TREATMENT OF DISEASES BY ALTERNATIVE

MEDICINE

A DISSSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE OPEN INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY FOR COMPLEMENTARY

MEDICINES –SRILANKA, IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DOCTOR OF
PHILOSOPHY IN THE TREATMENT OF DISEASES BY ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE

Submitted by

G. DHASA GOUNDER

Guided by

Dr. R. SENTHIL KUMAR .Ph.D.

THE OPEN INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY FOR

COMPLEMENTARY MEDICINES
(ALMA-ATA 1962)

COLOMBO –SRI LANKA

1
 (2013-2014)

Dr .R.Senthil Kumar ,Ph.D.

Course Director

Alternative Medicine College -Coonoor .TN, India,

(The Open University for Complementary Medicine, Colombo-Sri-Lanka)

CERTIFICATE

Certified that the dissertation “TREATMENT OF DISEASES BY ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE” is a record

of research work done by G. DHASA GOUNDER during the period of his study under my
guidance and that the dissertation has not previously formed the basis for the award of any degree,
diploma, associate ship, fellowship or similar other titles and that it is an independent work done by
him.

Place : Signature of the Guide

Date: Dr .R.SENTHIL KUMAR

Official Address with Seal:

2
 DECLARATION

I hereby declare that the dissertation entitled “TREATMENT OF DISEASES BY ALTERNATIVE

MEDICINE” submitted for the Doctor of Philosophy in Acupuncture and Alternative Medicine is my

original work and the dissertation has not formed the basis for the award of any degree , diploma,

associate ship, fellowship or similar other titles. It has not been submitted to any other university or

Institution for the award of any degree or diploma.

Place: TAMIL NADU. Signature of the Candidate

Date: Name:

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

It is with real pleasure that, I record my indebtedness to my academic Guide, Dr. R. SENTHIL KUMAR

Ph.D. Course director Alternative Medicine Institude, Coonoor, Nilgiris, TamilNadu, India for his

constant encouragement and timely help for the completion of this dissertation.

I express my sincere thanks to all the teaching and non-teaching staffs, centre of astrology studies,

Alternative Medicine Institute.

I wish to express my hearty thanks to my parents and my friends.

Place: TAMIL NADU. Signature of the Candidate

Date: Name:

4
P hD Decease for Alternative
Mediciens

1. Ayrurveda, 2.Siddha,
3.Acupuncture/Acupressure
4. Naturapathi.

Submitted by
G.Dhasagounder

Guided by
Dr. R. SENTHIL KUMAR .Ph.D.

Place : Salem Date :25.04.2014

5
 Dhanvantari,
The god of Ayurveda
INDEX
Sl.No. Particulars Page.No
Dhanvantari,
1. The god of Ayurveda 8

Sl.No. Particulars Page.No

2. How Do You Define/Meaning Ayurveda 9
3. Origin of Ayurveda: 10
4. Meaning and Definition of Ayurveda 11
5. What is life 12
6. Objective of Ayurveda 13
7. Ayurveda- Brief History and Philosophy 13
8. A ORIGIN AND DEVELOPMENT OF AYURVEDA 15
9. Beginnings of Systematic Development 17
10. Pulse-VATA, Patta, Kapha Doshas 21
11. Diseases and cures 30
12. Doshas Tridosha or the Bio Energies 32
13. Dhadus 35
14. Upadhatus 86
15. THE THIRTEEN CHANNELS OF CIRCULATION 87
16. Agani 90
17. Concept of Prikrit/health and diseases 92
18. Yuktivyapashraya Chikitsa 96
19. Basic principles of Ayurveda Treatment 100
20. Objectives of life 101
21. Rejuvenation Therapy 103
22. Eight components of Ayurveda 108
22. Eight components of Ayurveda 108.

23. Principal of terminology 109

24. The Organisation of Medical care 119

25. Punchakarma 122
26. Conculusation 123
27. Siddha 130
28. What is Siddha 131
29. Siddhas details9Sitiyar Details 18) 133
30. History 139
31. Basic concepts 140

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32. Chemistry in siddha 141
33. Siddha Anatomy and Physiology 143
34. List of 96 Tatwas or Basic Principles 143
35. Medicinal plants from Siddha system 147
36. Medical Plants Botonical Name and Siddha
Names 155
37. SIDDHA SYSTEM OF MEDICINE 195
38. Medicinal Plants used by Irula Tribe
IN SIDDHA 191
39. Conclusion and Future Perspectives 212
40. Acupuncture (History) 214
41. Acupuncture Theory 218
42. How des acupuncture work 220
43. Acupuncture Needils 223
44. Origins of Acupressure and Acupuncture 224
45. What is Acupressure 225
46. Precaution 226
47. How to apply pressure points 228
48. TCM concept of disease 232
49. Clinical practice 234
50. Japanese Moxibustion 235
51. General Pain and acupuncture 237
52. Moxibustion and cupping 240
53. Meridians 246
54. The 50 most important points for
Acupressure 253
55. Single point solutions 265
56. Type of Tungue 258
57. Acupressure points chort 270
58. Meridian – Graphic 275
59. Naturopathi What is Naturopathy 305
60. History 307
61. Naturopathic medicine 319
62. Conculation 320

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 Dhanvantari, the god of Ayurveda worshipped at an ayurveda

AYURVADA
What is Ayurveda?

Ayurveda translating from Sanskrit as “Knowledge of Life,” is the world’s

oldest, most complete and time-proven healing science. It originated in
India more than 5,000 years ago during the ancient Vedic culture, and is
known as Medicine of the Gods. Ayurveda addresses the root causes of
disease (not just the symptoms) and treats without any adverse side
effects How can Ayurveda help me to achieve optimum health?

Ayurveda creates vibrant health and longevity through sattvic (pure)

foods, herbs, massage, body treatments, yoga, deep pranic breathing,
and a consistent daily routine that is in keeping with our unique
constitution or dosha (vata, pitta, kapha). These tools help us to release
toxins accumulated in the body that lead to the dis-ease most of us suffer
in today’s world. How can Ayurveda lead me toward inner peace and true
happiness?
Rooted in the spiritual tradition of the Vedas, Ayurveda’s ultimate goal is
to help us achieve self-enlightenment or true happiness, only possible
through a healthy body and sound mind. Meditation, chanting of
mantras or prayers, and ceremonial pujas bring inner peace and
reflection, allowing us to release patterns that cause anxiety and block us
from lasting happiness. By keeping us physically healthy and emotionally
stable, an Ayurvedic Lifestyle allows us to focus our time and energies on
enjoying this gift of life.

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 '''Ayurveda''' is an ancient [[medical]] science. The word, ayurveda is composed of
two words of [[Sanskrit]], ''ayur'' (meaning life) and ''veda'' (meaning knowledge). Thus
Ayurveda is a medical science of [[Ancient India]]. It deals with matters relating to health,
day-to-day life and longevity (long life).

Ayurveda is an Indian medical science, originating over 5000 years ago. The written
source of this science is ancient books of knowledge known as the Vedas. The Vedas
contain practical and scientific information on a wide variety of issues
including philosophy, logic, engineering, agriculture, economics and politics, amongst
other subjects. These areas are fascinating subjects in their own right, but this book
explores only one of the Vedic branches - that of health, Ayurveda.

Vedic knowledge propounds the principle of natural balance within the body and
harmony with the environment. People are seen as an integral part of their habitat - not
as a separate entity from the natural world. Obtaining and maintaining balance within
the body and mind, and with the external environment, is one of the goals of this
knowledge. Living in harmony with nature and according to natural principles ensures
complete physical health and peace of mind.
So is this ancient wisdom secret, or only available to a fortunate few? Or are the
principles hard to comprehend and difficult to apply? You will be pleasantly surprised
to know it is easily learned by anyone and can be adapted into your life starting from
today. It does not require any fancy equipment or expert knowledge, and costs no more
(and probably less) than what you already spend on groceries. Maintaining your health
is based on nothing more complex than understanding the characteristics of your body
and qualities of the food you eat. Many of the remedies for common ailments can be
simply and quickly prepared in your own kitchen with widely available herbs.

The instruction manual for the natural living of human beings is called Ayurveda,
which is presented here in a simplified form. Understanding this philosophy of life
enables you to become your own "healer". You learn about your body, how it functions
and how to treat it through diet and herbal remedies. In fact, you also become your own
dietician, personal trainer, counselor or psychologist, stylist and beautician! Ayurveda
is a unified system that encompasses all these aspects. The magic of it is that it involves
nothing more expensive or complex than adapting your diet and lifestyle.

How Do You Define Ayurveda?:

Ayurveda can be defined as a system, which uses the inherent principles of

nature, to help maintain health in a person by keeping the individual's
body, mind and spirit in perfect equilibrium with nature.

What is the Meaning of Ayurveda?:

Ayurveda is a Sanskrit term, made up of the words "ayus" and "veda."

"Ayus" means life and "Veda" means knowledge or science. The term
"ayurveda" thus means 'the knowledge of life' or 'the science of life'.
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According to the ancient Ayurvedic scholar Charaka, "ayu" comprises the
mind, body, senses and the soul.

Origin of Ayurveda:

Widely regarded as the oldest form of healthcare in the world, Ayurveda is

an intricate medical system that originated in India thousands of years ago.
The fundamentals of Ayurveda can be found in Hindu scriptures called
the Vedas — the ancient Indian books of wisdom. The Rig Veda, which was
written over 6,000 years ago, contains a series of prescriptions that can help
humans overcome various ailments.

What does Ayurveda do to you?:

The aim of this system is to prevent illness, heal the sick and preserve life.
This can be summed up as follows:

 To protect health and prolong life ("Swasthyas swasthya rakshanam")

 To eliminate diseases and dysfunctions of the body ("Aturasya vikar
prashamanamcha")

What are the Basic Principles of Ayurveda?:

Ayurveda is based on the premise that the universe is made up of five

elements: air, fire, water, earth and ether. These elements are represented
in humans by three "doshas", or energies: Vata, Pitta and Kapha. When
any of the doshas accumulate in the body beyond the desirable limit, the
body loses its balance. Every individual has a distinct balance, and our
health and well-being depend on getting a right balance of the
three doshas ("tridoshas"). Ayurveda suggests specific lifestyle and
nutritional guidelines to help individuals reduce the excess dosha.

A healthy person, as defined in Sushrut Samhita, one of the primary works

on Ayurveda, is "he whose doshas are in balance, appetite is good, all
tissues of the body and all natural urges are functioning properly, and
whose mind, body and spirit are cheerful..."

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Meaning of Ayurveda

Ayurveda is derived from two words, Ayus and Veda.

Understanding the meaning of both words is necessary to
fully grasp the philosophy of this discipline.

Definition of Ayus
The English translation of ayus is “life”. In the Vedic
context, the definition of life is broader than simply
chronological lifespan. It does not mean the age of a
person; the number of years lived on Earth measured
from birth until the present day. Ayus is much more than
that, it is a combination of the:

 Body sarira
 Senses indriya
 Mind manas
 Soul atma

Together, these four factors are responsible for sustaining the life air or force (prana) in
the body, and each must be present in order to produce ayus. If any one of the above
factors is absent, we cannot say there is life/ayus. Everything on Earth has a physical
body and a soul, but whether it also has a mind and senses determines whether it is
alive. The reason why a rock is not alive (has no ayus) is that some of the factors
mentioned above are absent (mind, senses). Prana cannot be sustained in the absence of
these factors.

Every species of animal has each of these four factors, so prana can circulate and ayus is
present. The senses and minds of animals are different to that of humans, but they still
exist as living beings. Insects and animals may perceive things differently (such as
colors, sounds, temperatures, odors) and the mind may not be as well developed as
human beings, but the souls are alike. So ayus is the basis of distinction between inert
objects and dynamic entities, or living beings.

Definition of Ayurveda:

Ayurveda is a Sanskrit word which means “knowledge” or “science”. Vedic

knowledge is enshrined in fourteen sacred texts. There are four Vedas (Rig, Yajur,
Sama and Atharva), six Vedangas (auxiliaries), Meemamsa (interpretations), Nyaya
(logic), Puranas and Shastras. Although Vedic knowledge originated in India, it does
not mean this information is of relevance only to Indians. Knowledge is the universal
asset of mankind—it is not the property of one region. Vedic information can be utilized
by anybody, in any part of the world. If we, as Indians, think this wealth of information
is our exclusive property and don’t share it, we are not providing you with the chance to
learn from the profound wisdom that has enriched our culture for centuries.

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‘Ayurveda’ is generally understood as ‘Science of life’ translating ‘Ayuh (r)’as life and
‘Veda’ as science. However the word ‘science’ in its conventional meaning is not an
appropriate equivalent for ‘Veda’.

According to Caraka samhita (an ancient treatise on Ayurveda), Ayurveda is the science
that defines Ayuh i.e. life ; describes measurements of life and its components ; explains
about lives advantageous or disadvantageous for other lives and life in general ; that
defines happy and unhappy life and suggests what is good and what is bad for life . (Ca.
Su. 1/41) This shows that Ayurveda emphasizes upon life in general with bit more
emphasis on human life being the best among all the creatures. Welfare of every
individual is always included in welfare of life in general while a segregated approach
aimed on individual’s welfare, cannot lead to welfare of any being. Thus Ayurveda is not
only a science of medicine but it includes several other academic disciplines of modern
time e. g. sociology, economics, and ecology and so on.

What is life?
Life is not mere a biochemical or biophysical phenomenon but a manifestation of union of
soul, mind and body those are integral and interdependent components of life. Action and
Chetana (closest equivalent is consciousness) are the essential characteristics of life. Soul
provides Chetana (consciousness) while mind initiates action and these characteristics
manifest in body which neither possesses neither Chetana nor an action.

All material forms including body is composed of Pancamahabhutas (five subtle elements)
namely Prithivi (earth), Jala (water), Agni (fire), Vayu(air) and Akasha (ether/space). These
should not be misconceived with popular expressions of earth etc. These are different
entities with similar nomenclature. The earth element represents mass in the material.
Water provides the capacity of union of more than one principle. Fire provides heat which
remains always in latent form with every material phenomenon. Air provides movements
and ether provides space. Every material phenomenon no matter how small it is; is
composed of these elements. Smallest particle even in its subatomic form possesses some
mass that is because of earth element. It has a tendency to remain united with others that
is because of water element. Latent heat with such particle, which comes out during its
action is result of fire element. This remains always in some motion, which is
characteristic of air element. This particle is surrounded by some space which is ether
element. These elements constitute different functional and structural constituents of the
body. This can be seen in following chart:

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Objective of Ayurveda

There are two complementary aims of this discipline. The first is to maintain the health
of those who are well. This entails specific diet and nutrition, hygiene, living habits,
exercises and stabilizing techniques. Following these guidelines enables a healthy
person to maintain health and increase their life-span. The other is to cure diseases of
those who are sick. This aspect relates to various diseases, their causes, diagnosis,
remedies and therapies to cure and prevent relapses of illness.

Although both of these aims are connected and are comprehensive areas in their own
right, the primary focus of this science is to maintain your health from the outset. This
is done on a daily basis with attention to diet and lifestyle, helping the body and mind to
be clean and stable. In this way, diseases do not find ground for establishment and
growth.

A patient being treated with Ayurveda is considered as the total combination of body,
mind, senses and soul. The Ayurvedic doctor aims to achieve complete health for the
patient, not just to suppress or alleviate troubling physical symptoms. The approach is
to diagnose the root cause and eliminate it, allowing genuine healing to
take place.

Ayurveda- Brief History and Philosophy

By Prof. Dr. S.N. Gupta, B.A.M.S., M.D. (Ayu),Head, Kayachikitsa Department,
Superintendent, P.D. Patel Ayurved Hospital, Nadiad, Gujarat; Advisor to European
Academy for Ayurveda, Birstein, Germany; Director of International Ayurveda Foundation,
UK.

Brief History:
Ayurveda is the oldest system among all life sciences, originated in India thousands of
years ago. It is not easy to decide the exact period of its origin as this is not the work of a
single person and of few years but of thousands of thinkers, philosophers and
investigators through ages. Ayurveda is evolved from the quest to have a happy life,
through a deep understanding of creation and its maintenance, perceived and conceived
by the Rishis or seers of ancient India. They revealed the deepest truths related to human
anatomy, physiology, psychology, health, diseases and their managements. In the
propounders of Ayurveda, the wish to have healthy and happy life grew into the higher
faculty of their consciousness. They knew that the protective power and device was
ingrained in life itself. They observed and analyzed the events related to living beings at
higher conscious level through their meditative practices. They could see with their higher
senses, the measures and means that protected and relieved the human beings of
ailments. The life- stream carries in its flow, a wisdom for its own support and protection
that manifests through some enlightened persons during each cycle of time. Only in that
sense Ayurveda can be said to have a beginning. Otherwise it is as beginning-less as life
itself and runs parallel to it through all time.

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First documentation of Ayurveda is found in the Vedas, the world's oldest existing
literature. The exact period of Vedas is also not known because for an unknown period,
the Vedic sciences have been communicated from generation to generation through
verbal means. However historians believe that the period of documented literature falls
between 2000 BC to 1000 BC. This was the period of sincere investigations, observations,
and conclusions at higher conscious level by enlightened scholars and then to
communicate them to suitable deserving disciples.

At the end of the Vedic period the progressive establishment of scientific Ayurveda began.
There were conferences of Rishis, to discuss and exchange their experiences which they
have made through sensory as well as extrasensory perceptions, finally to establish a well
accepted principle scientifically. Minutes of these congresses are compiled in the form of
Samhitas. Those are basis of Ayurvedic learnings and practice even today. Carakasamhita,
Susruta samhita and Astangahrdaya are the most important and popular among these
samhitas, those are compiled approximately between 1500 BC to 500 AD. In these texts all
eight clinical branches of Ayurveda are described together with its fundamental principles.
3rd century onward, Ayurveda enjoyed a big revolution in the form of origin of
Rasashastra (Alchemy). Use of mercury and several other minerals came in to practice.
These have been used after certain difficult processing. Medicaments prepared through
these techniques had several advantages over earlier ways of treatments. These have
been fast but safe in action and much effective in very small doses. Even today these
medicaments have very special place in Ayurvedic medical practice and often show
miraculous results in difficult situations. In 16th Century, Paracelsus, practiced and
propagated this system in Europe. This progress continued until the establishment of
British rule in India. With the establishment of the British rule, the flow of western
culture, science and medicine began. Patronized by the government, it put off all chances
of development and evolution for the Indian sciences. Western medical education became
dominant. At Government level, Ayurveda became a second-class option. However it has
always been a primary health care system for more than eighty percent of the population,
practiced traditionally in the families. In the latter days of British rule, Ayurveda had
drawn the attention of the scholars in the country as well as abroad. Indologists of the
west becameinterested in Ayurveda together with other sciences and philosophies
documented in Sanskrit language. Same time a strong feeling for renaissance of Indian
sciences grew with a patriotic and nationalistic spirit as part of India’s freedom
movement. As a result establishment of Ayurvedic Institutes and publication of books
took place, however with a very slow pace and mostly without a Government support.

After India became independent in 1947, it found itself at the cross-roads. On one
side, there was a tremendous attraction towards modernization and scientific as well as
technological establishments in the hearts of the Indians desirous of fast advancement
and equality with other nations of the world and on the other, there was also the strong
attachment to the glorious past which was not clearly in accordance with what was now

14
regarded as logical and valid. Not that it is irrational, but its rationale is beyond the
understanding of contemporary scientific thinking. We are today facing a world, steeped
in the spirit of science which is analytical in method and verifiable by laboratory methods
alone andwhich is not willing to any theory that cannot be put into the test tube and
shown though it may be proved valid in its outcomes. Ayurveda gradually gained ground
and new institutes began to be established. Today more than 250 Ayurvedic colleges,
research centers and several hundred hospitals have been established. Interest in
Ayurveda in the West began in the mid 1970's as Ayurvedic teachers from India began
visiting the United States and Europe.

Philosophical background:
We find in the history that Ayurveda is not originated and developed as separate
independent system. This has been a part of evolution of knowledge concerned about
wellbeing of all beings and to enjoy ecstasy of ultimate truth. Vedic philosophies are the
result of these quests. Ayurveda is a practical integration of important Vedic philosophical
systems i.e. Sankhya, Yoga, Nyaya and Vaisheshika, amalgamated intelligently with
excellent measures of health care.

A ORIGIN AND DEVELOPMENT OF AYURVEDA

Abstract:-History of medicine is a fascinating subject as it is a saga of man’s struggle
against disease. As the civilization advances and as the disease pattern changes, the
medical science also changes. Ayurveda is the system of medicine that evolved in India
with a rationale logical foundation and it has survived as a distinct entity from remote
antiquity to the present day. The fundamentals on which the Ayurvedic system is based
are essentially true for all times and do not change from are to age. These are based on
human actors, on intrinsic causes. The origin of Ayurveda is attributed to Atharva Veda
where mention is made several diseases with their treatments. Later, from the 6th
Century BC to 7th Century AD there was systematic development of the science and it is
called Samhita period, when a number of classical works were produced by several
authors and during this period there is evidence of organized medical care.

Medicine is as old as life itself. The survival of the species demands that simultaneously
with the appearance of disease, all living things must have also evolved the means to
combat disease. The higher animals are guided by instinct to seek remedies for illness in
plants and herbs. Man with his superior intelligence must necessarily have extended the
scope of this search for remedies. So if we discount the myth of a Garden of Eden which
man had to abandon when he fell from grace, “the thousand ills that flesh is heir to” must
have afflicted man from his birth and the dawn of medicine must have synchronized with
the dawn of disease.

15
Every human society must have developed a rudimentary system of medicine, whether
based on material medica or in spells, incantations magic and rituals, which to us in this
advanced age may appear meaningless. The progress from this primitive stage to a
regular system of medicine has not been on the same lines everywhere. The development
of a system of medicine depends on various factors; its form and content are decided by
the civilization and the environment in which it is born.

Early development of Ayurveda as a complete System:

Ayurveda is the system of medicine that evolved in India and has survived as a distinct
entity from remote antiquity to the present day. It would be interesting to study Present
Address: 19, Tana street, Parasuwakam, Madras – 600 007 . The history of Ayurveda, trace
its origin along with other Indian Systems of sciences and thoughts to assess its
achievement and its place in the corpus of world medicine. The study of the genesis and
evolution of ideas in any sciences is always interesting and often instructive. But it is not
solely as an intellectual exercise that the study of Ayurveda is to be viewed. In spite of the
spectacular results achieved by modern medicine, mainly through advances in the
physical, chemical and natural sciences, there are vast areas of diseases which have
eluded its therapeutic ambit and the study of a system of medicine that has stood the test
of time may have a fruitful contribution to make in the overall alleviation of human
suffering.

All primitive societies have had a collection of remedies for common illnesses, evolved
through trial and error methods, accident or by inspiration. But such remedies were
purely empirical, and not based on any logical understandings of illness or of drugs. As
late as the 17th Century, Moliere, referred to physicians as people, “who poured
medicines of which they know little into bodies of which they know less”. The Indian
system of medicine, Ayurveda, was evolved as a system with a rational and logical
foundation. That its basic concepts were not re-examined in the light of the greater
understandings of the human environment, that for centuries its methods of treatment
underwent little change, and that there have been no addition to its literature for a long
time, are charges made against the systems by its critics. It has to be admitted that after
the 8th century A.D no book of outstanding merit was written and the literature from
then on upto about the 16th Century consisted mainly of commentaries on the original
texts. The last perhaps among the original books was Bhava Prakash, which is about 400
years old.

The fundamentals on which the Ayurvedic system of medicine is based are essentially true
for all times and do not change from age to age. These fundamentals are based on human
factors on intrinsic causes, not extrinsic causes. Civilization may change, human habits
may change, the environment may change but humanity remains the same. Changes in
the environment, new modes of living, new avocations, all might contribute to certain
modifications of a disease or the appearance of new diseases. But disease attacks the
16
human hot, and as long as the human being is very much the same as his ancestor, the
reactions to the disease, signs and symptoms would be same. The methods adopted to
cure the disease may differ in their form but not in their essential approach. It is said that
the originators of the Ayurvedic system of medicine did not base their practices on the
experimental method if by this it is meant that there are no record of studies in anatomy,
physiology, pathology and pharmacology, the criticism is not without meaning. But the
development of surgery the classifications of disease, the observations on signs and
symptoms, prognosis and the descriptions of the nature, toxicity and therapeutic value of
drugs as described in the literature all clearly demonstrate high level of knowledge which
would not have been possible for men without the scientific approach. One thing we
should not lose sight of is the fact that the men who gave the system to the world were
drawn from the highest intellectual and spiritual hierarchy. Their motive was compassion.
Their purpose as to alleviate human suffering and their recorded precepts were for their
disciples whom they trained for the service of humanity. The emphasis therefore in the
texts is on the practical aspects of medicine. It is also possible that these great seers
through the practice of Yogic disciplines were endowed with the faculty of intuition which
helped them to discover many truths. Students of chemistry will be familiar with the
famous observation “Let us learn to dream; then perhaps we shall learn the truth”. We
see that the experimental method has serious limitations, especially in the world of
medicine. A medical journal of thirty years ago looks out dated and obsolete today. The
so-called truths or findings given to the world yesterday with a wealth of experimental
findings and statistical figures is controverted today with evidence which is no less
impressive. While we should all believe in progress, we should fight the temptations to
look on mere newness as a virtue. Nor should we under-rate the contributions made to
human knowledge by seers endowed with intuition or some indefinable faculty that has
enabled them to perceive the truth far ahead of their time.

Beginnings of Systematic Development

We shall next consider the period when systematic development can be said to have
taken place. This era is associated with a few illustrious names, the first of whom is
Agnivesa. The Samhita written by him which is classic which has survived to this day has
been made available to the world by Caraka, a redactor. Historically it would appear that
during Caraka’s time the Agnivesa Samhita has fallen into discuse or partly perished, and
Caraka undertook the great task of restoring the work, filing up the gaps and re-writing
the parts of the work, which had become obscure. This will be evident from the
subscription to each chapter in which the author states that he has redone the chapter
(Pratisamakrita). The work has undergone a further revision by one Dridabala: at least the
last 17 chapters devoted to Cikitsa and the whole Kalpa and Siddhi stanas have been re-
written by Dridabala as stated in the colophon of each chapter.

17
Caraka Samhita:
It is not known when Agnivesa lived. The book is written partly in verse and partly in
prose and the language bears a resemblance to that of the Brahmanas. The text is the
record of teaching by Atreya Punarvasu to his students and Agnivesa was one of them.
Caraka is believed to have flourished in the sixth century B.C. There is a Hindu tradition
that Caraka and author of Mahabhasya on vyakarana patanjali, are one and the same
person. Many commentators, Vijnana Bhiksu, sivadasa and Bhavamisra, the author of the
Bhavaprakasa, to name a few, suibscribe to this opinion. The student of early Sanskrit
literature is often confronted with some confusion in the identity of names owing to their
imprecise use by commentators. It has to be admitted that there is some uncertainty
about the identity of Caraka. This however does not in any manner, detract from the
greatness of Caraka Samhita. The popularity of the work continues to this day. No
Ayurvedic physician of any repute would admit that he has not studied Caraka. The work
is a complete compendium of medical information, dealing with medical aspects, as
etiology, symptomatology, treatment and medical care in health and in disease.

Susruta samhita:
Equal in importance to the Caraka Samhita is another treatise called Susruta Samhita. This
work deals with surgical diseases, and diseases of the special organs such as the eye, ear
etc. Just as by tradition Caraka Samhita is ascribed to Atreya Punarvasu. Susruta Samhita
is ascribed to Dhanvantari Susruta has recorded the precepts of this puranic personage
Dhanvantari, just as Agnivesa has recorded those of Atreya Punarvasu. The Dhanvantari of
puranas is said to be one of the avatars of Vishnu. A historical personage by name
Divodasa is also known as Dhanvantari, being an incarnation of Dhanvantari of Puranas. It
is more likely that the name of Dhanvantari was given to Divodasa of Kasi who was a
celebrated physician Susruta Samhita like the Samhita of Agnivesa, has undergone
recensions. It is generally believed that the famous rasarcharya, Nagarjuna, re-edited the
book and that the Utterasthana, the last portion of the book, was completely written by
him. This theory is based on Dalhana’s statement in his commentary that Nagarjuna re-
edited (Pratisamskarna). There is also an ambiguous reference from wich some critics
have inferred that originally Susruta samhita consisted of only five cantos, and the sixth is
a later addition.

While enumerating the contents of the chapters and the cantos. Susruta mentions only
120 chapters in 5 cantos. There is no reason why he should have restricted himself to
these numbers if the work really consisted of 180 chapters in 6 cantos. The 66 chapters in
Uttarasthana are therefore evidently later additions by another author just as the last 17
chapters of Caraka samhita are additions by Dridhabala. The work was intended to be a
inclusion of medical diseases would appear to be inconsistent with this purpose. It is true
that in ancient systems of medicine, surgical and medical diseases were not divided into

18
water-tight compartments, as they are found today. All the same, there was some
specialization; Caraka remarks in many places; “Hereafter, hand the patient over to the
Surgeons”. It is therefore quite possible that the sixth canto, which deals mainly
withmedical diseases and diseases of the eye, was not the work of Susruta, but was added
to the Samhita by Nagarjuna. The age of Susruta is not known. It is generally believed
that Susruta lived sometime around 600 B.C. Susruta Samhita could have undergone
several revisions, the last of which was attributed to Nagarjuna Rajatarangini places him
in the 3rd century B.C. The identity of Nagarjuna is also shrouded in antiquity. There
appears to have been a number of physicians and alchemists with the name Nagaruna.
Astanga Samgraha and Astanga Hridaya . Next in the chronological order appeared
another classical work, Vagbhata’s Ashtanga Samgraha. Vaghbeta probably belonged to
the second century A.D. He has summarized both Caraka and Susruta and brought both
medical and surgical diseases within the compass of a single treatise. Vagbheta follows
the tradition of using both prose and verse, though there is more of verse than the prose
in his work. From the stand point of analytical classification arrangement and exposition
he excels other writers. The Astanga samgraha is for this reason more popular than other
works among students and practitioners in the South. Vagbheta can claim to be the first
author to have begun the syncretic school of bringing together information on all the
branches of medicines within the ambit of a single work which as others he divided into
eight parts (Astanga), and called it as such. The eight parts are general medicines,
paediatrics, mental diseases, diseases of special sense organs, surgery, toxicology,
gerontology and aphrodisiac. Ayurveda is the only ancient science where care of ole is
described.

There is another important work, similar in the name and content called Astanga
Hridaya. It is written entirely in verse and its author also bears the name Vaghbeta. The
opinion is held by many that, both Astanga Samgraha and Astanga Hridaya are the work
of one and the same person. The method o presentation the classification of the subject
under various chapter and even many of the Slokas are so strikingly similar in both works,
that this view may be correct. After completing the first work, Samgraha the author must
have summarized it in verse form and given it the name Hridaya. There are no tow
opinions about the superiority of the book. Astanga Hridaya over most other treatises.
Brevity and clarity of expression are the hall murk of this work.

Bhela Samita
Among the works of great aniquity must be mentioned the Bhela Samhita. The main
point of interest about this work is that is was probably written by a contemporary of
Agnivesa. It is modeled on the pattern of Agnivesa Samhita. But it is a similar book than
the former. Another book which has been published is Harita Samhita, which is claimed
to have been written by one Harita, another contemporary of agnivesa. The claim is
incorrect and this Harita probably belongs to later times.

19
Other Works:
Of lesser caliber than Caraka, susruta and vagbheta, but no less worthy of attention to the
student of Ayurvedic medicine are Madhavakara, Cakra data, Sarngadhrara and Bhav
misra. Madhavakara (8th Century A.D.) comes first in the chronological order. He has
written Nidana which deals with aetiology, diagnosis, pathology ad prognosis of diseases.
The work is not original but a compilation from various earlier texts. Its chief virtue is
comprehensiveness. Brndamadhava is a treatise on medicine. (Brnda being the real
name of the author) which contains a number of Siddha yogas or prescriptions which have
been tried and found useful.

Chakrapanidatta is wel-known not only as a brilliant commentator of both Caraka

Samhita and portions of Susruta Samhita or Cikitsa Sara samgraha. It is a treatise on
treatment which is widely read even to this day. He has also written a book on material
medica with the title Dravya Guna Samgraha Cakrapaidatta belongs to the middle of the
11th Century A.D. Cakrasadatta Samhita follows the order of Madhava Nidana and
Brndamadava. The Cikitsa sara Samgraha and the Dravya Guna samgraha have been the
subject matter of brilliant commentaries by the gifted author Sivadasa Sena, who has
clarified many abstruse passages in the texts. Sarangadhara who flourished in the 11th
Century A.D. has also written a Samhita. It contains a number of useful prescriptions and
is very popular among practitioners all over the country for its valuable definitions of
technical terms, called paribhasa.

Bhavaprakasa
Bhavaprakasa, the last and perhaps the best work of the medevial age, is that of
Bhavamisra. The period from the 10th to the 16th Century A.D. is singularly unproductive
in the literature of Ayurveda. The stagnation is attributed to foreign invasions and internal
turmoil. When Bhavamisra resumed the traditions of writing he reviewed the
developments of the intervening period and incorporated in his work various new
diseases and drugs. He is the first author to refer to the disease, ‘Phirangaroga’ which was
evidently the contemporary name of syphilis. The word ‘Phiranga’ denotes Europeans in
general and the Portugese in particular, in many of the Indian languages. The term
’Phiranga Roga’ must have come into use to describe syphilis, as the disease is believed to
have been brought to India by Europeans. Another new introduction in his work is a
chapter on Yakrt Pleehodhara, enlargement of liver and spleen, which is distinct from
Yakrt and Pleehodhara Bhavamisra included in his material medica certain drugs of
foreign origin, for example, Chop Cheeni, (Madhusnuhi) the root imported from China
which is indicated in “Phiranga Roga”. He also mentions opium (ahiphena) and the
method of its preparation, as also camphor from China and Parasika Yavani from Persia.
He is the first to mention the use of mercurial compounds in the treatment of Phiranga
roga. One important point that is illustrated by Bhavamisraa is that Ayurvedic medicines

20
was not averse to adopting new theories and ideas and had no hesitation including
medicines of other countries in its armoury. The sole criterion for the selection of any
drug or method of treatment was its ultimate benefit to the patient. With changes in the
environment as new diseases and conditions appear, new remedies are also necessary.
Caraka himself has stated that if a truth is to be taken even from an enemy for the good of
the patient, the physician should not fight shy of doing so, Bhavamisra is a true exemplar
of progress. The history of medicine in India is not a history of uninterrupted
development. The science and art of medicine existed from the vedic period and
maintained a steady pace of progress during the early centuries of the Christian era.
Thereafter, there was a decline in creative activity but revisions and commentaries of the
earlier works continued to appear till about the 10th Century. The period from the 10th
Century to the 16th Century there was a great lull till the appearance of Bhavaprakasha.
There has been no major contribution to Ayurvedic literature after this new work.

PULSE:

A weak pulse is one that can only be felt with difficulty at one of 3
levels of pressure.If you increase or decrease the pressure on the
wrist a weakpulse disappears. A weak pulse may be floating (felt
with the lightest pressure) or sinking (felt only with a lot of
pressure on the wrist).A floating pulse most often is associated
with External problems; a sinking pulse signifies an Interior
condition. An Interior condition is one in which the imbalance is
deep within the body. It's not just at the level of the meridians
and muscles, arms and legs and head, it's in the trunk of the body
and in the Organs.A strong pulse is one that is stronger than
normal. It can be felt at any of the 3 levels of pressure though it
may be felt stronger at one. A floating strong pulse will be felt
strongest with light pressure. A sinking strong pulse will be felt
most easily at the deeper levels of pressure.
When you take your pulse or those of family members and friends
you shouldn't have any problems identifying a weak pulse
because you will have trouble finding it, and it will disappear with
any increase or decrease of pressure. Identifying what is meant
by a strong pulse is a bit more difficult because normal pulses are
fairly strong. At present because you don't know what normal is,
recognizing a strong pulse may be difficult unless it's really
pounding.

The diagnostic significance of a weak pulse is it's associated with

Deficiency conditions. Deficiency conditions are imbalances that

21
cause problems because there's not enough of something. Not
enough Qi, Blood, Yang, and/or Yin. If a pulse is floating and
weak, this can signify External Deficiency Cold or Heat (yes, these
do occur though not very often), or it can signify Yin or Blood
Deficiency.
This quality of weakness that is associated with Deficiency (Qi,
Blood, Yang, and/or Yin Deficiency) doesn't only show up in the
pulse. The movements and speech of a person with Deficiency will
tend to be weak. Weak voice, weak movements.
In contrast, a strong pulse signifies Excess. Imbalances due to
Excess create problems because there is too much of something.
Too much Cold, too much Heat, too much Dampness, too much
Yin, too much Yang, Qi Stagnation and Blood Stasis and Phlegm.
(Any Qi Stagnation, Blood Stasis, or Phlegm is too much of
something, and these conditions automatically are classified as
Excess conditions.) Sometimes Deficiency can cause Excess. Like
when the Spleen is Qi Deficient and not doing it's job of moving
and transforming fluids which in turn allows Dampness to
accumulate and even turn to Phlegm (Excess). This is where TCM
pulse diagnosis gets more complicated than Western pulse taking.
In these cases the pulse may be weak in the Spleen
position but strong in another position. Or the overall quality of
the pulse in all positions may be " slippery " . Quite a bit of
variation is possible in mixed patterns. But don't worry about this.
For now, just learn the basics. Floating often indicates Exterior,
sinking indicates Interior, weak indicates Deficiency, and strong
indicates Excess.

Heat and Cold in the body can slow up in the pulse too. A slow
pulse usually indicates Cold. A rapid pulse almost always indicates
Heat. Think of how cold slows things down. When water molecules
slow down enough, they freeze into ice. Think of the expression "
as slow as molasses in January. " This slow quality of Cold shows
up not only in the pulse but in the movments and speech of people
suffering from Cold. These people will tend to move slowly and
speak slowly in addition to the pulse being slow.In contrast, Heat
speeds things up. The pulse, movements, and speech of someone
suffering from a Heat imbalance will tend to be rapid. One of the
exceptions to a slow pulse meaning Cold is well-conditioned
athletes. Their pulses will be slower than normal without Cold
being present.

22
 Ayurvedic Medicine has been using the pulse as a form of diagnosis since
it was created 5000 years ago. Those who are familiar with modern Ayurvedic
medicine think of the scenario where an Indian doctor takes your pulse and
looks at your tongue and then can tell you what you've eaten for dinner the
night before. Although many intuitive doctors have this capability this paper is
more concerned with the methodology of the pulse

What are these doctors looking for? How do they interpret their findings? What
can the pulse offer us as health care practitioners? What can be identified as
fact by being repeatable with adequate practice? This will become more clear
to us as we begin to understand what the pulse is and what it has to teach us.
To do this we will look at the methodology and lineages of Dr. John Douilliard,
Dr. Vasant Lad, and Dr. Smita Naram.

The goal of this analysis is not to determine the efficacy of the pulse as a
diagnosis method, but to understand the methodology of the pulse more clearly
as a diagnostic tool. In Ayurvedic medicine the pulse is used in conjunction
with Darshana (pure observation and inspection), and Prashna (questioning). It
is all three of these that must be employed to reach a complete diagnosis.
Pulse diagnosis is best understood through the teachings of those who have
been practicing and teaching it the longest. We will begin the journey of
understanding the pulse through the three most revered methods in the West.
An assessment of their similarities and differences will follow. Concluding with
the relevance pulse diagnosis has to emerging practitioners here in the west.
Let us begin by holding the threads that weave Ayurveda and the pulse
together. The overall method of taking the pulse begins with the placement of
the fingers. The index finger is placed below the radial styloid. The radial
styloid is the protruding wrist bone on the thumb side of the hand of the pulse
recipient. The middle finger and ring finger are placed next to the index finger.
The pulse taking fingersare adjusted along the underside of the arm to find
where the pulse is the strongest.

The pulse is the beating of blood through the arteries as it moves

outward from the heart. The blood carries nutrients to each cell in the body,
just as thought is transferred through chemical reactions in the cells
simultaneously, intelligence is found in the blood in the information it carries
to each cell. In Ayurveda this information carried by the blood is made of the 5
elements: earth, water, fire, air and ether. These are the scientific building
blocks of Ayurveda. The 5 elements are used to explain in simple terms what
science has determined through complex experiments. These elements
combine in three distinct ways in the physical form. These are the Doshas ,
psycho-physiological functional principles of the body. The
three Doshas are Vata which combines the elements of air and ether. Pitta is
fire and an aspect of water. Kapha is water and earth. We can find

23
the Doshas in the qualities and textures that can be felt in the
pulse.The Doshas have concrete qualities that are made when their respective
elements are combined. Doshas being combinations of elements are not only
found in the body, but also in the environment. As we look at the natural world
we can see the dominance of air and ether in the dry barren plains of the high
mountain desert of central Arizona . Vata is seen in the rough and rugged
change of season characterized by Fall in the northern hemisphere. Pitta is
characterized by summer heat, hard work, and intensity. Kapha is embodies
the spring moisture of the Northwestern states of Washington and Oregon . This
is when the qualities of earth and water are the most noticeable. L being.ike
the environment, Doshas can be supportive or destructive to our total well
being. Doshas and their qualities are also found in the pulse. Think of the pulse
like a cardiograph: a computer readout graphically recording the physical or
functional aspect of the heart. Like the graph being sketched across the screen
of the computer the pulse has its own rate, crest, wave, amplitude, and
cessation. These individual characteristics define the overall movement,
quality, and rhythm of the pulse. In these broader categories
the Doshas of Vata , Pitta , and Kapha can be distinguished based on the
smaller movementssketched graphically by a cardiograph. In pulse diagnosis our
fingers become the receptors that transfer the information of the heart beat
graphically into a more concrete image. The Gati (movement) is best defined
by the natural world. A snake as it swiftly slithers out of danger or attentively
rests on a warm rock when felt characterizes Vata. The elements that make
up Vata are air and ether and they are swift and light as they slither through
the fingers. A frog on land bounds powerfully, a frog in water pumps its legs
and arms in strong fluid motions. The elements of fire and an aspect of water
characterize Pitta bounding into the fingers, strong and forceful, but without
the sharp quality of the snakes bite. A swimming swan methodically bobs its
head as it gracefully moves across the water. The elements of earth and water
in Kapha glide into the fingers. The Gati is considered the most important part
of the pulse as it makes up the crest and wave of our computerized image or
the movement of an animal. Vata has the quality of a snake. Pitta is a
frog. Kapha is a swimming swan.

In Western diagnostics it is only the rate of the pulse that is taken. The
rate is dependant on the dominance of the Doshas in Ayurveda. Vata is 80-90
beats per minute. Pitta is 70-80 bpm. Kapha is 60-70 bpm. The rhythm of the
pulse can be irregular or regular. An irregular pulse has no distinguishable
pattern. Its intensity and rhythm fluctuates wildly. Vata is irregular. A regular
pulse in consistent, it pumps in the same rhythm and amplitude. Its crest and
wave are even. Pitta is regularly irregular, meaning that if it skips a beat it
always skips that beat, and thus the pattern repeats itself. The amplitude of
the pulse is the force or strength with which the beat moves into the
fingers. Pitta's intensity is high, Kapha's consistency is moderate,

24
and Vata's variability is low. Overall the characteristics of each dosha
are: Vata is feeble and light as it slithers into the fingers. Pitta bounds into the
fingers strongly and clearly. Kapha slides into the fingers slow and cloudlike.
These are elaborated on in the graph below.

VATA PITTA KAPHA

Characteristics Fast, feeble, cold, Prominent, strong, deep, slow, broad,
light, thin, high amplitude, wavy, thick, cool or
disappears on hot, forceful, lifts warm, regular
pressure palpating finger
Location Index Middle Ring
Gati Sarpa (Cobra) Manduka (Frog) Hamsa (Swimming
Swan)
Vega (Rate) 80-95 70-80 50-60
Tala (Rhythm) Irregular Regular Regular
Bala (Force) Low + High +++ Moderate ++
Akruti (Tension and Low High Moderate
Volume)
Tapamana (Temperature) Cold Hot Warm to cool
Kathinya ( vessel wall) Rough, hard Elastic, flexible Soft thickening
(Lad, 14)

Anyone can recognize that there are differences between their pulse and that
of others. What these differences mean is what Ayurveda has refined over its
5000 year existence. The Pulse can be read like a book, and the categories and
qualities mentioned above are the alphabet that we will use to learn from this
book. Understanding movement, rate, and rhythm of the pulse can be a tool for
understanding the body. The beauty of this is that the symptoms of disease
manifest in the pulse long before they do in the body. An example of this is
when a chemical imbalance occurs in the blood before their aggregate affects
produce symptoms in the body. The characteristics and the movement of the
pulse are symptoms of the functioning of the body.

