with three risk
Table 1. Characteristics of prostate cancer cases and controls; potential risk factors in bivariate
analysis; Iran, 2005-2008.
Cases
N (%)
Controls
N (%)
OR (95% CI) p-value
Yes 15 (10.9) 6 (4.4) 2.5 (1.0 – 6.4) 0.058 History of other cancer No 124 (90.5) 135 (98.5)
Referent
Yes 13 (9.5) 2 (1.5) 6.5 (1.5 – 28.8) 0.014 History of prostatitis No 21 (15.3) 117 (85.4)
Referent
Yes 116 (84.7) 20 (14.6) 25.0 (9.2 – 67.9) <0.001 Alcohol consumption None 124 (90.5) 130
(94.9) Referent
Any 13 (9.5) 7 (5.1) 2.2 (0.8 – 6.3) 0.144 Pipe or hookah smoking None 129 (94.2) 135 (98.5)
Referent
Any 8 (5.8) 2 (1.5) 7.0 (0.9 – 56.9) 0.069 Walking to work (hours per week)
per week)
>48 51 (37.8) 42 (31.1) 1.8 (0.9 – 3.7) 0.09 Intensity of occupational physical activity Inactive to
moderately active 98 (71.5) 110 (80.3) Referent
>25 35 (23.4) 54 (39.4) 0.4 (0.2 – 0.8) 0.003 Age group (years)
Intensity of occupational physical activity Highly active vs. inactive to moderately active 6.7 1.3 –
35.1 0.02
History of prostatitis
Age group 71-80 vs. ≤70 years 7.7 0.7 – 80.1 0.08
Discussion
observed.
M. Hosseini, et al.
Acknowledgements
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