Interpreting the meaning behind what is felt in the pulse has been done by
many generations of masters. It is their knowledge, expressed through the
refined methodology of their technique that will guide us through the great
river of the pulse, following the current looking for the continuity and conflict
between methods. We will explore the ways of ancient wisdom and compare
the differences and similarities between these time-tested-methods of pulse
diagnosis

25
When the Doshas are found in the pulse, how can they be seen in the body?
Are the different methods consistent in assessing the link between the pulse
and the body? Ayurvedic knowledge shows the myriad of ways that
the Doshas are responsible for imbalances. One can feel the Doshas in the
pulse and thereby also determine the imbalance. Are pulse methods consistent
in determining Doshic aggravation in the body? Each method will be looked at
and then assessed in combination with the other methods to illuminate what
the pulse shows on its own, and what each method uniquely brings to the
pulse. Let's take a journey with Dr. John Douilliard, Dr. Vasant Lad, and Dr.
Smita Naram t way back to optimal health.o find the ways in which the pulse
can teach us about our

John Douilliard begins with identifying V,P,K in the movement, rate, rhythm,
strength, and quality of the pulse. Douilliard says that the dominant qualities of
the Doshas should be felt in their respective fingers. The index finger is for
Vata, the middle finger is for Pitta, and the ring finger is for Kapha . The pulse
will feel like a snake (V), frog (P), and swan (K) under these fingers when the
pulse is in balance. When feeling the pulse, distinguish what Doshas are in
which finger. As mentioned before, the Doshas should be found more in one
finger than in the others. The Doshas will permeate more than its dominant
finger and spread to other fingers as well. Or the Doshas could leave its finger
completely when we are imbalanced. If you feel a Vata pulse in
the Pitta finger than an imbalance may be present. In the beginning, focus is
placed on differentiating between the V,P, and K pulse As each finger has
unique characteristics that are most prevalent under that finger, each finger
has different levels of intensity or amplitude. The amplitude is the strength
with which the pulse moves into the finger. As each Dosha has unique
characteristics the amplitude is relative to itself and not to the other fingers.
For example a vibrant Kapha pulse will never jump into the finger with the
same amplitude as a strong Pitta pulse. Because the quality of the Pitta pulse
is to jump and the quality of the Kapha pulse is to glide. The relative intensity
is given a number; 3 being the highest and one being the lowest. When taking
the pulse, the relative strength thumping into a finger is given a number. This
information is valuable for establishing ones Nature. As each person has their
own unique body type built by genetic information, they also have their own
unique nature. The Doshas combine to make a unique psycho-physical being.
This is called Prakriti or Nature. This combination of all three Doshas is their
natural state of balance at birth. By ascertaining the amplitude we can know
the person's Prakriti . If for example you feel a Vata 3, Pitta 2, and Kapha 1
then the body type for this person would be 50% Vata , 30 % Pitta and
20% Kapha . The body type is that persons balanced state or Prakriti . This is
the balance point where that individual is the most optimally healthy.

26
When taking the pulse the fingers can lie on the surface or press deeper to find
different levels of the pulse. The change in the pressure on the vein, changes
the meaning of the pulse. There are three levels of the pulse in this method.
The first level is the superficial level, the way the pulse feels at the surface
level of the wrist. The last level is the deepest level. Move from the superficial
level to the deep pulse by pressing deeper into the underarm and noticing the
quality of the pulse. It is described by Douilliard as throwing your buoy into the
lake. The buoy sinks to the bottom, like the fingers moving to the bottom of
the pulse. Once the bottom has been touched, you come up a little until you
can feel the pulse again. Then move towards the uppermost surface of the lake
and feel the difference in quality at the superficial level. In Douilliard's method
the deep layer of the pulse is the layer of the soul. It is the deepest layer and
the root of our being. By misusing our intellect Pragna Parad we move away
from the essence of our being, which is infinite. The deep layer of the pulse is
this ground on which truth and wisdom grow. The superficial pulse is the
material form, or our body. The pulse that links the two becomes important in
this method later on. It is the junction point pulse and the bridge between the
two. It is here that the imbalance that is causing pulse as it is called is very
important in this method.disease in the body can be felt. The Gap The pulse is
influenced by our external environment. By taking the pulse at different times
of the day and in different seasons V,P,K can be found. The seasons where
each Dosha is provoked are: Vata in the fall and early

Provoked Accumulating Alleviated

Feb.1-June 1 Kapha Pitta Vata
June 1- Oct 1 Pitta Vata Kapha
Oct 1- Feb 1 Vata Kapha Pitta

The Doshas also relate to the times of the day. Vata is the most prominent
from 3 until sunset (7), Pitta rules the hours from 11- 3, and Kapha is in charge
from sunrise/sunset until 11. See the chart below

Provoked Accumulating Alleviated

7am-11am / 7pm-11pm Kapha Vata Pitta
11am-3pm / 11pm-3am Pitta Kapha Vata
3pm-7pm / 3am-7am Vata Pitta Kapha

27
Another technique used to familiarize oneself with how the pulse changes and
what the presence of the Doshas feels like in the pulse is to take the pulse at
meal time. As Fire is used to digest food, Pitta peaks as you are eating your
meal and for approximately 15 minutes after the meal. Kapha takes over as the
food is assimilated and the steady qualities of earth and water are needed.
When Vata returns to the pulse approximately 4 hours later, the food has been
completely assimilated and it is time for another meal.

The pulse can also be used in a therapeutic way. When one takes their
own pulse the fingers give feedback to the entire system of where there is a
site of weakness or imbalance. Even when the intellect cannot seize the
wisdom of the pulse our body and mind adapt to remedy the vitiation felt in the
pulse. Douilliard has many testimonials that account for his understanding of
the pulse as a therapeutic technique. Determining a balanced and imbalanced
pulse is the key link to using pulse diagnosis. Using all the previous methods to
familiarize ourselves with the qualities of the pulse and levels of the pulse, we
can begin to use this information to determine whether the pulse is balanced
or imbalanced. We begin by becoming familiar with the deep pulse as we move
from the deep pulse to the superficial pulse. If the overall quality is consistent
from the deep to the superficial and there are no spikes at any level then the
pulse is considered balanced. The deep and superficial levels have different
qualities themselves, so the practitioner must know the qualities of each level
to know if the pulse is balanced all the way through. The pulse is taken for a 2-
3 day period to establish if the pulse is truly consistent and to rule out any
variations that may be based on seasons, meal times, or other external factors.
The same is true for imbalance. If a definite spike or variation in the overall
character of the pulse can be determined over a 2-3 day period of time than
treatment will be based on that variation.

Once we know if the pulse is balanced or not we can begin to use our
sensitivity to find where in the body there is weakness or Doshic aggravation. In
this based on that variation.method each finger tip is broken down into five
parts, four distinct quadrants (1-4) and the entire length of the finger tip (5).
These relate to different Subdoshas . A Subdosha is the subdivision of the
three Doshas. Each Subdosha has locations andfunctions that are related to the
predominant qualities of the Doshas within the body.

The figures above are the finger tips and the numbers correspond to the
quadrants of each Subdosha . Douilliard sets out in his Pulse course from
LifeSpa the Subdoshas and their relationship to the parts of the fingers. The
four parts of the finger tip, with the 5 th being the entire circumference of the
finger tip, are broken down below into their different Subdoshic functions.
Number 1 is always closest to the radial styloid of the pulse recipients hand and
4 is closest to their heart.

28
 VATA

V-1 Prana Mental, Respiratory, Neurological

V-2 Udana Ears, Nose, Throat, Neck, and Speech

V-3 Samana Digestion, improper formation of tissues, anorexia, diarrhea

V-4 Apana Excretion, Constipation, Menstrual, Sexual

V-5 Vyana Circulatory, Systemic disease

PITTA

P-1 Pachaka Digestion, jaundice, acid stomach, jaundice

P-2 Ranjaka Blood disorders, liver

P-3 Sadhaka Decisiveness, Memory, Intelligence, Spiritual inclination,

Emotions

P-4 Alochaka Vision, Eyes

P-5 Brajaka Skin disease

KAPHA

K-1 Kledaka Digestion, mucous, the root of all other Kapha's

K-2 Avalambaka Back, Heart, Lungs

K-3 Bodhaka Taste, Smell

K-4 Tarpaka Senses, Cough, Nasal Congestion, Cerebral spinal fluid, headache

K-5 Shleshaka Joint pain, congestion

1 st and 7 th Level Organ Pulses

Dosha Vata Pitta Kapha

Finger Index Middle Ring
Superficial Colon Gallbladder Pericardium
Deep Lung Liver Circulation

Left Side

29
Dosha Vata Pitta Kapha
Finger Index Middle Ring
Superficial Small Intestine Stomach Bladder
Deep Heart Spleen Kidney

CHAKRA ELEMENTS SENSE ORGANS ACTION ORGANS

Muladhara Root Earth Nose-Smell Anus
Svadhithana Navel Water Tongue-Taste Reproductive organ
Manipura Will Fire Eyes-Sight Feet
Anahata Heart Air Skin-Touch Hands
Vishuddha Throat Ether Ears-Sound Mouth
Ajna Third eye Mind Mind Mind
Sahasrara Crown Spirit Virtual Nervous Sys VNS

Diseases and Cures

We are all made up of unique proportions of Vata,Pitta and

Kapha. These ratios of the Doshas vary in each individual and
because of this Ayurveda sees each person as a special
mixture that accounts for our diversity.
Ayurveda gives us a model to look at each individual as a
unique makeup of the three doshas and to thereby design
treatment protocols that specifically address a persons health
challenges. When any of the doshas become
accumulated, Ayurveda will suggest specific lifestyle and
nutritional guidelines to assist the individual in reducing the
dosha that has become excessive. Also herbal medicines will
be suggested , to cure the imbalance and the disease.
Understanding this main principle of Ayurveda , it offers us an
explanation as to why one person responds differently to a
treatment or diet than another and why persons with the same
disease might yet require different treatments and
medications.

Factors responsible for increasing vata:

 Eating too much bitter, astringent and pungent tasted foods like cabbage, cauliflower, broccoli,
 sprouts, beans, dry fruits, mushrooms and raw foods.
 Too much traveling by any means of transportation.
 Staying awake till late night or not sleeping at all.
 Eating of junk food, frozen foods and food that has been micro-waved.
 Excessive exposure to high noise level or high sounds.

30
 Watching too much television and over exposure to computers or any other kind of electric
 gadgets from strong waves are emitted.
 Indulging in too much sexual activities.
 Excessive imagination, overworking or too much sports.
 Taking too much medicinal, recreatonal and stimulating drugs.
 Suppression of natural urges like urination, defecation, sneezing, cough, tears etc..
 Emotions like fear and grief.

Aggravation of vata weakens the nervous system. Other symptoms caused by excess of vata in the

body are joint pains, constipation, dry skin, loss of memory, palpitation, insomnia, stiffness of muscles,

weight loss, loss of strength, migraine, vertigo, tremors, grief and fear etc.,

Factors responsible for increasing Pitta

 Drinking too much tea, coffee, alcohol.
 Exessive smoking.
 Eating salty, sour, hot and spicy food, eating too much chillis, tomatos, egg plant or
 onions. Too much exposure to heat and sun. Anger.

Some of the symptoms caused by excess of Pitta in the body are hyperacidity , skin diseases, burning

sensation, fever, infections, ulcers, liver disorders, malfunction of sense organs, fatigue, loss of taste

and sleep disturbances.

Factors responsible for increasing Kapha

 Eating sweet, salty and sour tastes in excess, fats, oily and fried foods , ice creams, mears,
 dairy products, and nuts.
 Too much sleep, specially during day time.
 Not doing much physical activity.

Some of the symptoms caused by excess Kapha in the body are asthma, cold, congestion in the chest,

anorexia and obesity. Thus we can relate every aspect of our life with these three doshas. If we have

proper knowledge, we can maintain a balance of these three doshas and avoid many serious problems

and can thus stay healthy. The treatment according to Ayurveda is to balance the tridosha. While making

a diagnosis the Ayurvedic physician finds out which dosha is out of balance and tries to make the balance

by prescribing some natural medicines, diet and life style.

31
Dosha
These three principles namely Vata, Pitta and Kapha are most important phenomena in Ayurveda,

as these produce good and ill effects on the entire system depending on their normal or abnormal

state.

Vata:

This is kinetic principle, responsible for all the movements in body. The word Vata has its

Origin from Sanskrit root ‘Va’ denoting movements. This principle is characterized by lightness,

dryness, roughness, nonslimyness, coldness, mobility and fineness. Thus it produces and

maintains these qualities in body. When provoked it abnormally increases these qualities

to cause a disease. It performs respiration, body movements, circulation, excretion sensations

(conveying the sensory impulses), speech, foetal developments and all others that require

any kind of movement. Though Vata is active throughout the body, but at certain regions in

the body its actions are prominent such as colon and low back. These regions are known as

its seat.

Pitta:
This is a thermal principle. The word Pitta gets its origin from Samskrta root ‘Tapa’ denoting,

‘heat’. This is characterized by slight oiliness or moisture, heat, liquidity, sourness, pungentness

and sharpness. Thus in its normal state this produces and maintains these qualities in the body

. When provoked it causes abnormal increase in these qualities and produce a disease. Pitta is

responsible for digestion, catabolism, energy, heat, vision, valour, anger, hunger, thirst and

intelligence. Its activities are prominent in stomach, intestine and umbilical region.

Kapha:
This is a hydroic and uniting principle originated from Sanskrit root ‘Ka ’denoting ‘water’.

Shleshma’ another synonym of this is originated from Sanskrit root ‘Shlish’ denoting ‘

embracing’. This is characterized by oiliness, coldness, heaviness, sweetness, stability,

sliminess or stickiness and softness. Thus in its normal state it produces and maintains

these qualities in the body and when provoked

32
 it may cause abnormal increase in these qualities and may produce a disease. It is responsible

for anabolism, strength, potency, stability, lubrication, nourishment, tolerance and

contentment. Its activities are prominent in chest, throat, head, joints and upper stomach.

What is 'Tridosha' or the Theory of Bio-energies?:

The three doshas, or bio-energies found in our body are:

 Vata pertains to air and ether elements. This energy is generally seen as the force,
 which directs nerve impulses, circulation, respiration, and elimination.
 Kapha pertains to water and earth elements. Kapha is responsible for growth and
protection. The mucousal lining of the stomach, and the cerebral-spinal fluid that
 protects the brain and spinal column are examples of kapha.
 Pitta pertains to fire and water elements. This dosha governs metabolism, e.g., the
transformation of foods into nutrients. Pitta is also responsible for metabolism in
 the organ and tissue systems.

This article is about the notion of a bodily humor in Ayurveda&Siddha Medicine.

For the type of food, see dosha.

The three doshas and the five great elements they are composed from

A dosha (doṣa) is one of three bodily humors that make up one's constitution according to
Ayurveda. These teachings are also known as the Tridosha theory.
The central concept of Ayurvedic medicine is the theory that health exists when there is a
balance between three fundamental bodily humours or doshas called Vata, Pitta and
Kapha.Vāta or Vata (gati-movement) is the impulse principle necessary to mobilize

33
 the function of the nervous system. It affects the windy humour, flatulence, gout,
rheumatism, etc.[1][2]

 Pitta is the transforming principle bilious humour, or that secreted between the stomach and
 bowels and flowing through the liver and permeating spleen, heart, eyes, and skin; its chief
 quality is heat.[3] It is the energy principle which uses bile to direct digestion and hence
 metabolism. Kapha is the body fluid principle which relates to mucus, lubrication,nourishment
 and the carrier of nutrients. All Ayurvedic physicians believe that these ancient ideas, based
 in the knowledge discovered by the Rishis and Munis, exist in harmony with physical reality.
 These Ayurvedic concepts allow physicians to examine the homeostasis of the whole system.
 People may be of a predominant dosha prakruti (constitution), but all doshas have the basic
 elements within them.

5 types of vata dosha 5 types of pitta dosha 5 types of kapha dosha

1. Pachaka Pitta - exists in the small

intestine, stomach and colon as non-1. Kledaka Kapha - tissues.
1. Prana Vāta liquid heat, bile or digestive fire.[citation
2. Avalambaka Kapha - located
needed]
2. Udana Vāta 3. at the stomach, liver and spleen.
3. Samana Vāta 2. Ranjaka Pitta - located at the stomach, 4. citation needed]

4. Apana Vāta liver and spleen.[citation needed] 5. Tarpaka Kapha

5. Vyana Vāta 3. Alochaka Pitta 6. Bodhaka Kapha
4. Sadhaka Pitta 7. Sleshaka Kapha
5. Bhrajaka Pitta

Guṇa
"Guna" redirects here. For other uses, see Guna (disambiguation).

"Gunas" redirects here. For the municipality in Azerbaijan, see Günəş.

"Guna (film)" redirects here. For Tamil movie, see Guna (film).

Guṇa (Sanskrit: गुण) means 'string' or 'a single thread or strand of a cord or twine'. In more
abstract uses, it may mean 'a subdivision, species, kind, quality', or an operational principle
or tendency.[1]In Samkhya philosophy, there are three major guṇas that serve as the fundamental
operating principles or 'tendencies' of prakṛti(universal nature) which are alled: sattva guṇa,
rajas guṇa, and tamas guṇa. The three primary gunas are generally accepted to be associated
with creation (sattva), preservation (rajas), and destruction/transformation (tamas)
(see also Aum and Trimurti).[2] The entire creation and its process of evolution is carried
out by these three major gunas.[1][3][4]

34
DHADUS :
These are basic essential structural components namely Rasa (plasma, leucocytes and
thrombocytes), Rakta (Red blood cells), Mamsa (muscle tissue), Medas (fat tissue),
Majja(marrow and brain), Shukra (male reproductive substances).

Dhātus (dhä·tōōs), n.pl. ( from Sanskrit धधधध dhātu - layer, stratum, constituent part,
ingredient, element, primitive matter[1] ) inAyurveda, the seven fundamental principles
(elements) that support the basic structure (and functioning) of the body. [2]

They consist of:

 Rasa dhatu (Lymph)

 Rakta dhatu (Blood)
 Mamsa dhatu (Muscles)
 Medha dhatu (Fat)
 Asthi dhatu (Bone)
 Majja dhatu (marrow (bone and spinal))
 Shukra dhatu (Semen)[3]
Traditional texts often refer to the above as the Seven Dhātus (Saptadhātus). Ojas is known as
the eighth Dhātu, or Mahādhātu (superior, or great dhātu).[4]

RASA DHADU (LYMPH )

Lymph is the fluid that circulates throughout the lymphatic system. The lymph is formed when
the interstitial fluid (the fluid which lies in the interstices of all body tissues)[1] is collected
through lymph capillaries. It is then transported through lymph vessels to lymph nodes before
emptying ultimately into the right or the left subclavian vein, where it mixes back with blood.

Since the lymph is derived from the interstitial fluid, its composition continually changes as
the blood and the surrounding cells continually exchange substances with the interstitial fluid.
Lymph returns protein and excess interstitial fluid to the circulation. Lymph may pick up
bacteria and bring them to lymph nodes where they are destroyed.Metastatic cancer cells can
also be transported via lymph. Lymph also transports fats from the digestive system. The
ord lymph is derived from the name of the Roman deity of fresh water, Lympha

Composition

35
Human lymph, obtained after a thoracic duct injury

Lymph has a composition comparable to that of blood plasma, but it may differ slightly.
Lymph contains white blood cells. In particular the lymph that leaves a lymph node is richer
in lymphocytes. Likewise, the lymph formed in the digestive system called chyle is rich

intriglycerides (fat), and looks milky white.

Formation of interstitial fluid from blood

Blood supplies nutrients and important metabolites to the cells of a tissue and collects back
the waste products they produce, which requires exchange of respective constituents between
the blood and tissue cells. However, this exchange is not direct but instead is effected through
an intermediary called interstitial fluid or tissue fluid that the blood forms.Interstitial fluid is the
fluid that occupies the spaces between the cells and constitutes their immediate environment.
As the blood and the surrounding cells continually add and remove substances from the
interstitial fluid, its composition continually changes. Water and solutescan pass between the
interstitial fluid and blood

via diffusion across gaps in capillary walls called intercellular clefts; thus, the blood and
interstitial fluid are in dynamic equilibrium with each other.[2]

Interstitial fluid forms at the arterial (coming from the heart) end of capillaries because of the
higher pressure of blood compared to veins, and most of it returns to its venous ends
andvenules; the rest (up to 10%) enters the lymph capillaries as lymph.[3] Thus, lymph when
formed is a watery clear liquid with the same composition as the interstitial fluid. However, as
it flows through the lymph nodes it comes in contact with blood, and tends to accumulate
more cells (particularly, lymphocytes) and proteins.[4]

Lymphatic circulation
Tubular vessels transport lymph back to the blood, ultimately replacing the volume lost during
the formation of the interstitial fluid. These channels are the lymphatic channels, or
simply lymphatics.[5] Unlike the cardiovascular system, the lymphatic system is not closed and
has no central pump. Lymph transport, therefore, is slow and sporadic. Despite low pressure,
lymph movement occurs due to peristalsis (propulsion of the lymph due to alternate
contraction and relaxation of smooth muscle), valves, and compression during contraction of
adjacent skeletal muscle and arterial pulsation.[6] Lymph that enters the lymph vessels from

36
the interstitial space usually does not flow backwards along the vessels because of the
presence of valves. If excessive hydrostatic pressure develops within the lymph vessels,
though, some fluid can leak back into the interstitial space and contribute to formation
of oedema.

RAKTA DHATU (BLOOD)

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

For other uses, see Blood (disambiguation).

Human blood smear:

a – erythrocytes; b – neutrophil;
c – eosinophil; d – lymphocyte.

A scanning electron microscope (SEM) image of a normal red blood cell, a platelet, and a white blood cell.

Human blood fractioned by centrifugation. Plasma (upper layer), buffy coat (middle, white colored layer) and
erytrocite layer (bottom) can be seen.

37
Blood circulation:
Red = oxygenated
Blue = deoxygenated

Human blood magnified 600 times

38
Frog blood magnified 600 times

Fish blood magnified 600 times

Blood is a bodily fluid in animals that delivers necessary substances such

asnutrients and oxygen to the cells and transports metabolic waste products away from those
same cells.

In vertebrates, it is composed of blood cells suspended in blood plasma. Plasma, which constitutes
55% of blood fluid, is mostly water (92% by volume),[1] and contains dissipated proteins, glucose,
mineral ions, hormones,carbon dioxide (plasma being the main medium for excretory product
transportation), and blood cells themselves. Albumin is the main protein in plasma, and it functions
to regulate the colloidal osmotic pressure of blood. The blood cells are mainly red blood cells (also
called RBCs or erythrocytes) and white blood cells, including leukocytes and platelets. The most
abundant cells in vertebrate blood are red blood cells. These contain hemoglobin, an iron-
containing protein, which facilitates transportation of oxygen by reversibly binding to
this respiratory gas and greatly increasing its solubility in blood. In contrast, carbon dioxide is
almost entirely transported extracellularly dissolved in plasma as bicarbonate ion. Vertebrate blood
is bright red when its hemoglobin is oxygenated. Some animals, such ascrustaceans and mollusks,
use hemocyanin to carry oxygen, instead of hemoglobin. Insectsand some mollusks use a fluid
called hemolymph instead of blood, the difference being that hemolymph is not contained in a
closed circulatory system. In most insects, this "blood" does not contain oxygen-carrying

39
molecules such as hemoglobin because their bodies are small enough for their tracheal system to
suffice for supplying oxygen.

Jawed vertebrates have an adaptive immune system, based largely on white blood cells. White
blood cells help to resist infections and parasites. Platelets are important in theclotting of
blood. Arthropods, using hemolymph, have hemocytes as part of their immune system.

Blood is circulated around the body through blood vessels by the pumping action of theheart. In
animals with lungs, arterial blood carries oxygen from inhaled air to the tissues of the body,
and venous blood carries carbon dioxide, a waste product of metabolism produced by cells, from
the tissues to the lungs to be exhaled.

Medical terms related to blood often begin with hemo- or hemato- (also spelled haemo-
andhaemato-) from the Greek word αἷμα (haima) for "blood". In terms of anatomy and histology,
blood is considered a specialized form of connective tissue, given its origin in the bones and the
presence of potential molecular fibers in the form of fibrinogen. Contents

Functions

Haemoglobin, a globular protein

green = haem groups
red & blue = protein subunits

40
Heme

Blood performs many important functions within the body including:

 Supply of oxygen to tissues (bound to hemoglobin, which is carried in red cells)

 Supply of nutrients such as glucose, amino acids, and fatty acids (dissolved in the blood or
bound to plasma proteins (e.g., blood lipids))

 Removal of waste such as carbon dioxide, urea, and lactic acid

 Immunological functions, including circulation of white blood cells, and detection of foreign
material by antibodies

 Coagulation, which is one part of the body's self-repair mechanism (blood clotting after an
open wound in order to stop bleeding)

 Messenger functions, including the transport of hormones and the signaling of tissuedamage

 Regulation of body pH

 Regulation of core body temperature

 Hydraulic functions

Constituents of human blood

41
Illustration depicting formed elements of blood.

Two tubes of EDTA-anticoagulated blood.Left tube: after standing, the RBCs have settled at the bottom of the
tube. Right tube: contains freshly drawn blood. Blood accounts for 7% of the human body
weight,[2][3] with an average density of approximately 1060 kg/m3, very close to pure water's density
of 1000 kg/m3.[4] The average adult has a blood volume of roughly 5 liters (1.3 gal),[3] which is
composed of plasma and several kinds of cells. These blood cells (which are also
called corpuscles or "formed elements") consist of erythrocytes (red blood cells, RBCs),
leukocytes (white blood cells), and thrombocytes (platelets). By volume, the red blood cells
constitute about 45% of whole blood, the plasma about 54.3%, and white cells about 0.7%.

Whole blood (plasma and cells) exhibits non-Newtonian fluid dynamics; its flow properties are
adapted to flow effectively through tiny capillary blood vessels with less resistance than plasma by
itself. In addition, if all human hemoglobin were free in the plasma rather than being contained in
RBCs, the circulatory fluid would be too viscous for the cardiovascular system to function
effectively.

Cells
Further information: Complete blood count

One microliter of blood contains:

4.7 to 6.1 million (male), 4.2 to 5.4 million (female) erythrocytes:[5] Red blood cells contain the
blood's hemoglobin and distribute oxygen. Mature red blood cells lack anucleus and organelles in
mammals. The red blood cells (together with endothelial vessel cells and other cells) are also
marked by glycoproteins that define the different blood types. The proportion of blood occupied by
red blood cells is referred to as thehematocrit, and is normally about 45%. The combined surface
area of all red blood cells of the human body would be roughly 2,000 times as great as the body's
exterior surface.[6]

4,000–11,000 leukocytes:[7] White blood cells are part of the body's immune system; they destroy
and remove old or aberrant cells and cellular debris, as well as attack infectious agents (pathogens)
and foreign substances. The cancer of leukocytes is calledleukemia.

200,000–500,000 thrombocytes:[7] Also called platelets,

thrombocytes are responsible for blood clotting (coagulation). They change fibrinogen into fibrin.
This fibrin creates a mesh onto which red blood cells collect and clot, which then stops more blood
from leaving the body and also helps to prevent bacteria from entering the body.

42
Constitution of normal blood

Parameter Value

45 ± 7 (38–52%) for males

Hematocrit
42 ± 5 (37–47%) for females

pH 7.35–7.45

base excess −3 to +3

PO2 10–13 kPa (80–100 mm Hg)

PCO2 4.8–5.8 kPa (35–45 mm Hg)

HCO3− 21–27 mM

Oxygen saturation Oxygenated: 98–99%

Deoxygenated: 75%

Plasma
Main article: Blood plasma

About 55% of blood is blood plasma, a fluid that is the blood's liquid medium, which by itself is
straw-yellow in color. The blood plasma volume totals of 2.7–3.0 liters (2.8–3.2 quarts) in an average
human. It is essentially an aqueous solution containing 92% water, 8% blood plasma proteins, and
trace amounts of other materials. Plasma circulates dissolved nutrients, such as glucose, amino
acids, and fatty acids (dissolved in the blood or bound to plasma proteins), and removes waste
products, such as carbon dioxide, urea, and lactic acid.

Other important components include:

Serum albumin

 Blood-clotting factors (to facilitate coagulation)

 Immunoglobulins (antibodies)

 lipoprotein particles

 Various other proteins

43
 Various electrolytes (mainly sodium and chloride)

The term serum refers to plasma from which the clotting proteins have been removed. Most of the
proteins remaining are albumin and immunoglobulins.

Narrow range of pH values

See also: Acid-base homeostasis

Blood pH is regulated to stay within the narrow range of 7.35 to 7.45, making it slightly
basic.[8][9] Blood that has a pH below 7.35 is too acidic, whereas blood pH above 7.45 is toobasic.
Blood pH, partial pressure of oxygen (pO2), partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2),
and HCO3− are carefully regulated by a number of homeostatic mechanisms, which exert their
influence principally through the respiratory system and the urinary system in order to control
the acid-base balance and respiration. An arterial blood gas test will measure these. Plasma also
circulates hormones transmitting their messages to various tissues. The list of normal reference
ranges for various blood electrolytes is extensive.

Blood in non-human vertebrates

Human blood is typical of that of mammals, although the precise details concerning cell numbers,
size, protein structure, and so on, vary somewhat between species. In non-mammalian vertebrates,
however, there are some key differences:[10]Red blood cells of non-mammalian vertebrates are
flattened and ovoid in form, and retain their cell nuclei

 There is considerable variation in the types and proportions of white blood cells; for example,
acidophils are generally more common than in humans

 Platelets are unique to mammals; in other vertebrates, small nucleated, spindle cells are
responsible for blood clotting instead
Physiology
Cardiovascular system

The circulation of blood through the human heart

44
Main article: Circulatory system

Blood is circulated around the body through blood vessels by the pumping action of theheart. In
humans, blood is pumped from the strong left ventricle of the heart through arteriesto
peripheral tissues and returns to the right atrium of the heart through veins. It then enters the
right ventricle and is pumped through the pulmonary artery to the lungs and returns to the left
atrium through the pulmonary veins. Blood then enters the left ventricle to be circulated again.
Arterial blood carries oxygen from inhaled air to all of the cells of the body, and venous
bloodcarries carbon dioxide, a waste product ofmetabolism by cells, to the lungs to be exhaled.
However, one exception includes pulmonary arteries, which contain the most deoxygenated blood
in the body, while the pulmonary veins contain oxygenated blood.

Additional return flow may be generated by the movement of skeletal muscles, which can compress
veins and push blood through the valves in veins toward the right atrium.

The blood circulation was famously described byWilliam Harvey in 1628.[11]

Production and degradation of blood cells

In vertebrates, the various cells of blood are made in the bone marrow in a process
calledhematopoiesis, which includes erythropoiesis, the production of red blood cells;
and myelopoiesis, the production of white blood cells and platelets. During childhood, almost every
human bone produces red blood cells; as adults, red blood cell production is limited to the larger
bones: the bodies of the vertebrae, the breastbone (sternum), the ribcage, the pelvic bones, and
the bones of the upper arms and legs. In addition, during childhood, the thymus gland, found in
the mediastinum, is an important source of lymphocytes.[12] The proteinaceous component of blood
(including clotting proteins) is produced predominantly by the liver, while

hormones are produced by the endocrine glands and the watery fraction is regulated by
thehypothalamus and maintained by the kidney.

Healthy erythrocytes have a plasma life of about 120 days before they are degraded by thespleen,
and the Kupffer cells in the liver. The liver also clears some proteins, lipids, andamino acids. The
kidney actively secretes waste products into the urine.

45
Oxygen transport

Basic hemoglobin saturation curve. It is moved to the right in higher acidity (more dissolved carbon dioxide)
and to the left in lower acidity (less dissolved carbon dioxide)

About 98.5% of the oxygen in a sample of arterial blood in a healthy human breathing air at sea-
level pressure is chemically combined with the Hgb. About 1.5% is physically dissolved in the other
blood liquids and not connected to Hgb. The hemoglobin molecule is the primary transporter of
oxygen in mammals and many other species (for exceptions, see below). Hemoglobin has an
oxygen binding capacity of between 1.36 and 1.37 mL O2 per gram Hemoglobin,[13] which increases
the total blood oxygen capacity seventyfold,[14] compared to if oxygen solely was carried by its
solubility of 0.03 mL O2 per liter blood per mmHg partial pressure of oxygen (approximately
100 mmHg in arteries).[14]

With the exception of pulmonary and umbilical arteries and their corresponding veins,arteries carry
oxygenated blood away from the heart and deliver it to the body via arteriolesand capillaries, where
the oxygen is consumed; afterwards, venules, and veins carry deoxygenated blood back to the
heart.

Under normal conditions in adult humans at rest; hemoglobin in blood leaving the lungs is about
98–99% saturated with oxygen, achieving an oxygen delivery of between 950 - 1150 mL/min[15] to the
body. In a healthy adult at rest, oxygen consumption is approximately 200 - 250
[15] [16][17]
mL/min, and deoxygenated blood returning to the lungs is still approximately 75% (70 to
78%)[15] saturated. Increased oxygen consumption during sustained exercise reduces the oxygen
saturation of venous blood, which can reach less than 15% in a trained athlete; although breathing
rate and blood flow increase to compensate, oxygen saturation in arterial blood can drop to 95% or
less under these conditions.[18] Oxygen saturation this low is considered dangerous in an individual
at rest (for instance, during surgery under anesthesia). Sustained hypoxia (oxygenation of less than
90%), is dangerous to health, and severe hypoxia (saturations of less than 30%) may be rapidly
fatal.[19]

46
A fetus, receiving oxygen via the placenta, is exposed to much lower oxygen pressures (about 21%
of the level found in an adult's lungs), and, so, fetuses produce another form of hemoglobin with a
much higher affinity for oxygen (hemoglobin F) in order to function under these conditions.[20]

Carbon dioxide transport

CO2 is carried in blood in three different ways. (The exact percentages vary depending whether it is
arterial or venous blood). Most of it (about 70% to 80%) is converted to bicarbonate ions HCO−
3 by the enzyme carbonic anhydrase in the red blood cells,[21] by the reaction CO2 + H2O → H2CO3 →
H+ + HCO−
3 5% – 10% is dissolved in the plasma,[21] and 5% – 10% is bound
to hemoglobin as carbaminocompounds.[21]

Hemoglobin, the main oxygen-carrying molecule in red blood cells, carries both oxygen and carbon
dioxide. However, the CO2 bound to hemoglobin does not bind to the same site as oxygen. Instead,
it combines with the N-terminal groups on the four globin chains. However, because
of allosteric effects on the hemoglobin molecule, the binding of CO2 decreases the amount of
oxygen that is bound for a given partial pressure of oxygen. The decreased binding to carbon
dioxide in the blood due to increased oxygen levels is known as the Haldane effect, and is
important in the transport of carbon dioxide from the tissues to the lungs. A rise in the partial
pressure of CO2or a lower pH will cause offloading of oxygen from hemoglobin, which is known as
the Bohr effect.

Transport of hydrogen ions

Some oxyhemoglobin loses oxygen and becomes deoxyhemoglobin. Deoxyhemoglobin binds most
of the hydrogen ions as it has a much greater affinity for more hydrogen than does oxyhemoglobin.

Lymphatic system
Main article: Lymphatic system

In mammals, blood is in equilibrium with lymph, which is continuously formed in tissues from
blood by capillary ultrafiltration. Lymph is collected by a system of small lymphatic vessels and
directed to

the thoracic duct, which drains into the left subclavian vein where lymph rejoins the systemic blood
circulation.

Thermoregulation
Blood circulation transports heat throughout the body, and adjustments to this flow are an
important part of thermoregulation. Increasing blood flow to the surface (e.g., during warm weather
or strenuous exercise) causes warmer skin, resulting in faster heat loss. In contrast, when the
external temperature is low, blood flow to the extremities and surface of the skin is reduced and to
prevent heat loss and is circulated to the important organs of the body, preferentially.

47
Hydraulic functions
The restriction of blood flow can also be used in specialized tissues to cause engorgement,
resulting in an erection of that tissue; examples are the erectile tissue in the penis and clitoris.

Another example of a hydraulic function is the jumping spider, in which blood forced into the legs
under pressure causes them to straighten for a powerful jump, without the need for bulky muscular
legs.[22]

Invertebrates
In insects, the blood (more properly called hemolymph) is not involved in the transport of oxygen.
(Openings called tracheae allow oxygen from the air to diffuse directly to the tissues). Insect blood
moves nutrients to the tissues and removes waste products in an open system.

Other invertebrates use respiratory proteins to increase the oxygen-carrying capacity. Hemoglobin
is the most common respiratory protein found in nature. Hemocyanin (blue) contains copper and is
found in crustaceans and mollusks. It is thought that tunicates (sea squirts) might
use vanabins (proteins containing vanadium) for respiratory pigment (bright-green, blue, or
orange).

In many invertebrates, these oxygen-carrying proteins are freely soluble in the blood; in vertebrates
they are contained in specialized red blood cells, allowing for a higher concentration of respiratory
pigments without increasing viscosity or damaging blood filtering organs like the kidneys.

Giant tube worms have unusual hemoglobins that allow them to live in extraordinary environments.
These hemoglobins also carry sulfides normally fatal in other animals.

Color

The coloring matter of blood (hemochrome) is largely due to the protein in the blood responsible
for oxygen transport. Different groups of organisms use different proteins.

Hemoglobin
Main article: Hemoglobin

48
Capillary blood from a bleeding finger

Venous blood collected during blood donation

Hemoglobin is the principal determinant of the color of blood in vertebrates. Each molecule has
four heme groups, and their interaction with various molecules alters the exact color.
Invertebrates and other hemoglobin-using creatures, arterial blood and capillary blood are bright
red, as oxygen imparts a strong red color to the heme group. Deoxygenated blood is a darker
shade of red; this is present in veins, and can be seen during blood donation and when venous
blood samples are taken. This is because the spectrum of light absorbed by hemoglobin differs
between the oxygenated and deoxygenated states.[23]

Blood in carbon monoxide poisoning is bright red, because carbon monoxide causes the formation
of carboxyhemoglobin. In cyanide poisoning, the body cannot utilize oxygen, so the venous blood
remains oxygenated, increasing the redness. There are some conditions affecting the heme groups
present in hemoglobin that can make the skin appear blue—a symptom called cyanosis. If the heme
is oxidized, methaemoglobin, which is more brownish and cannot transport oxygen, is formed. In
the rare condition sulfhemoglobinemia, arterial hemoglobin is partially oxygenated, and appears
dark red with a bluish hue. Veins close to the surface of the skin appear blue for a variety of
reasons. However, the factors that contribute to this alteration of color perception are related to the
light-scattering properties of the skin and the processing of visual input by the visual cortex, rather
than the actual color of the venous blood.[24]Skinks in the genus Prasinohaema have green blood
due to a buildup of the waste productbiliverdin.[25]

Hemocyanin
Main article: Hemocyanin

The blood of most mollusks – including cephalopods and gastropods – as well as

some arthropods, such as horseshoe crabs, is blue, as it contains the copper-containing protein
hemocyanin at concentrations of about 50 grams per liter.[26] Hemocyanin is colorless when
deoxygenated and dark blue when oxygenated. The blood in the circulation of these creatures,
which generally live in cold environments with low oxygen tensions, is grey-white to pale
yellow,[26] and it turns dark blue when exposed to the oxygen in the air, as seen when they

49
bleed.[26] This is due to change in color of hemocyanin when it is oxidized.[26] Hemocyanin carries
oxygen in extracellular fluid, which is in contrast to the intracellular oxygen transport in mammals
by hemoglobin in RBCs.[26]

Chlorocruorin
Main article: Chlorocruorin

The blood of most annelid worms and some marine polychaetes use chlorocruorin to transport
oxygen. It is green in color in dilute solutions.[27]

Hemerythrin
Main article: Hemerythrin

Hemerythrin is used for oxygen transport in the marine

nvertebrates sipunculids, priapulids, brachiopods, and the annelid worm, magelona. Hemerythrin is
violet-pink when oxygenated.[27]

Hemovanadin
Main article: Hemovanadin

The blood of some species of ascidians and tunicates, also known as sea squirts, contains proteins
called vanabins. These proteins are based on vanadium, and give the creatures a concentration of
vanadium in their bodies 100 times higher than the surrounding sea water. It is not clear whether
these vanabins actually carry oxygen. When exposed to oxygen, however, vanabins turn a mustard
yellow.

Pathology
General medical disorders

 Disorders of volume

 Injury can cause blood loss through bleeding.[28] A healthy adult can lose almost 20% of
blood volume (1 L) before the first symptom, restlessness, begins, and 40% of volume (2 L)
before shock sets in. Thrombocytes are important for blood coagulationand the formation
of blood clots, which can stop bleeding. Trauma to the internal organs or bones can
cause internal bleeding, which can sometimes be severe.

 Dehydration can reduce the blood volume by reducing the water content of the blood. This
would rarely result in shock (apart from the very severe cases) but may result in orthostatic
hypotension and fainting.

 Disorders of circulation

 Shock is the ineffective perfusion of tissues, and can be caused by a variety of conditions
including blood loss, infection, poorcardiac output.

50
  Atherosclerosis reduces the flow of blood through arteries, because atheroma lines
arteries and narrows them. Atheroma tends to increase with age, and its progression can
be compounded by many causes including smoking, high blood pressure, excess
circulating lipids (hyperlipidemia), and diabetes mellitus.

 Coagulation can form a thrombosis, which can obstruct vessels.

 Problems with blood composition, the pumping action of the heart, or narrowing of blood
vessels can have many consequences including hypoxia (lack of oxygen) of the tissues
supplied. The term ischemia refers to tissue that is inadequately perfused with blood,
and infarction refers to tissue death (necrosis), which can occur when the blood supply
has been blocked (or is very inadequate)
Hematological disorders
See also: Hematology

 Anemia

 Insufficient red cell mass (anemia) can be the result of bleeding, blood disorders
like thalassemia, or nutritional deficiencies; and may require blood transfusion. Several
countries have blood banks to fill the demand for transfusable blood. A person receiving a
blood transfusion must have a blood type compatible with that of the donor.

 Sickle-cell anemia

 Disorders of cell proliferation

 Leukemia is a group of cancers of the blood-forming tissues and cells.

 Non-cancerous overproduction of red cells (polycythemia vera) or platelets (essential

thrombocytosis) may be premalignant.

 Myelodysplastic syndromes involve ineffective production of one or more cell lines.

 Disorders of coagulation

 Hemophilia is a genetic illness that causes dysfunction in one of the blood's clotting
mechanisms. This can allow otherwise inconsequential wounds to be life-threatening, but
more commonly results in hemarthrosis, or bleeding into joint spaces, which can be
crippling.

 Ineffective or insufficient platelets can also result in coagulopathy (bleeding disorders).

 Hypercoagulable state (thrombophilia) results from defects in regulation of platelet or

clotting factor function, and can cause thrombosis.

 Infectious disorders of blood

 Blood is an important vector of infection. HIV, the virus that causes AIDS, is transmitted
through contact with blood, semen or other body secretions of an infected

51
 person. Hepatitis B and C are transmitted primarily through blood contact. Owing to blood-
borne infections, bloodstained objects are treated as a biohazard.

 Bacterial infection of the blood is bacteremia or sepsis. Viral Infection is

viremia. Malaria and trypanosomiasis are blood-borne parasitic infections.
Carbon monoxide poisoning
Main article: Carbon monoxide poisoning

Substances other than oxygen can bind to hemoglobin; in some cases this can cause irreversible
damage to the body. Carbon monoxide, for example, is extremely dangerous when carried to the
blood via the lungs by inhalation, because carbon monoxide irreversibly binds to hemoglobin to
form carboxyhemoglobin, so that less hemoglobin is free to bind oxygen, and fewer oxygen
molecules can be transported throughout the blood. This can cause suffocation insidiously. A fire
burning in an enclosed room with poor ventilation presents a very dangerous hazard, since it can
create a build-up of carbon monoxide in the air. Some carbon monoxide binds to hemoglobin when
smoking tobacco.[citation needed]

Medical treatments
Blood products
Further information: Blood transfusion

Blood for transfusion is obtained from human donors by blood donation and stored in a blood
bank. There are many different blood typesin humans, the ABO blood group system, and
the Rhesus blood group system being the most important. Transfusion of blood of an incompatible
blood group may cause severe, often fatal, complications, so crossmatching is done to ensure that
a compatible blood product is transfused.

Other blood products administered intravenously are platelets, blood plasma, cryoprecipitate, and
specific coagulation factor concentrates.

Intravenous administration
Many forms of medication (from antibiotics to chemotherapy) are administered intravenously, as
they are not readily or adequately absorbed by the digestive tract.

After severe acute blood loss, liquid preparations, generically known as plasma expanders, can be
given intravenously, either solutions of salts (NaCl, KCl, CaCl2 etc.) at physiological concentrations,
or colloidal solutions, such as dextrans, human serum albumin, or fresh frozen plasma. In these
emergency situations, a plasma expander is a more effective life-saving procedure than a blood
transfusion, because the metabolism of transfused red blood cells does not restart immediately
after a transfusion.

52
Bloodletting
Main article: bloodletting

In modern evidence-based medicine, bloodletting is used in management of a few rare diseases,

including hemochromatosis andpolycythemia. However, bloodletting and leeching were common
unvalidated interventions used until the 19th century, as many diseases were incorrectly thought to
be due to an excess of blood, according to Hippocratic medicine.

History

According to the Oxford English Dictionary, the word "blood" dates to the oldest English, circa
1000 AD. The word is derived from Middle English, which is derived from the Old English
word blôd, which is akin to the Old High German word bluot, meaning blood. The modern German
word is (das) Blut.

Classical Greek medicine

In classical Greek medicine, blood was associated with air, with Springtime, and with a merry and
gluttonous (sanguine) personality. It was also believed to be produced exclusively by the liver.

Hippocratic medicine
In Hippocratic medicine, blood was considered to be one of the four humors, the others
being phlegm, yellow bile, and black bile.

Human blood
The ABO blood group system was discovered in the year 1900 by Karl Landsteiner. Jan
Janský published his work in 1907. In 1907 the first successful blood transfusion was performed.
The first non-direct transfusion was performed on March 27, 1914. The Rhesus factorwas
discovered in 1937.

Cultural and religious beliefsSee also:

Blood libel

Due to its importance to life, blood is associated with a large number of beliefs. One of the most
basic is the use of blood as a symbol for family relationships through birth/parentage; to be
"related by blood" is to be related by ancestry or descendance, rather than marriage. This bears
closely to bloodlines, and sayings such as "blood is thicker than water" and "bad blood", as well as
"Blood brother".

Blood is given particular emphasis in the Jewish and Christian religions, because Leviticus 17:11
says "the life of a creature is in the blood." This phrase is part of the Levitical law forbidding the
drinking of blood or eating meat with the blood still intact instead of being poured off.

53
Mythic references to blood can sometimes be connected to the life-giving nature of blood, seen in
such events as childbirth, as contrasted with the blood of injury or death.

Vampire legends
Main article: Vampire mythical creatures that drink blood directly for sustenance, usually with a
preference for human blood. Cultures all over the world have myths of this kind; for example the
'Nosferatu' legend, a human who achieves damnation and immortality by drinking the blood of
others, originates from Eastern European folklore. Ticks, leeches, female mosquitoes, vampire
bats, and an assortment of other natural creatures do consume the blood of other animals, but only
bats are associated with vampires. This has no relation to vampire bats, which are new
world creatures discovered well after the origins of the European myths.

Applications In the applied sciences Blood residue can help forensic investigators

identify weapons, reconstruct a criminal action, and link suspects to the crime. Throughbloodstain
pattern analysis, forensic information can also be gained from the spatial distribution of
bloodstains.

Blood residue analysis is also a technique used in archeology.

In art
Blood is one of the body fluids that has been used in art.[36] In particular, the performances
of Viennese Actionist Hermann Nitsch,Istvan Kantor, Franko B, Lennie Lee, Ron Athey, Yang
Zhichao, Lucas Abela and Kira O' Reilly, along with the photography of Andres Serrano, have
incorporated blood as a prominent visual element. Marc Quinn has made sculptures using frozen
blood, including a cast of his own head made using his own blood.

In genealogy and family history

The term blood is used in genealogical circles to refer to one's ancestry, origins, and ethnic
background as in the word bloodline. Other terms where blood is used in a family history sense
are blue-blood, royal blood, mixed-blood and blood relative.

54
MAMSA DHATU(Muscle)

top-down view of skeletal muscle

Latin musculus

Gray's subject #102

For other uses of "muscle", see muscle (disambiguation).

Muscle is a soft tissue found in most animals. Muscle cells contain proteinfilaments
of actin and myosin that slide past one another, producing acontraction that changes both the
length and the shape of the cell. Muscles function to produce force and motion. They are primarily
responsible for maintaining and changing posture, locomotion, as well as movement of internal
organs, such as the contraction of the heart and the movement of food through the digestive
system via peristalsis. Muscle tissues are derived from the mesodermal layer of embryonic germ
cellsin a process known as myogenesis. There are three types of muscle, skeletalor
striated, cardiac, and smooth. Muscle action can be classified as being either voluntary or
involuntary. Cardiac and smooth muscles contract without conscious thought and are termed
involuntary, while the skeletal muscles contract upon command.[citation needed] Skeletal muscles in turn
can be divided into fast and slow twitch fibers. Muscles are predominantly powered by
the oxidation of fats and carbohydrates, but anaerobic chemical reactions are also used,
particularly by fast twitch fibers. These chemical reactions produce adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
molecules which are used to power the movement of the myosin heads.[citation needed] The term muscle
is derived from the Latin musculus meaning "little mouse" perhaps because of the shape of certain
muscles or because contracting muscles look like mice moving under the skin.[1][2]

55
Anatomy
The anatomy of muscles includes gross anatomy, which comprises all the muscles of an organism,
and microanatomy, which comprises the structures of a single muscle.

Types of tissue Main article: Muscle tissue

The body contains three types of muscle tissue: (a) skeletal muscle, (b) smooth muscle, and (c) cardiac
muscle. (Same magnification)

Muscle tissue is a soft tissue, and is one of the four fundamental types of tissue present in animals.
There are three types of muscle tissue recognized in vertebrates:

 Skeletal muscle or "voluntary muscle" is anchored by tendons (or by aponeuroses at a few

places) to bone and is used to effect skeletal movement such as locomotion and in maintaining
posture. Though this postural control is generally maintained as an unconscious reflex, the
muscles responsible react to conscious control like non-postural muscles. An average adult
male is made up of 42% of skeletal muscle and an average adult female is made up of 36% (as a
percentage of body mass).[3]

 Smooth muscle or "involuntary muscle" is found within the walls of organs and structures
such as the esophagus, stomach, intestines, bronchi, uterus, urethra, bladder, blood vessels,
and the arrector pili in the skin (in which it controls erection of body hair). Unlike skeletal
muscle, smooth muscle is not under conscious control.

 Cardiac muscle (myocardium), is also an "involuntary muscle" but is more akin in structure to
skeletal muscle, and is found only in the heart.

Cardiac and skeletal muscles are "striated" in that they contain sarcomeres that are packed into
highly regular arrangements of bundles; the myofibrils of smooth muscle cells are not arranged in

56
sarcomeres and so are not striated. While the sarcomeres in skeletal muscles are arranged in
regular, parallel bundles, cardiac muscle sarcomeres connect at branching, irregular angles (called
intercalated discs). Striated muscle contracts and relaxes in short, intense bursts, whereas smooth
muscle sustains longer or even near-permanent contractions.Skeletal (voluntary) muscle is further
divided into two broad types: slow twitch and fast twitch:Type I, slow twitch, or "red" muscle, is
dense with capillaries and is rich in mitochondriaand myoglobin, giving the muscle tissue its
characteristic red color. It can carry moreoxygen and sustain aerobic activity using fats or
carbohydrates as fuel.[4] Slow twitch fibers contract for long periods of time but with little force.
Type II, fast twitch muscle, has three major subtypes (IIa, IIx, and IIb) that vary in both contractile
speed[5] and force generated.[4]Fast twitch fibers contract quickly and powerfully but fatigue very
rapidly, sustaining only short, anaerobic bursts of activity before muscle contraction becomes
painful. They contribute most to muscle strength and have greater potential for increase in mass.
Type IIb is anaerobic, glycolytic, "white" muscle that is least dense in mitochondria and myoglobin.
In small animals (e.g., rodents) this is the major fast muscle type, explaining the pale color of their
flesh.

The density of mammalian skeletal muscle tissue is about 1.06 kg/liter.[6] This can be contrasted
with the density of adipose tissue(fat), which is 0.9196 kg/liter.[7] This makes muscle tissue
approximately 15% denser than fat tissue.

Histogenesis
Main articles: Histogenesis and Mesoderm

A chicken embryo, showing the paraxial mesoderm on both sides of the neural fold. The anterior (forward)
portion has begun to form somites(labeled "primitive segments").

57
All muscles are derived from paraxial mesoderm.[8] The paraxial mesoderm is divided along
the embryo's length into somites, corresponding to the segmentation of the body (most obviously
seen in the vertebral column.[8] Each somite has 3 divisions, sclerotome (which forms
vertebrae), dermatome (which forms skin), and myotome (which forms muscle).[8] The myotome is
divided into two sections, the epimere and hypomere, which form epaxial and hypaxial muscles,
respectively.[8]The only epaxial muscles in humans are the erector spinae and small intervertebral
muscles, and are innervated by the dorsal rami of the spinal nerves.[8] All other muscles, including
those of the limbs are hypaxial, and inervated by the ventral rami of the spinal nerves.[8]

During development, myoblasts (muscle progenitor cells) either remain in the somite to form
muscles associated with the vertebral column or migrate out into the body to form all other
muscles.[8] Myoblast migration is preceded by the formation of connective tissue frameworks,
usually formed from the somaticlateral plate mesoderm.[8] Myoblasts follow chemical signals to the
appropriate locations, where they fuse into elongate skeletal muscle cells.[8]

Microanatomy
Main articles: Myocyte and Sarcomere

A skeletal muscle fiber is surrounded by a plasma membrane called the sarcolemma, which contains
sarcoplasm, the cytoplasm of muscle cells. A muscle fiber is composed of many fibrils, which give the cell its
striated appearance.

Skeletal muscles are sheathed by a tough layer of connective tissue called the epimysium.[9] The
epimysium anchors muscle tissue to tendons at each end, where the epimysium becomes thicker
and collagenous. It also protects muscles from friction against other muscles and bones. Within
the epimysium are multiple bundles called fascicles, each of which contains 10 to 100 or
more muscle fibers collectively sheathed by a perimysium. Besides surrounding each fascicle, the
perimysium is a pathway for nerves and the flow of blood within the muscle. [9] The threadlike
muscle fibers are the individual muscle cells (myocytes), and each cell is encased within its
own endomysium ofcollagen fibers.[9] Thus, the overall muscle consists of fibers (cells) that are

58
bundled into fascicles, which are themselves grouped together to form muscles. At each level of
bundling, a collagenous membrane surrounds the bundle, and these membranes support muscle
function both by resisting passive stretching of the tissue and by distributing forces applied to the
muscle.[9] Scattered throughout the muscles are muscle spindles that provide sensory feedback
information to the central nervous system. (This grouping structure is analogous to the
organization of nerves which uses epineurium, perineurium, and endoneurium). This same
bundles-within-bundles structure is replicated within the muscle cells. Within the cells of the
muscle are myofibrils, which themselves are bundles of protein filaments. The term "myofibril"
should not be confused with "myofiber", which is a simply another name for a muscle cell.
Myofibrils are complex strands of several kinds of protein filaments organized together into
repeating units called sarcomeres. The striated appearance of both skeletal and cardiac muscle
results from the regular pattern of sarcomeres within their cells. Although both of these types of
muscle contain sarcomeres, the fibers in cardiac muscle are typically branched to form a network.
Cardiac muscle fibers are interconnected by intercalated discs,[10] giving that tissue the appearance
of a syncytium. The filaments in a sarcomere are composed of actin and myosin.

Gross anatomy

Bundles of muscle fibers, called fascicles, are covered by the perimysium. Muscle fibers are covered by the
endomysium. The gross anatomy of a muscle is the most important indicator of its role in the body.
There is an important distinction seen between pennate muscles and other muscles. In most
muscles, all the fibers are oriented in the same direction, running in a line from the origin to the
insertion. However, In pennate muscles, the individual fibers are oriented at an angle relative to the
line of action, attaching to the origin and insertion tendons at each end. Because the contracting

59
fibers are pulling at an angle to the overall action of the muscle, the change in length is smaller, but
this same orientation allows for more fibers (thus more force) in a muscle of a given size. Pennate
muscles are usually found where their length change is less important than maximum force, such
as the rectus femoris.

Skeletal muscle is arranged in discrete muscles, an example of which is thebiceps brachii (biceps).
The tough, fibrous epimysium of skeletal muscle is both connected to and continuous with
the tendons. In turn, the tendons connect to the periosteum layer surrounding the bones,
permitting the transfer of force from the muscles to the skeleton. Together, these fibrous layers,
along with tendons and ligaments, constitute the deep fascia of the body.

Muscular system

On the anterior and posterior views of the muscular system above, superficial muscles (those at the surface)
are shown on the right side of the body while deep muscles (those underneath the superficial muscles) are

60
shown on the left half of the body. For the legs, superficial muscles are shown in the anterior view while the
posterior view shows both superficial and deep muscles.

Main articles: Muscular system andList of muscles of the human body

The muscular system consists of all the muscles present in a single body. There are approximately
650 skeletal muscles in the human body,[11] but an exact number is difficult to define. The difficulty
lies partly in the fact that different sources group the muscles differently and partly in that some
muscles, such as palmaris longus, are not always present.

The muscular system is one component of the musculoskeletal system, which includes not only
the muscles but also the bones, joints, tendons, and other structures that permit movement.

Physiology

Main article: muscle contraction

The three types of muscle (skeletal, cardiac and smooth) have significant differences. However, all
three use the movement of actin against myosin to create contraction. In skeletal muscle,
contraction is stimulated by electrical impulses transmitted by the nerves, the motoneurons (motor
nerves) in particular. Cardiac and smooth muscle contractions are stimulated by internal
pacemaker cells which regularly contract, and propagate contractions to other muscle cells they
are in contact with. All skeletal muscle and many smooth muscle contractions are facilitated by
the neurotransmitter acetylcholine.

Function

When a sarcomere contracts, the Z lines move closer together, and the I band becomes smaller. The A band
stays the same width. At full contraction, the thin and thick filaments overlap.

The action a muscle generates is determined by the origin and insertion locations. The cross-
sectional area of a muscle (rather than volume or length) determines the amount of force it can
generate by defining the number of sarcomeres which can operate in parallel. [citation needed]
The

61
amount of force applied to the external environment is determined by lever mechanics, specifically
the ratio of in-lever to out-lever. For example, moving the insertion point of the biceps more distally
on the radius (farther from the joint of rotation) would increase the force generated during flexion
(and, as a result, the maximum weight lifted in this movement), but decrease the maximum speed of
flexion. Moving the insertion point proximally (closer to the joint of rotation) would result in
decreased force but increased velocity. This can be most easily seen by comparing the limb of a
mole to a horse - in the former, the insertion point is positioned to maximize force (for digging),
while in the latter, the insertion point is positioned to maximize speed (for running).

Energy consumption

(a) Some ATP is stored in a resting muscle. As contraction starts, it is used up in seconds. More ATP is
generated from creatine phosphate for about 15 seconds. (b) Each glucose molecule produces two ATP and
two molecules of pyruvic acid, which can be used in aerobic respiration or converted to lactic acid. If oxygen is
not available, pyruvic acid is converted to lactic acid, which may contribute to muscle fatigue. This occurs
during strenuous exercise when high amounts of energy are needed but oxygen cannot be sufficiently
delivered to muscle. (c) Aerobic respiration is the breakdown of glucose in the presence of oxygen (O2) to
produce carbon dioxide, water, and ATP. Approximately 95 percent of the ATP required for resting or
moderately active muscles is provided by aerobic respiration, which takes place in mitochondria.

Muscular activity accounts for much of the body's energy consumption. All muscle cells
produce adenosine triphosphate (ATP) molecules which are used to power the movement of
the myosin heads. Muscles conserve energy in the form of creatine phosphate which is generated
from ATP and can regenerate ATP when needed with creatine kinase. Muscles also keep a storage
form of glucose in the form of glycogen. Glycogen can be rapidly converted to glucose when
energy is required for sustained, powerful contractions. Within the voluntary skeletal muscles, the
glucose molecule can be metabolized anaerobically in a process called glycolysis which produces

62
two ATP and two lactic acid molecules in the process (note that in aerobic conditions, lactate is not
formed; instead pyruvate is formed and transmitted through the citric acid cycle). Muscle cells also
contain globules of fat, which are used for energy during aerobic exercise. The aerobic energy
systems take longer to produce the ATP and reach peak efficiency, and requires many more
biochemical steps, but produces significantly more ATP than anaerobic glycolysis. Cardiac muscle
on the other hand, can readily consume any of the three macronutrients (protein, glucose and fat)
aerobically without a 'warm up' period and always extracts the maximum ATP yield from any
molecule involved. The heart, liver and red blood cells will also consume lactic acid produced and
excreted by skeletal muscles during exercise.

At rest, skeletal muscle consumes 54.4 kJ/kg (13.0 kcal/kg) per day. This is larger thanadipose
tissue (fat) at 18.8 kJ/kg (4.5 kcal/kg), and bone at 9.6 kJ/kg (2.3 kcal/kg).[12]

Nervous control
For more details on this topic, see Nervous system.

Simplified schema of basic nervous system function. Signals are picked up by sensory receptors and sent to
the spinal cord and brain via the afferent leg of the peripheral nervous system, whereupon processing occurs
that results in signals sent back to the spinal cord and then out to motor neurons via the efferent leg.

63
Efferent leg

The efferent leg of the peripheral nervous system is responsible for conveying commands to the
muscles and glands, and is ultimately responsible for voluntary movement. Nerves move muscles
in response to voluntary and autonomic (involuntary) signals from the brain. Deep muscles,
superficial muscles, muscles of the face and internal muscles all correspond with dedicated
regions in the primary motor cortex of the brain, directly anterior to the central sulcus that divides
the frontal and parietal lobes.

In addition, muscles react to reflexive nerve stimuli that do not always send signals all the way to
the brain. In this case, the signal from the afferent fiber does not reach the brain, but produces the
reflexive movement by direct connections with the efferent nerves in the spine. However, the
majority of muscle activity is volitional, and the result of complex interactions between various
areas of the brain.

Nerves that control skeletal muscles in mammals correspond with neuron groups along the primary
motor cortex of the brain's cerebral cortex. Commands are routed though thebasal ganglia and are
modified by input from the cerebellumbefore being relayed through the pyramidal tract to the spinal
cord and from there to the motor end plate at the muscles. Along the way, feedback, such as that of
the extrapyramidal system contribute signals to influence muscle tone and response. Deeper
muscles such as those involved in posture often are controlled from nuclei in the brain stem and
basal ganglia.

Afferent leg

The afferent leg of the peripheral nervous system is responsible for conveying sensory information
to the brain, primarily from the sense organs like the skin. In the muscles, the muscle
spindles convey information about the degree of muscle length and stretch to the central nervous
system to assist in maintaining posture and joint position. The sense of where our bodies are in
space is called proprioception, the perception of body awareness. More easily demonstrated than
explained, proprioception is the "unconscious" awareness of where the various regions of the body
are located at any one time. This can be demonstrated by anyone closing their eyes and waving
their hand around. Assuming proper proprioceptive function, at no time will the person lose
awareness of where the hand actually is, even though it is not being detected by any of the other
senses.

Several areas in the brain coordinate movement and position with the feedback information gained
from proprioception. The cerebellum and red nucleus in particular continuously sample position
against movement and make minor corrections to assure smooth motion.

Efficiency
The efficiency of human muscle has been measured (in the context of rowing and cycling) at 18% to
26%. The efficiency is defined as the ratio of mechanical work output to the total metabolic cost, as

64
can be calculated from oxygen consumption. This low efficiency is the result of about 40%
efficiency of generating ATP from food energy, losses in converting energy from ATP into
mechanical work inside the muscle, and mechanical losses inside the body. The latter two losses
are dependent on the type of exercise and the type of muscle fibers being used (fast-twitch or slow-
twitch). For an overall efficiency of 20 percent, one watt of mechanical power is equivalent to 4.3
kcal per hour. For example, one manufacturer of rowing equipment calibrates its rowing
ergometer to count burned calories as equal to four times the actual mechanical work, plus 300
kcal per hour,[13] this amounts to about 20 percent efficiency at 250 watts of mechanical output. The
mechanical energy output of a cyclic contraction can depend upon many factors, including
activation timing, muscle strain trajectory, and rates of force rise & decay. These can be
synthesized experimentally using work loop analysis.

Strength
A display of "strength" (e.g. lifting a weight) is a result of three factors that overlap: physiological
strength (muscle size, cross sectional area, available crossbridging, responses to
training), neurological strength (how strong or weak is the signal that tells the muscle to contract),
and mechanical strength (muscle's force angle on the lever, moment arm length, joint capabilities).

Physiological strength
Main article: Physical strength

Grading of muscle strength

Grade 0 No contraction

Grade 1 Trace of contraction, but no movement at the joint

Grade 2 Movement at the joint with gravity eliminated

Grade 3 Movement against gravity, but not against added resistance

Grade 4 Movement against external resistance, but less than normal

Grade 5 Normal strength

Vertebrate muscle typically produces approximately 25 N(5.6 lbf) of force per square centimeter of
muscle cross-sectional area when isometric and at optimal length. Some invertebrate muscles,
such as in crab claws, have much longer sarcomeres than vertebrates, resulting in many more sites
for actin and myosin to bind and thus much greater force per square centimeter at the cost of much
slower speed. The force generated by a contraction can be measured non-invasively using

65
either mechanomyography orphonomyography, be measured in vivo using tendon strain (if a
prominent tendon is present), or be measured directly using more invasive methods.

The strength of any given muscle, in terms of force exerted on the skeleton, depends upon length,
shortening speed, cross sectional area, pennation, sarcomere length, myosin isoforms, and neural
activation of motor units. Significant reductions in muscle strength can indicate underlying
pathology, with the chart at right used as a guide.

The "strongest" human muscle

Since three factors affect muscular strength simultaneously and muscles never work individually, it
is misleading to compare strength in individual muscles, and state that one is the "strongest". But
below are several muscles whose strength is noteworthy for different reasons. In ordinary
parlance, muscular "strength" usually refers to the ability to exert a force on an external object—for
example, lifting a weight. By this definition, the masseter or jaw muscle is the strongest. The
1992 Guinness Book of Records records the achievement of a bite strength of 4,337 N (975 lbf) for 2
seconds. What distinguishes the masseter is not anything special about the muscle itself, but its
advantage in working against a much shorter lever arm than other muscles.

If "strength" refers to the force exerted by the muscle itself, e.g., on the place where it inserts into a
bone, then the strongest muscles are those with the largest cross-sectional area. This is because
the tension exerted by an individual skeletal muscle fiberdoes not vary much. Each fiber can exert a
force on the order of 0.3 micronewton. By this definition, the strongest muscle of the body is
usually said to be the quadriceps femoris or the gluteus maximus.

Because muscle strength is determined by cross-sectional area, a shorter muscle will be stronger
"pound for pound" (i.e., byweight) than a longer muscle of the same cross-sectional area.
The myometrial layer of the uterus may be the strongest muscle by weight in the female human
body. At the time when an infant is delivered, the entire human uterus weighs about 1.1 kg (40 oz).
During childbirth, the uterus exerts 100 to 400 N (25 to 100 lbf) of downward force with each
contraction. The external muscles of the eye are conspicuously large and strong in relation to the
small size and weight of the eyeball. It is frequently said that they are "the strongest muscles for
the job they have to do" and are sometimes claimed to be "100 times stronger than they need to
be." However, eye movements (particularly saccades used on facial scanning and reading) do
require high speed movements, and eye muscles are exercised nightly during rapid eye movement
sleep. The statement that "the tongue is the strongest muscle in the body" appears frequently in
lists of surprising facts, but it is difficult to find any definition of "strength" that would make this
statement true. Note that the tongue consists of eight muscles, not one.

The heart has a claim to being the muscle that performs the largest quantity of physical work in the
course of a lifetime. Estimates of the power output of the human heart range from 1 to

66
5 watts.[14] This is much less than the maximum power output of other muscles; for example,
the quadriceps can produce over 100 watts, but only for a few minutes. The heart does its work
continuously over an entire lifetime without pause, and thus does "outwork" other muscles. An
output of one watt continuously for eighty years yields a total work output of two and a
half gigajoules.[14]
Health

Jogging is one form of aerobic exercise.

Humans are genetically predisposed with a larger percentage of one type of muscle group over
another. An individual born with a greater percentage of Type I muscle fibers would theoretically be
more suited to endurance events, such as triathlons, distance running, and long cycling events,
whereas a human born with a greater percentage of Type II muscle fibers would be more likely to
excel at anaerobic events such as a 200 meter dash, or weightlifting.[citation needed]

Exercise
Main article: Physical exercise

Exercise is often recommended as a means of improving motor skills, fitness, muscle and bone
strength, and joint function. Exercise has several effects upon muscles, connective tissue, bone,
and the nerves that stimulate the muscles. One such effect is muscle hypertrophy, an increase in
size. This is used inbodybuilding.

Various exercises require a predominance of certain muscle fiber utilization over another. Aerobic
exercise involves long, low levels of exertion in which the muscles are used at well below their
maximal contraction strength for long periods of time (the most classic example being
the marathon). Aerobic events, which rely primarily on the aerobic (with oxygen) system, use a
higher percentage of Type I (or slow-twitch) muscle fibers, consume a mixture of fat, protein and
carbohydrates for energy, consume large amounts of oxygen and produce little lactic
acid. Anaerobic exercise involves short bursts of higher intensity contractions at a much greater
percentage of their maximum contraction strength. Examples of anaerobic exercise include
sprinting and weight lifting. The anaerobic energy delivery system uses predominantly Type II or
fast-twitch muscle fibers, relies mainly on ATP or glucose for fuel, consumes relatively little
oxygen, protein and fat, produces large amounts of lactic acid and can not be sustained for as long

67
a period as aerobic exercise. Many exercises are partially aerobic and partially anaerobic; for
example, soccer involves a combination of both.

The presence of lactic acid has an inhibitory effect on ATP generation within the muscle; though
not producing fatigue, it can inhibit or even stop performance if the intracellular concentration
becomes too high. However, long-term training causes neovascularization within the muscle,
increasing the ability to move waste products out of the muscles and maintain contraction. Once
moved out of muscles with high concentrations within the sarcomere, lactic acid can be used by
other muscles or body tissues as a source of energy, or transported to the liver where it is
converted back to pyruvate. In addition to increasing the level of lactic acid, strenuous exercise
causes the loss of potassium ions in muscle and causing an increase in potassium ion
concentrations close to the muscle fibres, in the interstitium. Acidification by lactic acid may allow
recovery of force so that acidosis may protect against fatigue rather than being a cause of
fatigue.[15]

Delayed onset muscle soreness is pain or discomfort that may be felt one to three days after
exercising and generally subsides two to three days later. Once thought to be caused by lactic acid
build-up, a more recent theory is that it is caused by tiny tears in the muscle fibers caused
by eccentric contraction, or unaccustomed training levels. Since lactic acid disperses fairly rapidly,
it could not explain pain experienced days after exercise.[16]

Hypertrophy
Main article: Muscle hypertrophy

Independent of strength and performance measures, muscles can be induced to grow larger by a
number of factors, including hormone signaling, developmental factors, strength training, and
disease. Contrary to popular belief, the number of muscle fibres cannot be increased
through exercise. Instead, muscles grow larger through a combination of muscle cell growth as
new protein filaments are added along with additional mass provided by undifferentiated satellite
cells alongside the existing muscle cells.[11] Muscle fibres have a limited capacity for growth
through hypertrophy and some believe they split through hyperplasia if subject to increased
demand.[citation needed]

Biological factors such as age and hormone levels can affect muscle hypertrophy.
During puberty in males, hypertrophy occurs at an accelerated rate as the levels of growth-
stimulating hormones produced by the body increase. Natural hypertrophy normally stops at full
growth in the late teens. As testosterone is one of the body's major growth hormones, on average,
men find hypertrophy much easier to achieve than women. Taking additional testosterone or
other anabolic steroids will increase muscular hypertrophy.

Muscular, spinal and neural factors all affect muscle building. Sometimes a person may notice an
increase in strength in a given muscle even though only its opposite has been subject to exercise,

68
such as when a bodybuilder finds her left biceps stronger after completing a regimen focusing only
on the right biceps. This phenomenon is called cross education.[citation needed]

Atrophy
Main article: Muscle atrophy

Prisoner of war exhibiting muscle loss as a result of malnutrition. Muscles may atrophy as a result of
malnutrition, physical inactivity, aging, or disease.

Inactivity and starvation in mammals lead to atrophy of skeletal muscle, a decrease in muscle mass
that may be accompanied by a smaller number and size of the muscle cells as well as lower protein
content.[17] Muscle atrophy may also result from the natural aging process or from disease.

In humans, prolonged periods of immobilization, as in the cases of bed rest or astronauts flying in
space, are known to result in muscle weakening and atrophy. Atrophy is of particular interest to the
manned spaceflight community, since the weightlessness experienced in spaceflight results is a
loss of as much as 30% of mass in some muscles.[18][19] Such consequences are also noted in small
hibernating mammals like the golden-mantled ground squirrels and brown bats.[20]

During aging, there is a gradual decrease in the ability to maintain skeletal muscle function and
mass, known as sarcopenia. The exact cause of sarcopenia is unknown, but it may be due to a
combination of the gradual failure in the "satellite cells" which help to regenerate skeletal muscle
fibers, and a decrease in sensitivity to or the availability of critical secreted growth factors which
are necessary to maintain muscle mass and satellite cell survival. Sarcopenia is a normal aspect of
aging, and is not actually a disease state yet can be linked to many injuries in the elderly population
as well as decreasing quality of life.[21]

69
There are also many diseases and conditions which cause muscle atrophy. Examples

include cancer and AIDS, which induce a body wasting syndrome called cachexia. Other
syndromes or

conditions which can induce skeletal muscle atrophy are congestive heart disease and
some diseases of the liver.

Disease
Main article: Neuromuscular disease

In muscular dystrophy, the affected tissues become disorganized and the concentration of dystrophin (green)
is greatly reduced.

Neuromuscular diseases are those that affect the muscles and/or their nervous control. In general,
problems with nervous control can cause spasticity or paralysis, depending on the location and
nature of the problem. A large proportion of neurological disorders, ranging fromcerebrovascular
accident (stroke) and Parkinson's disease to Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, can lead to problems with
movement or motor coordination.

Symptoms of muscle diseases may include weakness, spasticity, myoclonus and myalgia.
Diagnostic procedures that may reveal muscular disorders include testing creatine kinase levels in
the blood and electromyography (measuring electrical activity in muscles). In some cases, muscle
biopsy may be done to identify a myopathy, as well as genetic testing to identify DNA abnormalities
associated with specific myopathies and dystrophies.

A non-invasive elastography technique that measures muscle noise is undergoing experimentation

to provide a way of monitoring neuromuscular disease. The sound produced by a muscle comes
from the shortening of actomyosin filaments along the axis of the muscle. During contraction, the
muscle shortens along its longitudinal axis and expands across the transverse axis,
producing vibrations at the surface.[22]

70
Evolution
Muscles have evolved at least twice, once in cnidaria and once in bilateria; they seem to have
evolved from contractile cells in sponge-grade organisms.[23]

Evolutionarily, specialized forms of skeletal and cardiac muscles predated the divergence of
the vertebrate/arthropod evolutionary line.[24][dead link]
This indicates that these types of muscle
developed in a common ancestor sometime before 700 million years ago (mya). Vertebrate smooth
muscle was found to have evolved independently from the skeletal and cardiac muscles.

MEDHA DHATU FAT

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this
article byadding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be
challenged and removed.(October 2013)

This article is about the type of nutrient in food. For fat in humans and animals, see Adipose tissue.
For other uses, see Fat (disambiguation).

Types of fats in food

Unsaturated fat

Monounsaturated fat

Polyunsaturated fat

Trans fat

Omega fatty acids:

ω−3

ω−6

ω−9

Saturated fat

Interesterified fat

71
Fats consist of a wide group of compounds that are generally soluble in organic solvents and
generally insoluble in water. Chemically, fats are triglycerides: triesters of glycerol and any of
several fatty acids. Fats may be either solid or liquid at room temperature, depending on their
structure and composition. Although the words "oils", "fats", and "lipids" are all used to refer to
fats, in reality, fat is a subset of lipid.[1] "Oils" is usually used to refer to fats that are liquids at
normal room temperature, while "fats" is usually used to refer to fats that are solids at normal room
temperature. "Lipids" is used to refer to both liquid and solid fats, along with other related
substances, usually in a medical or biochemical context, which are not soluble in water. The word
"oil" is also used for any substance that does not mix with water and has a greasy feel, such
as petroleum (or crude oil), heating oil, andessential oils, regardless of its chemical structure.[2]Fats
form a category of lipid, distinguished from other lipids by their chemical structure and physical
properties. This category of molecules is important for many forms of life, serving both structural
and metabolic functions. They are an important part of the diet of most heterotrophs (including
humans). Fats or lipids are broken down in the body by enzymes called lipases produced in
the pancreas.

Examples of edible animal fats are lard, fish oil, butter/ghee and whale blubber. They are obtained
from fats in the milk and meat, as well as from under the skin, of an animal. Examples of edible
plant fatsinclude peanut, soya bean, sunflower, sesame, coconut and olive oils, and cocoa
butter. Vegetable shortening, used mainly for baking, and margarine, used in baking and as a
spread, can be derived from the above oils by hydrogenation. These examples of fats can be
categorized into saturated fats and unsaturated fats. Unsaturated fats can be further divided
into cis fats, which are the most common in nature, and trans fats, which are rare in nature but
present in partially hydrogenated vegetable oils.

72
Contents [show]

Chemical structure

Main article: Triglyceride

A triglyceride molecule

Example of a natural triglyceride with three different fatty acids. One fatty acids is saturated (blue highlighted),
another contains onedouble bond within the carbon chain (green highlighted). The third fatty acid (a
polyunsaturated fatty acid, highlighted in red) contains threedouble bonds within the carbon chain. All carbon-
carbon double bonds are cis isomers.

There are many different kinds of fats, but each is a variation on the same chemical structure. All
fats are derivatives of fatty acids andglycerol. The molecules are called triglycerides, which
are triesters of glycerol and with two carbon chains (one bonded to the single-bonded oxygen and
the other to the main carbon), often formed from the reaction of the carboxylic acid and an organic
alcohol). As a simple visual illustration, if the kinks and angles of these chains were straightened

73
out, the molecule would have the shape of a capital letter E. The fatty acids would each be a
horizontal line; the glycerol "backbone" would be the vertical line that joins the horizontal lines.
Fats therefore have "ester" bonds.

The properties of any specific fat molecule depend on the particular fatty acids that constitute it.
Different fatty acids are composed of different numbers of carbon and hydrogen atoms. The carbon
atoms, each bonded to two neighboring carbon atoms, form a zigzagging chain; the more carbon
atoms there are in any fatty acid, the longer its chain will be. Fatty acids with long chains are more
susceptible to intermolecular forces of attraction (in this case, van der Waals forces), raising
their melting point. Long chains also yield more energy per molecule when metabolized.

Saturated and unsaturated fats

Main article: fatty acid

A fat's constituent fatty acids may also differ in the C/H ratio. When all three fatty acids have the
formula CnH(2n+1)CO2H, the resulting fat is called "saturated". Values of n usually range from 13 to
17. Each carbon atom in the chain is saturated with hydrogen, meaning they are bonded to as many
hydrogens as possible. Unsaturated fats are derived from fatty acids with the formula C nH(2n-1)CO2H.
These fatty acids contain double bonds within carbon chain. This results in an "unsaturated" fatty
acid. More specifically, it would be amonounsaturated fatty acid. Polyunsaturated fatty acids would
be fatty acids with more than one double bond; they have the formula, C nH(2n-3)CO2H and CnH(2n-
5)CO2H. Unsaturated fats can be converted to saturated ones by the process of hydrogenation. This
technology underpinned the development of margarine. Saturated and unsaturated fats differ in
their energy content and melting point. Since unsaturated fats contain fewer carbon-hydrogen
bonds than saturated fats with the same number of carbon atoms, unsaturated fats will yield
slightly less energy during metabolism than saturated fats with the same number of carbon atoms.
Saturated fats can stack themselves in a closely packed arrangement, so they can freeze easily and
are typically solid at room temperature. For example, animal fats tallow and lard are high in
saturated fatty acid content and are solids. Olive and linseed oils on the other hand are highly
unsaturated and are oily.

Trans fats
There are two ways the double bond may be arranged: the isomer with both parts of the chain on
the same side of the double bond (thecis-isomer), or the isomer with the parts of the chain on
opposite sides of the double bond (the trans-isomer). Most trans-isomer fats (commonly
called trans fats) are commercially produced; trans fatty acids are rare in nature. The cis-isomer
introduces a kink into the molecule that prevents the fats from stacking efficiently as in the case of
fats with saturated chains. This decreases intermolecular forces between the fat molecules, making
it more difficult for unsaturated cis-fats to freeze; they are typically liquid at room temperature.

74
Trans fats may still stack like saturated fats, and are not as susceptible to metabolization as other
fats. Trans fats may significantly increase the risk of coronary heart disease.[3]

Importance for living organisms

Vitamins A, D, E, and K are fat-soluble, meaning they can only be digested, absorbed, and
transported in conjunction with fats. Fats are also sources of essential fatty acids, an important
dietary requirement. Fats play a vital role in maintaining healthy skin and hair, insulating body
organs against shock, maintaining body temperature, and promoting healthy cell function. Fats
also serve as energy stores for the body, containing about 37 kilojoules per gram
(8.8 kcal/g).[4] They are broken down in the body to release glycerol and free fatty acids. The
glycerol can be converted to glucose by the liver and thus used as a source of energy.

Fat also serves as a useful buffer towards a host of diseases. When a particular substance, whether
chemical or biotic, reaches unsafe levels in the bloodstream, the body can effectively dilute—or at
least maintain equilibrium of—the offending substances by storing it in new fat tissue. This helps to
protect vital organs, until such time as the offending substances can be metabolized and/or
removed from the body by such means as excretion, urination, accidental or
intentional bloodletting, sebum excretion, and hair growth.While it is nearly impossible to remove
fat completely from the diet, it would also be unhealthy to do so. Some fatty acids are essential
nutrients, meaning that they can't be produced in the body from other compounds and need to be
consumed in small amounts. All other fats required by the body are non-essential and can be
produced in the body from other compounds.

Adipose tissue

The obese mouse on the left has large stores of adipose tissue. For comparison, a mouse with a normal
amount of adipose tissue is shown on the right.

Main article: Adipose tissue

In animals, adipose, or fatty tissue is the body's means of storing metabolic energy over extended
periods of time. Depending on current physiological conditions, adipocytes store fat derived from
the diet and liver metabolism or degrade stored fat to supply fatty acids and also glycerol to

75
the circulation. These metabolic activities are regulated by several hormones
(i.e., insulin, glucagon and epinephrine). The location of the tissue determines its metabolic profile:
"visceral fat" is located within the abdominal wall (i.e., beneath the wall of abdominal muscle)
whereas "subcutaneous fat" is located beneath the skin (and includes fat that is located in the
abdominal area beneath the skin but above the abdominal muscle wall). Visceral fat was recently
discovered to be a significant producer of signaling chemicals (i.e.,hormones), among which
several are involved in inflammatory tissue responses. One of these is resistin which has been
linked to obesity, insulin resistance, and Type 2 diabetes. This latter result is currently
controversial, and there have been reputable studies supporting all sides on the issue.

ASTHI DHTU (BONE)

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This article is about the skeletal organ. For other uses, see Bone (disambiguation) and Bones
(disambiguation). For bone in the abstract, see osseous tissue.

This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this
article byadding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be
challenged and removed.(September 2013)

Image of two facing pages, showing the fourth and fifth "figure of the muscles". The left hand page presents
the frontal view and the right hand page shows the back view of the human skeleton, with a few muscles
attached, plus the anatomy of the head and brain. The bones and muscles on both charts are marked with
single letters, with legends on each side of the figures providing names and explanations. "Epitome", fol. 7b
and 8a. HMD Collection, WZ 240 V575dhZ 1543.

76
The bones of a human foot

Bones are rigid organs that constitute part of the endoskeleton of vertebrates. They support and
protect the various organs of the body, produce red and white blood cells and storeminerals. Bone
tissue is a type of dense connective tissue. Bones come in a variety of shapes and have a complex
internal and external structure, are lightweight yet strong and hard, and serve multiple functions.
One of the types of tissue that makes up bone is the mineralized osseous tissue, also called bone
tissue, that gives it rigidity and a coral-like three-dimensional internal structure. Other types of
tissue found in bones include marrow,endosteum, periosteum, nerves, blood vessels and cartilage.
At birth, there are over 270 bones in an infant human's body,[1] but many of these fuse together as
the child grows, leaving a total of 206 separate bones in a typical adult, not counting numerous
smallsesamoid bones and ossicles. The largest bone in the human body is the femur and the
smallest bones among the 206 are the auditory ossicles.[2]

Bones have eleven main functions:

Mechanical[edit] Protection — bones can serve to protect internal organs, such as

the skull protecting thebrain or the ribs protecting the heart and lungs.[citation needed]

77
Structure — bones provide a frame to keep the body supported.[citation needed]
Movement — bones
provide leverage system for, skeletal muscles, tendons, ligamentsand joints function together to
generate and transfer forces so that individual body parts or the whole body can be manipulated in
three-dimensional space. The interaction between bone and muscle is studied
in biomechanics.[citation needed] Sound transduction — bones are important in the mechanical aspect of
overshadowedhearing.[citation needed]
Synthetic[edit]

Blood production — the marrow, located within the medullary cavity of long bones and interstices
of cancellous bone, produces blood cells in a process calledhematopoiesis.[3]
Metabolic[edit]

Mineral storage — bones act as reserves of minerals important for the body, most
notably calcium and phosphorus.[citation needed]

Growth factor storage — mineralized bone matrix stores important growth factors such as insulin-
like growth factors, transforming growth factor, bone morphogenetic proteinsand others.[citation needed]

Fat storage — the yellow bone marrow acts as a storage reserve of fatty acids.[citation needed]

Acid-base balance — bone buffers the blood against excessive pH changes by absorbing or
releasing alkaline salts.[citation needed]

Detoxification — bone tissues can also store heavy metals and other foreign elements, removing
them from the blood and reducing their effects on other tissues. These can later be gradually
released for excretion.[citation needed]

Endocrine organ — bone controls phosphate metabolism by releasing fibroblast growth factor –
23 (FGF-23), which acts on kidneysto reduce phosphate reabsorption. Bone cells also release a
hormone called osteocalcin, which contributes to the regulation ofblood sugar (glucose) and fat
deposition. Osteocalcin increases both the insulin secretion and sensitivity, in addition to boosting
the number of insulin-producing cells and reducing stores of fat.[4]
Mechanical properties[edit]
The primary tissue of bone, osseous tissue, is a relatively hard and lightweight composite material.
It is mostly made up of a composite material incorporating the mineral calcium phosphate in the
chemical arrangement termed calcium hydroxylapatite (this is the osseous tissue that gives bones
their rigidity) and collagen, an elastic protein which improves fracture resistance. It has relatively
highcompressive strength of about 170 MPa (1800 kgf/cm²)[5] but poor tensile strength of 104–
121 MPa and very low shear stress strength (51.6 MPa),[6] meaning it resists pushing forces well,

78
but not pulling or torsional forces. While bone is essentially brittle, it does have a significant degree
of elasticity, contributed chiefly by collagen. All bones consist of living and dead cells embedded in
the mineralized organic matrix that makes up the osseous tissue.

SHUKRA DHATU (SEMAN)

Spermatozoa, in this case human, is a primary component in normal semen, and the agent of fertilization of the
female ova

Semen, also known as seminal fluid, is an organic fluid that may containspermatozoa. It is secreted
by the gonads (sexual glands) and other sexual organs of male or hermaphroditic animals and
can fertilize female ova. In humans, seminal fluid contains several components besides
spermatozoa: proteolytic and other enzymes as well as fructose are elements of seminal fluid
which promote the survival of spermatozoa, and provide a medium through which they can move or
"swim".

Semen is produced and originates from the seminal vesicle, which is located in the pelvis. The
process that results in the discharge of semen is calledejaculation.

Physiological aspects
Internal and external fertilization
Depending on the species, spermatozoa can fertilize ova externally or internally. In external
fertilization, the spermatozoa fertilize the ova directly, outside of the female's sexual organs.
Female fish, for example, spawnova into their aquatic environment, where they are fertilized by the
semen of the male fish.

79
During internal fertilization, however, fertilization occurs inside the female's sexual organs. Internal
fertilization takes place afterinsemination of a female by a male through copulation. In
low vertebrates (amphibians, reptiles, birds and monotreme mammals), copulation is achieved
through the physical mating of the cloaca of the male and female. In marsupial and placental
mammals,copulation occurs through the vagina.

Composition of human semen

During the process of ejaculation, sperm passes through the ejaculatory ducts and mixes with
fluids from the seminal vesicles, theprostate, and the bulbourethral glands to form the semen. The
seminal vesicles produce a yellowish viscous fluid rich in fructose and other substances that
makes up about 70% of human semen.[1] The prostatic secretion, influenced by
dihydrotestosterone, is a whitish (sometimes clear), thin fluid containing proteolytic enzymes, citric
acid, acid phosphatase and lipids.[1] The bulbourethral glands secrete a clear secretion into the
lumen of the urethra to lubricate it.[2]

Sertoli cells, which nurture and support developing spermatocytes, secrete a fluid into
seminiferous tubules that helps transport sperm to the genital ducts. The ductuli efferentes
possess cuboidal cells with microvilli and lysosomal granules that modify the ductal fluid by
reabsorbing some fluid. Once the semen enters the ductus epididymis the principle cells, which
contain pinocytotic vessels indicating fluid reabsorption, secrete glycerophosphocholine which
most likely inhibits premature capacitation. The accessory genital ducts, theseminal
vesicle, prostate glands, and the bulbourethral glands, produce most of the seminal fluid.

Seminal plasma of humans contains a complex range of organic and inorganic constituents.

The seminal plasma provides a nutritive and protective medium for the spermatozoa during their
journey through the female reproductive tract. The normal environment of the vagina is a hostile
one for sperm cells, as it is very acidic (from the native microflora producinglactic acid), viscous,
and patrolled by immune cells. The components in the seminal plasma attempt to compensate for
this hostile environment. Basic amines such
as putrescine, spermine, spermidine and cadaverine are responsible for the smell and flavor of
semen. These alkaline bases counteract and buffer the acidic environment of the vaginal canal, and
protect DNA inside the sperm from acidic denaturation.

The components and contributions of semen are as follows:

Gland Approximate % Description

Approximately 200- to 500-million spermatozoa (also

testes 2–5%
called sperm or spermatozoans), produced in thetestes, are released per
ejaculation. If a man has undergone a vasectomy, he will have no sperm in

80
 the ejaculation.

amino acids, citrate, enzymes, flavins, fructose (2–5 mg per mL semen,[3] the
main energy source of sperm cells, which rely entirely on sugars from the
seminal
65–75% seminal plasma for energy), phosphorylcholine,prostaglandins (involved in
vesicle
suppressing an immune response by the female against the foreign
semen),proteins, vitamin C

acid phosphatase, citric acid, fibrinolysin, prostate specific

antigen, proteolytic enzymes, zinc (the zinc level is about 135±40
micrograms/ml for healthy men.[4] Zinc serves to help to stabilize the DNA-
prostate 25–30%
containing chromatin in the sperm cells. A zinc deficiency may result in
lowered fertility because of increased sperm fragility. Zinc deficiency can
also adversely affect spermatogenesis.)

galactose, mucus (serve to increase the mobility of sperm cells in the vagina
bulbourethral and cervix by creating a less viscous channel for the sperm cells to swim
< 1%
glands through, and preventing their diffusion out of the semen. Contributes to the
cohesive jelly-like texture of semen.), pre-ejaculate, sialic acid

A 1992 World Health Organization report described normal human semen as having a volume of 2
ml or greater, pH of 7.2 to 8.0, sperm concentration of 20×106 spermatozoa/ml or more, sperm count
of 40×106 spermatozoa per ejaculate or more, and motility of 50% or more with forward progression
(categories a and b) of 25% or more with rapid progression (category a) within 60 minutes of
ejaculation.[5]

A 2005 review of the literature found that the average reported physical and chemical properties of
human semen were as follows:[6]

In average
Property Per 100mL
volume (3.4mL)

Calcium (mg) 27.6 0.938

Chloride (mg) 142 4.83

Citrate (mg) 528 18.0

81
Fructose (mg) 272 9.25

Glucose (mg) 102 3.47

Lactic acid (g) 62 2.11

Magnesium (mg) 11 0.374

Potassium (mg) 109 3.71

Protein (g) 5.04 0.171

Sodium (mg) 300 10.2

Urea (g) 45 1.53

Zinc (mg) 16.5 0.561

Buffering capacity (β) 25

Osmolarity (mOsm) 354

pH 7.7

Viscosity (cP) 3–7

Volume (mL) 3.4

Values for average volume have been calculated and rounded to

threesig figs. All other values are those given in the review.

82
Appearance and consistency of human semen
Semen is typically translucent with white, grey or even yellowish tint. Blood in the semen can cause
a pink or reddish colour, known ashematospermia, and may indicate a medical problem which
should be evaluated by a doctor if the symptom persists.[7]

After ejaculation, the latter part of the ejaculated semen coagulates immediately,[8] forming
globules,[9] while the earlier part of the ejaculate typically does not.[10] After a period typically
ranging from 15 – 30 minutes, prostate-specific antigen present in the semen causes the
decoagulation of the seminal coagulum.[11] It is postulated that the initial clotting helps keep the
semen in the vagina,[8]while liquefaction frees the sperm to make their journey to the ova.[8]

A 2005 review found that the average reported viscosity of human semen in the literature was 3–7
cP.[6]

Semen quality
Main article: Semen quality

Semen quality is a measure of the ability of semen to accomplish fertilization. Thus, it is a measure
of fertility in a man. It is the sperm in the semen that is the fertile component, and therefore semen
quality involves both sperm quantity and sperm quality.

Quantity
The volume of semen ejaculate varies. A review of 30 studies concluded that the average was
around 3.4 milliliters (ml), with some studies finding amounts as high as 4.99 ml or as low as 2.3
ml.[6] In a study with Swedish and Danish men, a prolonged interval between ejaculations caused an
increase of the sperm count in the semen but not an increase of its amount.[12]

Increasing semen volume

Some dietary supplements have been marketed with claims to increase seminal volume. Like other
supplements, including so-calledherbal viagra, these are not approved or regulated by the Food
and Drug Administration (as licensed medications would be), and none of the claims have been
scientifically verified. Similar claims are made about traditional aphrodisiac foods, with an equal
lack of verification.

Semen storage
Semen can be stored in diluents such as the Illini Variable Temperature (IVT) diluent, which have
been reported to be able to preserve high fertility of semen for over seven days. [13] The IVT diluent
is composed of several salts, sugars and antibacterial agents and gassed with CO2.[13]

Semen cryopreservation can be used for far longer storage durations. For human sperm, the
longest reported successful storage with this method is 21 years.[14]

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Health effects
In addition to its central role in reproduction, some studies have made claims that semen may have
certain beneficial effects on human health:

Antidepressant: One study suggested that vaginal absorption of semen could act as an
antidepressant; the study compared two groups of women, one of which used condoms and the
other did not.[15][16]

Cancer prevention: Studies suggested that seminal plasma might reduce breast cancer by "not less
than 50 percent."[17][18] This effect is attributed to its glycoprotein and selenium content,
with apoptosis being induced by TGF-Beta. A related urban legendparodied these findings and
claimed that performing fellatio at least three times a week reduced the risk of breast cancer.[19]

Preeclampsia prevention: It has been hypothesized that substances in semen condition a

mother's immune system to accept the "foreign" proteins found in sperm as well as the resulting
fetus and placenta, keeping blood pressure low and thereby reducing the risk of preeclampsia. A
study shows that oral sex and swallowing semen may help make a woman's pregnancy safer and
more successful, because she is absorbing her partner's antigens.[20]

Increased libido: Another hypothesis has emerged that absorption of the testosterone contained in
semen through a woman's vaginal walls during sexual intercourse (or even through the act of
swallowing semen) may increase her sex drive.

Other studies claim adversarial effects:

Cancer worsening: seminal plasma has prostaglandin elements that could accelerate the
development of an already existing cervical cancer.[21]
Semen and transmission of disease
Semen can be the vehicle for many sexually transmitted diseases, including HIV, the virus that
causes AIDS.

Further research, such as that by Mathur and Goust, demonstrated that non-preexisting antibodies
were produced in humans in response to the sperm. These antibodies mistakenly recognized
native T lymphocytes as foreign antigens, and consequently T lymphocytes would fall under attack
by the body's B lymphocytes.[22]

Semen contains many proteins with potent antimicrobial activity against bacteria, fungi and virus.
But none of these proteins are active against Neisseria gonorrhoeae, a common cause of sexually
transmitted disease.

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Blood in the semen (hematospermia)
Main article: Hematospermia

The presence of blood in semen or hematospermia may be undetectable (it only can be seen
microscopically) or visible in the fluid. Its cause could be the result of inflammation, infection,
blockage, or injury of the male reproductive tract or a problem within
the urethra,testicles, epididymis or prostate.

It usually clears up without treatment, or with antibiotics, but if persistent further semen
analysis and other urogenital system tests might be needed to find out the cause.

Semen allergy
In rare cases, people have been known to experience allergic reactions to seminal fluids, known as
human seminal plasmahypersensitivity.[23] Symptoms can be either localized or systemic, and may
include vaginal itching, redness, swelling, or blisters within 30 minutes of contact. They may also
include generalized itching, hives, and even difficulty breathing.

One way to test for human seminal plasma sensitivity is to use a condom during intercourse. If
symptoms dissipate with the use of a condom, it is possible that a sensitivity to semen is present.
Mild cases of semen allergy can often be overcome by repeated exposure to seminal fluid.[24] In
more severe cases, it is important to seek the advice of a physician, particularly in the event that a
couple is trying to conceive, in which case, artificial insemination may be indicated.

Scientists at Utrecht University studied the condition whereby some men "get flu-like symptoms
such as feverishness, runny nose, extreme fatigue and burning eyes immediately after they
ejaculate. Symptoms can last for up to week."[25] This condition is termed post orgasmic illness
syndrome (POIS), and it was discovered that this stemmed from an allergy to their own semen. Its
effects could be cured using hyposensitization therapy or allergen immunotherapy.[25]

Psychological aspects
A recent study has suggested that semen acts as an antidepressant in women, so
that women physically exposed to semen are less likely to suffer from depression. It is thought that
the psychological effects of semen are a result of its complex chemical make-up including several
mood-altering hormones (testosterone, oestrogen, follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing
hormone, prolactin and several different prostaglandins). In a scientific survey of 293 college
women it was also found that those who did not use condoms were most likely to initiate sex and to
seek out new partners as soon as a relationship ended, suggesting that the chemical dependency
to semen creates a "rebound effect". The effect of semen on a male sexual partner (as the receiver
of semen) is not known.[16][26][27]

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Cultural aspects
Qigong
Qigong and Chinese medicine place huge emphasis on a form of energy called 精 (pinyin: jīng, also
a morpheme denoting "essence" or "spirit")[28][29] – which one attempts to develop and accumulate.
"Jing" is sexual energy and is considered to dissipate with ejaculation so masturbation is
considered "energy suicide" amongst those who practice this art. According to Qigong theory,
energy from many pathways/meridians becomes diverted and transfers itself to the sexual organs
during sexual excitement. The ensuing orgasm and ejaculation will then finally expel the energy
from the system completely. The Chinese proverb 一滴精，十滴血 (pinyin: yì dī jīng, shí dī xuè,
literally: a drop of semen is equal to ten drops of blood) illustrates this point.

The scientific term for semen in Chinese is 精液 (pinyin: jīng yè, literally: fluid of essence/jing) and
the term for sperm is 精子 (pinyin: jīng zǐ, literally: basic element of essence/jing), two modern
terms with classical referents.

Upadhatus:
These are secondary essential structural components namely Stanya (lactation), Artava
(female reproductive substances), Sira(blood vessels), Kandara (tendons), Tvak (skin),
Vasa (muscle fat), Snayu (ligaments and nerves). Main difference between Dhatus and
Upadhatus is this that former can be transformed into other form while later are not
transformed.

Mala
These are the waste or non essential substances produced as a result of digestive and
metabolic activities. Three main Malas are Purisha (faeces), Mutra (urine) and Sveda
(sweat).

Mala are the substances or waste matter to

be thrown out of the body. They are actually
by products formed as a result of various physiological activities going on in the body. Purish (stool),
Mutra (urine) and Sweda (sweat) are considered as main excretory product of the body. These are also
known as Dushya as these tend to be influenced to cause pathology or disease by imbalanced doshas.
These are known as Mala due to its principle property of Malinikaran i.e. Toxification. Malas are the third
in the trinity of the body after the other two- doshas and dhatus. According to Ayurveda, the only
balanced condition of doshas, dhatus and malas is Aarogya (good health or disease free condition) and
heir imbalance causes ill health or disease. SignificanceofMala
As a result of metabolic processes being carried out in the body, essence of ingested food and waste
products are constantly formed. If waste products are not being formed besides the essence i.e.
beneficial products that nourish tissues, then metabolic process would be impaired ultimately leading to
the formation of malformed tissues. So, there needs to be an appropriate segregation of essence of
ingested food and waste product and excretion of the waste matter on appropriate time for maintaining
health. Malas are actually the waste products of the body and their proper excretion from the body is

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essential, so that the proper health of the individual can be maintained because if the waste products are
ot thrown out they can toxify. ThreeFormsOfMalaPurish(stool)
Purish or Stool are human feces, a result of defecation. They are the waste product of the human
digestive system. They vary in appearance from person to person depending on the state of the whole
digestive system, influenced by diet and health. Normally stools are semisolid, with a mucus coating.
Any discrepancy caused in its normal process of defecation can lead to constipation, diarrhea,
flatulence, heaviness or pain. Mutra (Urine)
Urine is another important excretion from the human body. It is actually a liquid waste product of the
body secreted by the kidneys through a phenomenon of filtration from blood. In human body, it is
excreted through the urethra. Any imbalance like increased or decreased urine can lead to problems like
urinary infections, kidney stones, abdominal pain and various bladder disorders.
Sweda (Sweat)Sweating or Perspiration is known as Sweda in the terms of Ayurveda. It is basically a
fluid that comes out of skin pores and primarily consists of water as well as various dissolved solids. It is
basically a means of thermoregulation in human body. Any imbalance in sweat production can lead to
itching, skin infections, irritation, burning sensation of body or reduced body temperature. -

Srotas:
These are the spaces where the substances are transported or exchanged. These may be
very gross, very small, of varying shapes. All the vessels, hollow spaces, tubular
structures and all extra and intracellular spaces are the Srotas. The Srotas may be
innumerable but for practical purposes. Thirteen types of Srotas have been emphasized.
Seven Srotas are meant to transport seven Dhatus, those are in transforming phase.
Three are meant to transport three Malas. Remaining three are for Prana (respiration),
Anna (food) and Udaka(water).

THE THIRTEEN CHANNELS OF CIRCULATION

The body contains numerous channels through which the dhatus, doshas and
malas circulate, known as strotas in Ayurveda, these consist of both gross channels,
such as the intestinal tract, lymphatic system, arteries, veins, and the genitor-
urinary tracts, as well as themore subtle channels, such as the capillaries.(
mentioned earlier in ‘malas’ as mootravahastrotas etc) In Ayurveda, a complex
system of diagnosis is employed to trace the root cause of disease.

The diagnosis of all diseases is based on which of the individual doshas are
compromised and which channels are obstructed. An excess of any one dosha can
create a spill-over effect in the body. Thus, a disease originating from one vitiated
dosha is able to travel through the channels to the site of another dosha. Dosha
excesses can also create blockages in the channels, thereby obstructing their
normal flow. Men have thirteen groups of channels, and women have fifteen. Of the
thirteen common groups of bodily channels, the first three are the channels
through which the air (or breath), food, and water travel; these are governed by
Vata, Pitta, Kapha, respectively.

Air Channels- pranavahastrotas The body’s air channels originate in the heart and
the alimentary tract and conduct pranic force and vitality through the respiration
and circulation systems. These channels become impaired by the suppression of

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natural bodily urges, by ingesting dry or stale food, and by excessive physical
exertion. Symptoms expressed by vitiated air channels are shallow and restricted
breathing, fear, anxiety, and nervous tension.Food Channels- annavahastrotas
Food channels originate in the stomach and carry food through the digestive
system. Untimely or indiscriminate eating, unhealthy foods, and low digestive fire
cause vitiation of these channels. The symptoms of afflicted food channels are loss
of appetite, indigestion, vomiting, anorexia, greed, and possessiveness.
Water Channels- udakavahastrotas Water channels originate in the palate and
pancreas, and regulate the body’s fluid. Obstruction of these passages is caused by
excessive exposure to heat, excessive use of alcohol or other addictive substances,
and ingesting very dry foods. The symptoms of vitiation are excessive thirst,
dryness of lips, throat, tongue and palate, as well as selfishness and dullness.

The following seven groups of channels service each of the body’s seven dhatus.
Like the dhatus, the nature of these channels range from the most gross
(megascopic) to the most subtle (Microscopic cellular level) Rasa (Essence)
Channels- rasavahastrotas Rasa channels begin in the heart and its several blood
vessels and transport chyle and plasma to the rasa dhatu (all over the body).
Obstruction of these passages is caused by stress, grief, and excessively cold and
heavy foods. The symptoms of vitiations are anorexia, drowsiness, nausea, fainting
and anaemia, impotency, stress and grief.

Rakta (Blood) Channels- raktavahastrotas

Blood channels originate in the liver and spleen and transport blood to the rakta
dhatu (all over the body). This group of channels is often referred to as the
circulatory system. Vitiation of this system is caused by hot and oily foods,
excessive exposure to the sun or fire, and exposure to radioactivity. The symptoms
of vitiation are skin diseases and rashes, abscesses, excessive bleeding and
inflammation of the genital organs and anus. The emotional symptoms are anger,
dullness, and aggressiveness. Mamsa (Muscular) Channels – mamsavahastrotas
Muscular channels, which originate in the ligaments, tendons, and skin, supply
nutrients to the muscle dhatu (all over the body). Impairment of these channels is
due to regular intake of heavy, greasy foods, excessive sleep, sleeping after meals,
and sedentary lifestyle. The symptoms of vitiation are usually benign tumors
produced by the muscular system, tonsillitis, a swollen uvula, hemorrhoids, and
swelling of the thyroid glands and adenoids. The emotional symptoms are lack of
ental clarity and nervous tension. Meda (Fat) Channels – medavahastrotas
Fat channels, commonly known as the adipose system, originate in the kidneys and
the omentum. They supply fat tissue ingredients to the Meda dhatus (all over the
body). Vitiation of this system is due to suppression of digestive activities, and

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excess of fatty foods, alcohol, and other addictive substances. The symptoms of
affliction are generally diabetes, urinary disorders, and possessiveness.
Asthi (Bone and Cartilage) Channels – asthivahastrotas
Bone and cartilage channels, commonly known as the skeletal system, begin in the
hipbone and supply nutritive ingredients to the asthi (bone and cartilage) dhatus (all
over the body). Affliction of these channels is generally caused by excessive activity,
friction of the bones, and excessive intake of food which is e dry, cold or stale.
Some symptoms of vitiation are dry, flaky nails and decaying teeth, painful joints,
dry and thinning hair, and feelings of deprivationand fear.
Majja (Bone Marrow) Channels – majjavahastrotas The bone marrow channels,
commonly referred to as the central nervous system, supply the marrow and nerve
tissue nutrients to the Majja (bone marrow) dhatus (all over the body). In Ayurveda,
the marrow is not only the matter found in the bone encasement (called white
and red marrow), but is also found in the brain and spinal cord. Impairment of the
bones and joints is generally caused by consumption of uneasy combination foods,
such as the use of animal foods with milk, or hot and cold substances taken
together, trauma and injury, which, in turn,affect the bone marrow. The symptoms
of vitiation are fainting, dizziness, loss of memory, blackouts, and compound
abscesses. Shukra (Ovum and Sperm) Channels – shukravahastrotas
The ovum and sperm channels are subtler than the nine preceding channel
groups. Originating in the testes and ovaries, these channels are ordinarily referred
to as the reproductive system. They transport the semen, ovum, and ojas essence
to the male and female tissues. Affliction of these passages is normally the result of
unwholesome activities such as excessive or suppressed sex, unnatural sex, sex at
improper times like during menstruation and pregnancy, drug addictions, and
abortions. The symptoms of vitiation are impotency, infertility, and defective
pregnancy. The emotional symptoms are sexual perverted indulgences, selfishness,
and aggression. The remaining groups of channels common to both the male and
female are the body’s three elimination systems.Urinary Channels –
mutravahastrotas The urinary channels being in the kidneys and bladder eject urine
from the body. Impairment of these passages is caused by the suppression of
urination. The symptoms of vitiation are generally excessive, scanty, or frequent
urination, as well as fears, anxieties, and nervousness.Excretory Channels –
purishvahastrotas The excretory channels ordinarily referred to as the excretory
system, originate in the colon and rectum. They evacuate feces from the body.
Vitiation of these channels is caused by weak digestive fire, eating before the
previous meal is digested, suppression of defecation, and ingesting food of
opposite quality. The symptoms of affliction are usually diarrhea, constipation, or
excessively hard stools. The emotional symptoms are execessive
attachment, dullness, and fear.Sweat Channels – swedavahastrotas
The last of the excretory channels, commonly known as the sebaceous system,

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originate in the fat tissue and hair follicles, and expel sweat from the body.
Affliction of these channels is caused by excessive activity, heat, spicy foods, acidic
foods, excessive alcohol, other addictive substances, grief, fear and anger. The
symptoms of vitiation are excess perspiration or no perspiration, rough and dry
skin, burning sensation of the skin, aggressiveness, or dullness.
Female ChannelsTwo additional channels exist within the female body: the
menstrual channel, which expels blood, secretions and tissue debris from the
uterus, and the breast milk channel, which carries milk to the nourishing mother’s
breast. These two channels are both part of the plasma channel, which supply the
plasma dhatus (rasa dhatu). When the channels are blocked, their corresponding
doshas/dhatus/mala and updhatus become vitiated. (as mentioned before air, food
and water channels are governed by vata, pitta and kapha respectively, also refer to
the chart of primary dhatu, updhatu and mala) The cleansing therapies of pancha
karma restore order to the system by clearing away to obstacles so that the doshas
can flow as they should.

AGANI :
This is an important principle responsible for digestion of food and
transformation of Dhatus. This principle acts at three levels and therefore
described as three types First type Jathargni acts for initial digestion of food.
Second type Bhutagni acts after initial digestion to separate five elemental
fractions in the food. This again has five subtypes according to five elements. e.g.
Prthivyagni for earth element and so on.After this, food is transformed into Rasa
dhatu. Later seven Dhatvagnis (each in every dhatu viz. Rasagni, Raktagni,
Mamsagni, Medogni, Asthyagni, Majjagni and Sukragni) act in their turn to
transform dhatus into next dhatus. The ultimate product in the process in ‘Ojas’,
the vital essence or sustainor of the life. During this process some byproducts and
wastes are also produced those have significant role in health as well as disease.

The pachak (stomach and small intestine) has 13 Jatharagni (digestive enzymes or "fire") that
occur in four different states: samagni (normal), Visamagni (abnormal), Tikshanagni
(increased) and Mandagni (decreased).[1]

Samanagni is the state of complete balance. All three doshas: vata, pitta and kaphha are in
total balance. When Agni is disturbed by Vata, the condition is known as Vishamagni. When
Pitta affects Agni, the condition is known Tikshagni. When Kapha affects Agni, the condition is
known Mandagni.

The composer of Hareet Samhita writes that condition of Samanagni depends upon whether
the doshas (Vata, pitta, and kaphha) are all in normal stage. When Vata, Pitta, Kaphha are
unequal, the condition is known as Vishamagni. When Pitta is higher than normal, the
condition is known as Teekshagni. When Vata and Kaphha are higher than normal, the
condition is known as Mandagni.

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Samagni
The agni Samagni digests and assimilates food properly thus increasing the quality of dhatus
(supportive tissues of the body). Persons having Samanagni always are hale and healthy. The
body of Samanagni is balanced in Dhatus and Indriya. Because they are balanced, neither
Mand, Visham or Teekshana is the object of treatments

Vishamagni
This type of Agni alternates between digesting food quickly and slowly. When this agni is
affected by the Vata Dosha, it creates cholera, diarrhoea, infective diarrhoea, dysentery, vatadi
diseases, spleenomegaly, gulm/abdominal tumour, colic, flatulence, wind formation and
accumulation, eructations etc. This is narrated by the Hareet in Hareet Samhita.

In Dhanvantari Samhita, Dhanvantari writes that when the Jatharagni (digestive fire) alternates
from digesting food completely and from producing symptoms such as colic, eructations,
diarrhoea, heaviness in or rumbling in the abdomen, wind in the intestines, or dysentery,
Vishamagni is present.

Tikshnagni
Tikshna means very quick/very sharp/very fast. Agni means digestive power or digestive
capacity. Tikshnagni is a state of very quick digestion of food regardless of the type of food.
Acharya Sushruta states that when food digests very quickly, this type of agni is known as
"Tikshnagni". When the power of digestion is increased from normal to above normal, food
digests very quickly and produces hunger or the desire for food. When food digests, the
throat, the mouth cavity and the lips become dry with a burning sensation. This condition is
known "Bhasmak Roga" according to Ayurveda.

In Hareeta Samhita, food is eaten fully and yet, the person is not satiated by food desiring even
more food. If their eyes becomes yellow, there is a burning sensation present and the body's
strength is deficient, this indicates Tikshnagni. When Vata and Pitta becomes weak and Pitta
becomes strong and acute, the condition is known as Bhasmagni or Bhasmak.

The complications from the Bhasmak Roga are jaundice, anaemia, hepatitis, yellow skin,
diarrhoea, tuberculosis, vertigo, hepatomegaly, urine anomalies, colic, unconsciousness,
hemophilia, hematomasis, hemorrhage, sour eructations, hyperacidity, burning, pain,
inflammation in urination etc. The body is emaciated and weak.

Mandagni
Mandagni is a Sanskrit word. "Manda" means slow and "agni" means digestive fire or
digestive capacity. The meaning of the mandagni is slow digestive power or slow digestion
capacity. Those who are having Mandagni eat very little and are unable to digest the smallest
amount of food. Dhanavantri says that Agni digests the least amount of food in the greatest
amount of time. Because food is undigested, this produces heaviness in the abdomen,
heaviness in the head, asthma and respiratory problems, bronchitis, cough, excessive
salivation from the mouth, nausea and fatigue.

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Concept of Prakriti:
The concept of Prakritihelps to explain why people react differently to the same stimulus.
There are seven types of Prakriti based on predominance of any of these Doshas. Prakriti
is constituted as the result of inherent traits from parents as well as food and behavior of
mother during pregnancy. Physico-psychological set up of an individual is governed by this
constitutional type throughout his life.

Concept of health and disease:

Health and disease are defined in a very special way in Ayurveda. For Ayurveda, health is
not merely an absence of disease. Ayurvedic expression for healthy state is ‘Swasthya’, a
Samskrta word composed of two basic words viz. ‘Swa’ and ‘Stha’ denoting ‘self‘and ‘to
remain or to stay’ respectively. Thus ‘Swasthya’ denotes one that stays withinself. Life is
manifestation of interdependent union of soul (the self); mind and body .Body and mind
are prone to sufferings, while soul is always free from that. Thus among these three levels
only the level of soul can be synonymous of health. When one enjoys this level he enjoys
absolute health and happiness. Health is combination of equilibrium of Doshas (functional
principles); normal state of Dhatus (body tissues), Malas (excreta) and Agni (principles
responsible for digestion and metabolism); normalcy of Indriyas(sensory and motor
faculties); clarity and pleasure of mind; and pleasure of soul (a state of absolute pleasure
unaffected by a loss or a gain). To achieve this ideal state of health may be difficult but
not impossible. Sincere efforts in this direction may certainly bring one closer and closer
to the goal.

Another expression for health is Prakriti, denoting a natural state. Until one remains in his
natural state, he ishealthy, and he enjoys this until he falls in Vikrtii. e. diseased state as a
result of contact with any Hetu (etiological factor).

Trisutra Ayurveda:
Ayurveda has two main medical objectives- 1. Prevention and health –promotion of
healthy individuals. 2. Treatment of diseased ones. To attain these objectives, a
practitioner of Ayurveda has to learn Ayurveda consisting of three main divisions of
descriptions (Trisutram) viz. Hetu (etiology ) Linga (symptomatology) and Aushadha
(knowledge of therapeutics) is dedicated to a healthy as well a diseased for their
wellbeing. Ayurveda describes causes of health, symptoms of health and measures

to maintain and promote health together with causes, symptoms and treatments of
diseases in general and in particular.

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Hetu (Etiological factors):
Classically, the main etiological factors are the result of improper application of
intelligence, inappropriate use of the sensory faculties and disturbed qualities of the
seasons.

Aushadha:
Aushadha denotes therapeuticmeasures. These measures again are divided into two
categories. First includes the measures for healthy individual to maintain his health while
second includes the measures for a diseased to rescue him from his disease. Ayurveda
emphasizes first upon prevention and then earlytreatment of the diseases.

Measures to maintain and promote health

These measures include:

1. Dinacharya(Daily routines) 2. Ritucharya(Seasonal regimen) 3.Rasayana

(Anti-aging measures) 4.Vajikarana (Measures to improve quality of
reproductive functions).
Dinacharya and Ritucharyaare emphasized here because of their practical importance.

Dinacharya:
This is an important component of the health care measures. In modern time man has
utilized his whole intellectual capacity to find out every possible measure for his comfort.
He found out the means to save the time that he is able to complete a year’s work in
hours or even minutes. But unfortunately with all these time saver means he is not able to
spare some time for his health care. Principles of Ayurvedic Dinacharya are based on
certain comprehensible logics. Like other living beings man is also part of this cosmos. All
the activities of the universe run according to certain preset programs. We hardly can find
a lapse in these programs and the coordinated activities .Every being has to act as a part
of this whole machinery. Usually all the living beings follow the natural laws. Only man
does not obey them. If some part of a machine fails in working in coordination with other
parts, it causes severe damage to the machine together with that part. Ayurvedic
Dinacharya is meant to act according to cosmic rhythm and in coordination with other
beings. Sometimes there are some

arguments against Dinacharya that this is difficult to adopt routines of some very different
culture. Here we have to realize facts about concept of culture. Culture is result of

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collective behavior of certain society and is never fixed for all the time. This is always in
the process of reforming. Man continuously makes changes in any cultural setup
according to his interests, needs, beliefs and circumstances. Therefore we can see fast
integration of different cultures throughout the world. Unfortunately concept of holistic
health has very least place in these cultural integrations. If one is determined to adopt
healthy daily routines, there cannot be any hurdle in that.

Dinacharya means to live in a regular and natural rhythm of life and includes timely rest,
timely and within the capacity work, timely sleep, timely waking, timely and right food,
non-suppression of natural urges and well balanced emotional behavior. To act against
these rules is cause of diseases.

Diet is very important aspect of Dinacharya and is a special concept of Ayurveda.

According to Ayurveda, wholesome or a good food is only factor to cause normal
development in body. Human body is produced of food and also gets its growth and
maintenance through food. Wholesome food is cause of an excellence in health. Contrary
to this unwholesome is responsible for origin of disease. When Ayurveda talks about
wholesome, its criteria for wholesome are not based on the principles of carbohydrates,
proteins, fats, vitamins and minerals. Ayurvedic criteria are based on our own natural
perceptions. How do animals decide their food? They do not have any laboratory to test
chemical composition and toxicity of grass, leaves, fruits, or the different fleshes. They
judge the food with the help of their own perceptions. They still possess this strong
perceptive faculty in themselves while we are gradually losing it because of our growing
dependence on laboratories. Ayurveda has developed the wisdom of dietetics on the basis
of these natural perceptions at different levels of our sensorium. When we put a piece of
some food article it gives some feelings in the mouth, on the tongue together with some
feeling at mental levels. This is the first perceptive level giving us several information
about food and is very important level. This perception is known as ‘Rasa’ or the taste.

As far food is concerned Ayurveda has emphasized much on Rasa (the taste), being very
simple perception but able to provide very important clues about contents and quality of
food.

Not only this is important that what do we eat but this is similarly important that when
and how weeat. Body has its biological clock. Body is not ready to perform any activity at
any time. Ayurveda has catagorised the function and classified them according to
biological clock. For example morning time is period of Kapha, if we eat heavy food in
breakfast, our stomach is not prepared to digest it properly and there are possibilities of
production of some harmful products. Midday is period of Pitta, and body is prepared to
digest any kind of food properly. In the evening again there is period of Kapha and Srotas
act sluggishly in the night, our supper should be light. There is a popular saying in Europe
that “Eat like a king in a breakfast, like a farmer in the lunch and like a beggar in the
supper.” Unfortunately this saying is misinterpreted. I interpret that kingsdo not eat

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much, so we have to consider the amount of food in the breakfast with that. Farmers are
hard workers, they need a good amount of food and that kind of amount is good for
lunch.

This is not possible to explain all the rules pertaining to dietetics; few most essential
useful aspects are highlighted here. Ayurveda emphasizes on selection of food according
to Prakriti (innate predominance of Doshas in individual’s constitution). Usually people
ignore this knowingly and unknowingly. If a person with Vata- Kapha dominance
consumes food with pro- Vata- Kapha properties, he will be prone to have diseases of
Vata Kapha origin, for example, Asthma. If he avoids this type of food, he may protect
himself from Asthma .A person with Kapha dominance, if consumes Pro- Kaphafood, he
may suffer with Kapha type diseases as Diabetes mellitus or Atherosclerosis.

Ayurveda recommends avoiding certain unwholesome combinations of food articles.

Combining milk with sour and salty thing; with onion, garlic, fish, radish and bananas are
few examples. These cause vitiation in Rakta Dhatu and may produce skin diseases. In
modern time when lots of discussions are there about skin allergies, one shall try to avoid
this type of combinations in food.

Together with activities and food, Achara (moral codes of conduct) are also important part
of Dinacharya. These are based on principles of equality of all creatures and include
restraining ourselves from the actions which we do not like for ourselves from others.

Ritucharya:
Ritucharya includes measures (food, activities, routines and livings) according the qualities
of the seasons to protect us from their ill effects of seasonal qualities.

Measures to treat a disease:

Ayurvedic way to treat a patient is a complex approach .This includes not only rational
treatments but also some unexplainable measures. Ayurveda considers not only the body,
not only the mind but also some other subtler aspects. Basically this consists of three
types of approaches-

Devavyapashraya Chikitsa - Man is a complex organism. He is affected not only by

perceptible objects but also by several imperceptible factors. Knowingly or unknowingly
he commits something against the laws of natures. As a result of such actions he suffers
with diseases those do not respond to a conventional treatment. There Devavyapashraya
approach is helpful. This includes Mantras, prayers and certain rituals to intensify spiritual
feelings and thinking. This is hard to explain that how do these procedures help in
treatments? But in every human society, similar things are popularly practiced.

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Sattvavajaya:
Mind plays important role in causation as well as treatment of diseases. Positive role of
mind helps in fast recovery while negativity accelerates the disease process. Sattvavajaya
is defined as restraining the mind from harmful objects i.e. negative thinking, negative
beliefs, negative memories and wrong decisions. This is achieved through meditation, and
Yogic thinking.

Yuktivyapashraya Chikitsa:
This includes mainly three approaches-

1.Nidana Parivarjanam(Avoidance of the causes):

This is important aspect of treating a disease. Several diseases can be treated by avoiding
the activities and the food which are in favour of the disease process. A very troublesome
disease like migraine can be treated with significant benefit by simply avoiding sour, sharp
and hot (in quality) things in the food as these are Pro- Pitta-Vata articles and responsible
for this disease. Avoiding otherprovoking mental factors as anger, anxiety grief and alike
will add more benefit .Avoidance of pro- Kapha-Vata food ( all cold things) is certainly
helpful to the patient of Asthma which is caused due to vitiation of these Doshas. This
benefit is observed even in some patients those are taking regularly cortisone and
bronchodilators. With this type of measures their requirement for these medicaments has
been minimized.

2. Samsodhana:
Meaning of this word is to remove some harmful thing from the body. Thus it includes
removal of Doshas by certain therapeutic techniques and surgical removal of some
harmful object from the body. Ayurveda has developed certain techniques to mobilize the
Doshas and other harmful factors from whole body by Snehana (oleation) and
Swedana(fomentation) to bring them in alimentary canal and then to expel them out
through Vamana (therapeutic emesis), Virecana (purgation), Niruha ( enema with plants
decoctions) and Anuvasana ( medicated oily enema). To clean cranial structures being
most complicated, special measures of Nasya(nasal treatments) are suggested. These five
cleaning procedures are known as Panchakarma. So Panchakarma are not just few oil
treatments or massage etc. but some very effective measures to eradicate the diseases for
ever and to prevent from diseases.

These measures in their simpler form are very effective in some of the challenging
diseases of today. For example regular Nasya of sesame oil can prevent nearly all upper
respiratory problems including common cold, U.R.I., and upto some extend hay fever.

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3. Samsamana:
These are palliative therapies applied when the patient is not able to perform
Samsodhanatreatment. These are also used after Samsodhana treatments. This includes
Ahara 8 (wholesome food), Vihara (wholesome activities) andAushadha (medicaments).
In Ayurveda main source of medicaments are plants. Minerals and animal products are
also used but they are generally used after being processed with some plants. Anything
which cures a disease without producing a new one is medicine in Ayurveda. Thus nothing
is non medicinal in the world if one knows how when and where to use that.

In nutshell, Ayurveda is a wisdom that cannot make you immortal but it can bring you
closure to an excellent state of well being not only at physical and mental level but also at
spiritual level that can led to a feeling of immortality.

If we see the definition of Ayurveda it includes every knowledge related to life. Modern
medicine is also not exception for that, provided it does not produce any harm to an
individual. Of course if modern medicine is not safe Ayurveda does not recommend it, but
when without a modern medical support if there is some danger to life, Ayurveda accepts
any minor harm to prevent a bigger harm. Not to use unnecessary harmful medicines is an
Ayurvedic principle; similarly to save the life at any cost (including any dogma) is also
Ayurvedic principle. One, more thing we have to remember that Ayurveda is not a
panacea. It also describes incurability of the diseases. No one can claim to cure a disease if
it is in an incurable state.

“A physician,able to distinguish between curable and incurable diseases, initiates

treatment in time applying knowledge, can certainly succeed in curing the disease. On the
other hand, a physician who undertakes the treatment of an incurable disease would
certainly subject himself to the loss of money, knowledge and fame and will also get bad
name and other sanctions from the authorities.” (ca. su. 10\ 7-8)

This article is aimed to give a bird-eye-view of Ayurveda to the readers. Hence only some
aspects are highlighted. When the readers will develop more and more interest, and will
dive more into the depth of this ocean of wisdom, they will enjoy more and more.

Ayurveda is a traditional system of medicine and [[medication]], based on experience and

observation. This system of medicine and medication is more than 3000 years old.
According to [[Hindu Mythology|mythological]] story, [[Dhanvantari]] was the first
physician to use ayurveda. In modern India also, Ayurveda is being used. It has also
reached outside [[India]] in countries like the [[UAE]] and [[Saudi Arabia]] and several
persons from other countries also take advantage of ayurveda.

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In Ayurveda we view a person as a unique individual made up of five primary elements.
The elements are ether (space), air, fire, water, and earth. Just as in nature, we too have
these five elements in us. When any of these elements are present in the environment,
they will in turn have an influence on us. The foods we eat and the weather are just two
examples of the presence of these elements. While we are a composite of these five
primary elements, certain elements are seen to have an ability to combine to create
various physiological functions. Ether and air combine to form what is known in Ayurveda
as the Vata dosha. Vata governs the principle of movement and therefore can be seen as
the force which directs nerve impulses, circulation, respiration, and elimination. Fire and
water are the elements that combine to form the Pitta dosha. The Pitta dosha is the
process of transformation or metabolism. The transformation of foods into nutrients that
our bodies can assimilate is an example of a pitta function. Pitta is also responsible for
metabolism in the organ and tissue systems as well as cellular metabolism. Finally, it is
predominantly the water and earth elements which combine to form the Kapha dosha.
Kapha is what is responsible for growth, adding structure unit by unit. Another function of
the Kapha dosha is to offer protection. Cerebral-spinal fluid protects the brain and spinal
column and is a type of Kapha found in the body. Also, the mucousal lining of the stomach
is another example of the Kapha dosha protecting the tissues. We are all made up of
unique proportions of Vata, Pitta and Kapha. These ratios of the doshas vary in each
individual; and because of this, Ayurveda sees each person as a special mixture that
accounts for our diversity.

Ayurveda gives us a model to look at each individual as a unique makeup of the three
doshas and to thereby design treatment protocols that specifically address a persons
health challenges. When any of the doshas ( Vata, Pitta or Kapha ) become accumulated,
Ayurveda will suggest specific lifestyle and nutritional guidelines to assist the individual in
reducing the dosha that has become excessive. We may also suggest certain herbal
supplements to hasten the healing process. If toxins in the body are abundant, then a
cleansing process known as Pancha Karma is recommended to eliminate these unwanted
toxins.

Vata Pitta Kapha

Basic Governs bodily Governs bodily Governs bodily

Function functions concerned functions concerned functions concerned
with movement. with heat, metabolism, with physical
and energy production structure , and fluid
balance.

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 Vata Pitta Kapha

Qualities Moving quick, light , Hot, sharp, light, acidic, Heavy, oily, slow,
cold, minutes, rough slightly, oily. cold, steady, solid,
dry, leads the order dull.
doshas.

Results of Mental alertness Normal heat and thirst Muscular strength

Balance Proper formation of mechanism Strong immunity
body tissues Strong digestion Affection,
Normal alimentation Sharp intellect generosity, courage,
Strong immunity Lustrous complexion dignity
Sound sleep contentment Healthy, Normal,
Sense of exhilaration Joints
Vitality and stamina
Stability of mind

Results of Dry or Rough Skin Rashes, skin

Imbalance Constipation inflammations Oily skin
Common fatigue ( Heartburn Sinus congestion
non-specific cause ) Premature graying, Obesity
Tension headaches baldness Slow digestion
Underweight Hostility, irritability Nasal allergies
Insomnia Visual problems Lethargy, dullness
Intolerance of cold Excessive body heat
Anxiety, worry

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The basic principles of Ayurvedic Treatment
The essence of treatment is the removal of the cause and avoidance of causative factors.Ayurvedic

treatment does not mean suppressing the main symptoms and creating some new ones as side effects

of the main treatment. It is to remove the root cause and give permanent relief. The medicines for the

treatment mainly comprises of powders, tablets, decoctions, medicated oils etc. prepared from natural

herbs, plants and minerals. Because the medicines are from natural sources and not synthetic, they

are accepted and assimilated in the body without creating any side effects and on the other hand, there

may be some side benefits.

The famous ayurvedic physician Charaka identifies four factors that are essential for successful medical
treatment : The Physician, the remedy , the nurse and the patient.The physician should be an expert in
theory and in practice, skilful, and pure in body and mind.Easy availability, appropriateness, utility in a
variety of forms and high quality characterize the optimal remedy. The best nurse is knowledgeable ,
skilful , sympathetic and pure.The ideal patient is courageous, able to describe what he or she is feeling ,
and remembers all the physician's instructions and follows them carefully; all these qualities help the
patient get well more easily.

Along with medicine, proper diet and living style is also advised. This is equally important. If we are

taking a medicine to remove the root cause and at the same time we are taking some food or following

a life style which is increasing the cause of disease, then we may not get well or will be getting less

relief. Panch Karma therapy is also used as a treatment in many diseases.

Most of us have many levels of toxins accumulated over a lifetime of indiscretions, all of which cannot

be released at once otherwise they will overhelm the excretory organs and ravage the mind.Your mind

and body have become habituated to these poisons, which have become part of your equilibrium

equation . Removing them all at once would seriously imbalance your physical body and confuse your

mind so that you no longer felt like 'yourself' .Purifying the system is a long, slow process, requiring

many cycles to expunge the many layers of dirt.You must be patient with the process and with the newly

developing you, just as you would be patient with a slowly growing tree.

When you backslide and return temporarily to your old unhealthy ways , you must learn to always

pick yourself up, like a child learning to walk , and begin again.

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 The basic principles of Ayurvedic treatment are immutable : how they are applied
differs from case to case. "Treatment is rooted in measure" : the effect of any particular therapy on

any particular patient depends on its dosage, which again depends upon the climate, the doshas

involved , the strength of the patient versus the strength of the disease, the patients age and constitution

, the specific syndrome, the patients social environment , the goal of treatment and so on. Time cycled,

including 'disease time' and the joints of seasons, are especially important , because the doshas are

controlled differently at different times, depending upon both external time and the disease's momentum

within the microcosm. Treatment is totally individualized, and so different diseases may sometimes

share a single therapy, while a single disease may be treated differently in different patients according

to the measure of the facors involved. Thus we find that the methods of treatment are based on

simple and natural principles. To conclude we can say that, Ayurveda teaches a very systematic

and scientific way of life which is important to pursue both materially and spiritually. Fundamental

principles, health rules, knowledge of individual constitution of our body, use of various herbs, minerals

and specially Panch Karma therapy can be very safely used by one and all, all over the world to,

promote good health, prevent diseases and acquire longevity

Ageing and Rejuvenation

" 'Oh' those desirous of a healthy long life! Listen to us explaining the method of rejuvenation treatment

which is like another nectar, having incomprehensible miraculous effects, promoting life span, providing

health, sustaining youthfulness, relieving sleepiness, drowsiness, exertion, exhaustion, lassitude and

debility, restoring equilibrium of the doshas, bringing stability, alleviating laxity of muscles, kindling the

internal fire and producing of excellent lustre, complexion and voice". ( Ref :Charaka Samhitha)

Objectives of life

Dharma: - One's duty unto oneself, to the family, society, nation i.e. one's duty unto humanity.

Artha: - Reaping of the benefits of duty.

Kama: - Satisfaction of desires.

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Moksha: - Attainment of salvation.
A healthy long life is essential for the achievement of these four fold objectives. Ayurvedic principles

are meant for those who want to live a healthy long life. The qualitative and quantitative balance of the

seven basic tissues (dhathus) is essential for maintaining the body in a healthy condition. In our life

span we need to consider the following three stages :

1. Up to the 16 year: - The time of maximum nourishment, In which the nourishment of the dhathus take pla

2. Between 16 - 70year: - The generative and degenerative process balance each other in this period.

3. After 70 year: - The period of aging. The degenerative process overrides the generative process.

Presently the modern life with its faster pace, departure from nature's rhythm and nutritional living initiate
aging process at a much more earlier age itself.

aturThe following are the main causes of aging / preme aging:

1. Excessive use of food & drinks which have sour, salty and spicy tastes.

2. Intake of alkalies. (Certain preservatives, baking soda etc.)

3. Consumption of old food (tinned canned foods).

4. Over intake of oil fried food.

5. Excessive intake of non- vegetarian food.

6. Incompatible / antagonistic food.

7. Untimely eating schedule.

8. Over eating.

9. Intake of food when suffering from indigestion.

10. Sleep during the daytime.

11. Excess consumption of alchohol and over indulgence in vices.

12. Over exertion.

13. Negetive emotions like greediness, passion, fear, anger, grief etc..

Knowingly or unknowingly most of us are indulging in some of these activities which result in aging

even in the young or middle ages, with the following symptoms :

The person is subdued with malaise, depression, sleep, drowsiness, lassitude, lack of enthusiasm,

102
 dyspnoea, incompetence in physical and mental activities, loss of memory, intellect and lustre, and

gradually becomes resort to illnesses and does not enjoy the normal life span.

The Principles of Rejuvenation Therapy.

Briefly it is the treatment for the nourishment of the body tissues. This therapy slows down the aging

process by decreasing the degenerative process. The appropriate time for this therapy is between

the age of 16 - 70 yr.

The Merits of the RejuvenationTherapy

The Rejuvenation Therapy (Rasayana treatment) offers prolonged life span, great memory, intelligence,

perfect health, youthfulness, bright complexion and colour, bold voice and magnanimity, physical

endurance and strong sense organs, perfection in speech, sexual powers and brilliance all are obtained

from the Rejuvenation Therapy . It is the best means of keeping the dhathus (tissues) in peak condition.

Many secret recipes are described in the traditional texts of Ayurveda. These medicines can be

implemented in 2 ways.

1. Kuti pravesika vidhi: - This is conducted under strict medical supervision with a strict regimen.

2. Vathathapika vidhi :- This is more suited for the present day life. Regimens are not so strict in th
approach and treatment can be taken by anyone at any time

Other important basic principles of Ayurveda which are briefly mentioned here
are:
103
Dhatus- These are the basic tissues which maintain and nourish the body.
They are seven in number namely- rasa(chyle), raktha(blood),
mamsa(muscles),meda(fatty tissue), asthi(bone), majja(marrow) and
sukla(reprodutive tissue). Proper amount of each dhatu and their balanced
function is very important for good health.

Mala- These are the waste materials produced as a result of various metabolic
activities in the body. They are mainly urine, feaces, sweat etc. Proper
elimination of the malas is equally important for good health. Accumulation of
malas causes many diseases in the body.

Srotas- These are different types of channels which are responsible for
transportation of food, dhatus,malas and doshas. Proper functioning
of srotas is necessary for transporting different materials to the site of their
requirement. Blockage of srotas causes many diseases.

Agni- These are different types of enzymes responsible for digestion and
transforming one material to another.

All these factors should function in a proper balance for good health. They are
inter-related and are directly or indirectly responsible for maintaining
equilibrium of the tridoshas.

The Qualities of the Three Doshas

The three Doshas possess qualities and their increase or decrease in the system depends upon the
similar or antagonistic qualities of everything ingested.

Vata is : dry, cold, light, mobile, clear, rough, subtle

Pitta is : slightly oily, hot, intense, light, fluid,free flowing, foul smelling.
Kapha is: oily, cold, heavy, stable, viscid, smooth, soft

Both Vata and Pitta are light and only Kapha is heavy.
Both Vata and Kapha are cold and only Pitta is hot.
Both Pitta and Kapha are moist and oily and only Vata is dry.

Anything dry almost always increases Vata , anything hot increases Pitta and anything heavy , Kapha.

Puffed rice is dry, cold light and rough - overindulgence in puffed rice therefore is likely to increase Vata

in the overindulger. Mustard oil is oily , hot , intense , fluid , strong-smelling and liquid and increases

Pitta in the consumer. Yoghurt , which , being creamy, cold, heavy, viscid, smooth and soft , is the very

image of Kapha , adds to the body's Kapha when eaten. All Five elemets , as expressed through

Vata, Pitta and Kapha , are essential to life, working together to create health or produce disease.

No one dosha can produce or sustain life - all three must work together , each in its own way.

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Sushruta Samhita

Greek philosophy
In Ancient Greece, Aristotle remarked on the importance of semen: "For Aristotle, semen is the
residue derived from nourishment, that is of blood, that has been highly concocted to the optimum
temperature and substance. This can only be emitted by the male as only the male, by nature of his
very being, has the requisite heat to concoct blood into semen."[30] According to Aristotle, there is a
direct connection between food and semen: "Sperms are the excretion of our food, or to put it more
clearly, as the most perfect component of our food."[31]

The connection between food and physical growth, on the one hand, and semen, on the other,
allows Aristotle to warn against "engag[ing] in sexual activity at too early an age ... [since] this will
affect the growth of their bodies. Nourishment that would otherwise make the body grow is diverted
to the production of semen.... Aristotle is saying that at this stage the body is still growing; it is
best for sexual activity to begin when its growth is 'no longer abundant', for when the body is more
or less at full height, the transformation of nourishment into semen does not drain the body of
needed material."[32]

Additionally, "Aristotle tells us that the region round the eyes was the region of the head most
fruitful of seed ("most seedy" σπερματικώτατος), pointing to generally recognised effects upon the
eyes of sexual indulgence and to practices which imply that seed comes from liquid in the region of
the eyes."[33] This may be explained by the belief of the Pythagoreans that "semen is a drop of the
brain [τὸ δε σπέρμα εἶναι σταγόνα ἐγκέφαλου]."[34]

Greek Stoic philosophy conceived of the Logos spermatikos ("seminal word") as the principle of
active reason that fecundated passivematter.[35] The Jewish philosopher Philo similarly spoke in
sexual terms of the Logos as the masculine principle of reason that sowed seeds of virtue in the
feminine soul.[36]

The Christian Platonist Clement of Alexandria likened the Logos to physical blood[37] as the
"substance of the soul,"[38] and noted that some held "that the animal semen is substantially foam
of its blood".[39] Clement reflected an early Christian view that "the seed ought not be wasted nor
scattered thoughtlessly nor sown in a way it cannot grow."[40]

Women were believed to have their own version, which was stored in the womb and released
during climax. Retention was believed to cause female hysteria.[41]

Sacred semen
In some pre-industrial societies, semen and other body fluids were revered because they were
believed to be magical. Blood is an example of such a fluid, but semen was also widely believed to
be of supernatural origin and effect and was, as a result, considered holy or sacred.

105
Dew was once thought to be a sort of rain that fertilized the earth and, in time, became a metaphor
for semen. The Bible employs the term "dew" in this sense[citation needed]
in such verses as Song of
Solomon 5:2 and Psalm 110:3, declaring, in the latter verse, for example, that the people should
follow only a king who was virile enough to be full of the "dew" of youth.[citation needed]

It was widely believed, in ancient times, that gemstones were drops of divine semen which had
coagulated after having fertilized the earth. There is an ancient Chinese belief that jade, in
particular, was the dried semen of the celestial dragon.

Based upon the resemblance of dandelion juice to human semen, it was historically believed that
the flower magically promoted the flow of sperm. (This belief probably derives from the doctrine of
signatures.)

The orchid’s twin bulbs were thought to resemble the testicles, and there was an ancient Roman
belief that the flower sprang from the spilled semen of copulating satyrs.

Barbara G. Walker recounts these examples of sacred semen in The Woman’s Dictionary of
Symbols and Sacred Objects, the thesis of which is that myth and folklore show a pre-patriarchic
rule by women that was later supplanted by masculine culture.[42]

In primitive mythology around the world, semen is very often considered analogous to breast milk
in some way. In the traditions of Bali, it is considered to be the returning or refunding of the milk of
the mother in an alimentary metaphor. The wife feeds her husband who returns to her his semen,
the milk of human kindness, as it were.[43]

In some systems of medical philosophy, such as traditional Russian medicine and the Vital Force
theory of Herbert Nowell, semen is regarded as the product of a complex physiological interaction
between a man and a woman (rather than merely the product of the male reproductive
system).[citation needed]

106
Semen in espionage

Semen stain on carpet observed with and without ultraviolet light

When the British Secret Intelligence Service discovered that semen made a good invisible ink, Sir
George Mansfield Smith-Cumming noted of his agents that "Every man (is) his ownstylo".[44]

Semen ingestion

Some reasons for human ingestion of human or other semen are erotic gratification and physical
and spiritual benefits.

Health risks
There is no risk in ingesting the semen of a healthy man. Swallowing semen carries no additional
risk other than those inherent in fellatio. Fellatio does carry some transmission risk for sexually
transmitted diseases such as HIV or herpes, especially for people with bleeding gums, gingivitis or
open sores.[45]

Even if semen is cold before the individual ingests it, viruses can stay active for a long period of
time once outside the body.

Research has suggested that performing unprotected oral sex on a person infected withhuman
papillomavirus (HPV) might increase the risk of oral or throat cancer. The study found that 36% of
the cancer patients had HPV compared to only 1% of the healthy control group. It is believed that
this is due to the transmission of HPV because this virus has been implicated in the majority of
cervical cancers.[46]

107
Physical benefits
An average ejaculation (3.4 mL) contains trace amounts of many nutrients such
as zinc, calcium and potassium, as well as vitamin B12. [47] The limited studies on the health
benefits of semen ingestion are positive.

Some female infertility, preeclampsia and miscarriages are due to the inherent presence of
antibodies that destroy the proteins orantigens in her sexual partner's semen. Having oral sex and
swallowing the semen of the partner may help make the pregnancy safer and more successful as
the woman is ingesting her partner's antigens.[48]

There has been no scientific research conducted into whether oral ingestion of semen has an
antidepressive effect, however, semen does contain several mood-elevating compounds such
as endorphins, estrone, prolactin, oxytocin, thyrotropin-releasing hormone, andserotonin. The
noted beneficial effects of these hormones have thus far been studied with vaginal absorption
only.[49][50]

Sexual practices
There are several sexual practices involving the ingestion of semen. They can be done with one or
more partners, like snowballing,felching and creampie eating, or with multiple partners, like the
practices of bukkake and gokkun, which originate from Japan.

Eight components of Ayurveda

In classical Sanskrit literature, Ayurveda was called "the science of eight
components" (Sanskrit aṣṭāṅga धधधधधधध), a classification that became
canonical for ayurveda:[8][9]

(General medicine) – Kāya-chikitsā: "cure of diseases affecting the body"

(Pediatrics) – Kaumāra-bhṛtya: "treatment of children"

(Surgery) – Śhalya-chikitsā: "removal of any substance which has entered the

body (as extraction of darts, of splinters, etc.)"

(Ophthalmology / ENT) – Śālākya-tantra: "cure of diseases of the eye or ear

etc. by sharp instruments"[dubious – discuss]

(Demonology / exorcism / psychiatry) – Bhūta(past)-vidyā: "treatment of

mental diseases supposed to be produced by past experiences"

(Toxicology) – Agada-tantra: "doctrine of antidotes"

(Elixirs) – Rasayana-tantra: "doctrine of Rasayana"

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(Aphrodisiacs) – Vājīkaraṇa tantra

Principles and terminology

Several philosophers in India combined religion and traditional medicine—

notable examples being that of Hinduism and ayurveda. Shown in the image is
the philosopher Nagarjuna—known chiefly for his doctrine of
theMadhyamaka (middle path)—who wrote medical works The Hundred
Prescriptions and The Precious Collection, among others.[10]

The three doṣas and the 5 elements from which they are composed.

There are two ways in which to approach Ayurvedic principles and

terminology: one may either focus on the historical foundation (as evidenced
in the oldest ayurvedic texts, going back to the early centuries of the Common
Era) or, alternatively, a description may take an ethnographic approach and
focus on the forms of traditional medicine prevalent across India today.
109
Much like the medicine of classical antiquity, Ayurveda has historically taken
the approach of enumerating bodily substances in the framework of the
five classical elements (Sanskrit [maha]panchabhuta,
viz. earth, water, fire, air and aether. Moreover, Ayurveda names seven basic
tissues (dhatu). They are plasma (rasa), blood (rakta), muscles (maṃsa), fat
(meda), bone (asthi),marrow (majja), and semen (shukra).[11]

Further information: Mahābhūta

Ayurveda states that a balance of the three elemental substances, the Doshas,
equals health, while imbalance equals disease. There are three doshas: Vata,
Pitta and Kapha. One Ayurvedic theory states that each human possesses a
unique combination of these doshas which define this person's temperament
and characteristics. Each person has a natural state, or natural combination
of these three elements, and should seek balance by modulating their behavior
or environment. In this way they can increase or decrease the doshas they lack
or have an abundance of respectively. Another view present in the ancient
literature states that dosha equality is identical to health, and that persons
with imbalance of dosha are proportionately unhealthy, because they are not
in their natural state of balance. Prakriti is one of the most important
concepts in Ayurveda.

Further information: Dosha

In Ayurvedic theory, there are 20 qualities or characteristics (guṇas), which

are inherent in all substances. They can be arranged in ten pairs of antonyms:
heavy/light, cold/hot, unctuous/dry, dull/sharp, stable/mobile, soft/hard, non-
slimy/slimy, smooth/coarse, minute/gross, viscous/liquid.[12]

Further information: Guna

Ensuring the proper functions of channels (srotas) that transport fluids is one
part of Ayurvedic treatment, because a lack of healthy channels is thought to
cause diseases. Practitioners treat patients with massages using oils
and Swedana (fomentation) to open up these channels.[13]

Hinduism and Buddhism have had an influence on the development of many

of ayurveda's central ideas.[14] Balance is emphasised; suppressing natural
urges is considered unhealthy and claimed to lead to illness; [14] to suppress
sneezing, for example, may give rise to shoulder pain.[15] However, people are
also cautioned to stay within the limits of reasonable balance and measure
when following nature's urges.[14] For example, emphasis is placed on
moderation of food intake,[16] sleep, and sexual intercourse.[14]

110
Practice

Ayurvedic doctors regard physical and mental existence as well as personality

as a unit, each element having the capacity to influence the others. One of the
fundamental aspects of ayurvedic medicine is to take this holistic approach
into account during diagnosis and therapy.

Diagnosis

Ayurveda has 8 ways of diagnosis. They are Nadi (Pulse), Mootra

(Urine), Mala (Stool), Jinvha (Tongue), Shabda (Speech), Sparsha (Touch),
Druk (Vision), Aakruti (Appearance).[17]

Treatment procedures

Ayurvedic practitioners approach diagnosis by using the five

senses.[18] Hearing is used to observe the condition of breathing and
speech.[11] The study of the lethal points or marman marma is of special
importance.[12]

Head massage is used to apply oils.

111
Treatment and health protection

(Śalya-cikitsā, Śālākya-tantra), contemporary Ayurvedic theory tends to

emphasise that building a healthy metabolic system, attaining
good digestion and proper excretion lead to vitality.[12] Ayurveda also focuses
on exercise, yoga, and meditation.[19] To maintain health, a Sattvic diet can be
While two of the eight branches of classical Ayurveda deal with surgery
prescribed to the patient.

Concepts of Dinacharya are followed in Ayurveda; dinacharya stresses the

importance of natural cycles (waking, sleeping, working, meditation etc.) for
healthy living. Hygiene, too, is a central practice of ayurvedic medicine.
Hygienic living involves regular bathing, cleansing of teeth, skin care, and eye
washing.[11]

Natural medical substances used

Ayurveda stresses the use of plant-based medicines and treatments.[citation

needed]
Hundreds of plant-based medicines are employed,
including cardamom and cinnamon. Some animal products may also be used,
for example milk, bones, and gallstones. In addition, fats are used both for
consumption and for external use. Minerals, including sulphur, arsenic,
lead, copper sulfate and gold are also consumed as prescribed.[11] This
practice of adding minerals to herbal medicine is known as rasa shastra.

In some cases, alcohol was used as a narcotic for patients undergoing

operation. The advent of Islam introduced opium as a narcotic.[8] Both oil and
tar were used to stop bleeding.[11] Traumatic bleeding was said to be stopped
by four different methods:ligation of the blood vessel; cauterisation by heat;
using different herbal or animal preparations locally which could
facilitateclotting; and different medical preparations which could constrict the
bleeding or oozing vessels. Various oils could be used in a number of ways,
including regular consumption as a part of food, anointing, smearing, head
massage, prescribed application to affected areas[20][page needed], and Oil pulling.
Also, liquids may be poured on the patient's forehead, a technique which is
called Shirodhara.

Cataract in human eye – magnified view seen on examination with a slit lamp.
Cataract surgery is mentioned in the Sushruta Samhita in the early centuries of
the first millennium AD, as performed with a special tool called the jabamukhi
salaka, a curved needle used to loosen the obstructing phlegm and push it out

112
of the field of vision. The eye would later be soaked with warm butter and then
bandaged.[21]
Panchakarma
Further information: Panchakarma

According to some experts, the practice of panchakarma (Devanāgarī:

धधधधधधध)) is a therapeutic way of eliminating toxic elements from the
body.[22] Panchakarma
includes Vamana, Virechana, Basti, Nasya and Raktamokshana.
Panchakarma is preceded by Poorva karma (Preparatory Step)and is
followed by Paschat karma and Peyadi krama.

History
Origins

Ayurveda is a discipline of the upaveda or "auxiliary knowledge". It is treated

as a supplement or appendix of the Vedas themselves, usually either
the Rigveda or theAtharvaveda. The samhita of the Atharvaveda itself contains
114 hymns or incantations for the magical cure of diseases. Scholars have
traced the origins of Ayurveda back to 5.000 BCE, originating as an oral
tradition. Later, as medical texts, Ayurveda evolved from the Vedas. [23] There
are various legendary accounts of the "origin of ayurveda", e.g., that the
science was received by Dhanvantari (or Divodasa)
[11][24][25]
from Brahma. Tradition also holds that a lost text written by the
sage Agnivesh, a student of the sage Bharadwaja, influenced the writings of
ayurveda.[26]

Main Texts

There are three principal early texts on Ayurveda, all dating to the early
centuries of the Common Era. These are the Charaka Samhita, the Sushruta
Samhita and the medical portions of the Bower Manuscript (also known as
the Bheda Samhita). The relative chronology of these texts is not entirely clear.
The Charaka Samhita is often cited as primary; although it survived only as a
recension dating to the 4th or 5th century, it may be based on an original
written between 100 BCE and 100 CE, in which case it would predate the
other two texts. The Sushruta Samhita was written in the 3rd or 4th century.
The Bower Manuscript is of particular interest because here the manuscript
itself is ancient, dated to the early 6th century.[27] The earliest documented
mention of the name Sushruta is found in the Bower Manuscript.[28] The
medical portions of the Bower Manuscript constitutes a collection of recipes
which are connected to numerous ancient authorities, and may be based on an

113
older medical tradition practised during the Maurya period, antedating both
the Charaka and the Sushruta Samhitas.

The Bower Manuscript is also of special interest to historians due to the

presence of Indian medicine and its concepts in Central Asian Buddhism. A.
F. R. Hoernle in his 1897 edition identified the scribe of the medical portions
of the manuscript as a native of India, using a northern variant of the Gupta
script, who had migrated and become a Buddhist monk in a monastery
in Kucha. The Chinese pilgrim Fa Hsien (c. 337–422 AD) wrote about the
health care system of the Gupta empire (320–550) and described the
institutional approach of Indian medicine, also visible in the works of
Charaka, who mentions a clinic and how it should be equipped.[29]

Other early texts, sometimes mentioned alongside the Sushruta, Chakaka and
Bheda texts, are the Kasyapa and the Harita samhitas, presumably dating to
the later Gupta period (ca. 6th century). Ayurvedic authors of the 7th or 8th
century include Vagbhata and Madhava.[30]

Illnesses protrayed

Underwood & Rhodes (2008) hold that this early phase of traditional Indian
medicine identified "fever (takman), cough, consumption,
diarrhea, dropsy, abscesses,seizures, tumours, and skin diseases
[11]
(including leprosy)". Treatment of complex ailments, including angina
pectoris, diabetes, hypertension, and stones, also ensued during this
period.[3][31] Plastic surgery, couching (a form of cataract surgery), puncturing
to release fluids in the abdomen, extraction of foreign elements, treatment
ofanal fistulas, treating fractures, amputations, cesarean sections, and
stitching of wounds were known.[11] The use of herbs and surgical instruments
became widespread.[11]

Further development and spread

The field of Ayurveda flourished throughout the Indian Middle

Ages; Dalhana (fl. 1200), Sarngadhara (fl. 1300) and Bhavamisra (fl. 1500)
compiled works on Indian medicine.[28]

The medical works of both Sushruta and Charaka were also translated into
the Arabic language during the 8th century.[32] The 9th-century Persian
physician Rhazeswas familiar with the text.[33] The Arabic works derived from
the Gupta-era Indian texts eventually also reached a European audience by
the end of the medieval period.[32]

114
In Renaissance Italy, the Branca family of Sicily and Gaspare Tagliacozzi
(Bologna) are known to have been influenced by the Arabic reception of the
surgical techniques of Sushruta.[32]

British physicians travelled to India to see rhinoplasty being performed using

native methods; reports on Indian rhinoplasty were published in
the Gentleman's Magazine in 1794.[34] Instruments described in the Sushruta
Samhita were further modified in the Western World.[35] Joseph Constantine
Carpue spent 20 years in India studying local plastic surgery methods and
was able to perform the first major surgery in the western world, the
"Indian" method of nose reconstruction, in 1815.[34][35] He published an article
about his research and experience.[36][37]

Current status
A typical ayurvedic Pharmacy,Rishikesh.
India

According to some sources, up to 80 percent of people in India use some form

of traditional medicine, a category which includes Ayurveda.[38][39]

In 1970, the Indian Medical Central Council Act which aimed to standardise
qualifications for ayurveda practitioners and provide accredited institutions
for its study and research was passed by the Parliament of India.[40] In India,
over 100 colleges offer degrees in traditional ayurvedic medicine.[19] The
Indian government supports research and teaching in ayurveda through
many channels at both the national and state levels, and helps institutionalise
traditional medicine so that it can be studied in major towns and cities. [41] The
state-sponsored Central Council for Research in Ayurvedic
Sciences (CCRAS) has been set up in order to do extensive research on the
subject.[42] To fight biopiracy and unethical patents, the Government of India,
in 2001, set up the Traditional Knowledge Digital Library as repository of
1200 formulations of various systems of Indian medicine, such as
ayurveda, unani and siddha.[43][44] The library also possesses 50 traditional
ayurveda books in a digitised form, made available online.[45]

The Central Council of Indian Medicine (CCIM) a statutory body established

in 1971, under Department of Ayurveda, Yoga and Naturopathy, Unani,
Siddha and Homoeopathy (AYUSH), Ministry of Health and Family
Welfare, Government of India, monitors higher education in
[46]
ayurveda. Many clinics in urban and rural areas are run by professionals
who qualify from these institutes.[40]

115
Tulsi-flower (holy basil—a well known Ayurvedic herb)

The Sri Lankan tradition of Ayurveda is very similar to the Indian tradition.
Practitioners of Ayurveda in Sri Lanka refer to texts on the subject written
in Sanskrit, which are common to both countries. However, they do differ in
some aspects, particularly in the herbs used.

The Sri Lankan government has established a Ministry of Indigenous

Medicine (established in 1980) to revive and regulate the practice within the
country.[47] The Institute of Indigenous Medicine (affiliated to the University
of Colombo) currently offers undergraduate, postgraduate, and MD degrees
in the practice of Ayurveda Medicine and Surgery, and similar degrees
in unani medicine.[48]

There are currently 62 Ayurvedic Hospitals and 208 central dispensaries in

the public system, and they served almost 3 million people (approximately
11% of Sri Lanka's total population) in 2010. In total there are currently
approximately 20,000 registered practitioners of Ayurveda in the
country.[49][50]

According to the Mahavamsa, the ancient chronicle of Sinhalese royalty

written in the sixth century A.D., King Pandukabhaya of Sri Lanka (reigned
437 BC to 367 BC) had lying-in-homes and Ayurvedic hospitals (Sivikasotthi-
Sala) built in various parts of the country. This is the earliest documented
evidence available of institutions dedicated specifically to the care of the sick
anywhere in the world.[51][52] Mihintale Hospital is the oldest in the world.[53]

Outside the Subcontinent[edit]

Ayurveda is a system of traditional medicine developed during antiquity and

the medieval period, and as such comparable to pre-

116
modern Chinese and Europeansystems of medicine. However, beginning in
the 1960s, Ayurveda has begun to be advertised as "alternative medicine" in
the West. Due to different laws and medical regulations in the rest of the
world, the unregulated practice and commercialisation of ayurvedic medicine
has raised ethical and legal issues. In some instances, ayurvedic practices or
terminology have also been adapted specifically for Western consumption,
notably in the case of "Maharishi Ayurveda" in the 1980s; in some cases, this
has involved active fraud on the part of proponents of Ayurveda in an attempt
to falsely represent the system as equal to the standards of modern medical
research.[54][55][56]

Scientific appraisal[edit]

In studies in mice, the leaves ofTerminalia arjuna have been shown to have
analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties.[57]

Bark of Terminalia arjuna

As a traditional medicine, many ayurveda products have not been tested in

rigorous scientific studies and clinical trials. In India, research in ayurveda is
undertaken by the statutory body of the Central Government, the Central
Council for Research in Ayurveda and Siddha (CCRAS), through a national
117
network of research institutes.[58] A systematic review of ayurveda treatments
for rheumatoid arthritis concluded that there was insufficient evidence, as
most of the trials were not done properly, and the one high-quality trial
showed no benefits.[59] A review of ayurveda and cardiovascular
disease concluded that the evidence for ayurveda was not convincing, though
some herbs seemed promising.[60]

Two varieties of Salvia have been tested in small trials; one trial provided
evidence that Salvia lavandulifolia (Spanish sage) may improve word recall in
young adults,[61] and another provided evidence that Salvia
officinalis (Common sage) may improve symptoms
[62]
in Alzheimer's patients. Many plants used as rasayana(rejuvenation)
medications are potent antioxidants.[63] Neem appears to have beneficial
pharmacological properties.[64][65] Turmeric and curcumin have shown
[66]
effectiveness in preventing cancer in vitro; however, according to Cancer
Research UK, "[t]here is no evidence that Ayurvedic herbal medicines can
prevent, treat or cure cancer in humans".[67]

Within the last decade, some PubMed-indexed journals have been published
in the field of Ayurveda.[68][69]

Use of toxic metals[edit]

Rasa shastra, the practice of adding metals, minerals or gems to herbs, may
include toxic heavy metals such as lead, mercury and arsenic.[6] Adverse
reactions to herbs due to their pharmacology are described in traditional
ayurvedic texts, but ayurvedic practitioners are reluctant to admit that herbs
could be toxic and that reliable information on herbal toxicity is not readily
available; there is a communication gap between modern medicine
practitioners and Ayurvedic practitioners.[70]

According to a 1990 study on ayurvedic medicines in India, 41% of the

products tested contained arsenic, and 64% contained lead and mercury.[38] A
2004 study found toxic levels of heavy metals in 20% of ayurvedic
preparations made in South Asia and sold in the Boston area; it concluded
that ayurvedic products posed serious health risks and should be tested for
heavy-metal contamination.[71] A 2008 study of more than 230 products found
that approximately 20% of remedies (and 40% of rasa shastra medicines)
purchased over the Internet from U.S. and Indian suppliers contained lead,
mercury or arsenic.[6][72][73] In 2012 the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention (CDC) linked Ayurvedic drugs to lead poisoning, based on some
cases where toxic materials were found in the blood of pregnant women who
had taken Ayurvedic drugs.[74]

118
Ayurvedic proponents believe that the toxicity of these materials is reduced
through purification processes such as samskaras or shodhanas (for metals),
similar to the Chinese pao zhi, although the ayurvedic technique is more
complex and may involve prayers as well as physical pharmacy techniques.
However, these products have nonetheless caused severe lead poisoning and
other toxic effects.[72][75]

Due to these concerns, the government of India ruled that ayurvedic products
must specify their metallic content directly on the labels of the product. [7] But,
writing on the subject for Current Science, a publication of the Indian
Academy of Sciences, M. S. Valiathan noted that "the absence of post-market
surveillance and the paucity of test laboratory facilities [in India] make the
quality control of Ayurvedic medicines exceedingly difficult at this time." [7]

Contents

1 Classical elements

2 Bhagavad Gita

3 In Samkhya philosophy

4 In Nyaya philosophy

5 In grammar

6 In medicine

7 See also

8 References

9 External links
Classical elements[edit]

The term guṇa in Classical Sanskrit literature in general (e.g. Mahabharata,

the Bhagavata Purana, etc.) is the term for the five elements(mahabhutas), as well as
the five senses, and five associated body parts:

Akasha (space), associated with the guṇa śábda ("sound") and with the ear.

119
Vayu (air), associated with the guṇa sparśa ("feeling") and with the skin.

Tejas or Agni (fire), associated with the guṇa rūpa ("appearance", and thus color and
tangibility) and with the eye.

Apas or Jalam (water), associated with the guṇa rasa ("taste", and thus also flavor
and tangibility, as well as shape) and with thetongue.

Prithivi (earth), associated with all the preceding guṇas as well as

the guṇa gandha ("smell") and with the nose.
Bhagavad Gita[edit]

The Triguna appear prominently in the discourse of Krishna to Arjuna upon the
battlefield of Kurukshetra that is the backdrop for theBhagavad Gita. All three gunas
are held to delude the World:

tribhirguṇamayairbhāvairebhiḥ sarvamidaṁ jagat |

mohitaṁ nābhijānāti māmebhyaḥ paramavyayam || 7.13||
The World deluded by these Three Gunas does not know Me:
Who is beyond these Gunas and imperishable. (7.13)
In Samkhya philosophy[edit]

In Samkhya philosophy, a guṇa is one of three "tendencies": tamas, sattva, and rajas.
These categories have become a common means of categorizing behavior and natural
phenomena in Hindu philosophy, and also in Ayurvedic medicine, as a system to
assess conditions and diets. For this reason Triguna and tridosha are considered to
be related in the traditions of Ayurveda. Guṇa is the tendency, not action itself. For
instance, sattva guṇa is the tendency towards purity but is not purity itself.
Similarly rajas guṇa is that force which tends to create action but is not action itself.
Each of the three gunas is ever present simultaneously in every particle of creation
but the variations in equilibrium manifest all the variety in creation including matter,
mind, body and spirit.[1][4]

All creation is made up by a balance composed of all three forces. For creation to
progress, each new stage "needs a force to maintain it and another force to develop it
into a new stage. The force that develops the process in a new stage is rajo guna,
while tamo guna is that which checks or retards the process in order to maintain the
state already produced, so that it may form the basis for the next stage".

Sattva (originally "being, existence, entity") has been translated to mean balance,
order, or purity. Indologist Georg Feuersteintranslates sattva as "lucidity".[5]

120
Rajas (originally "atmosphere, air, firmament") is also translated to mean change,
movement or dynamism.[2][6] (Rajas is etymologically unrelated to the word raja.)

Tamas (originally "darkness", "obscurity") has been translated to mean "too inactive"
or "inertia", negative, lethargic, dull, or slow.[6]Usually it is associated with darkness,
delusion, or ignorance.[7] A tamas quality also can refer to anything destructive or
entropic. In his Translation and Commentary on the Bhagavad-Gita, Maharishi
Mahesh Yogi explains "The nature of tamo guna is to check or retard, though it
should not be thought that if the movement is upward tamo guna is absent"

In Ayurvedic medicine, the traditional medical lore of Hinduism, rasa shastra is a

process by which various metals and other substances, including mercury, are
purified and combined with herbs in an attempt to treat illnesses.[1] Its methods
correspond to thealchemy familiar in the Mediterranean and Western European
worlds.[2]
Methods[edit]

The methods of rasa shastra are contained in a number of Ayurvedic texts, including
the Charaka Samhita and Susruta Samhita. An important feature is the use of metals,
including several that are considered to be toxic in evidence-based medicine. In
addition to mercury, gold, silver, iron, copper, tin, lead, zinc and bell metal are used.
In addition to these metals, salts and other substances such as coral, seashells,
and feathers are also used.[3]
The usual means used to administer these substances is by preparations
called bhasma, Sanskrit for "ash". Calcination, which is described in the literature of
the art as shodhana, "purification", is the process used to prepare these bhasma for
administration.Sublimation and the preparation of a mercury sulfide are also in use in
the preparation of its materia medica. A variety of methods are used to achieve this.
One involves the heating of thin sheets of metal and then immersing them in oil (taila),
extract (takra), cow urine (gomutra) and other substances.[4] Others are calcined
in crucibles heated with fires of cow dung (puttam).[5] Ayurvedic practitioners believe
that this process of purification removes undesirable qualities and enhances their
therapeutic power.[6]
Toxicity[edit]

Modern medicine finds that mercury is inherently toxic, and that its toxicity is not due
to the presence of impurities. While mercury does have anti-microbial properties, and
formerly was widely used in Western medicine, its toxicity does not warrant the risk of
using it as a health product in most circumstances.[7][8] The Centers for Disease
Control and Prevention have also reported a number of cases of lead poisoning
associated with Ayurvedic medicine.[9] Other incidents of heavy metal poisoning have
been attributed to the use ofrasa shastra compounds in the United States,
and arsenic has also been found in some of the preparations, which have been

121
marketed in the United States under trade names such as "AyurRelief", "GlucoRite",
"Acnenil", "Energize", "Cold Aid", and "Lean Plus".[10]
Ayurvedic practitioners claim that these reports of toxicity are due to failure to follow
traditional practices in the mass production of these preparations for sale, [11] but
modern science finds that not only mercury, but also lead is inherently toxic.
The government of Indiahas ordered that Ayurvedic products must specify their
metallic content directly on the labels of the product;[12] however, M. S. Valiathan
noted that "the absence of post-market surveillance and the paucity of test laboratory
facilities [in India] make the quality control of Ayurvedic medicines exceedingly
difficult at this time.[12]

Panchakarma
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Panchakarma is cleansing of body according to Ayurveda.[1] It is claimed that Panchakarma is a

therapeutic way of eliminating toxic elements from the body.[2] These are set of five (panch =five in
sanskrit)procedures. They are Vamana,[3] Virechana, Nirooha, Nasya,
and Anuvasana.[4] [5] Nirooha,Anuvasana and Uttaravasthi [6]forms the basic types of Vasthi. The
term Panchasodhana includesVamana, Virechana, Sirovirechana, Nirooha, and Rakthamoksha.[5]

Vamana Karma, also known as medical emesis or medical vomiting[1] is one of the five
Pradhana Karmas of Panchakarma which is successfully used in treating Kaphaj disorders.[2]

Some clinical trials have used it as a treatment for depressive disorder.[3] Some studies have
shown its effectiveness for disorders of various systems of human body. [4] It is used as a
treatment for psoriasis.[5] There are studies for its use in young prediabetics. [6] The majority of
the studies reviewed showed positive outcomes for panchakarma and allied therapies when
compared to a control

Virechana is also known as medical purgation. It is one of the Panchakarmas. Its clinical
trials have been carried out for bronchial asthma,[1] psoriasis,[2][3] diabetes.[4][5] According
to Ayurveda, Virechana is the best line of management for skin disorders[6]

Nasya is a method used in Ayurvedic medicine. Administration of drugs by the route ofnasal
cavity[3] is termed as nasya, nāvana, nasya karma, etcetera are synonymous to
nasya.[3] Randomized controlled clinical trials have shown reduction in the signs and
symptoms of cervical spondylosis by nasya.[4] Clinical trials of nasya have been carried
out[5] for myopia.[6] Pradhamana nasya is used by ayurvedic physicians and have been found
useful to treat chronic sinusitis.[7][8]

Medicine in the Vedas and Puranas: References to medicine are found in the
earliest texts including the Vedas. The legendary version of the origin of the Ayurvedic
system is that Brahma reminded it to Prajapati, who handed it down to Atreya Punarvasu
etc. In the Rig Veda there are reference to the first divine physician Rudra and of how the
Aswini Kumaras cured Chyavana of senility. There are number of Riks addressed to Marut,

122
Vayu etc, in which the reference to medicine is unmistakable. Although such references
are found in the Rig Veda, as systematic and comprehensive treatment of medicine is to
be found only in the Atharva Veda. The Atharva Veda is considered to have originated
later than the Rig Veda, and contains a description of diseases and the cure of them. As
an example, we might cite the ancient view of the disease consumption. It was
characterized as a disease of not one organ but of several organs, heart, lungs, spleen,
intestines, rectum, even of the bones and marrow. This surprisingly modern view appears
in the form of a prayer – the form in which medical instruction appear in Vedic literature.
An even greater degree of anatomical and other knowledge is displayed in certain
Upanishads – particularly in the Yogapanishads, which of course belong to a later period
than the Vedas.

The tradition of medical knowledge is further carried during the period of the puranas.
References to drugs, diseases and health care are to be found in the epics. Thus we see in
the Ramayana, that expert physicians attended on kings and they were capable of
preserving dead bodies. In the Mahabharatha there are references to surgeons attending
on the wounded and the disabled with all the appliances and equipments in the battle
field.

The Organisation of Medical Care:

Side by side with the systematic development of medicines in ancient India, there was
also organized medical help in the form of hospitals and dispensaries, and a certain
measure of health propaganda. During the Buddhist period, monks travelled all over the
country not only preaching religion and philosophy and dispelling ignorance, but also
alleviating human suffering King Asoka and his edicts are

famous. But even before Asoka’s time evidence of organized medical care was seen in
Caraka Samhita. Vivid descriptions are found about the location, building, personnel and
amenities of hospital-Aturalaya, a maternity home, Sutikargriha, a nursery- sisugriha and
a pharmacy.

It should be remembered that Ayurveda is not the science of health. Healthful living,
prevention of disease, personal and social hygiene all come under its ambit, and not
merely the cure of diseases.

DISEASES

Skin diseases
Recommended Combination by VAN for Skin Diseases patients (100% No Side Effects)

Siddhamakaradhwaja 2g + Hemsundara rasa (swarna vangam) 10g + Vyadiharana rasa 5g +

123
Divyasinduram 5g + Abhraka Bhasma 10g + Jeeraka 15-20 g = 105 packets/doses
Dosage:Use one packet two times a day, one after breakfast and the other in the evening between
6-7 PM Sugandhadi lehya : one and half spoon of lehya to be taken soon after the dosage packet.

Kaisora guggul : one tablet two times a day after mealsSaribadyasava : 4 spoons of syrup + 4
spoons water, to be consumed after meals (follwed by Kaisoraguggul tablets)

Somaraji taila : to be applied on the affected area in a clock wise direction

Recommended Combination by VAN for Diabetes-Type 1 patients (100% No Side Effects)

VK4 Diacon: Controls Blood Sugar. Enhances memory. Vitalizes major organs (Liver, Kidney, heart
etc). Relieves feet numbness.
DOSAGE: Two pills a day, one in the morning after breakfast and the other in the evening between
5-6 pm.

Poornachandrodaya: Brings total wellness to the body Strengthens the Immune System.
DOSAGE: One pill a day before bed time.

VK4 Insuact: Controls Blood Sugar Controls nocturnal urination Acts on the pancreas
DOSAGE: One pill a day after breakfast

Recommended Combination by VAN for Diabetes-Type 2 patients (100% No Side Effects)

Diabetes & Blood pressure:

VK4 Diacon + Sarpagandha (pills)

VK4 Diacon controls the blood sugar and Sarpagandha for blood pressure (NOTE - Do not
discontinue your allopathy medication, even though you use Sarpagandha pills)

DOSAGE:
VK4 Diacon - one pill a day in the morning. Sarpagandha - one pill a day in the night before bed
time.

Recommended Combination by VAN for Diabetes-Type 2 patients (100% No Side Effects)

Diabetes & Kidney Function

VK4 Insuact & Yogendra Rasa

Controls Blood Sugar,Controls nocturnal urination,Enhances memory, Facilitates healthy function

of the Kidneys DOSAGE:
VK4 Insuact- one pill to be consumed in the morning after breakfast. Yogendra Rasa - One pill a
day, to be consumed after dinner.

Recommended Combination by VAN for Paralysis patients (100% No Side Effects)

1) YOGENDRA RASA (2g)

2) RASARAJA RASA (2g)
3) RAJASIROBHUSHANAM (2g)

Dosage:The below combination of the three drugs are mixed with 6 gm of Jeera churna and made

124
into 31 packets/doses. Use one packet twice daily,one after brushing and the other in the evening
between 5-6 pm.

Simple methods to gain weight

My todays topic is a request by a friend.Feel free to ask for the topics of your choice and i'll be
happy to post them.Well many of the indivisuals are facing the problem of underweight.due to
many reasons one may not gain weight and by eating or following same procedures the other
may easily gain weight.There are various reason for this.

Causes:
---------
1.Inheritance:
------------
It may be due to the genes.Parents or one of the parent has the nature of not gaining weight
even though the person involves in any type of food habbits or regimen.So this will be inherited
by the offspring also.

2.Absorption:
------------
There may be some problem because of which the persons intestine may not be able to absorb
the essential materials or end products of digestion which inturn results in malnurishment thus
leading to underweight.

3.Digestive problems:
-----------------
The indivisual may not be in the state of having enough food due to some causes like for eg-
some get indigestion if they have even a little extra food,or may be suffering from irritable
bowel syndrome,or colonitis or something like that.The person may not be involving with
correct habbits or exercises to get the food digested well , assimilated and the good part of the
end product of digestion to be absorbed to meet the body needs.

4.Knowledge:
-----------

125
The person may be unaware about the proper quantity or proportion of various component of
food what he has to consume.
Like the vegetables which he has to take about half the portion of his meal,then fats and carbs
together about 1/4 part odf his diet,protiens and vitamins to 1/4 th part of his meal.thus it goes
on.We generally say this as stomach may be divided to 3 parts and - 1/3rd of it must be filled
with solid food particals ,
- another 1/3 rd must be filled with liquid particals
- last 1/3 rd must be left vacant for the air to circulate and aid the digestion.

I have already mentioned about the shad rasa yukta ahara to be consumed and at what stages
they have to be consumed in my earlier post.So please follow them if you have missed.

5.Low Hb% in the body:

--------------------
If a person is aneamic also then wont gain weight.so boost up your Hb%

6.Unkown cause:

126
----------------
Here no matter what ever the person does,there is no problems of digestion absorption or
malnourishment but the indivisual remains thin but active and helathy.This is ok.That can be
called as his inborn constitution which i will be discussing in my future posts.

Methods:
---------
Now you might have already tried many home remidies or medicine for this problem of under
weight or or over lean ...
But here are some easy and simple remidies.so goahead aand give a try.I will be prescribing
some ayurvedic medicines but this is general.It varies from person to person depending upon
thier age ,weight and duration,appitite.So one who wanna try ayurvedic medicines which are
really promising as i have tried in many patients and have got wonderful results please contact
me and i can advice you for proper dosage and pathya, etc.

1.Home remidies direct from your kitchen:-

-------------------------------------
-you must first record your weight before starting this and record weekly on a perticular day
of a week for a month.

A]- Take 1tbsp of ghee and add 1tbsp of sugar to it mix and lick this mixture little by little in
empty stomach just before lunch and dinner .and then after 30 mins you can have your meals.
- Continue this for atleast a month to see the benifits.

B]- Make a habbit of consuming one well ripen banana with a cup of warm milk with a tsp of
ghee mixed or stirred into itwith little sugar .Here sugar is for taste.

C]- Make a habbit of eating food in little quantity for very 2 hrs.Here i dont mean junks.May be
fruits,vegetables,juices,dry fruits etcs.

D]-Always eat well balanced food,Which includes all the essential components including good
fats also.

E]-Drink water after you meal atleast 1 cup full.this will help for better digestion and also to
gain weight.

F]- Boost up your apittite by working out daily for atleast 30 mins.May be brisk walk,or just
ittle bit of walking,dancing etc.

G]-Make a habbit of taking a light nap after a afternoon meal for about 30 mins to 1 hr.This will
also help to gain weight.Try to get sound and good amount of sleep at nights too.

H]- Try to remain calm and happy.this contentment is really required because this is always
related to mind .Body and mind are interlinked...So well balanced state of body with mind is
called as a healthy condition or the man is called helathy.

I]-Eat soaked dry grapes or dates soaked in warm milk over night .this should be taken empty
stomach.It will also increase the Hb% .thus acts as two in one.

2] Now comming down to Ayurvedic medicines:-

127
-----------------------------------------
1.Khushmanda avaleha - 1 tsp twice daily with a cup of warm milk before bed and early in tghe
morning empty stomach has a wonderful result.This should be done atleast for a month.this will
also increase the heamoglobin percentage in the blood

2.Swamala compound a leha of doothpapeshwar company works wonders over the mal-
nourished body.Even this should be taken spoon ful early morning or just before food with a
cup of milk for best result.this should be take for atleast 1 month.

3.Ashwagandhavaleha-this one more type of avaleha which helps as a general tonic and given
even better reults in men.May be taken with warm water or milk.

4.Chavan prash-This is also a very good leha.Method of intake is same as other.It has many dry
fruits,amla[gooseberry and many medicinal roots].Best for emaciation caused as a result of
some chronic diseases.

5.Draksharista- 3tsp of this should be taken with equal amount of boiled and cooled water with
a drop of honey thrice a day for atleast 1 month.

6.Ashwaganda choorna may be taken with ghee or honey or even milk thrice daily .

Thus there are many more Aushadha /medicines in Ayurveda for this or any other problems

Low HP% of the boady

Quick solution for your problem of burning sensation of

eye,redness,repeated watering and itching
Dear friends here is a very easy home made medicine which is a solution for your eye
problems.It also helps
people who spend a lot of time in front of the computer and have a problem of dry eyes and
over strained by the end of the day .It also helps people with reduces sleep /insomnia/even to
those who are edicted to night life or even students who stay late night.
Causes:
_______
There are many causes for this
-working in front of the computer,microscope...such other work which gives a lot of stain to
the eyes.
- night outs
-reduced sleep
-insomnia[sleeplessness]
-excessive exposure to sunlight and dust,pollution,smoke or heat like welding,mines etc.
-side effect in diabetic patient
-increased pitta in body
-consuming excess of spicy food
-fever
Materials required:
____________________

128
1 cup- warm water
2 tsp- roughly powdered dry coriander seeds
clean white cloth (small square) -for draining
1tsp-sugar

Method:
________
-Take a clean cup and pour the roughly powdered seeds of coriander to it .
-Add 1 cup f warm water to it
-Cover it by a lid and leave it as it is over night.
-Next morning drain it through a cloth and collect the clear solution in a bowl
-Now divide it into 2parts.
1st part must be consumed by adding sugar to it.Note that one must have it empty stomach.
The 2nd part must be used as a eye drops, put about 3-4 drops to each eye.It might burn at the
beginning.
This can be done twice a day.If possible its good if one washes his eyes with the same water.

---

By keeping cucumber slices or grated cucumber over the closed eye lids also helps in relaxing
the strained eyes and reduces the burning sensation.By drinking juice prepared out of
cucumber also gives a relief to the burning sensation in the eyes
-- application of home made kaajal also helps in cooling the eye .It relaxes the muscles.
---application of anjana [kaajal] made out of flowers or cucumber is much beneficial.

129
---Ice massage relaxes eye stain and the musclea.It also helps in burning senstion in the eyes.

Conclusion:
As it is observed that several conventional drugs for respiratory diseases have been derived from
traditional medicinal plants [2,131], it is quite possible from Ayurveda plants also. Since some of
these plants have kayakalpam ability (making the body competent for long life), it may be even
better because the selection of plants by Ayur veda seems very tactful, in the sense that the
plants they had selected have more beneficial effect than giving merely a respite from the disease
alone. This concept can be well understood by interviewing with people of vadic period who have
an in-depth knowledge of medicinal plants of Syurveda. Infact, there is a real need of experts, who
can understand and explain the ancient Vadas like Rig, Yusur. Sama and Adharvan . Thereafter
those literatures should be translated into international (e.g., English) and at least some major
national (e.g., Hindi, Chinese and Japanese) languages to make SSM widely beneficial. Further,
the medicinal plants of Ayur veda useful for respiratory diseases can be identified and processed
for isolating different fractions by using sensitive techniques such as high-performance liquid
chromatography (HPLC) and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry-mass spectrometry (LC-
MS-MS) as recently being accomplished by several groups of investigators for medicinal plants
[132-135]. These fractions can be first tested in vitro using certain molecular parameters of
respiratory diseases such as inflammatory mediators of asthma and COPD. The potent
components then can be evaluated and studied in animal models as recently carried out for
several herbal compounds. For example, curcumin, a well known plant derived
Subsequent trials of those effective compounds in clinical respiratory patients can then be done
for evaluating their final therapeutic efficacy. Simultaneously, the toxicological studies should also
be pursued for their better therapeutic applications. The above- mentioned aspects can be
accomplished by a sincere interaction between scientists involved in respiratory medicinal
research on one hand and Siddha practioners on other hand

130
 SIDDHA

What is Siddha?

The Siddha Medicine is one of the oldest medical systems known to mankind. This system

of. medicine originated from south India in Tamil Nadu, as part of the trio Indian medicines

- ayurveda, siddha and unani. This system was very popular in ancient India. Believed to be more

than 10,000 years old, the Siddha system of medicine is considered to be one of the
most antiquated traditional medical system

Siddha system is one of the oldest systems of medicine in India . The term Siddha means achievements and

Siddhars were saintly persons who achieved results in medicine. Eighteen Siddhars were said to have

contributed towards the development of this medical system. Siddha literature is in Tamil and it is practised

largely in Tamil speaking part of India and abroad. The Siddha System is largely therapeutic in nature.

History :

The original Home allotted to mankind by the Creator was in the temparate and fertile region of the East and

pointedly in India. It is from here that the human race began its culture and career. India may, therefore,

be safely stated as that the first country from which human culture and civilization originated and spread.

131
According to Indian history prior to Aryans migration, the Dravidian was the first inhabitant of India of

whom the Tamilians were the most prominent. The Tamilians were not only the earliest civilized but

also those who may more considerable progress in civilization than any other early people. The languages

of India were divided into two great classes, the northern with Sanskrit as the pre-pondering element and

the southern with Dravidian language as independent bases. The science of medicine is of fundamental

importance to man’s well being be and his survival and so it must have originated with man and developed

as civilization. It is, therefore rather pointless to try to determine the exact point of time to which the

beginning of these systems could be traced They are eternal, they began with man and may end with

him. The Siddha was flouriest in south and Ayurveda prevalent in the north. Instead of giving the name of

any of individual as the founder of these systems our ancestors attributed their origin to the creator.

According to the tradition it was Shiva who unfolded the knowledge of Siddha system of medicine to his

concert Parvati who handed it down to Nandi Deva and he the Siddhars. The Siddhars were great scientists

in ancient times.

According to tradition, the origin of Siddha system of medicine is attributed to the great Siddha

Ayastiyar. Some of his works are still standard books of medicine and surgery in daily use among the

Siddha Medical practitioners.

The system is believed to be developed by the 18 siddhas of the south populars called the

Siddhars. Siddhars were spiritual adepts who possessed the ashta siddhis, or the eight

supernatural powers. Sage Agathiyar is considered the guru of all Sidhars, and the Siddha system

is believed to have been handed over to him by Lord Muruga, son of the Hindu God - Lord Shiva

and Goddess Parvathi. So, are the siddhars the followers of Lord Shiva (Shaivaites). Agathiyar is

the first Siddhar and his 18 disciples contributed thousands of texts on Siddha, including

medicine, and form the propounders of the system in this world.

132
 SIDDHAS DETAILS>>>>>18 - SIDDHAS DETAILS

SIDDHAS DETAILS>>>>>18 - SIDDHAS DETAILS

. AGSTIYAR 2. NANDI
DEVAR 3. THIRUMOOLAR 4. BHOGAR 5. KONKANAVAR 6. MACCHAMUNI
7. GORAKKAR 8. SATTAIMUNI 9. SUNDARANANDAR 10. RAMADEVAR 11. KUDAMBAI 12
. KARUVOORAR
13. IDAIKADAR 14. KAMALAMUNI 15. VALMIKI 16. PATHANJALI 17. DHANVANTHIRI 1
8. PAMBATTI

1.AGASTIYAR
NAME OF DURATION OF
PLACE OF SAMATHI GURU DISCIPLES CONTRIBUTIONS
SIDDHA LIFE
Medicine
Bhogar
Kayakalpa
4-Yugas, 48 Babaji
Agastiyar Anandasayana Shiva Tamil
Days Thiruvalluvar
Grammar
Machamuni
Yoga
Agastyar is one of the 18 yoga siddhas who have initiated many siddhas including
our kriya guru Babaji. He was initiated directly by Lord Shiva himself and his
works include medicine, kaya kalpa, Tamil grammar and yoga. Some of his disciples
are Boganathar, Babaji, Thiruvalluvar, Macchamuni. He has attained samadhi at
Ananthasayana.

TOP
2.NANDI DEVAR
NAME OF PLACE OF DURATION OF
GURU DISCIPLES CONTRIBUTIONS
SIDDHA SAMATHI LIFE
Thirumoolar Medicine
Pathanjali Kaya Kalpa
Nandi Kasi 700 Years, 32 Dakshina Yoga
Shiva
Devar (Benares) Days Moorthy Alchemy
Romarishi Natural sciences
Sattaimuni Philosophy
Nandi Devar is one of the foremost of the 18 yoga siddhas. He has been directly
initiated by Lord Shiva himself and some of his contributions include medicine, kaya
kalpa & Alchemy. Some of his eminent disciples are Thirumoolar, Patanjali,
Dakshinamoorthy, Romarishi & Sattamuni.

TOP

133
3.THIRUMOOLAR
DURATION OF
NAME OF SIDDHA PLACE OF SAMATHI GURU DISCIPLES CONTRIBUTIONS
LIFE
3000 Years, Yoga
Thirumoolar Chidambaram Nandi -
13 Days Philosophy

Thirumoolar is one of the 18 yoga siddhas. He has been initiated by Nandi Devar
and his contributions include Yoga, philosophy. His 'Thirumandiram' work is very
popular among his works. He has attained samadhi in Chidambaram.

TOP

4.BHOGAR
NAME OF PLACE OF DURATION OF
GURU DISCIPLES CONTRIBUTIONS
SIDDHA SAMATHI LIFE
Yoga
Babaji Kaya Kalpa
Agastiyar
300 Years, 18 Konkanavar Medicine
Bhogar Palani Kalangi
Days Karuvoorar alchemy
Nathar
Pulippani Natural sciences
Philosophy
Bognathar who is also known as the Palani Malai Siddhar is one among the 18 yoga
siddhas. He was initiated by Kalanginathar and Agastyar. He is a great alchemist of
all times. His contributions include yoga, kaya kalpa, medicine, alchemy, natural
sciences, philosophy etc. He is the one who has created and installed the idol of Lord
Muruga in Palani malai temple. Till now even after ages, the composition of the idol
has been a mystery to all scientists around the world. His disciples include Babaji,
Konkanavar, Karuvoorar and Idai Kadar.

TOP

5.KONKANAVAR
NAME OF PLACE OF DURATION OF
GURU DISCIPLES CONTRIBUTIONS
SIDDHA SAMATHI LIFE
25 Known works in
800 Years, 557 -
Konkanavar Tirupathi Bhogar medicine, Yoga,
16 days Disciples
Philosophy & religion
Konkanavar is one of the 18 yoga siddhas initiated by Boganathar. His contributions
include 25 known works in medicine, yoga, philosophy, religion etc. He has over 557
disciples. He has attained samadhi at Tirupati.

TOP

134
6.MACCHAMUNI
NAME OF DURATION
PLACE OF SAMATHI GURU DISCIPLES CONTRIBUTIONS
SIDDHA OF LIFE
10 Knows
300 Agastiyar, works on
Macchamuni Thirupparankundram Years 62 Punnakeesar Gorakkar Hatha Yoga,
days Pasundar Tantric Yoga
practices
Macchamuni who is also known as Matysendranath is one of the 18 yoga siddhas. He
has been initiated by Agastyar, Punnakeesar and Pasundar. Some of his
contributions include 10 known works on Hatha yoga, Tantric yoga practices etc.
Goraknath is one of his eminent disciples. He has attained samadhi at
Thiruparrunkundram.

TOP

7.GORAKNATH (Gorakkar)
NAME OF PLACE OF DURATION
GURU DISCIPLES CONTRIBUTIONS
SIDDHA SAMATHI OF LIFE
"Avadhuta Gita" and
Dattatreya 13 works, order of
Goraknath Poyur 880 Years
(Vishnu) Nagarjuna ascetics, medicine,
(Gorakkar) (Girnar) 32 Days
Macchamuni alchemy, Hatha Yoga,
Pradipika classic.
Goraknath is one of the 18 yoga siddhas in the 'nath' tradition. He was initiated by
Dattatreya (Vishnu), Macchamuni, Allama Prabu. Some of his contributions include
"Avadhuta Gita" and 13 other works, order of ascetics, medicine, alchemy, Hatha
yoga pradipika classic etc. He has attained samadhi at Poyur (Girnar).

TOP

8.SATTAIMUNI
NAME OF PLACE OF DURATION
GURU DISCIPLES CONTRIBUTIONS
SIDDHA SAMATHI OF LIFE
46 known
880
Nandi, Sundaranandar, works,
Sattaimuni Srirangam Years 14
Dakshinamoorthy Paambatti Medicine,
Days
alchemy
Sattamuni is one of the 18 yoga siddhas initiated by Nandi Devar &
Dakshinamoorthy. His contributions include 46 known works, medicine, alchemy &
etc. His disciples include Sundaranandar, Paambatti. He has attained samadhi at
Srirangam.

TOP

135
9.SUNDARANANDAR
PLACE OF DURATION
NAME OF SIDDHA GURU DISCIPLES CONTRIBUTIONS
SAMATHI OF LIFE
24 known works,
880 Years Sattaimuni,
Sundaranandar Madurai - Medicine,
28 Days Konkanavar
Philosophy
Sundaranandar is one of the 18 yoga siddhas. He was initiated by Sattamuni &
Konkanavar. Some of his contributions include 24 known works: medicine,
philosophy etc. He has attained samadhi at Kudal (Madurai).

TOP

10.RAMADEVAR (yacop)
NAME OF PLACE OF DURATION
GURU DISCIPLES CONTRIBUTIONS
SIDDHA SAMATHI OF LIFE
24 known works,
Ramadevar Alagar Pulastiyar, Sattaimuni,
Medicine, Mantra
(Yacop) Malai Karuvoorar Konkanavar
sastra
Ramadevar is one of the 18 yoga siddhas. He was initiated by Pulastiyar and
Karuvoorar. He is also known as the mandira siddhar. Some of his works include 24
known works: mantra shastra, medicine etc. He has attained samadhi at Alagar
Malai.

TOP

11.KUDAMBAI
NAME OF PLACE OF DURATION
GURU DISCIPLES CONTRIBUTIONS
SIDDHA SAMATHI OF LIFE
Alukkani Siddha
Siddha
Kudambai Mayavaram - (Diciple of -
Philosophy
Idaikadar)
Kudambai is one of the 18 yoga siddhas, initiated by Alukkani Siddha (disciple of
Idai Kadar). Kudamabi siddhar's contributions included siddha philosophy. His
place of samadhi has been Mayavaram.

TOP

136
12.KARUVOORAR
NAME OF PLACE OF DURATION OF
GURU DISCIPLES CONTRIBUTIONS
SIDDHA SAMATHI LIFE
construction of
Karuvai 300 Years
Karuvoorar Bhogar Idaikadar Tanjore Temple,
(Karur) 42 days
medicine
Karuvoorar is one of the 18 yoga siddhas. He was one of the eminient disciples of
Boganathar after being initiated by him. He is popular for his contribution in
constructing the Tanjore temple and other medicinal works. Idai Kadar is one of his
eminent disciples. He has attained samadhi at Karuvai (karur).

TOP

13.IDAIKADAR
NAME OF DURATION
PLACE OF SAMATHI GURU DISCIPLES CONTRIBUTIONS
SIDDHA OF LIFE
Two known
600 Years Bhogar, Kudambai,
Idaikadar Thiruvannamalai works: Kaya
18 days Karuvoorar Alukkani
Lalpa
Idai Kadar is one of the 18 yoga siddhas. He was initiated by both Boganathar and
Karuvoorar. His contributions include two known works: Kaya kalpa. He attained
samadhi at Thiruvannamalai. Some of his disciples are Kudambai and Alukkani.

TOP

14.KAMALAMUNI
NAME OF PLACE OF DURATION OF
GURU DISCIPLES CONTRIBUTIONS
SIDDHA SAMATHI LIFE
Two known works:
Aarur 4000 Years
Kamalamuni - -
Medicine &
(Tiruvarum) 48 days
Philosophy
Kamalamuni is one of the 18 yoga siddhas. He has attained samadhi at Aarur
(Tiruvarum). His contributions include two known works on medicine and
philosophy.

TOP

137
15.VALMIKI
NAME OF PLACE OF DURATION OF
GURU DISCIPLES CONTRIBUTIONS
SIDDHA SAMATHI LIFE
700 Years 32 Recorded the epic
Valmiki Ettikudi Naradar -
days work: The Ramayana
Valmiki is one of the 18 yoga siddhas. He was initiated by the great sage Narada. He
is very much known for recording the epic work 'The Ramayana'. He has attained
samadhi at Ettikudi.

TOP

16.PATHANJALI
NAME OF DURATION OF
PLACE OF SAMATHI GURU DISCIPLES CONTRIBUTIONS
SIDDHA LIFE
5 Yugas - 7 Yoga sutra
Pathanjali Rameshwaram Nandi -
Days Classic
Patanjali is one of the 18 yoga siddhas. He was initiated by Nandi Devar. He is
known for his works on yoga sutras classic. He has attained samadhi at
Rameswaram. He is also known as father of yoga.

TOP

17.DHANVANTHIRI
NAME OF DURATION
PLACE OF SAMATHI GURU DISCIPLES CONTRIBUTIONS
SIDDHA OF LIFE
Medicine, Alchemy,
800 Years
Dhanvanthri Vaideeshwaran - -
Kaya Kalpa, 22
32 Days
known works
Dhanvanthri is one of the 18 yoga siddhas. He is known for his contributions on
medicine, alchemy, kaya kalpa, 22 known works. He has attained samadhi at
Vaideeswaran Kovil.

TOP

138
18.PAAMBATTI
NAME OF PLACE OF DURATION OF
GURU DISCIPLES CONTRIBUTIONS
SIDDHA SAMATHI LIFE
Hari
123 Years 32 Siddha
Pambatti Sankaran Sattimuni -
Days Philosophy
Koil
Paambatti is one of the 18 yoga siddhas. He was initiated by Sattamuni. His
contributions include siddha philosophy. He has attained samadhi at Harisankaran
kovil. He was originally a snake charmer before he met his guru Sattamuni. Later
after being initiated by his guru, due to his intense sadhana he has became a siddha.

TOP

Siddha system is one of the oldest systems of medicine in India . The term Siddha means
achievements and Siddhars were saintly persons who achieved results in medicine.
Eighteen Siddhars were said to have contributed towards the development of this medical
system. Siddha literature is in Tamil and it is practised largely in Tamil speaking part of
India and abroad. The Siddha System is largely therapeutic in nature.

History :
The original Home allotted to mankind by the Creator was in the temparate and fertile
region of the East and pointedly in India. It is from here that the human race began its
culture and career. India may, therefore, be safely stated as that the first country from
which human culture and civilization originated and spread. According to Indian history
prior to Aryans migration, the Dravidian was the first inhabitant of India of whom the
Tamilians were the most prominent. The Tamilians were not only the earliest civilized but
also those who may more considerable progress in civilization than any other early
people. The languages of India were divided into two great classes, the northern with
Sanskrit as the pre-pondering element and the southern with Dravidian language as
independent bases. The science of medicine is of fundamental importance to man’s well
being be and his survival and so it must have originated with man and developed as
civilization. It is, therefore rather pointless to try to determine the exact point of time to
which the beginning of these systems could be traced They are eternal, they began with
man and may end with him. The Siddha was flouriest in south and Ayurveda prevalent in
the north. Instead of giving the name of any of individual as the founder of these systems
our ancestors attributed their origin to the creator. According to the tradition it was Shiva
who unfolded the knowledge of Siddha system of medicine to his concert Parvati who
handed it down to Nandi Deva and he the Siddhars. The Siddhars were great scientists in
ancient times.

139
 According to tradition, the origin of Siddha system of medicine is attributed to the
great Siddha Ayastiyar. Some of his works are still standard books of medicine and
surgery in daily use among the Siddha Medical practitioners.

Basic Concepts
This principles and doctrines of this system, both fundamental and applied, have a close
similarity to Ayurveda, with specialization in Iatro-chemistry. According to this system the
human body is the replica of the universe and so are the food and drugs irrespective of
their origin.

Like Ayurveda, this system believes that all objects in the universe including human body
are composed of five basic elements namely, earth, water, fire, air and sky. The food,
which the human body takes and the drugs it uses are all, made of these five elements.
The proportion of the elements present in the drugs vary and their preponderance or
otherwise is responsible for

certain actions and therapeutic results.

As in Ayurveda, This system also considers the human body as a conglomeration of three
humours, seven basic tissues and the waste products of the body such as faeces, urine and
sweat. The food is considered to be basic building material of human body which gets
processed into humours, body tissues and waste products. The equilibrium of humours is
considered as health and its disturbance or imbalance leads to disease or sickness.

This system also deals with the concept of salvation in life. The exponents of this system
consider achievement of this state is possible by medicines and meditation.

Materia Medica

The system has developed a rich and unique treasure of drug knowledge in which use of
metals and minerals is very much advocated. Some idea about the depth of knowledge
the system possesses in the field of mineral, materia medica can be formed from the
detailed drug classification, briefly described below:

There are 25 varieties of water-soluble inorganic compounds called ‘UPPU. These are
different types of alkalies and salts.

There are 64 varities of mineral drugs that do not dissolve in water but emit, vapours
when put in fire. Thirty-two of these are natural and remaining are artificial.

There are Seven drugs that do not dissolve in water but emit vapour on heating.

140
The system has classified separately classes of metals and alloys, which melt when,
heated and solidifies on cooling. These include items like gold, silver, copper, tine, lead
and iron. These are incinerated by special processes and used in medicine.

There is a group of drugs that exhibit sublimation on heating and includes mercury and its
different forms like red sulphide of mercury, mercuric chloride and red oxide of mercury
etc.

Sulpher, which is insoluble in water, finds a crucial place in Siddha materia medica along
with mercury for use in therapeutics and in maintenance of health.

The above classification shows detailed knowledge and study of minerals that this system
has evolved for treatment. In addition there are drugs obtained from animal sources. The
system has published and hand-book on Siddha treatment for common diseases and
ailments.

Chemistry in Siddha :
In Siddha system chemistry had been found well developed into a science auxillary to
medicine and alchemy. It was found useful in the preparation of medicine as well as in
transmutation of basic metals into gold. The knowledge of plants and mineral were of
very high order and they were fully acquainted with almost all the branches of science.
The

Siddhars were also aware of several alchemical operations divided into several processes
such as – calcinations, sublimation, distillation, fusion, separation conjunction or
combination, congelation, cibation, fermentation, exaltation i.e. the action or process of
refining gold, fixation i.e. bringing to the condition of being non-volatile i.e. to the state of
resisting the action of fire, purification, incineration of metals, liquifaction, extraction and
so on.

Even cupellation of gold and silver which is an essential process in Alchemy in which is
claimed to have been discovered by the Arabs, was known to the Siddhars long long
before.

They were even polypharmacists and as such were engaged in boiling, dissolving,
precipitating and coagulating chemical substances. Some of their secret methods,
especially those in fixing and consolidating certain volatile substances that could not resist
the action of fire, such as Mercury, Sulphur, Orpiment, Vermilion, Arsenic etc. continue
still a mystery.

Strength

The Siddha system is capable of treating all types of disease other than emergency cases.
In general this system is effective in treating all types of skin problems particularly

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Psoriasis, STD, urinary tract infections, diseases of liver and gastro intestinal tract, general
debility, postpartum anaemia, diarrhoea and general fevers in addition to arthritis and
allergic disorders.

Diagnosis and Treatment

The diagnosis of diseases involve identifying it causes. Identification of causative

factors is through the examination of pulse, urine, eyes, study of voice, colour of body,
tongue and the status of the digestive system. The system has worked out details
procedure of urine examination which includes study of it’s colour, smell, density,
quantity and oil drop spreading pattern. It holistic in approach and the diagnosis involves
the study of person as a whole as well as his disease.

The Siddha System of Medicine emphasises that medical treatment is oriented not
merely to disease but has to take into account the patient, environment, the
meteorological consideration, age, sex, race, habits, mental frame, habitat, diet, appetite,
physical condition, physiological constitution etc. This means the treatment has to be
individualistic, which ensures that mistakes in diagnosis or treatment are minimal.

The Siddha System also deals with the problems affecting the women’s health and a
lot of formulations are available in the Siddha classics which can counter the problems for
a better living. The care for women’s health starts from the first day of the girl child. The
Siddha System strongly advocates breast feeding upto the first three months of the life.
The Siddha System believes in the principle of “Food itself is medicine” and during this
nursing period, lactating mothers are advised to take the food rich in iron, protein and
fibre so as to prevent any nutritional disorders both to the child as well as the mothers.
Once in 15 days, the mothers are advised to take simple remedies for de -worming so that
they may not land up in anaemic conditions.

For any diseases due to infection or otherwise, the treatment is individualistic on

examination of that particular patient. Once the girl child attained menarche, the Siddha
System has got a variety of preparations which can strengthen her reproductive system so
as to deliver a healthy child in future. And also, effective treatments are available to take
care of the menopausal syndromes, especially problems related to the hormonal
imbalance.

The Siddha System is effective in treating chronic cases of liver, skin diseases
especially “Psoriasis”, rheumatic problems, anaemia, prostate enlargement, bleeding piles
and peptic ulcer. The Siddha Medicines which contains mercury, silver, arsenic, lead and
sulphur have been found to be effective in treating certain infectious diseases including
venereal diseases. Practitioners have claimed that Siddha medicines are effective in
reducing the highly debilitating problems that manifest themselves among patients of
HIV/AIDS. More research into the efficacy of these medicines is presently in progress

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Siddha Anatomy and Physiology[edit]
The human body is composed of 96 Tattvas (Thathuvas) or basic principles.[6] Al these 96
tatwas fall under 14 broad categories.[7] They include:

1. Five elements,
2. Five objects of senses,
3. Five organs of action,
4. Five organs of perception,
5. Four intellectual faculties,
6. Ten nerves,
7. Five states of the soul,
8. Three principles of moral evil,
9. Three comic qualities, Three humours,
10. Three regions,
11. Eight predominant passions,
12. Six stations of the soul, Seven constituent elements of the body,
13. Ten vital airs, Five cases of the sheaths of the soul,
14. Nine doors or vents of the body.
These basic principles include Physical, Physiological, Mental and Intellectual components of
a person. They are nothing but the manifestations of the five primordial elements.[8]

Next to the Tatwas the human body exists of 72000 blood vessels, 13000 nerves and ten main
arteries. 4448 diseases can be caused by the derangement of the three humors.

List of 96 Tatwas or Basic Principles[edit]

Five Primordial Elements (5 - Pancha Bootham)[edit]

1. Earth (prithvi)
2. Water (neer)
3. Fire (Theyu)
4. Air (Vaayu-)
5. Space (Aakaasam)
Five Sense Organs (5 - Aim Pori)[edit]

1. Eye
2. Ear
3. Nose
4. Tongue
5. Skin
Five Functions Of Sense Organs (5 - Aim Pulan)[edit]

1. Vision

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 2. Hearing
3. Smell
4. Taste
5. Touch
Five Motor Organs (5 - Kanmenthiriyam)[edit]

1. Hands
2. Legs
3. Mouth
4. Rectum
5. Sex Organs
Perception Of Senses using Five Sense Organs (5 - Gnanenthriyam)[edit]

1. Smell
2. Taste
3. Sight
4. Touch
5. Hearing
Four Intellectual Faculties (4 - Karanam)[edit]

1. Manam
2. Bhuddhi
3. Siddham
4. Ahankaram
5. Wisdom Of Self Realization ( 1- Arivu)
Ten Channels Of Life Force Responsible For The Dynamics Of Prana –
10 (10 - Naadi)[edit]

1. Idakalai
2. Pinkalai
3. Sulumunai
4. Siguvai
5. Purudan
6. Kanthari
7. Atthi
8. Allampudai
9. Sanguni
10. Guru
Ten Vital Nerve Force Which Is Responsible For All Kinds Of Movements
(10 - Vayu)[edit]

1. Pranan
2. Abanan
3. Uthanan
4. Samanan

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 5. Vyanan
6. Nagan
7. Koorman
8. Kirukaran
9. Devadhathan
10. Dhanenjeyan
Five Visceral Cavities (5 - Asayam)[edit]

1. Stomach (Amarvasayam
2. Small Intestine (Pakirvasayam)
3. Large Intestine Especially Rectum (Malavasayam)
4. Urinary Bladder (Chalavasayam)
5. Seminal Vesicle (Sukilavasayam)
Five States Of The Human Body Or Sheath (5 - Kosam)[edit]

1. Physical Sheath (Annamaya Kosam)

2. Mental Sheath (Manomaya Kosam)
3. Respiratory Sheath (Pranamaya Kosam)
4. Intellectual Sheath (Vignanamaya Kosam)
5. Blissful Sheath (Ananthamaya Kosam)
Six Stations Of Soul (6 - Aatharam)[edit]

1. Moolatharam
2. Swathistanam
3. Manipooragam
4. Anakatham
5. Visuthi
6. Aakinai
Three Regions (3 - Mandalam)[edit]

1. Fire Region (Agni Mandalam) - Thee Mandalam

2. Solar Region (Soorya Mandalam)- Gnayiru Mandalam
3. Lunar Region (Chandra Mandalam) - Thingal Mandalam
Three Impurities Of The Soul (3 - Malam)[edit]

1. Aanavam
2. Kanmam
3. Mayai
Three Humours (3 - Thodam)[edit]

1. Vatham
2. Pitham
3. Kapham

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Three Physical Bindings (3 - Eadanai)[edit]

1. Material Bindings (Porul Patru)

2. Offspring Bindings (Makkal Patru)
3. Worldly Bindings (Ulaga Patru)
Three Cosmic Qualities (3 - Gunam)[edit]

1. Characters Of Renunciation Or Ascetic Virtues (Sathuva Gunam)

2. Characters Of Ruler (Rajo Gunam)
3. Immoral Characters (Thamo Gunam)
Two Acts (2 - Vinai)[edit]

1. Good Acts (Nalvinai)

2. Bad Acts (Theevinai)
Eight Passions (8 - Ragam)[edit]

1. Desire (Kamam)
2. Hatred (Kurotham)
3. Stingy (Ulobam)
4. Intense Or Strong Desire -Lust (Moham)
5. The Feeling Of Respect Towards Yourself -Pride (Matham)
6. Internal Conflict (Marcharyam)
7. Mockery (Idumbai)
8. Ego (Ahankaram)
9. Sleep (Urakkam)
10. Insensibility To Surroundings (Uyirpadakkam)

In diagnosis, examination of eight items is required which is commonly known as "enn vakaith
thervu". These are:

1. Na (tongue): black in Vaatham, yellow or red in pitham, white in kabam, ulcerated

in anaemia.
2. Varnam (colour): dark in Vaatham, yellow or red in pitham, pale in kabam.
3. Kural (voice): normal in Vaatham, high-pitched in pitham, low-pitched in kabam,
slurred in alcoholism.
4. Kan (eyes): muddy conjunctiva, yellowish or red in pitham, pale in kabam.
5. Thodal (touch): dry in Vaatham, warm in pitham, chill in kapha, sweating in different
parts of the body.
6. Malam (stool): black stools indicate Vaatham, yellow pitham, pale in kabam, dark red in
ulcer and shiny in terminal illness.
7. Neer (urine): early morning urine is examined; straw color indicates indigestion,
reddish-yellow color in excessive heat, rose in blood pressure, saffron color in
jaundice, and looks like meat washed water in renal disease.
8. Naadi (pulse): the confirmatory method recorded on the radial art.

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Medicinal plants from Siddha system of medicine useful for treating
respiratory diseases
Abstract- Siddha system of medicine (SSM) is one of the oldest traditional systems of medicine,
which has been originated from India and is practiced mostly in the southern part of this country
for treating various diseases including even chronic conditions. However, it is relatively veiled to
the scientific community as compared to other traditional systems such as Ayurveda (a popular
Indian medicine), TCM (traditional Chinese medicine) and Kampo (traditional Japanese medicine).
Respiratory diseases such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are a
serious health problem, which are increasing rapidly worldwide. The current therapy has its own
shortcomings and notable adverse effects. There is an intense need to search some safer
alternative therapy for treating these epidemic diseases. The objectives of this article is, first, to
increase the awareness about SSM to the scientific community, thus inviting more scientific
studies on this system, and secondly, to list certain medicinal plants of this system which are
commonly used for treating respiratory diseases. To explore the possibility for obtaining potential
drugs from these plants, certain future perspectives have also been discussed. Key words: Siddha
system of medicine, medicinal plants, Asthma, Bronchitis, Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease,
Siddhars, traditional systems, emphysema

1. Introduction Traditional systems of medicine have been in vogue for treating various ailments
in many countries such as China, Japan and India since immemorial time [1-4]. Siddha system of
medicine (SSM) is one such ancient traditional system of India and practiced mostly in its southern
part for treating various diseases including even chronic conditions [5]. However, it is relatively
very less known to the scientific community as compared to other popular traditional systems
such as Ayurveda (a popular Indian medicine), TCM (traditional Chinese medicine) and Kampo
(traditional Japanese medicine). By considering this, we have surveyed the available literatures
reported by experienced and intuitive minds of SSM in India and identified that a number of
medicinal plants are still exploited to treat various diseases. Respiratory diseases such as asthma
and COPD are one of the major causes of human mortality [6, 7]. Moreover, existing drugs are not
adequate and give rise to numerous side effects. A safer alternative therapy is the need of the
hour for which the therapeutic resources of SSM could be useful. In the present review, we have
provided a glimpse into the prevailing respiratory diseases, described briefly Siddha system of
medicine (SSM) and sorted out a category of plants from this system, which are commonly used
for treating respiratory diseases. Certain future perspectives have also been discussed.

2. Overview of Respiratory Diseases Even though research in respiratory medicine and related
technology is in an advanced stage, respiratory diseases are still one of the perpetrators of the
global health and are extending their vicious domain with each passing

day. There are several respiratory diseases such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
(COPD), sarcoidosis and pulmonary fibrosis. Among these, asthma and COPD are the major ones,

147
which adversely affect a huge number of human populations. A brief description of COPD and
asthma is given below.

2.1. Asthma Asthma is characterized by reversible airway obstruction, airway

hyperresponsiveness and airway inflammation. The pathological features include infiltration of
lymphocytes and eosinophils into airways, damage and loss of bronchial epithelium, mast cell
degranulation, hyperplasia and collagen deposition in the epithelium sub- basement membrane
area. Asthma pathology is associated with the release of numerous pro- inflammatory agents
including lipid mediators, inflammatory peptides, chemokines, cytokines and growth factors. The
structural cells of the airways like smooth muscle cells, endothelial cells, fibroblast and airway
epithelial cells are also important sources for causing asthma [8, 9]. Allergic asthma exhibits an
allergen-induced immediate or early phase response with the abrupt onset of
bronchoconstriction, and a secondary obstructive response, late phase response is associated with
inflammation of the airways and airway hyperresponsiveness, which occurs 8 to 24 hrs after
allergen exposure [10].

2.2. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
is a disease state characterized by airflow limitation that is not fully reversible [11]. COPD is
caused by a prolonged inhalation of irritants and toxins (e.g., cigarette smoke) into the airways

Medicinal plants from Siddha system of medicine useful for treating respiratory diseases

International Journal of Pharmaceuticals Analysis, ISSN: 0975-3079, Volume 1, Issue 2, 2009

21 and can directly injure lung structures leading to chronic inflammation in the airways and
alveolar structures of the lung [12]. COPD includes chronic bronchitis, chronic bronchiolitis and
emphysema. Chronic bronchitis is associated with hyperplasia and hypertrophy of mucus secreting
glands within the large airways, submucosal inflammatory cell infiltration, edema, peribronchiolar
fibrosis and increased smooth muscle contraction [13]. Chronic cough is a common symptom of
COPD patients [14]. Chronic bronchiolitis refers to the presence of an inflammatory response in
the respiratory bronchioles and is difficult to be defined clinically but may be recognized by the
tests of small airway function (i.e., in airways of 2 mm diameters or less). Emphysema involves
destruction of the alveolar wall, enlargement of airspaces and loss of elastic recoil [13].

2.3. Current therapies, their adverse effects and need of new therapy Despite increased
understanding of pathogenesis of the respiratory diseases such as asthma and COPD, their
incidence is increasing rapidly all over the world [6,7]. Several drugs are available which may give
a temporary good relief, but they are mainly symptomatic and transient. Almost all currently
available drugs such as steroids, β2- agonists, anticholinergics and phosphodiesterase (PDE)
inhibitors have numerous adverse effects. For example, longer use of corticosteroids produces
deficiency in bone mineral density [15- 16], cardiovascular effects [17], osteoporosis and
osteonecrosis [18-19] risk of cataract [20], panniculitis [21], migraine or migraine-like headache
[22], pharyngitis and sore throat [23] and renal deterioration [24]. Most recently, it has been
reported to cause serious pneumonia also [25]. The long acting β2-adrenoreceptor agonists
produce myocardial ischaemia and osteoporosis [26, 27]. Anticholinergics cause papillary
dialation, blurred vision and acute glaucoma [28]. PDE inhibitors like theophyline cause
gastrointestinal symptoms to palpitations, arrhythmias, hypocalcaemia, nausea, diarrhea and

148
headache [29, 30]. Hence continuous efforts are going on worldwide to search effective and safer
remedies for these respiratory diseases preferably of natural origin, to obtain negligible or no
adverse effects for treating these epidemic diseases.

3. Sidhha System of Medicine (SSM) Siddha medicine is one of the two ancient traditional systems
of India [5]. First one is “Ayurveda”, which flourished in north India and became popular all over
the country and also in abroad, and the second one is “Siddha”, which originated from Tamil
Nadu, a south-east state of India and practiced mostly in and around areas of its origin. SSM has
been in existence and is

being practiced for past 2000 years [5]; however the printed Siddha literatures are available from
18th century onwards. Before that they were documented on palm leaves by different authors
[31]. The word “Siddha” denotes “Siddhi” which means achievement in life arts such as
philosophy, yoga, wisdom, alchemy, medicine and above all the art of longevity [31]. The persons,
who obtained this Siddhi, were respectfully called “Siddhars”. Siddhars can also be called spiritual
scientists of Tamil Nadu who explored and explained the reality of nature and its relationship to
man by their yogic awareness and experimental findings. They postulated the concept of
spiritualism for self-improvement, and the practices initiated by them came to be known as the
"Siddha System”. It is believed that Siddhi was obtained by 18 highly experienced and intuitive
Siddhars [3, 32] who were believed to cure innumerable diseases [33]. Agasthiyar, one among the
18 Siddhars is believed to have contributed more in the development of SSM, whose life period is
approximately between fifth to sixth centuries. He is considered as the ‘’Hippocrates of Siddha
medicine and also one of the greatest philosophers of India [31-32]. Some of his works are still in
standard books of medicine and surgery, which are in the daily use among the Siddha medical
practitioners. The SSM is mainly concerned with the development of drugs, which have high
potency and long life for their use in future. It also aims to activate the generation of cells and to
maintain the longevity [31, 34-36]. Siddha system is based on 96 principles (thathuvams) which
are broadly classified under the following categories: 5 elements (pancha bhutam), 5 sense organs
(pori), 5 functions of sense organs (pulan), 5 motor organs (kanmenthiriyam), 5 perception of
senses with the help of five sense organs (gnanenthriyam), 4 intellectual faculties (karanam), 1
wisdom of self realization (arivu), 10 channels of life force responsible for the dynamics of prana
(naadi), 10 vital nerve forces which is responsible for all kinds of movements (vayu), 5 visceral
cavities (asayam), 5 five states of the human body or sheath (kosam), 6 stations of soul
(aatharam), 3 regions (mandalam), 3 impurities of the soul (malam), 3 humours (tridosham/
tridosha siddhantam), 3 physical bindings (eadanai), 3 cosmic qualities (gunam), 2 acts (vinai), 8
passions (ragam), 5 states of consciousness (avasthai). Many of these principles are found in
Ayurveda also but some of them are very unique to Siddha system alone. The common specific
features of these two systems are: tridosha siddhantam; wind (vatham), bile (pittam) and phlegm
(siletuman), pancha bhuta theory; space (aakasam), air (vayu) ,fire (thee) , water (neer) ,earth
(munn) , three gunas; subtle (sattva), activity (rajas), gross (tamas), and six kinds of tastes
(arusuvai).

22

149
However, certain differences between them can be cited. Siddha system differs in localizations of
three doshas in the body when compared to Ayurveda [36]. There are certain other distinguishing
features, which have been described in the following sections.

3.1. Drug resources of SSM and expertise of Siddhars The resources of SSM have been categorized
into three groups: plant products (mulavargam), inorganic substances (thathuvargam), and animal
products (jivavargam), which are characterized by means of taste (suvai), quality (gunam), potency
(veeryam), post-digestive taste (pirivu), and specific action (prabhavam), while Ayurveda
recognizes all the drugs only by quality as the main character [32, 36-37]. Siddha system used
animal products such as human and canine skulls in the preparation of special ‘’ash’’ (chunnam)
which is said to be effective against mental disorders [37]. The alchemy in SSM has been found
well developed into a science and highly used in medicine. The Siddhars were even
polypharmacists who were engaged in several alchemical operations which involves several
processes such as calcinations, sublimation, distillation, fusion, fermentation, separation,
exaltation, purification, extraction, incineration of metals and liquefaction [37]. This was found
useful in the preparation of medicine as well as in transmutation of basic metals into gold.
Therefore, Alchemy is one of the highly distinguished features of SSM when compared with
Ayurveda [33]. Regarding plant resources, many have been recognized; among which 108 herbs
called as karpa mooligaigal are dominantly used in SSM for human ailments including respiratory
diseases. This karpa mooligaigal consists of kayakalpam (kaya- body, mind and psyche, and kalpam
– transmutation) plants. A few of those plants are Acalypha indica, Aloe barbadensis, Azadirachta
indica, Ocimum sanctum, Phyllanthus amarus, Phyllanthus emblica, Withania somnifera, Zinger
officinale, Cynodon dactylon, Solanum trilobatum and Cuminum cyminum [38, 39]. These plants
are believed to transform health and consciousness to prevent and give relieve even from chronic
diseases [38]. In addition, many herbal formulations are also used in this system. Even nowadays,
some of these herbal formulations are manufactured by pharmaceutical companies like TAMPCOL
(http://www.tampcol.in/), IMCOPS (http://www.impcops.org/), SKM SIDDHA,
(http://www.skmsiddha.org/), in India for their commercial use by Siddha physicians.

3.2. Efficacy of SSM in diagnosis and treatment of various diseases The diagnosis of diseases in
SSM is based on the examination of eight entities (envagi thaervu)

such as pulse, eyes, voice, touch, appearance, tongue, face and urine [40]. Among these, urine
examination is the major diagnostic method and it is a specialty of SSM. The color of the urine,
smell, density, quantity and froth are noted in almost all systems of diagnosis. But in SSM, in
addition to these, the surface tension and the pattern of oil spreading on the surface of the urine
gives valuable information in diagnosing the diseases [36, 40]. Apart from urine examination,
pulse (nadi) examination is another important step, which is used for diagnosis and prognosis of
diseases. This is the most prominent diagnostic procedure in Siddha medicine than in Ayurveda
and it has been suggested that Ayurveda pulse diagnosis not common before the late thirteenth-
century was then followed by Siddha medicine [33]. The pulse examination is done for females in
left hand and for males in right hand [37]. The diagnosis also involves the study of person as a
whole as well as his disease. The SSM emphasizes that medical treatment is oriented not merely
to disease but also take into account the patients’ environment, the meteorological consideration,
age, sex, race, habits, mental frame, habitat, diet, appetite, physical condition, physiological
constitution etc. This means the treatment is individualistic, reducing the chance of misdiagnosis

150
or wrong treatments. In this regard, it seems that SSM had already an insight of individualized
medicine through phenotypic and behavioral characterization of individuals which now modern
research is trying to achieve through pharmacogenomics and pharmacogenetics. According to
SSM, the physiological function in the human system is mediated by three substances (tridosham)
i) wind (vatham) ii) bile (pitham), iii) phlegm (kapam). If these three substances function normally
in the ratio 4: 2: 1 respectively, normal health is maintained. The change in this ratio will lead to
various diseases [37, 40]. Drugs of SSM are used separately or in combination for maintaining this
normal ratio. The combined drugs are classified into two categories: enemy (satru) and friend
(mitru). The modern equivalent terms are compatible (potentiating the action of one drug by
another) and incompatible (one drug antagonizes another and reduces the therapeutic action)
[34]. It is believed that the SSM is capable of treating all types of diseases. For example, it is
effective in treating skin diseases [5], arthritis [41]. Siddha medical practitioners have also
reported that this system is effective in reducing the highly debilitating conditions in HIV/AIDS [42]
and even found to cure HIV positive and sexually transmitted diseases (STD) [43]. Other diseases
such as cancer and diabetes (literally known as putrunoi and neerazhivu noi in SSM) can also be
treated with Siddha drugs [44]. This has been demonstrated scientifically also [45-49]. Medicinal
plants from Siddha system of medicine useful for treating respiratory diseases International
Journal of Pharmaceuticals Analysis, ISSN: 0975-3079, Volume 1, Issue 2, 2009

23

4. Medicnal Plants from SSM Used for Treating Respiratory Diseases Numerous plants seem to be
used in this system; but there is no adequate data because of multiple reasons. The top two of
them are as follows; 1) it is only in ancestral use and inherited by disciple to disciple and
generation to generation and 2) it was documented in scholarly Tamil language with numerous
cryptic references which differs from the today’s common Tamil language and is difficult to
understand even by native Tamil people also [50]. After a long time, some of them were
translated into common Tamil language, and thereafter, few of these texts were translated into
English. Several organizations such as department of Ayurveda, Yoga & Naturopathy, Unani,
Siddha and Homeopathy (AYUSH), Government of India; Central Council for Research in Ayurveda
and Siddha, New Delhi; and Gandeepam, a non government organization (NGO)) have been
established. These organizations have an important role in maintaining and reviving the ancient
Indian systems of medicine. In addition, they encourage the scientific studies on these systems.
Alongside, some ethnomedicinal studies were also done by some groups of workers in south India
[51-53] by gathering the valuable information’s from the practitioners of rural area near forest
region where the people depend mostly on the herbs and have a discreet knowledge of herbal
medicines. Based on these literatures numerous plants have been observed for treating various
human ailments. Many of these plants, which are used for multiple diseases and predominantly
used for respiratory diseases, have been considered. Among them, the plants which are commonly
used for these diseases and worked out scientifically to some extent are being described below.
The others are listed in Table 1.

4.1 Acalypha indica L. (Euphorbiaceae); Siddha name: Kuppaimeni The Leaves, roots, stalk and
flowers of Acalypha indica are used in SSM for its medicinal properties. The leaf powder cures
respiratory diseases. Its other actions include cathartic, anthelmintic, expectorant, emetic,
anodyne, hypnotic, antimicrobial and wound healing properties [54]. Recently, the ethanolic leaf

151
extract of this plant has been shown a potent snake venom neutralizing property in the
experimental animals [55] which indicates its detoxification effect. There is no specific study on its
toxicological aspect; however, one clinical report indicated its hemolytic effect in glucose-6-
phosphate dehydrogenase deficient individuals [56].

4.2 Adhatoda vasica Nees (Acanthaceae); Siddha name: Adathodai The leaf extract of Adhatoda
vasica is used in SSM to cure bronchial asthma, eosinophilia [57] and cough [58,59]. In some areas
the traditional healers use the leaves of this plant orally along with the flowers of Hibiscus rosa-
sinensis to treat asthma [60]. The relief of bronchial obstruction by its leaf extracts may be
attributed even if partially, to the presence of alkaloids [61, 62]. The plant also consists of
antiinflammatory [63], antiulcer [64], hepatoprotective [65] and antitussive [66] properties.

4.3 Apium graveolens L. (Umbelliferae); Siddha name: Celery-keerai The seeds and leaves of
Apium graveolens are used in the treatment of asthma and bronchitis as well as liver and spleen
diseases. Seeds are also used in the treatment of chronic skin disorders including psoriasis. One of
its compound apigenin (flavonoid) has been proven to possess vasodilatory action in thoracic
aorta of rat [67]. The another compound apiin (flavonoid) showed significant inhibitory activity on
nitric oxide production in-vitro and reduces inducible nitric oxide synthase expression in-vivo [68].
The seeds and leaf extracts have been shown to reduce the drug induced toxicity [69, 70] in rats.
Its root has been reported for some side effects such as allergy and irritation [71, 72].

4.4 Boerhavia diffusa L. (Nyctaginaceae); Siddha name: Mukaratee The roots of B. diffusa are used
in SSM for the treatment of asthma and also in other diseases such as dropsy, ascities, heart
disease, kidney stone and colitis [59]. Recent molecular studies have shown that the ethanolic
extract of B. diffusa has immunosuppressive effect including reduction of nitric oxide and
superoxide in vitro [73] which are associated with asthma and COPD. It has also been
demonstrated to have spasmolytic [74], anti-bacterial [75] anti-microbial [76], antidiabetic [77]
and antifungal [78] activities. There is no toxic report on this plant; rather it has been shown to
have chemopreventive activity in mice [79].

4.5 Borassus flabellifer L. (Arecaceae); Siddha name: Panaimaram The seeds and whole plant are
used in cough and pulmonary affections. It is also used in several other conditions such as hiccup,
gastric catarrh, diabetes, pthisis, gonorrhea, indolent ulcers, carbuncles and enlarged spleen [59].
Fresh sap has diuretic, cooling, antiphlegmatic, laxative and anti-inflammatory activities. The ash
of dry spadix has antacid and antibilious (used in heartburn) properties [62]. The oral feeding of
mice with B. flabellifer flour induced the generation of T suppressor cells which were able

Arjun Ram, Duraisamy Arul Joseph, Selvakumar Balachandar, Vijay Pal Singh

Copyright © 2009, Bioinfo Publications, International Journal of Pharmaceuticals Analysis, ISSN:

0975-3079, Volume 1, Issue 2, 2009

24

to suppress the delayed type hypersensitive response to serum red blood cells [80]. Some toxic
effects of the shoot of this plant have been observed in experimental and subclinical studies [81,
82]. 4.6 Caesalpinia bonduc L. (Caesalpiniaceae); Siddha name: Kaliccikkai The seeds of
Caesalpinia are used in the treatment of asthma and also in intermittent and chronic fevers, colic,

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acute arthritis, palsy, painful and swollen testicles [59]. There is no scientific investigation of this
plant on any respiratory diseases. Other activities such as anti-microbial and mosquito larvicidal
effects have been reported [83, 84].

4.7 Calotropis gigantea L. (Asclepiadaceae); Siddha name: Erukku The flowers of Calotropis
gigantea are used in cough, asthma, catarrh and loss of appetite. The powdered root bark is
soaked in its own milky juice from which bougies are prepared and their fumes are inhaled to treat
cough in SSM. The flowering tops pounded and boiled with molasses are given every morning for
treating asthma (Pandanus database of plants). Its leaf juice is used in external swellings [62]. The
aqueous stem bark extract had been found to be effective on bronchial irritation by ammoniac in
guinea pig [85]. Exposure of the latex of this plant may cause some toxic effect such as corneal
endothelial cytotoxicity [86] and local inflammation [87].

4. 8 Crocus sativus L. (Iridaceae); Siddha name: Kungumapu The dried stigma and tops of styles are
used in treating asthma and cough. Also it is used in multiple ailments such as seminal debility,
leucorrhoea, diarrhea and rheumatism [59]. The herb has sedative, antispasmodic expectorant (in
dry cough, whooping cough, and bronchitis), stomachic, diaphoretic [62] and antitussive effect
[88].

4.9 Euphorbia hirta L. (Euphorbiaceae); Siddha name: Amman pachharisi Euphorbia hirta is also
popularly called as “asthma weed”. In SSM, the whole plant is used in treating asthma and
bronchitis. Its antiasthmatic activity may be due to the presence of choline and shikimic acid [62].
The milky latex is applied topically to treat wounds and lip cracks. [60]. Recently, its ethanolic
extract has been shown to have anti-allergic and anti-anaphylactic effects [89,90]. It also
possesses analgesic, antipyretic and anti-inflammatory properties [91].

4.10 Ocimum sanctum L. (Lamiaceae); Siddha name: Thulasi

In SSM, the leaves of Ocimum sanctum are used in bronchitis, asthma, eosinophilia [57] and
chronic cough [59]. It is reported to inhibit mast cell degranulation [92]. The volatile oil from fresh
leaves and fixed oil from seeds showed anti- inflammatory activity against carrageenan, serotonin,
histamine and PGE-2 induced inflammation in guinea pigs and rats [62]. It also has wide-ranging
therapeutic applications such as in cardiopathy, haemopathy, leucoderma, catarrhal fever, otalgia,
hepatopathy, vomiting, lumbago, hiccups, ophthalmia, gastropathy, genitourinary disorders,
ringworm, verminosis and skin diseases [93]. It has been shown to have detoxifying activity [94-
96].

4.11 Piper longum L. (Piperaceae); Siddha name: Thippili In SSM, Piper longum fruits are usually
dried for using in cough, cold and asthma [57]. It is also used to treat hoarseness, hiccup, colic and
flatulence [59]. It also acts as counter irritant, analgesic, haematinic and general tonic [58].

4.12 Piper nigrum L. (Piperaceae); Siddha name: Milagu In SSM, the dry unripe fruit powder of
Piper nigrum along with the honey is given to treat asthma and bronchitis [57]. Its decoction is
also used in fever and cough [58]. The milk extract of the fruit was found effective in passive
cutaneous anaphylaxis in rats [62]. The methanolic extract of leaf of this plant exhibited in vitro
inhibitory effect on compound 48/80-induced histamine release from rat peritoneal mast cells
[97]. Piperine a compound from this plant was found to inhibit nitric oxide and TNF-α production

153
in vitro [98]. The plant also contains antispasmodic [99], antioxidant [100] and antibacterial [101]
properties.

4.13 Solanum nigrum L. (Solanaceae); Siddha name: Manathakkali The leaves and fruits of
Solanum nigrum are used in asthma and bronchitis [57]. The fresh extracts of leaves are also used
for inhibiting inflammatory swellings, enlargement of liver and spleen, and in cirrhosis of liver
tissue [62]. A glycoprotein from this plant was found to inhibit the DNA binding activities of NF-kB
and AP-1 [102] which are one of the important factors for the synthesis of proinflammatory
mediators which cause respiratory diseases like asthma and COPD. It’s anti-inflammatory, anti-
pyretic and antinociceptive [103], antitumour [104], antiulcerogenic [105], antioxidative [106]
cytoprotective [107] activities have been studied recently.

4.14 Solanum trilobatum L. (Solanaceae); Siddha name: Thuthuvalai

Medicinal plants from Siddha system of medicine useful for treating respiratory diseases

International Journal of Pharmaceuticals Analysis, ISSN: 0975-3079, Volume 1, Issue 2, 2009

25

The whole plant is used to treat asthma, bronchitis and esinophilia [57] in SSM. It has been proven
to have anti-inflammatory activities [108]. The traditional claim for the usefulness of this herb in
bronchial asthma has been confirmed by a clinical study [109]. The plant also contains
chemopreventive [110] and hepatopreventive [111] properties.

4.15 Solanum xanthocarpum (Solanaceae); Siddha name: Kandankatthiri The fruits of Solanum
xanthocarpum are used to cure bronchial asthma, eosinophilia [57] and cough [58]. It is also used
in the treatment of dislodging tenacious phlegm. The traditional claim for the usefulness of this
herb in bronchial asthma has been confirmed by clinical studies [109,112-113]. The beneficial
effect of the drug on bronchial asthma may be attributed to the depletion of histamine from
bronchial and lung tissue [62]. This plant also possesses tumoricidal [114], antifungal [115],
antidiabetic [116] and mosquito larvicidal [117] activities.

4.16 Strychnos potatorum L. (Loganiaceae); Siddha name: Tetankotai The fruits and seeds of this
plant are used in SSM for treating bronchitis and are also useful in other ailments such as chronic
diarrhea, gonorrhea, diabetes, boils and dysentery [59]. Recent scientific studies on animal
models have shown its anti-diabetic [118], antiulcerogenic [119], hepatoprotective [120],
antidiarrheal [121] and diuretic properties [122].

4.17 Terminalia bellirica Roxb (Combretaceae); Siddha name: Thandrikkai The fruits of Terminalia
bellirica are effective in asthma, cough, hoarseness, sore-throat, and also for other conditions such
as dropsy, dysentery and diarrhea [59]. Its fruits have been indicated to have bronchodialatory
and antispasmodic activities [123]. Recently, its fruit extracts have shown antidiabetic and
antidepressant activities in animal models [48,124] 4.18 Tylophora indica Merrill
(Asclepiadaceae); Siddha name: Kurinjan The root and leaves of Tylophora indica are used as
medicine in SSM for its effectiveness in asthma. These parts are also used in diarrhea, dysentery
and syphilitic rheumatism [59]. Its anti- asthmatic activity has also been clinically proved [125-
127]. Later, it was demonstrated to prevent mast cell degranulation [128] and immunomodulatory

154
effects on lymphocyte proliferation [129] which are associated with asthmatic features. The
alkaloids of this plant have been studied for its toxicity in rat where the higher doses only found to
have lethal effect [130].

Medical Plants Botonical Name and Siddha Names

S.No Botanical Name Siddha Name

1. Achyranthes aspera L. Nayuruvi [60,62]

2. Acorus calamus L. Vasambu [59]

3. Aerva lanata L. Siru peelai [60]

4. Albizzia lebbeck L. Vaagai [62]

5. Allium cepa L. Vengayam [59]

6. Allium sativum L. Poondu [59]

7. Aloe barbadensis Mill. Katralai [60]

8. Alpinia officinarum Hance. Sitrarathai [57]

9. Alternanthera sessilis L. Ponnanganni [57]

10. Cardiospermum halicacabum L. Mudakkathan [60,62]

11. Cinnamomum verum Persl. Lavangam [57]

12. Coleus aromaticus Benth. Karpuravalli [60]

13. Curcuma longa L. Manjal [59]

14. Daemia extensa (Jacq.) R.Br. Uthamani [57]

15. Elettaria cardamomum Maton Elakkai [57]

16. Foeniculum vulgare Mill Sombu [58]

17. Glycyrrhiza glabra L. Athimathuram [57]

18. Gymnema sylvestre R.Br. Sirukurinjan [58]

19. Hyoscyamus niger L. Thippiyam [58]

20. Leucas aspera Spreng. Thumbai [57]

21. Mukia madarespatana L. Musumusukai [57]

22. Myristica fragrans Houtt. Sathikai [58]

155
23. Nigella sativa L. Karunjeeragam [57]

24. Ocimum eanum Sims. Kanjankorai [57]

25. Oldenlandia umbellate L. Impural [57]

26. Piper cubeba L. Vaalmilagu [57]

27. Saussurea costus (Falc.) Lipsch. Kottam [58]

28. Taxus baccata L. Thalisapathiri [57]

29. Terminalia chebula Retz. Kadukkai [57]

30. Vitex negundo L. Notchi [60]

31. Zingiber officinale Rosc. Inji [59]

aakaasagarudan Corallocarpus epigaea - -

aanai sundaikkai Solanum erianthum - -
aangaaravalli Spilanthes calva - -
achi Oroxylum indicum - -
adagam Aristolochia indica - -
adai-otti Pupalia lappacea - -
adalai Jatropha gossypifolia - -
adalai Jatropha glandulifera - -
adamarudu Bridelia retusa - -
adathodai Justicia adhatoda - -
adathodai Adhatoda vasica - -
adatoda Justicia adhatoda - -
adicharanam Crateva nurvala - -
adondai Capparis zeylanica - -
adukkumattai Datura fastuosa - alba
adukkunandiyavattai Tabernaemontana divaricata - -
agil Chukrasia tabularis - -
ainkolam Alangium salviifolium - -
aivanam Lawsonia inermis - -
aivani Lawsonia inermis - -
akayat-tamarai Pistia stratiotes - -
akkini Plumbago indica - -

156
akku Dillenia indica - -
al Ficus benghalensis - -
alam panei Arenga wightii - -
alamaram Ficus benghalensis - -
alampamaram Canthium dicoccum - umbellatum
alampanai Arenga wightii - -
alari Nerium odorum - -
alari Nerium indicum - -
alincil Alangium salviifolium - -
alli Nymphaea pubescens - -
allitamarai Nymphaea lotus - -
allittamarai Nymphaea nouchali - -
al-vallik-kizhangu Manihot utilissima - -
amalai Allophylus serratus - -
amanakku Ricinus communis - -
amaum patcheh arisee Euphorbia pilulifera - -
ambal Nelumbo nucifera - -
ambu Stereospermum colais - -
amman paccarici Euphorbia hirta - -
ampal Nymphaea lotus - -
amukkara Withania somnifera - -
amukkira Withania somnifera - -
anaiccuntai2 Solanum ferox - -
anaichorian Laportea crenulata - -
anaikarai Lannea coromandelica - -
anainar Sterculia villosa - -
anam Glycosmis cochinchinensis - -
anam Glycosmis arborea - -
anapendu Gnetum ula - -
anashap-pazham Ananas comosus - -
anashovadi Elephantopus scaber - -
anattuccivan Elephantopus scaber - -
andimangottai Anacardium occidentale - -
andimiriam Carallia brachiata - -
angaravalli Clerodendrum serratum - -
angaravalli Spilanthes calva - -
aninuna Annona reticulata - -
annaci Ananas sativus - -

157
appakkoti Ageratum conyzoides - -
appatta Cissampelos pareira - -
arali Nerium indicum - -
arali Nerium odorum - -
arani Premna integrifolia - -
araniya kulattikai Teramnus labialis - -
arasu Ficus religiosa - -
arattai Alpinia galanga - -
arattam Anthocephalus cadamba - -
arippu Lantana camara - -
arruccancalai Hydnocarpus alpina - -
arruppancu Murraya paniculata - -
arruvanci Humboldtia vahliana - -
arugampul Cynodon dactylon - -
arukampul Cynodon dactylon - -
arunelli Garuga pinnata - -
aruruttukkilangu Maranta arundinacea - -
aruvada Ruta chalepensis - -
arvada Ruta chalepensis - -
arvada Ruta graveolens - -
arvata Ruta graveolens - -
asoka Saraca asoca - -
asoka pattai Saraca asoca - -
assothi Polyalthia longifolia - -
asvattam Ficus religiosa - -
atalari Polygonum glabrum - -
atatotai Adhatoda vasica - -
atatotai Adhatoda zeylanica - -
athiballachedi Sida retusa - -
atontai Capparis zeylanica - -
atrupalai Salix tetrasperma - -
atta Annona squamosa - -
attam Boswellia serrata - glabra
atthi Ficus racemosa - -
atti Bauhinia racemosa - -
atti Ficus glomerata - -
atti Ficus racemosa - -
attuccankilai Hydnocarpus alpina - -

158
attukkal Ipomoea pes-caprae - -
attupuntu Croton bonplandianum - -
atukkunantiyarvattai Tabernaemontana divaricata - -
atutintappalai Aristolochia bracteata - -
auvaiyar kundal Merremia tridentata - -
avali Holoptelea integrifolia - -
avarai Cassia auriculata - -
avarai Dolichos lablab - -
avaram Cassia auriculata - -
avibattam Pavonia odorata - -
avuri Indigofera tinctoria - -
aya Holoptelea integrifolia - -
ayma Careya arborea - -
babassa Hydrocotyle asiatica - -
boomi sallaraikilangu Amorphophallus campanulatus - -
caat aralie Cerbera manghas - -
caat mogungie vayr Hedysarium sennoides - -
cakini3 Amaranthus paniculatus - -
cakkaravartti-k-kirai Ipomoea reptans - -
calipippili Sphenoclea zeylanica - -
campai Syzygium jambos - -
campal pucani Cucurbita pepo - -
campalam Citrus medica - -
campanki Michelia champaca - -
campiram Citrus medica - -
cankankuppi Clerodendrum inerme - -
canni nayakam Vernonia anthelmintica - -
canpakam Michelia champaca - -
cantanam Santalum album - -
capja Ocimum basilicum - basilicum
cappotta Manilkara zapota - -
caranai Trianthema decandra - -
carkkarai valli Ipomoea batatas - -
carkkaraipparanki Cucurbita maxima - -
carumam Bacopa monnieri - -
cataicciver Polycarpaea corymbosa - -
catakkinam Blumea lacera - -
catavari Asparagus racemosus - -

159
catikkay Myristica fragrans - -
catti caranai Trianthema decandra - -
cattuvakku Walsura trifolia - -
caturakkalli Euphorbia antiquorum - -
cavukku Casuarina equisetifolia - -
cayacutani Rungia repens - -
cemmulli Barleria prionitis - -
cemparattai Hibiscus rosa-sinensis - -
cempu Colocasia esculenta - -
cempuvam Dimocarpus longan - -
cempuvan# Dimocarpus longan - -
cencantam Pterocarpus santalinus - -
cencantanam Pterocarpus santalinus - -
cenkatampu Barringtonia acutangula - -
cenkilanelli Phyllanthus urinaria - -
cenkottai Semecarpus anacardium - -
cenkurinci@ Gluta travancorica - -
ceppankilanku Arum colocasia - -
ceppu-neruncil Indigofera enneaphylla - -
cerikkirai Amaranthus tricolor - -
ceruppatai Glinus lotoides - -
ceruppatai Coldenia procumbens - -
ceruppati Glinus lotoides - -
ceti Exacum bicolor - -
cetippuvaracu Trewia nudiflora - -
cevvarakupul Chloris barbata - -
chandanam Santalum album - -
charalu Scolopia crenata - -
chembu Arum colocasia - -
chenangi Lagerstroemia parviflora - -
chinnamman paccharisi Euphorbia rosea - -
chirukila Carissa spinarum - spinarum
chokkala Aglaia elaeagnoidea - elaeagnoidea
chokla Aglaia elaeagnoidea - elaeagnoidea
chukku Zingiber officinalis - -
chukkunari-pillu Cymbopogon flexuosus - -
churaimullu Ziziphus oenoplia - -
chusai Ziziphus rugosa - -

160
cikkay Acacia concinna - -
cilai1 Acacia polyacantha polycantha -
cilaiyuncil1 Acacia polyacantha polycantha -
cimai civatai Convolvulus turpethum - -
cimaikkaruvel Prosopis juliflora - -
cimaikkiccilikkilanku Hedychium coronarium - -
cimaikkonci 1 Murraya paniculata - -
cimaikkonci 2 Murraya exotica - -
cimaiyiluppai Manilkara zapota - -
cinnanci Lagerstroemia parviflora - -
cinnappukkottaikkarantai Grangea maderaspatana - -
cinni Acalypha fruticosa - -
cintil Tinospora cordifolia - -
cirakam Cuminum cyminum - -
ciriyanankai Polygala chinensis - -
cirramutti Pavonia zeylanica - -
cirrelam Elettaria cardamomum - -
ciru ceruppati Mollugo lotioides - -
ciru kirai Amaranthus gangeticus - -
ciru punai-k-kali Passiflora foetida - -
ciruceruppati Mollugo lotioides - -
cirukatalati Cyathula prostrata - -
cirukilanelli Phyllanthus urinaria - -
cirukirai Amaranthus gangeticus - -
cirukottai-p-paruppu Epaltes divaricata - -
cirunakappu Mesua ferrea - -
cirunaralai Ampelocissus tomentosa - -
cirunaralai@ Ampelocissus tomentosa - -
cirupacalai Portulaca quadrifida - -
cirupalatai Zornia diphylla - -
cirupilai Aerva lanata - -
cirupullati Hedysarum gangeticum - -
cirutali Ipomoea obscura - -
cirutekku Clerodendrum serratum - -
cittirap-palatai Euphorbia pilulifera - -
civanar vempu Indigofera aspalathoides - -
civappu nayuruvi Cyathula prostrata - -
civatai Ipomoea turpethum - -

161
ciyakkay Acacia concinna - -
cokkalai Aglaia roxburghiana - -
coracakkicceti Ruellia prostrata - -
cottaikkala Flacourtia indica - -
covannamilpori# Rauvolfia serpentina - -
culliver Anagallis arvensis - -
culuntukorai Ixora pavetta - -
cuntai Solanum verbascifolium - -
cuntai Solanum torvum - -
cuppiracaram Cuscuta reflexa - -
curappattiri Knema attenuata - -
curiya pattiri Knema attenuata - -
curiyakantam Helianthus annuus - -
curiyakanti Helianthus annuus - -
curulpattai Ventilago madraspatana - -
cututuratticceti Euphorbia hirta - -
cuvanamilpoti Rauvolfia serpentina - -
cuyakaritakanaci Enicostema axillare - -
dharbusini Citrullus lanatus - -
dhupam Boswellia glabra - -
dhup-maram Vateria malabarica - -
dhup-maram Vateria indica - -
edakula Vitis pedata - -
el Sesamum indicum - -
elam Elettaria cardamomum - -
eliccevi Cuscuta reflexa - -
elilaippalai Alstonia scholaris - -
eliyamanakku Jatropha curcas - -
ellu Sesamum indicum - -
eluman Caralluma umbellata - -
elumanpuli Caralluma umbellata - -
elumiccai Citrus limon - -
elumichai Citrus limon - -
elumichantulasi Ocimum gratissimum - -
erantam Ricinus communis - -
erukkalaipalai Holarrhena antidysenterica - -
erukkam Calotropis gigantea - -
erukku Calotropis gigantea - -

162
erumaikkottan Cassytha filiformis - -
etti Strychnos nux-vomica - -
gopuram langi Andrographis echioides - -
gopuram tangi Andrographis echioides - -
icci Ficus infectoria - -
icci Ficus lacor - -
ichanka Azima tetracantha - -
ichhi Ficus infectoria - -
ichi Ficus amplissima - -
ilaccaki Mimosa pudica - -
ilaikalli Euphorbia nivulia - -
ilandai Ziziphus jujuba - -
ilankaramallikai Quisqualis indica - -
ilantai Ziziphus jujuba - -
ilapongu Hopea ponga - -
ilavam Ceiba pentandra - -
ilavangappattai Cinnamomum macrocarpum - -
ilavankam Eugenia caryophyllaea - -
ilavankappattai Cinnamomum zeylanicum - -
ilavu Ceiba pentandra - -
ilavu Bombax ceiba - -
iluppai Madhuca longifolia - -
iluppai Bassia latifolia - -
iluppai ennai Madhuca longifolia - -
imbooral Hedyotis puberula - -
imburuttam Canthium dicoccum - dicoccum
impural Oldenlandia umbellata - -
indu Acacia caesia - -
indu Acacia pennata - -
inji Zingiber officinalis - -
inki maram Caesalpinia coriaria - -
inpuraver Oldenlandia umbellata - -
intiraputpi Thunbergia fragrans - -
EFT>intiri Ficus talboti - -
irambarathan Ficus asperrima - -
irangun-malli Quisqualis indica - -
irankalli Kalanchoe pinnata - -
irappala Artocarpus lakoocha - -

163
irattakattutti Hibiscus abelmoschus - -
irattiri 1 Ficus tsiela - -
irenukai Piper attenuatum - -
irubulai Flueggea leucopyrus - -
irubulai Securinega leucopyrus - -
irubulai Securinega virosa - -
irukolli Putranjiva roxburghii - -
irul Xylia xylocarpa - -
itti Ficus tinctoria - -
itti Ficus talboti - -
itti Dalbergia sissoo - -
iyvirali Diplocyclos palmatus - -
jathikai Myristica fragrans - -
jimikipoo Vicoa indica - -
kaakittam Tylophora indica - -
kaattu seerakam Centratherum anthelminticum - -
kaca Memecylon edule - -
kaccakkay Caesalpinia bonducella - -
kaccakkirai Hibiscus cannabinus - -
kaccappatta Pittosporum tetraspermum - -
kaccolam Kaempferia galanga - -
kaccurai Hibiscus cannabinus - -
kacholum Kaempferia galanga - -
kacukkoti Alysicarpus monilifer - -
kadal palai Argyreia nervosa - -
kadalai Melastoma malabathricum - -
kadali Lagerstroemia flos-reginae - -
kadambai Adina cordifolia - -
kadappai Barringtonia acutangula - -
kaden pullu Scleria lithosperma - -
kadichai Casearia elliptica - -
kadukkai Terminalia chebula - -
kaikeshi Eclipta alba - -
kakkai kolli Anamirta cocculus - -
kakkai-k-kolli Anamirta cocculus - -
kakkanam Clitoria ternatea - -
kakkarikkay Cucumis melo - -
kakkatan Argyreia nervosa - -

164
kakkattan Ipomoea nil - -
kakkattan Clitoria ternatea - -
kakoli 2 Casearia tomentosa - -
kala Carissa carandas - -
kalai Ximenia americana - -
kalappaikkilangu Gloriosa superba - -
kalappalai Sarcostemma secamone - -
kalarci Caesalpinia bonduc - -
kalarci Caesalpinia bonducella - -
kalathi Ficus tsiela - -
kal-ichchi Ficus amplissima - -
kalichikai Caesalpinia crista - -
kalikarai Randia uliginosa - -
kalilambili Ixora notoniana - -
kaliyacca Dolichandrone falcata - -
kaliyana murukkan Erythrina indica - -
kallarasu Ficus arnottiana - -
kalli Euphorbia nivulia - -
kalli Euphorbia antiquorum - -
kalli Euphorbia tirucalli - -
kallitti 3 Ficus tinctoria - -
kalluichi Ficus microcarpa - -
kallurivi Ammannia baccifera - -
kalutaikkali Trichodesma zeylanicum - -
kalvalai Canna indica - -
kalviricu Cordia dichotoma - -
kalvirusu Cordia myxa - domestica
kamala Mallotus philippensis - -
kamappu Cycas circinalis - -
kambil Gardenia gummifera - -
kamblivetti Symplocos spicata - -
kambli-vetti Symplocos cochinchinensis laurina laurina
kambli-vetti Symplocos cochinchinensis - -
kampalicceti1 Morus alba - -
kampili 1 Gardenia resinifera - -
kamugu Areca catechu - -
kanankolai Commelina benghalensis - -
kanap-pundu Exacum pedunculatum - -

165
kanap-puntu Exacum pedunculatum - -
kanca Cannabis sativa - -
kancanamalitam Cyamopsis tetragonoloba - -
kancappucceti Tagetes erecta - -
kancatam Commelina benghalensis - -
kancori Tragia involucrata - -
kandal Rhizophora mucronata - -
kandudi Tragia involucrata - -
kani Pterocarpus marsupium - -
kanja Cannabis sativa - -
kannikkombu Aglaia odoratissima - -
kannikkompu Aglaia roxburghiana - -
kannokkikyacceti Pogostemon heyneanus - -
kantagomgura Hibiscus aculeatus - -
kantal Gloriosa superba - -
kantan kattiri Solanum xanthocarpum - -
kantankattiri Solanum xanthocarpum - -
kantankattiri Solanum surattense - -
kantari Indigofera aspalathoides - -
kantukasthuri Abelmoschus moschatus - -
kapa-vila Vinca pusilla - -
kapikottai Coffea arabica - -
kapila Mallotus philippensis - -
kappi Coffea arabica - -
karai Canthium parviflorum - -
karai Diospyros melanoxylon - -
karai Elaeocarpus serratus - -
karaicceti Canthium parviflorum - -
karakarunai Amorphophallus campanulatus - -
karamanikkay Gyrocarpus americanus - -
karamputakkovai Kedrostis rostrata - -
karanai Pavetta indica - -
karangali Acacia chundra - -
karangalli Acacia catechu - sundra
karansuli Cedrela toona - -
karantikkonrai Wagatea spicata - -
karappan puntu Lepidagathis cristata - -
karappanpoondu Lepidagathis cristata - -

166
karikkirai Portulaca oleracea - -
karimullai Jasminum ritchiei - -
karimulli Solanum indicum - -
karimulli Solanum anguivi - -
karippan Eclipta alba - -
kariveppilai Murraya koenigii - -
kar-kovai Melothria heterophylla - -
karpooravalli Anisochilus carnosus - -
karppuram Cinnamomum camphora - -
karppurappul Cymbopogon citratus - -
karppuravalli Anisochilus carnosus - -
karpuram Cinnamomum camphora - -
karpuravalli Coleus aromaticus - -
karpuravalli Coleus amboinicus - -
karralai Aloe barbadensis - -
karramarda Terminalia alata - -
kartkilanku Daucus carota - -
karu marutha Terminalia crenulata - -
karukanni Clerodendrum infortunatum - -
karumarudam Terminalia alata - -
karumbu Saccharum officinarum - -
karumpanai Borassus flabellifer - -
karumpayir Vigna radiata - radiata
karumpu Saccharum officinarum - -
karunacci Gendarussa vulgaris - -
karuncaranai Sida acuta - -
karunelli Kirganelia reticulata - -
karunelli Phyllanthus reticulatus - -
karuneythal Nymphaea nouchali - -
karungali Acacia catechu - sundra
karunjurai Capparis sepiaria - -
karunkali Acacia catechu - -
karunkovai Cephalandra indica - -
karunocci Justicia gendarussa - -
karunochchi Gendarussa vulgaris - -
karunochi Justicia gendarussa - -
karuntulaci Ocimum sanctum - -
karuntumpai Sigesbeckia orientalis - -

167
karupali Putranjiva roxburghii - -
karuppukkadugu Brassica campestris rapa -
karuva Cinnamomum zeylanicum - -
karuva Cinnamomum verum - -
karuva Cinnamomum macrocarpum - -
karuvagai Albizia odoratissima - -
karuvakai Albizia odoratissima - -
karuvali Cassine glauca - -
karuvelam Acacia nilotica indica -
karuvembu Garuga pinnata - -
karuveppilai Murraya koenigii - -
karyal Capparis aphylla - -
kashlikirai Hibiscus surattensis - -
kasturi-manjal Curcuma aromatica - -
katalcirai Ziziphus xylopyrus - -
kataliranci Ximenia americana - -
katampu Anthocephalus cadamba - -
katiccai Casearia tomentosa - -
katilai Prunus ceylanica - -
katinappul Scleria lithosperma - -
katir paccai Pogostemon patchouli - -
kattaddi Woodfordia fruticosa - -
kattamanakku Jatropha curcas - -
kattangi Maytenus emarginata - -
kattarali Cerbera manghas - -
kattari Solanum melongena - -
kattatti Bauhinia tomentosa - -
kattatti Ficus hispida - -
kattel Sesamum prostratum - -
kattimullu Barleria buxifolia - -
kattu canpakam Michelia nilagirica - -
kattu iluppai Bassia latifolia - -
kattu kariveppilai Clausena dentata - -
kattu kasturi Hibiscus abelmoschus - -
kattu p pukaiyilai Lobelia nicotianifolia - -
kattu uluntu Vigna radiata - sublobata
kattu uzhundu Teramnus labialis - -
kattu velvenkayam Scilla hyacinthina - -

168
kattucayaver Oldenlandia corymbosa - -
kattu-c-catikkay Myristica malabarica - -
kattucceran Holigarna arnottiana - -
kattuccirakam Vernonia anthelmintica - -
kattucherai Holigarna arnottiana - -
kattukkadalai Osbeckia aspera - -
kattukkaruvappattai Cinnamomum iners - -
kattukkatalai Osbeckia aspera - -
kattu-k-katuku Cleome viscosa - -
kattu-k-kolinci Atalantia racemosa - -
kattukkollu Cassia absus - -
kattukkolunci 1 Atalantia racemosa - -
kattukkonci Glycosmis arborea - -
kattu-k-konci Glycosmis pentaphylla - -
kattukkoti Cocculus hirsutus - -
kattukkumil Callicarpa tomentosa - -
kattukodi Cocculus hirsutus - -
kattukuntumani Coix lacryma-jobi - -
kattumalli Millingtonia hortensis - -
kattumalligai Jasminum angustifolium - -
kattumullai Jasminum angustifolium - -
kattumullangi Blumea lacera - -
kattumunkil Dendrocalamus strictus - -
kattuperandai Cayratia pedata - glabra
kattuppacceri maram Drypetes roxburghii - -
kattuppirandai Vitis pedata - -
kattupugaiyilai Lobelia nicotianifolia - -
katturi mancal Curcuma aromatica - -
kattusikai Acacia pennata - -
kattuttumatti Cucumis trigonus - -
kattuvakku Walsura trifolia - -
kattuvalli Dioscorea pentaphylla - -
kattuvalli Dioscorea bulbifera - -
kattuvarucham Dolichandrone falcata - -
katuki Solanum verbascifolium - -
katukkay Terminalia chebula - -
katuku Brassica juncea - -
kavala-kodi Dioscorea oppositifolia - -

169
kavalam Sterculia guttata - -
kavali Tephrosia purpurea - -
kavattam pul Cymbopogon martinii - -
kavattampul Andropogon nardus - -
kavattan-pillu Cymbopogon martinii - -
kaviltumpai Trichodesma indicum - -
kawili Sterculia guttata - -
kaya Memecylon umbellatum - -
kayvalli Dioscorea bulbifera - -
kazarci Caesalpinia crista - -
kazhar-shikkay Caesalpinia bonduc - -
kelvaragu Eleusine coracana - -
kembumalligai Ipomoea quamoclit - -
kevuru Eleusine indica - -
kiccili 2 Hedychium coronarium - -
kila Carissa carandas - -
kilavari Asparagus racemosus - -
kilukiluppai Crotalaria retusa - -
kilukiluppai Crotalaria verrucosa - -
kinangu pillu Ophiuros exaltatus - -
kirambu Syzygium aromaticum - -
kirampu Syzygium aromaticum - -
kirampu Eugenia caryophyllaea - -
kiranti nayan Ruellia prostrata - -
kirippuntu Ophiorrhiza mungos - -
kirippurantan Ophiorrhiza mungos - -
kirusnakeli Bougainvillaea spectabilis - -
kirusnavalli Hemidesmus indicus - -
kirutavetanai Luffa acutangula - amara
kiruttinakeli Bougainvillaea spectabilis - -
kitamatti Cayratia pedata - pedata
kizha-nelli Phyllanthus fraternus - -
kkattukkalli Kalanchoe laciniata - -
kocu vetti Drosera peltata - -
kodaga saleh Justicia repens - -
kodakkapuli Garcinia gummi-gutta - -
kodi arasu Ficus arnottiana - -
kodikakkatanvirai Ipomoea hederacea - -

170
kodikkakkattan Ipomoea hederacea - -
kodimalli Jasminum sambac - -
kodimuli Plumbago rosea - -
kodippalai Wattakaka volubilis - -
kodi-tamarai Pistia stratiotes - -
kodiveli Plumbago zeylanica - -
kodivirai Hugonia mystax - -
kokkimullu Capparis sepiaria - -
koli Ligustrum perrottetii - -
koli Olea dioica - -
koli mulaiyan Portulaca pilosa - -
kolliyam Pongamia glabra - -
kollukattai Cenchrus ciliaris - -
kolluk-kay-velai Tephrosia purpurea - -
kombukkalli Euphorbia tirucalli - -
kommatti Cucumis trigonus - -
konalilai Mallotus repandus - -
konalilal Mallotus repandus - -
konchi Glycosmis pentaphylla - -
konci Murraya exotica - -
konji Glycosmis cochinchinensis - -
konnai Cassia fistula - -
konrai Cassia fistula - -
korai Cyperus rotundus - -
korattai Trichosanthes tricuspidata - -
korgodi Ziziphus nummularia - -
korivi Ixora arborea - -
korivi Ixora parviflora - -
kostam Costus speciosus - -
kotacuri Rungia repens - -
koticcittal Caesalpinia coriaria - -
DIR=LTR
Plumbago rosea - -
ALIGN=LEFT>kotimuli
kotippunku Derris scandens - -
kottai karanthai Sphaeranthus indicus - -
kottakkarandai Sphaeranthus indicus - -
kottam Costus speciosus - -
kottamalli Coriandrum sativum - -

171
kottan Cassytha filiformis - -
kottavan Cardiospermum halicacabum - -
kottavarai Cyamopsis tetragonoloba - -
kottikkorai Cyperus compressus - -
kottukkorai Cyperus compressus - -
kottumalli Coriandrum sativum - -
kottumarikalan Gardenia latifolia - -
kotuppai Alternanthera sessilis - -
kovai Coccinia indica - -
kovai Coccinia grandis - -
kovai Cephalandra indica - -
kovai ilai Coccinia indica - -
kovarakki Albizia procera - -
kovindam Barleria prionitis - -
koyya Psidium guajava - -
kudai vel Acacia eburnea - -
kudiyotti Argemone mexicana - -
kukai niru Maranta arundinacea - -
kulangi Elaeagnus kologa - -
kulangi Elaeagnus conferta - -
kulanki Elaeagnus kologa - -
kulari Cyanotis cristata - -
kulari Elaeagnus conferta - -
kulattukkulkuratti1 Polygonum barbatum - -
kullai Grewia villosa - -
kullai Ixora coccinea - -
kulmunnai Premna corymbosa - -
kumalan Gmelina arborea - -
kumari Aloe barbadensis - -
kumbalm Glochidion zeylanicum - -
kumbi Gardenia resinifera - -
kumbi Careya arborea - -
kumil Gmelina asiatica - -
kumil Gmelina arborea - -
kumpala Glochidion zeylanicum - -
kuncitamiyacceti Azima tetracantha - -
kunri Abrus precatorius - -
kunrimani Abrus precatorius - -

172
kuntarpanai Caryota urens - -
kuppai meni Acalypha indica - -
kuppaikkirai Amaranthus viridis - -
kuppaimeni Acalypha indica - -
kuppaimeni Acalypha paniculata - -
kuppi Clerodendrum inerme - -
kurakaccinnam Cinnamomum iners - -
kurattai Trichosanthes tricuspidata - -
kuratti Curculigo orchioides - -
kuravaram Tylophora asthmatica - -
kurintai Gymnema sylvestre - -
kurukkatti Hiptage benghalensis - -
kurumulli Flacourtia indica - -
kurundu Atalantia monophylla - -
kurunthotti Sida rhombifolia - -
kurunthotti Sida veronicifolia - -
kuruver Vetiveria zizanioides - -
kuruvilatcumi Ipomoea obscura - -
kuruvinci 2 Carmona retusa - -
kutacappalai Holarrhena antidysenterica - -
kutai velam Acacia eburnea - -
kutampai Lantana indica - -
kutapaci Utricularia stellaris - -
kutavayam Physalis peruviana - -
kutirai kulampati Cyanotis cristata - -
kutiraippijan Echinops echinatus - -
kutiraippisanmaram Echinops echinatus - -
kutiyotti Argemone mexicana - -
kuttiram Crotalaria juncea - -
kuttu Crotalaria juncea - -
kuvalayam 1 Nymphaea pubescens - -
kuvilam Aegle marmelos - -
llavangam Cinnamomum verum - -
lolekam Basilicum polystachyon - -
ma Mangifera indica - -
maavilangam Crateva magna - -
machipatchai Artemisia indica - -
machipattiri Artemisia indica - -

173
macippaccopitam Millingtonia hortensis - -
macippattiri Artemisia vulgaris - -
madavi Hiptage benghalensis - -
madukarei Catunaregum spinosa - -
madu-karei Randia spinosa - -
magavilvam Limonia crenulata - -
magilam Mimusops elengi - -
magizh Mimusops elengi - -
makili-k-kirai Celosia argentea - -
makki Garcinia morella - -
makkimaram Garcinia morella - -
makutavattimaram Bauhinia malabarica - -
malai-ichchi Ficus lacor - -
malaima Commiphora caudata - -
malaippuliccai Hibiscus furcatus - -
malaitanki Cyclea peltata - -
malaivembu Melia composita - -
malaivembu Melia azedarach - -
malaivempu Melia azedarach - -
malaiverrilai Carmona retusa - -
malaiyavaram@ Cassia hirsuta - -
malaiyavirai Cassia hirsuta - -
malaiyichi Ficus microcarpa - -
malapparutti Firmiana colorata - -
malligai Jasminum sambac - -
mamaram Mangifera indica - -
manakkarai Meyna laxiflora - -
manalikkirai Gisekia pharnaceoides - -
manathakkali Solanum nigrum - -
manattakkali Solanum nigrum - -
manatukkurntu Cadaba indica - -
mancal Curcuma longa - -
mancal katampu Adina cordifolia - -
mancalmullanki Daucus carota - -
mancatkonrai Cassia siamea - -
mancitti Rubia cordifolia - -
mandarai Bauhinia purpurea - -
manilayatta Annona reticulata - -

174
manippiran Leea sambucina - -
manippirantai Leea sambucina - -
manipudbam Ardisia solanacea - -
maniyamanakkucceti Baliospermum montanum - -
manjadi Adenanthera pavonina - -
manjal Curcuma longa - -
manjal karisaali Wedelia chinensis - -
manjalkarilamkanni Wedelia chinensis - -
manjanatti Morinda citrifolia - -
manjigai Ipomoea sepiaria - -
manjitti Rubia cordifolia - -
manmadabanam Jasminum grandiflorum - -
manoranjitham Artabotrys hexapetalus - -
mantarai Bauhinia purpurea - -
mantiravanci Bixa orellana - -
marai-yirdiyam Mallotus rhamnifolius - -
marhe-matta Xanthium strumarium - -
marima Spondias pinnata - -
marivalam Randia spinosa - -
maroodanie Lawsonia spinosa - -
marukkarai Randia dumetorum - -
marul Sansevieria roxburghiana - -
marul-umathan Xanthium strumarium - -
maruluvikam@ Luffa acutangula - amara
maruthu Terminalia arjuna - -
marutu Terminalia arjuna - -
masamathi Lepisanthes tetraphylla - -
masathekku Premna tomentosa - -
masaveppu Melia composita - -
matthi Terminalia tomentosa - -
matukkarai Randia dumetorum - -
matulai Punica granatum - -
matulam Punica granatum - -
matupakku Coccinia grandis - -
mavilangai Crateva nurvala - -
mavulatikacceti Wedelia calendulacea - -
mayil konrai Delonix regia - -
mayilainochi Vitex altissima - -

175
mayilati# Debregeasia longifolia - -
mayilatinocci Vitex altissima - -
mayilkonnai Caesalpinia pulcherrima - -
mayilmannikkam Ipomoea quamoclit - -
mayir manikkam Sida spinosa - -
mayirkonrai Caesalpinia pulcherrima - -
mayir-mamkkam Sida spinosa - -
mayirmanikkam Sida veronicifolia - -
medday keerai Asystasia coromandeliana - -
melanelli Phyllanthus maderaspatensis - -
melukupirkku Luffa cylindrica - -
mikkuvam Terminalia tomentosa - -
milachityan Bischofia javanica - -
milagai Capsicum annuum - -
milagaranai Toddalia aculeata - -
milagaranai Toddalia asiatica - -
milagu Piper nigrum - -
milakai Capsicum annuum - -
milakaranai Toddalia asiatica - -
milakaranai Toddalia aculeata - -
milaku Piper nigrum - -
minnargodi Calycopteris floribunda - -
moccai Dolichos lablab - -
modakama Schefflera venulosa - -
modama Buchanania lanzan - -
molakaranaikkoti Stephania japonica - -
mooli Pterospermum diversifolium - -
morala Buchanania lanzan - -
mosappullu Leucas indica - -
mucar katilai Ludwigia parviflora - -
mucumucukkai Mukia scabrella - -
mucumucukkai Melothria maderaspatana - -
mudkondai Capparis grandis - -
mukkirattai Boerhavia diffusa - -
mukkorrippuntu Vicoa indica - -
mukkulik-kirai Portulaca pilosa - -
mukkurattai Boerhavia diffusa - -
mukkutikorei Bulbostylis barbata - -

176
mulai Bambusa arundinacea - -
mulai-k-kirai Amaranthus paniculatus - -
mulaippalvirai Cassia absus - -
mullai Jasminum auriculatum - -
mullai Jasminum malabaricum - -
mulli Solanum indicum - -
mulli Hygrophila auriculata - -
mulli Solanum anguivi - -
mullikkirai Amaranthus spinosus - -
mullilavu Bombax malabaricum - -
mullilavu Bombax ceiba - -
mullukkirai Amaranthus spinosus - -
mullumurukku Erythrina variegata - -
mullutuppai Ziziphus xylopyrus - -
mulvengai Bridelia retusa - -
mundamah Buchanania axillaris - -
munkil Bambusa arundinacea - -
munmurunkai Erythrina variegata - -
munnai Premna integrifolia - -
munnai Premna serratifolia - -
munnatimatu Ziziphus mauritiana - -
muntiri Anacardium occidentale - -
muraiyidam Boswellia serrata - glabra
muratthan Sterculia villosa - -
murukku Erythrina indica - -
murungai Moringa pterygosperma - -
murungai Moringa oleifera - -
murunkai Moringa pterygosperma - -
murunkai Moringa oleifera - -
muruntapali 1 Boswellia serrata - -
murvam Sansevieria roxburghiana - -
musakaparni Merremia emarginata - -
musalkathilai Ludwigia perennis - -
musarkathilai Ludwigia parviflora - -
musumusukkai Mukia scabrella - -
musuttai Rivea hypocrateriformis - -
mutakkan Pandanus odoratissimus - -
mutakkarran Cardiospermum halicacabum - -

177
mutalai@ Sesbania bispinosa - -
mutankali Dactyloctenium aegyptium - -
muttainari Coleus amboinicus - -
muttakkacu Cyperus rotundus - -
mylekondai Adiantum incisum - -
naanal Saccharum spontaneum - -
naaval Syzygium cumini - -
naga-dali Opuntia dillenii - -
nagamughatei Ipomoea bona-nox - -
nagandi Croton tiglium - -
naiteku Dillenia pentagyna - -
naivelai Gynandropsis pentaphylla - -
naivelai Cleome viscosa - -
nakaiyal 1 Ficus virens - -
nakamalli Anagallis arvensis - -
nal velai Gynandropsis gynandra - -
nalakanni Drosera indica - -
nali Aloe vera - -
nalikam Ipomoea aquatica - -
nalini Spondias pinnata - -
nallajiluga Cassia pumila - -
nalvelai Cleome gynandra - -
namai Anogeissus latifolia - -
namaviri Cordia wallichii - -
nanal Saccharum spontaneum - -
nancaruppan Tylophora indica - -
nanchundan Balanites roxburghii - -
nancuntan Balanites roxburghii - -
nangu Mesua ferrea - -
nanjaruppan Tylophora tenuis - -
nanjundan Balanites aegyptiaca - -
nannari Hemidesmus indicus - -
nanthia Tabernaemontana coronaria - -
nantiyavarttam Ervatamia coronaria - -
nantiyavattam Tabernaemontana coronaria - -
napikai Pupalia lappacea - -
naralai-kodi Cissus pedata - -
narielandai Ziziphus nummularia - -

178
narimiratti Crotalaria verrucosa - -
narivengayam Scilla hyacinthina - -
narivila Limonia acidissima - -
narivili@ Cadaba fruticosa - -
naru Ailanthus excelsa - -
naruvalli Corchorus capsularis - -
naruvili Cordia obliqua - -
naruvili Cordia dichotoma - -
narvilli Cordia gharaf - -
natcattirakantaki Ananas sativus - -
nathai choori Borreria hispida - -
nativaricceti Lantana indica - -
nattaccarimuli Cleome icosandra - -
nattaichuri Borreria hispida - -
nattakkarottu Aleurites moluccana - -
nattuccenkottai Semecarpus travancorica - -
nattu-vadam Terminalia catappa - -
nattuvadumai Terminalia catappa - -
nattuvariyal Secamone emetica - -
naval Syzygium cumini - -
navamallikkirai Gisekia pharnaceoides - -
nay-k-katampu Hymenodictyon excelsum - -
naykkumil Trewia nudiflora - -
nayurivi Achyranthes aspera - -
nayuruvi Achyranthes aspera - -
nayvila Limonia crenulata - -
nedunar Polyalthia fragrans - -
neer moollie vayr Barleria longifolia - -
neermulliver Asteracantha longifolia - -
nekota Lepisanthes tetraphylla - -
nel Oryza sativa - -
nela-naringu Naregamia alata - -
nelavakai Cassia senna - -
nelli Phyllanthus emblica - -
nelli Emblica officinalis - -
nellikkai Emblica officinalis - -
nellu Oryza sativa - -
nerunci Tribulus terrestris - -

179
neruncil Tribulus terrestris - -
nervalam Croton tiglium - -
nettavil Antiaris toxicaria - -
nettilinkam Polyalthia longifolia - -
neyccitti Vernonia cinerea - -
neykkottai Harpullia arborea - -
neykkottan1 Harpullia arborea - -
niculam Mitragyna parvifolia - -
nila thuthi Sida cordifolia - -
nilaambari Ecbolium viride - -
nilaccurunki Biophytum sensitivum - -
nilaisedachi Polycarpaea corymbosa - -
nilakkatalai Arachis hypogaea - -
nilakkoti Monochoria vaginalis - -
nilakkumil Gmelina asiatica - -
nilakkuntal Merremia emarginata - -
nilambari Ecbolium viride - -
nilambari Ecbolium linneanum - -
nilamparam2 Barleria cristata - -
nilamulli Eranthemum roseum - -
nilanaragam Naregamia alata - -
nilappanai Curculigo orchioides - -
nilappucani Ipomoea digitata - -
nilatutti Sida cordifolia - -
nilavakai Cassia angustifolia - -
nilavarai Cassia angustifolia - -
nilavembu Andrographis paniculata - -
nilavempu Andrographis paniculata - -
nilavirai Cassia senna - -
nili Indigofera tinctoria - -
nintavalli Naravelia zeylanica - -
niralari Polygonum barbatum - -
nirkadambai Mitragyna parvifolia - -
nirkkuliri Ottelia alismoides - -
nirmuli Hygrophila auriculata - -
nirmulli Asteracantha longifolia - -
nirnocci Vitex trifolia - -
nir-nochi Vitex trifolia - -

180
nirpalai Kirganelia reticulata - -
nirpparutti Hibiscus tiliaceus - -
nirppul Phyllanthus reticulatus - -
nirumelneruppu Ammannia baccifera - -
nitiktika 2 Solanum surattense - -
nittinaviralkurittan Dipteracanthus patulus - -
nittiyakalyani Vinca rosea - -
niyakku Leea indica - -
nocci Vitex negundo - -
nochi Vitex negundo - -
nonnanampullu Hedyotis herbacea - -
norivila Feronia limonia - -
nuna Morinda coreia - -
nuna Morinda citrifolia - -
odangod Reissantia indica - -
odugu Cleistanthus collinus - -
oduppai Cleistanthus collinus - -
omavalli Coleus aromaticus - -
opa Salvadora persica - -
orilaittamarai Hybanthus enneaspermus - -
orupanankaicceti Polygala arvensis - -
ottanali Leea indica - -
ottatti Urena lobata - -
ottu Viscum articulatum - -
ottuttutti Urena lobata - -
paal kodi Cryptolepis buchananii - -
paccai alari Thevetia neriifolia - -
paccappayaru Vigna radiata - radiata
padalakkonai Ochna obtusata - -
painkorai Ixora pavetta - -
paintilikakkoti Solanum giganteum - -
pakal Momordica charantia - -
pakku Areca catechu - -
pakli Ocimum canum - -
pal valli Ichnocarpus frutescens - -
palacu Butea frondosa - -
palacu Butea monosperma - -
palai Wrightia arborea - -

181
palaikkirai Holostemma ada-kodien - -
palaikkodi Leptadenia reticulata - -
palakudai Leptadenia reticulata - -
palamunnipalai Alstonia venenata - -
palasu Butea frondosa - -
palasu Butea monosperma - -
palavu Artocarpus heterophyllus - -
palcorrikikirai Jasminum cuspidatum - -
paliakiri Oxalis corniculata - -
palinkiam Ocimum canum - -
paliya Ochna obtusata - -
palkoti Cryptolepis buchananii - -
pallavaparunicceti Ziziphus mauritiana - -
palmotikkay Ipomoea digitata - -
palupakarkoti Momordica dioica - -
palupalagakalungai Momordica dioica - -
pamatuva Adhatoda zeylanica - -
pampumoccai Dolichos falcatus - -
pana Oroxylum indicum - -
panai Borassus flabellifer - -
panankovai Kedrostis rostrata - -
pankampalai Aristolochia bracteata - -
pankatavikakkoti Trichodesma indicum - -
pannai keerai Celosia argentea - -
pannai keerai Celosia cristata - -
pantaki@ Colocasia esculenta - -
pappali Carica papaya - -
pappan Oldenlandia corymbosa - -
pappayi Carica papaya - -
pappili Ventilago madraspatana - -
paramam Ficus glomerata - -
parambai Prosopis cineraria - -
paranki@ Cucurbita maxima - -
parapalanam Glossocardia bosvallea - -
parattuvaci@ Hibiscus vitifolius - -
paravalli Ichnocarpus frutescens - -
parcorikkirai Jasminum cuspidatum - -
paricatam Nyctanthes arbor-tristis - -

182
parni~ Centella asiatica - -
parpaatakam Mollugo cerviana - -
parpatakam Mollugo cerviana - -
paruppukkirai Chenopodium album - -
parupukkirai Chenopodium album - -
passalaikkirai Portulaca quadrifida - -
patadi Spathodea campanulata - -
patirimaram Stereospermum personatum - -
pattapanku Myristica dactyloides - -
pattarashu Mirabilis jalapa - -
pattiramatantai Melothria perpusilla - -
pattiratci Mirabilis jalapa - -
pattiri Myristica malabarica - -
pattitai Ervatamia coronaria - -
pattuppuccimaram Morus alba - -
paval Momordica charantia - -
pavalaccarkkaraivalli Ipomoea batatas - -
pavalamallikai Nyctanthes arbor-tristis - -
pavalappul Breynia rhamnoides - -
pavattai Pavetta indica - -
payaru Phaseolus mungo - -
pechi Ficus asperrima - -
peiodal Gnetum ula - -
pekankai Luffa acutangula - -
pennacikam Lycopersicon esculentum - -
pennakicacceti Lycopersicon esculentum - -
perambu Calamus rotang - -
peramutti Pavonia odorata - -
perandai Cissus quadrangularis - -
perarattai Alpinia galanga - -
perattikkirai Corchorus olitorius - -
periyatakkali Physalis peruviana - -
periyattalargai Mucuna monosperma - -
perum pilai Aerva tomentosa - -
perumaram Ailanthus excelsa - -
perumaruntu Aristolochia indica - -
perumunnai Premna serratifolia - -
perunaval Syzygium jambos - -

183
perunaval Eugenia jambos - -
perunerunji Pedalium murex - -
peru-nerunji Pedalium murex - -
perunkanchori Laportea interrupta - -
perunkancori Laportea crenulata - -
peruntiray Glinus oppositifolius - -
peruntulaci Ocimum gratissimum - -
peruntumpai Anisomeles malabarica - -
peyamanakku Baliospermum montanum - -
peyatti Ficus hispida - -
peyavirai Cassia occidentalis - -
peyicci Antidesma menasu - -
peymarutti Anisomeles malabarica - -
peymati# Xanthium indicum - -
peyppalai Tylophora asthmatica - -
peyt-tumatti Citrullus colocynthis - -
picci Jasminum grandiflorum - -
picinottarai Cynoglossum zeylanicum - -
pila Artocarpus heterophyllus - -
piluka Cadaba fruticosa - -
pinari 2 Vinca rosea - -
pinicampokkicceti Cleome icosandra - -
pinnai Calophyllum inophyllum - -
pinnai 1 Dillenia pentagyna - -
pira Streblus asper - -
pirakatti Xanthium indicum - -
pirami Bacopa monnieri - -
pirantai Cissus quadrangularis - -
piratti-kirai Corchorus capsularis - -
piray Streblus asper - -
pirkku Luffa acutangula - -
pitani 3 Pseudarthria viscida - -
pitani# Pseudarthria viscida - -
pittaru Erythroxylum monogynum - -
pittumpai Indoneesiella echioides - -
podaganari Premna tomentosa - -
poduthalai Phyla nodiflora - -
poduthalai Lippia nodiflora - -

184
pon mucuttai Sida acuta - -
ponavarai Cassia sophera - -
ponka Pongamia pinnata - -
ponmucuttai Cyclea peltata - -
ponmucuttai Cissampelos pareira - -
ponnamikkonnai Cassia glauca - -
ponnankanic cakkalatti Hydrolea zeylanica - -
ponnankanni Alternanthera sessilis - -
ponnavirai Cassia occidentalis - -
ponnavirai Cassia sophera - -
ponniraicci Wedelia calendulacea - -
pontukapirkku Luffa cylindrica - -
poonaykali Mucuna pruriens - -
poonthazham pazham Ananas comosus - -
potti Clausena dentata - -
potu-gally-gista Crotalaria retusa - -
potutalai Phyla nodiflora - -
potutalai Lippia nodiflora - -
pucani Cucurbita pepo - -
pucha Sapindus emarginatus - -
puchedi Lantana camara - -
pugaiyilai Nicotiana tabacum - -
pukaiyilai Nicotiana tabacum - -
pula Securinega virosa - -
pula Flueggea virosa - -
pulavai Terminalia paniculata - -
puli Tamarindus indica - -
pulichevidu Ipomoea eriocarpa - -
pulikkirai Portulaca oleracea - -
pulittotariver Scutia indica - -
pulivanci Solena amplexicaulis - -
pulivanji Solena amplexicaulis - -
puliyamaram Tamarindus indica - -
puliyarai Oxalis corniculata - -
puliyukir Wagatea spicata - -
pulladi Hedysarum gangeticum - -
pulladi Desmodium gangeticum - -
pullati Desmodium gangeticum - -

185
pulluri Dendrophthoe falcata - -
pulluri Loranthus elasticus - -
pulluruvi Loranthus longiflorus - -
pulluruvi Dendrophthoe falcata - -
punaccippul Coix lacryma-jobi - -
punaikkaivetlai Tephrosia villosa - -
punaikkali Mucuna pruriens - -
punaikkali 2 Tephrosia hirta - -
punaikkirai Ipomoea pes-tigridis - -
punaikkirai 2 Tephrosia hirta - -
pungam Derris indica - -
punganchedi Ligustrum perrottetii - -
pungarei Catunaregum spinosa - -
punku Pongamia glabra - -
punku Pongamia pinnata - -
punnai Calophyllum inophyllum - -
puntu Allium sativum - -
puparippayaru Phaseolus radiatus - -
purani Bombax malabaricum - -
puritayacceti Physalis minima - -
puritayam Physalis minima - -
purkorai Cyperus stoloniferous - -
putikastakkirai Hibiscus sabdariffa - -
puvalai Canna indica - -
puvamkottai Sapindus emarginatus - -
puvaracu Thespesia populnea - -
puvarasu Thespesia populnea - -
ragi Eleusine coracana - -
ranakalli Kalanchoe laciniata - -
ranaperi Leonotis nepetaefolia - -
renukam Piper attenuatum - -
rutanti Drosera indica - -
sahadevi Vernonia cinerea - -
sambu Typha angustata - -
sambunagai Eugenia jambos - -
sanal Corchorus olitorius - -
sangattanmarattubulluruvi Loranthus falcatus - -
sarkareivalli Ipomoea reptans - -

186
savattuchedi Cipadessa baccifera - -
saya Hedyotis umbellata - -
seenthil Tinospora cordifolia - -
segappu arali Plumeria rubra - -
segappumanchori Bauhinia variegata - -
segappumandrai Bauhinia variegata - -
sellakkodi Aganosma cymosa - -
selluppaimaram Cassine glauca - -
semmaram Amoora rohituka - -
semparuthi Hibiscus rosa-sinensis - -
sengoyya Psidium guajava - -
senkoduveri Plumbago indica - -
seppunerinji Rotula aquatica - -
seruppadai Coldenia procumbens - -
sharunnai Trianthema portulacastrum - -
shavalai Trianthema portulacastrum - -
shenkottai Semecarpus anacardium - -
shiragam Cuminum cyminum - -
shivadai Ipomoea turpethum - -
sidam Cordia wallichii - -
simaiyatti Ficus carica - -
sinnappalai Alstonia venenata - -
siridam Albizia lebbeck - -
sirikki Ipomoea nil - -
sirukila Carissa spinarum - spinarum
sirukurinjan Gymnema sylvestre - -
sirunaralai Vitis tomentosa - -
sirupeelai Aerva lanata - -
siruthuthi Sida rhomboidea - -
sissoo Dalbergia sissoo - -
sitapalam Annona squamosa - -
=LTR
sittilai ALIGN=LEFT>Centratherum - -
anthelminticum
sittreechu Phoenix loureirii - -
sivalingakkay Diplocyclos palmatus - -
sivanarvembu Justicia tranquebariensis - -
sivappu vasalakkirai Basella alba - -

187
sodi Dactyloctenium aegyptium - -
sokkalai Aglaia odoratissima - -
sombupattai Soymida febrifuga - -
sorakkai Lagenaria siceraria - -
sorkili Chionanthus mala-elengi - -
sothu alagu pillu Ophiuros exaltatus - -
sukkunari-pillu Cymbopogon flexuosus - -
sulundu Ixora parviflora - -
sundaikkirai Neptunia oleracea - -
sunta Solanum erianthum - -
suraikai Lagenaria siceraria - -
suraimullu Ziziphus oenoplia - -
surul Ventilago denticulata - -
swarna-patti Tecoma stans - -
tagarai Cassia tora - -
taivelai Cleome felina - -
takanam Prosopis spicigera - -
takkali Lycopersicon lycopersicum - -
talai Pandanus odoratissimus - -
talappam Corypha umbraculifera - -
talari Shorea roxburghii - -
talikkirai Ipomoea sepiaria - -
talippanai Caryota urens - -
talippanai Corypha umbraculifera - -
talura Shorea roxburghii - -
talutalai Clerodendrum phlomidis - -
tamarai Nelumbo nucifera - -
tamarai Nelumbium speciosum - -
tamida Eleusine aegyptia - -
tanikkay Terminalia bellirica - -
tankacci Monochoria vaginalis - -
tankarali2 Tecoma stans - -
tanki 2 Indoneesiella echioides - -
tanri Terminalia bellirica - -
taram 2 Hibiscus sabdariffa - -
taruni Spermacoce hispida - -
tatam# Musa paradisiaca - -
tatta Loranthus longiflorus - -

188
tattava Secamone emetica - -
tazhai Pandanus fascicularis - -
tekku Tectona grandis - -
tempuram Macaranga indica - -
tenai Setaria italica - -
tenatti Ficus carica - -
tenkitacceti Heliotropium indicum - -
tennai Setaria italica - -
teppam Gyrocarpus americanus - -
terran kottai Strychnos potatorum - -
tetkotukki Heliotropium indicum - -
tettankottai Strychnos potatorum - -
teyilai Camellia sinensis - -
thagarai Cassia tora - -
thakkali Lycopersicon lycopersicum - -
thamarai Nelumbium speciosum - -
thandukkeerai Amaranthus tricolor - -
thanneervittan kizhangu Asparagus gonoclados - -
thayilai Camellia sinensis - -
thazhai Pandanus fascicularis - -
thekku Tectona grandis - -
thelu-kodi Mucuna monosperma - -
therulankodi Calycopteris floribunda - -
thillai Excoecaria agallocha - -
thippili Piper longum - -
thondi Bischofia javanica - -
thopparai pullu Perotis indica - -
thudappampillu Aristida setacea - -
thumbai Diospyros exsculpta - -
thumbai Leucas aspera - -
thuththi Abutilon indicum - -
thuthulai Solanum trilobatum - -
tiga sampangi Artabotrys hexapetalus - -
tikkamalli Gardenia gummifera - -
tilam Adenanthera pavonina - -
tillai Excoecaria agallocha - -
tinippalavu Artocarpus lakoocha - -
tintanali Biophytum sensitivum - -

189
tippili Piper longum - -
tiripatakam Cayratia pedata - pedata
tirippanpul Merremia tridentata tridentata -
tiritapicam 2 Acacia nilotica indica -
tirunama Artemisia vulgaris - -
tirunamappalai Alstonia scholaris - -
tirunamappalai Smilax zeylanica - -
tirunirruppaccai Ocimum basilicum - basilicum
tiruvatci Thevetia neriifolia - -
tiruvatti Bauhinia tomentosa - -
tiruvilam2 Glinus oppositifolius - -
toliyakarampai Spermacoce hispida - -
toppi Phyllanthus emblica - -
toruvattu Balanites aegyptiaca - -
tottalvati Mimosa pudica - -
tulaci Ocimum sanctum - -
tulukkuccevvanti Tagetes erecta - -
tumpai Leucas aspera - -
tumpili Diospyros melanoxylon - -
tunu Cedrela toona - -
turapoondu Mollugo pentaphylla - -
turatti Capparis divaricata - -
turpparigam Tragia cannabina - -
turumotpalam Pterospermum acerifolium - -
tuttai Melia azadirachta - -
tutti Abutilon indicum - -
tutuvalai Solanum trilobatum - -
tuvarai Cajanus cajan - -
uchi Loranthus falcatus - -
uchippalai Oxystelma esculentum - -
ucippalai Oxystelma esculentum - -
ucippul Heteropogon contortus - -
ucittakarai Sonchus oleraceus - -
ucivelai Cleome monophylla - -
udalai Jatropha glandulifera - -
udamulli Barleria cristata - -
udappu Ixora nigricans - -
udi Lannea coromandelica - -

190
uka Salvadora persica - -
ukam Aristida setacea - -
ukaramaram Delonix regia - -
ulankarai Elaeocarpus serratus - -
uluntu Phaseolus mungo - -
uluntu Phaseolus radiatus - -
umattai Datura stramonium - -
unnakanankoti Ipomoea staphylina - -
unnayanankoti Ipomoea staphylina - -
unnu Grewia tiliifolia - -
unu Grewia tiliifolia - -
usimalligai Jasminum auriculatum - -
usippalai Sarcostemma secamone - -
uttamani Pergularia daemia - -
uttamani Daemia extensa - -
uva Dillenia indica - -
vaaluluvai Celastrus paniculatus - -
vacampu Acorus calamus - -
vadamalaichekku Soymida febrifuga - -
vagai Albizia lebbeck - -
vaimari Chloroxylon swietenia - -
vaivilangam Embelia tsjeriam-cottam - -
vaivilangam Embelia ribes - -
vaivinta Cleome pentaphylla - -
vakkanai Diospyros montana - -
vakkanathi Diospyros montana - -
vakucakkirai Amaranthus viridis - -
valakkarai Randia uliginosa - -
valampuri Helicteres isora - -
valampurikkay Helicteres isora - -
vallarai Centella asiatica - -
vallarai Hydrocotyle asiatica - -
vallari Enicostema littorale - -
vallikkoti Ipomoea aquatica - -
valsura Walsura piscida - -
valuluvai Celastrus paniculatus - -
valutalai Solanum melongena - -
vanacampakam@ Michelia nilagirica - -

191
vanakarppacam@ Hibiscus vitifolius - -
vandarlei Givotia rottleriformis - -
vaniram Calamus rotang - -
vanji Salix tetrasperma - -
vanni Prosopis cineraria - -
vanni Prosopis spicigera - -
vapitam Paspalum scrobiculatum - -
varagamothankodi Citrullus colocynthis - -
varagumanjal Bixa orellana - -
varaiyalmuram Ficus virens - -
varakanpuntu Boerhavia repanda - -
varaku Paspalum scrobiculatum - -
varanam Crateva magna - -
varatpulaver Flueggea leucopyrus - -
varimarai Chloroxylon swietenia - -
varivalli Dioscorea oppositifolia - -
vasambu Acorus calamus - -
vasanapulla Cymbopogon citratus - -
vatamatakki Clerodendrum phlomidis - -
vatanakappucceti Gomphrena globosa - -
vatanarayanan Delonix elata - -
vattakanni Clerodendrum viscosum - -
vattakannu Kydia calycina - -
vattakkanni 2 Macaranga peltata - -
vattapolavu Pterospermum diversifolium - -
vattatirippi Sida carpinifolia - -
vattattamarai# Macaranga peltata - -
vattatti Bauhinia malabarica - -
vayakkavalai Tephrosia villosa - -
vaylee Cleome pentaphylla - -
vayvilankam Embelia ribes - -
vazhai Musa paradisiaca - -
vazhapazhathi Commelina nudiflora - -
vazhukai pul Tonningia axillaris - -
vedathalam Dichrostachys cinerea - -
vekkali Anogeissus latifolia - -
vekurakalimaram Diospyros oocarpa - -
velai Gynandropsis gynandra - -

192
velai Gynandropsis pentaphylla - -
velaikkaliyanamurukkam Erythrina suberosa - -
velaippacai Sida rhombifolia - -
velakkai Woodfordia fruticosa - -
velari Dodonaea viscosa - -
velikattan Prosopis juliflora - -
veliparutti Daemia extensa - -
velipparutti Pergularia daemia - -
vellai 2 Mundulea sericea - -
vellai erukku Calotropis procera - -
vellai kunkiliyam Boswellia serrata - -
vellai mantarai Bauhinia racemosa - -
vellaikkanni Clerodendrum infortunatum - -
vellaikkatampu Hymenodictyon orixense - -
vellai-kunrikam Vateria indica - -
vellainaval Syzygium hemisphericum - -
vellaiyumattai 1 Datura metel - -
vellaiyummatai Datura fastuosa - alba
vellakongu Amoora rohituka - -
vellakundumani Abrus pulchellus - -
vellallay Mussaenda frondosa - -
vellalothi Desmodium pulchellum - -
vellari Cucumis sativus - -
vellarikkay Cucumis sativus - -
vellarikkay Cucumis melo - -
vellarugu Enicostema axillare - -
vellaruku Enicostema littorale - -
vellattippattai Symplocos racemosa - -
vellerukku Calotropis procera - -
velli ilai Mussaenda frondosa - -
velli-kundricum Vateria malabarica - -
vellilottiram Symplocos racemosa - -
vellulli Allium sativum - -
vellumattai Datura stramonium - -
velvagai Albizia procera - -
velvel Acacia leucophloea - -
velvelam Acacia leucophloea - -
vembu Azadirachta indica - -

193
vempu Azadirachta indica - -
vendai Abelmoschus esculentus - -
vendai Kydia calycina - -
vengai Pterocarpus marsupium - -
vengayam Allium cepa - -
venkayam Allium cepa - -
venkotiveli Plumbago zeylanica - -
venkundri Abrus fruticulosus - -
vennangu Pterospermum acerifolium - -
venpacali Basella alba - -
venpuracamaram Mundulea sericea - -
ventai Abelmoschus esculentus - -
ventanakku@ Givotia rottleriformis - -
venthekku Lagerstroemia lanceolata - -
veppalai Wrightia tinctoria - -
veppamaram Melia azadirachta - -
veppilainankai Polygala arvensis - -
veppula Securinega leucopyrus - -
verkkatalai Arachis hypogaea - -
verrilai Piper betle - -
vetci Ixora coccinea - -
vetiyuppukkatti Pithecellobium dulce - -
vetpalai Wrightia tinctoria - -
vettilai Piper betle - -
vettilaipattai Callicarpa tomentosa - -
vettiver Vetiveria zizanioides - -
vettukkaya puntu Tridax procumbens - -
vicaranai Drypetes roxburghii - -
vidathari Abrus fruticulosus - -
vidi Cordia obliqua - -
vila Feronia limonia - -
vila Feronia elephantum - -
vilamaram Feronia elephantum - -
vilari Hymenodictyon excelsum - -
vilattaru Ipomoea pes-caprae - -
vilvam Aegle marmelos - -
virali Dodonaea viscosa - -
viranakkalli Kalanchoe pinnata - -

194
viruvu Cordia myxa - domestica
visha moongil Crinum asiaticum - -
vishamungil Crinum asiaticum - -
vishnukarandi Evolvulus alsinoides - -
visnukiranti Evolvulus alsinoides - -
vitattalai Dichrostachys cinerea - -
vitupucittalai Colebrookea oppositifolia - -
woodooga Aleurites moluccana - -
yanai thippali Balanophora fungosa indica indica
yanaiccuntai Solanum ferox - -
yedalei Olea dioica - -
yetti Strychnos nux-vomica

SIDDHA SYSTEM OF MEDICINE

Siddha system of medicine is one of the oldest systems of medicine practiced in South
India especially in Tamil Nadu. It is a traditional system of medicine which is gradually
evolved along with the Dravidians’ culture and hence this system is known as Dravidian
system of medicine. The exponents of Siddha system of medicine are called
Siddhars. They are the super human beings with high culture and intellectual
abilities. They had tremendous powers by the way of Meditation, Yoga practice and
rejuvenation. They were the spiritual scientists who explored and explained the reality
of nature and its relationship with man by their Siddhic powers (supernatural powers)
and experimental findings. Eighteen Siddhars seem to have contributed much to the
development of this medical system. They have left their imprints not only in medicine
but also in Yoga, Alchemy and Philosophy.
Concepts of Siddha
The aim of siddha medicine is to make the body perfect, imperishable and to
promote longevity. For the healthy life, Siddhars have mentioned daily and seasonal
regimen including dietary habits and also insisted some code of ethics. This is the first
system to emphasis health as the perfect state of physical, mental, social, moral and
spiritual component of human beings. Also Siddhars lead a simple way of life according
to the laws of nature and beyond the narrow divisions of caste, creed, religion, colour
and nation.
This system is mainly based on ‘Andapinda Thathuvam’ that means the relationship
between the universe and human body. These two are interlinked through the five basic
principles which are known as ‘Panchaboothas’. The structural aspect of the human
body is said to be ‘Udal Thathus’ (i.e. the physical component of the human body) and
the functional units of the human body is said to be ‘Uyir Thathus’ (the physiological
units i.e., Vatham, Pitham, and Kapham). Functional co-operation of these two are
essential for the maintenance of health.

Diseases:
According to the Siddhar ‘Yugi muni’, the diseases are widely classified into 4448.
This classification is based on the following entities.
1. Clinical signs and symptoms
2. Derangement of the three physiological units i.e., Vatha, Pitha and Kapha
3. Causative factor of a particular disease.
4. Injury to the body vital points (Varma points)

195
5. Psychological causes.
6. Involvement of the affected parts of the body
7. Worm’s infestation and other infective organisms
8. Genetical inheritance which are sometimes known as ‘Karma Dhosas’
Materia medica: (Materials used for the medicinal preparation)
It is very vast in Siddha when compared with other indigenous system of medicine.
In siddha system, thousands of raw drugs are used. These drugs are categorized into
three groups, namely herbal products, metal, mineral products and animal products.
Before preparing medicines, siddha physicians laid a great emphasis in purification of
raw drugs. More than 80% of the siddha medicines are formulated by herbal products.
But in certain life threatening diseases and in many chronic diseases the herbal
medicines alone is not much effective. In such conditions, Siddhars enumerated some
herbo-metal and herbo-mineral formulations. These types of medicines are prepared by
a standard purification and preparatory techniques and the finished product is very
minute and it seems to be size of nano microns or even less. So, it can be easily
assimilated in our system and never produces any toxicity. Also, these type of
medicines are prescribed in a very minimal dose (varies from 20mg to 200 mg) with
suitable adjuvant for specific period along with some dietary restriction for the better
result.

Treatment Aspects:
Treatments in siddha are widely classified in to 64 types i.e. 32 types of internal
medications and 32 external treatments which include kizhi, fomentation, steam etc.
Some preventive measurements are also clearly mentioned in siddha system. Among
theses diet plays major role. One should take proper diet in proper time with proper
quantity, need not worry about diseases. Therayar, a Siddha exponent insists some
preventive methods to be followed on a day-to-day basis as well as seasonal basis which
are highly useful for preventing many of the life style diseases.

Varma science and Thokkanam Therapy

Varma points are the subtle vital points which are present in the various parts of our
body. They are classified in to 108 varma points. When these points are injured due to
trauma or accident, results in serious neuro-muscular, musculoskeletal and even
manifested as some systemic diseases. Such problems are properly treated in siddha
medicine with various herbs, pressure methods and massage techniques. These type of
massage and various physical manipulating techniques are called ‘Thokkanam” and by
this way chronic Rheumatological, traumatological, and neurological problems are
successfully treated in siddha system.
Thus, Siddha science is a peculiar science that always insists a healthy life style and
cures many chronic ailments without producing any side effects.

Salient Features of Siddha

 Simple and safe medicines
 Very effective for chronic ailments
 Not only for correct the diseases but it also maintains the perfect state of the body
 Medicines are palatable
 Treatment available for all age groups
 Specific treatment for old age (Geriatrics) problems
 Enhance the immunity of growing children
 Thokkanam Therapy (Siddha physiotherapy) and Varma therapy are highly effective
for neurological, musculo-skeletal problems and promotes physical and mental fitness.

8. Sugar

196
ACTIONS
1. Spermatogenesis
2. Nervine Tonic
3. Enhances sleep in 1-2 hours
3. Effective in erectile dysfunction
4. Reduces pain in rheumatic conditions.

Table 1. Medicinal Plants used by Irula Tribe of Hasanur Hills, Erode

District, Tamil Nadu.

S Botanical Family Local Habit Part Method of Ailments

. name Name s preparation treated
N used and mode of
o usage
0 Adina Rubiaceae Manjal Tree Bark Fresh bark is Body
1. cordifolia Hk Kadamb ground with Weakness
. f. ai brown sugar and
and cumin. Uterus
The paste of related
this mixture problems
is taken
internally to
treat female
asthenia.
0 Toddalia Rutaceae Masiha Herb Bark Paste is Paralyzes
2. asiatica Lam chedi prepared
k. form fresh
stem bark
and it is taken
internally as
well as
topically to
cure
paralyzes
0 Strebulus Moraceae Kembara Shru Leaf Leaf paste is Skin
3. Asper Lour b applied diseases
topically to
treat measles
like swellings
on the skin
0 Asparagus Liliaceae Neermut Shru Leaf Leaf and root Weakene
4. racemosusWi hi b and powder is d
lld. Root mixed with immunity
breast
milk. The

197
 paste is taken
internally to
improve
immunity of
children
0 Cardiosperm Sapindace Thatu Clim Leaf Paste of Arthritis
5. um ae putu ber leaves with
helicacabum onion and
Linn. coconut oil is
taken orally
for joint pain
0 Randia Rubiaceae Kaarai Shru Seed Fruits are Dermatiti
6. dumetorumL kai chedi b and rubbed on s
amk. Fruit hard
substances
and paste is
applied
topically to
cure skin
diseases
0 Andrographis Acanthace Periaa Shru Leaf Leaf paste is Snake
7. paniculataNe ae nangai b taken orally bite,
es. for snake bite Chikun
and to reduce kunai
pain
0 Ziziphus Rhamnac Churipal Shru Fruit Bark and Diarrhoe
8. oenoplia Mill eae a chedi b and Fruit paste a
. Bark along with
cumin is
taken
internally to
treat diarrhea
0 Caesalpinia Caesalpini Intha Shru Leaf Leaves are Stomach
9. sepiaria Rox aceae chedi b cooked and disorder
b. taken orally
with food for
digestion
problems
1 Amaranthus Amaranth Mullu Herb Leaf Leaf paste Stomach
0. spinosus Lin aceae Keerai and along with ulcer
n. Root lemon juice is
taken with
food to cure
stomach ulcer
1 Acacia Mimosace Seeva Clim Leaf Leaf is Stomach
1. torta Craib. ae keerai ber and cooked with disorder
You onion and
ng taken with
twig food. It

198
 facilitates the
expulsion of
gas.
1 Zizyphus Rhamnac Kodithot Tree Leaf Paste of leaf Paralyze
2. mauritiana L eae ti maram along with
inn. the leaves
ofAilanthes
excelsaRoxb.
is taken
internally as
well as
topically to
treat paralyze
1 Sida Malvaceae Kala Herb Leaf Crush the Boils
3. acutaBurm. karandai fresh leaves
and the juice
is applied
topically to
treat boils
1 Spilanthes Asteracea Manjal Herb Flow Flowers are Toothach
4. acmella Mur e Poo er crushed and e
r. chedi applied on
the site of
toothache
1 Ailanthes Simaruba Peevari Tree Leaf Decoction is Paralyze
5. excelsa Roxb ceae maram prepared
. from leaves
and taken
internally to
treat paralyze
1 Hemidesmus Asclepiad Nannari Clim Leaf Root and Stomach
6. indicus R. aceae ber Leaf disorder
Br. decoction is
taken orally
to regulate
digestion
1 Argemone Papaverac Manjal Herb Late Latex of the Boils
7. mexicana Li eae Paal x plant is
nn. chedi applied
topically on
the site of
boils
1 Mimosa Mimosace Thotta Herb Leaf Root and Wound
8. pudica Linn. ae sinungi Leaf infusion healing
is applied on
the wounds
1 Leucas Lamiacea Kennath Herb Leaf Leaf paste or Snake
9. aspera Spren e umbai crushed leaf bite, One
g. is taken both side

199
 externally & headache
internally to
treat snake
bite, It is also
applied
topically on
the forehead
to cure one
side headache
2 Ruellia Acanthace Puni Herb Leaf Leaf paste is Children
0. patula Jacq. ae chedi applied fever
topically all
over the body
to treat
children fever
2 Cissus Vitaceae Perandai Liana Stem Paste of stem Stomach
1. quadrangular s and and leaf is disorder
isLinn. leaf taken orally
with food for
easy digestion
and to
increase
appetite
2 Achyranthes Amaranth Nauruvi Herb Leaf Paste of leaf Rabies,
2. aspera Linn. aceae with onion is Skin
applied diseases
externally on
the bitten site
of dog and to
cure skin
diseases
2 Syzygium Myrtaceae Naval pa Tree Seed Seed powder Diabetes
3. cumini Linn. lam mixed with
either hot
water or
cow’s milk
are taken
orally in
empty
stomach to
treat diabetes
2 Abrus Fabaceae Vellai Clim Seed Decoction of Stomach
4. precatoriusLi kundu bing seed is taken problems
nn. mani shrub orally to and
increase sexual
sperm count disorder
and to treat
stomach pain
2 Lantana Verbanac Unichedi Shru Leaf Leaf paste is Wound
5. camera Linn. eae b applied healing

200
 topically to
treat wounds
2 Solanum Solanacea Chukuti Herb Leaf Leaves and Mouth
6. nigrum Linn. e chedi and fruits are ulcer
Fruit chewed and
swallowed to
cure mouth
ulcer
2 Sesbania. Fabaceae Sitha Shru Tend Tender twig Problems
7. aegyptiaca Pe hathi b er and seeds are in hair
rs. twig infused with growth
and coconut oil and body
seed and applied heat
topically on
the hair
regularly for
healthy and
black hair
2 Tridax Asteracea Mookuth Herb Leaf Leaf juice is Wound
8. procumbensL e i chedi applied healings
inn. topically on
wounds
2 Phyllanthus Euphorbi Keela Herb Root Roots and Liver
9. amarus Linn. aceae nelli and fruits are problems
fruit crushed and
mixed with
goat’s milk.
The mixture
is taken
orally to cure
jaundice and
liver
problems
3 Euphorbia Euphorbi Ammaan Herb Leaf Leaf and fruit Leucorrh
0. Hirta Linn. aceae pachchar and powder is oea
si fruit mixed with
cow’s milk
and taken
orally to treat
Leucorrhoea
and to keep
the body cool
3 Jatropha Euphorbi Katta Shru Bark Decoction Stomach
1. curcas Linn. aceae amankku b and prepared related
latex from bark problems
and mixed during
with water. pregnanc
The water is y
used to take
bath for the

201
 treatment of
stomach
problems
during
pregnancy. L
atex is taken
orally for
same purpose
3 Bauhinia Fabaceae Aathi Shru Leav Leaves are Fever
2. retusa Ham. b es fumigated
and and s inhaled
fibre to get relief
s from
fever. The
stem fibres
are used in
coir
production.
3 Azima Salvadora Mullu Herb Leaf Decoction
3. tetraganthaL ceae kuthi prepared Cold and
amk. chedi from leaves cough
and is taken
orally to treat
cold and
cough
3 Flacourtia Bixaceae Kejalika Herb Fruit Ripened Body heat
4. ramontchi‘L’ chedi fruits are
Herit. taken orally
to keep the
body cool
3 Cassia Fabaceae Thahara Herb Shoo Tender twigs Used as a
5. tora Linn. chedi t tip are cooked vegetable
with onion
and taken
with food
3 Solanum Solanacea Kandan Herb Fruit Unripe fruits Used as a
6. xanthocarpu e kattiri are cooked vegetable
mSchrad and taken
with food
3 Solanum Solanacea Mullu Herb Fruit Unripe fruits Expelling
7. indicum Linn e chundal are cooked worms
. and taken
with food to
expel
tapeworms.
These fruits
are used to
preparing
pickles

202
3 Ficus Moraceae Athi Tree LeafPaste of Leaf Diabetes,
8. retusa Linn. maram and along with bone
fruit
their fruit fracture ,
combined cold,
with cumin is swellings
taken orally
to cure
swellings,
Lung
blockage. It
is best for
treat diabetes
and applied
topically over
the fractured
bones.
3 Spilanthes Asteracea Vettu Herb Leaf Leaf paste is Wound
9. calva Wt. e marunth applied healings
u chedi directly on
wounds
4 Capparis Violaceae Thotti Herb Fruit Leaves are Swellings
0. sepiaria Linn chedi and pasted with
. Root lemon juice
and are
applied
topically to
treat
swellings. The
fruits are
edible.
4 Launaea Goodenia Kaatu Herb Leaf Leaf Fever
1. pinnatifida c ceae thumbi decoction is
ass. taken
internally to
get relief
from fever
4 Oxalis Oxalidace Puliyarai Small Root Paste of Root Fever
2. CorniculataL ae herb is taken
inn. orally to treat
common
fever
4 Euphorbia Euphorbi Paal Herb Leaf Leaf is Stomach
3. heterophylla aceae Poodu cooked with problems
Linn. coconut oil and
and onion. It dysentery
is taken with
food for
stomach
problems and
to treat

203
 dysentery
4 Ocimum Lamiacea Thirunee Herb Leaf Dried leaves Asthma
4. basilicum Li e tru are kept in and other
nn. pachai fire and the breathing
smoke is problems
inhaled to
cure Asthma
4 Croton Euphorbi Sinatha Herb Late Plant latex is Wasp
5. sparsiflorus aceae mani x applied sting
Morang. chedi externally on
the site of
wasp sting
4 Cocculus Menisper Vella Clim Leaf Paste is Leucorrh
6. hirsutus Diel maceae katha ber prepared oea
s. kodi from leaves
and it is
administered
orally to treat
Leucorrhoea
4 Abutilon Malvaceae Thuthi Herb Leaf Leaf is Piles
7. indicum G. cooked with
Don. onion and
taken orally
to treat piles
4 Eclipta Asteracea karisalan Herb Who The powder Jaundice
8. prostrate Lin e ganni le of Eclipta
n. plant prostrata,Leuc
as
aspera andPh
yllanthus
niruri are
mixed with
butter milk
and taken
orally to cure
jaundice
4 Lawsonia Lythracea Marutho Shru Leaf The fresh Mouth
9. inermis Linn. e ndri b leaves are ulcer
ground and
gargled to
treat mouth
ulcer.

204
5 Datura Solanacea Karu Leaf Herb The fresh Swelling
0. metelLinn. e oomathai leaves are in joints
boiled with
gingelly oil
and applied
topically on
joints to cure
swellings
5 Mukia Cucurbita Musu Leaf Clim Boil the leaf Asthma
1. maderaspata ceae musukai ber juice with
nsLinn. gingelly oil
and applied
topically on
the head
before taking
bath to cure
Asthma
5 Trianthema Aizoaceae Sathi Root Herb The root of Elephanti
2. decandra Lin charanai this plant is asis
n. taken
internally to
treat
Elephant
dialysis
5 Santalum Santalace Santhana Tend Tree The paste of Urinary
3. albumLinn. ae maram er tender twig tract
twig mixed with infection
the juice and
ofPhyllanthus diabetes
emblica are
taken orally
to treat
urinary tract
infection and
it is best for
diabetes
5 Indigofera Fabaceae Sivanar Whol Herb The ash of the Skin
4. aspalathoides vembu e whole plant is diseases
Vahl. plant added with
coconut oil
and applied
topically to
treat psoriasis
5 Plumbago Plumbagi Kodiveli Root Herb Root is pasted Piles
5. zeylanica Lin naceae with gingelly
n. oil and
applied
topically to
cure piles
5 Bauhinia Caesalpini Manthar Leaf Shru The leaf Digestive

205
6. tomentosa Li aceae ai b powder is disorders
nn. mixed with
honey are
taken
internally to
treat digestive
problems and
vomiting
5 Rubus Rosaceae Vella Root Clim The root Paralyze
7. ellipticusSm. mulli ber paste is taken
internally to
treat
paralyzes
5 Cipadessa Meliaceae Seeruholi Root, Tree The paste of Skin
8. baccifera Mi maram leaf root, leaf and diseases
q. and bark is
bark applied
topically to
cure psoriasis
5 Cassia Caesalpini Paaparet Root Shru The root is Digestive
9. hirsutaLinn. aceae tai b pasted with disorders
cumin and
taken
internally to
treat stomach
burning after
a meal.
6 Glycosmis Rutaceae Molehul Root Shru The root is Asthma
0. pentaphyllac ukki b pasted with
orrea. cumin and
taken
internally to
treat Asthma.
6 Alangium Alangiace Marada Whol Clim The fresh Burning
1. salvifoliumW ae kodi e ber plants are sensation
ang. plant fried and
taken
internally to
treat chest
burning
6 Grewia Tiliaceae Thadasu Bark Tree The decoction Mental
2. tiliaefolia Va maram of bark is illness.
hl. apply all over
the head
before taking
bath to treat
mental illness
6 Terminalia Combreta Thaanthi Bark Tree The bark and Skin
3. bellarica Rox ceae maram and root are grind diseases

206
 b. root & took
extract,
which is
applied
topically to
treat
unnecessary
peelings on
the skin.
6 Curculigo Hypoxida Nilappan Whol Tree The leaf paste Genital
4. orchioidesGa ceae ai e taken disorder
etrn. plant internally to
increase
sperm count.
6 Rubia Rubiaceae Chevvali Leaf Clim The leaf paste Scorpion
5. cordifoliaLin kodi ber is applied sting
n topically to
scorpion sting
and dizziness
6 Boerhaavia Nyctagina Saranda Whol Herb The plant is Digestive
6 diffusa Linn ceae kodi e pasted with disorder
plant cumin and
taken
internally to
cure digestive
problems
6 Lantana Verbanac Vella uni Leaf Shru The leaf is Skin
7. whitiana Wal eae chedi b ground disease
l. withCipadess
a
bacciferaroot,
leaf and bark
& applied
topically to
treat
Psoriasis
6 Adhatoda Acanthace Adathod Leaf Shru The leaf Cold and
8. vasica Nees. ae ai b decoction is cough
taken
internally to
cure cold and
cough.
6 Jasminum Oleaceae Kattu Leaf Shru The leaf is Diahhroe
9. angustifoliu mallige b boiled in a
mVahl. water and
taken with
food to cure
diahhroea
7 Murraya Rutaceae Sedisil Leaf Shru The leaf paste Wounds

207
 0. paniculata maram b is applied
(L) Jack. over the
wounds to
heal

Discussion
Herbal remedies are considered the oldest forms of health care known to mankind on
this earth. Prior to the development of modern medicine, the traditional systems of
medicine that have evolved over the centuries within various communities, are still
maintained as a great traditional knowledge base in herbal medicines (Mukherjee and
Wahil, 2006). Traditionally, this treasure of knowledge has been passed on orally from
generation to generation without any written document (Perumal samy and
Ignacimuthu, 2000) and is still retained by various indigenous groups around the world.
People use more than one plant either separately or mixed together. They mix several
plants as ingredients to cure diseases immediately. Generally, fresh part of the plant is
used for the preparation of medicine. When fresh plant parts are not used as simple
drugs and some plants are used with some other plant parts. The information collected
from this study is in agreement with the previous reports (Jain, 2001; Sandhya et al.,
2006; Ganesan et al., 2004; Udayan et al., 2005; Mahapatra and Panda, 2002).
From this survey herbs (46%) were found to be most used plants followed by shrubs
(26%), trees (14%) and climber (14%) in descending order. Many Species of the family
Euphorbiaceae, Fabaceae, Solanceae and Asteraceae are frequently used in this study
area. The first two families contribute to 10 remedies; the information is showed.
The parts of the plant used for medicinal purposes are leaves, root, stem, fruits, the
complete aerial parts, the whole plant, barks (root and stem) and flowers. However,
leaves were found most frequently used part.
Common health ailments in the study area were skin problems. Kani tribals in
Tirunelveli Hills of Tamil Nadu were using 14 plants for the treatment of skin problems
(Ayyanar & Ignacimuthu, 2005). Tribals of Uttar Karnataka district used 52 herbal
preparations from 31 plants for skin diseases, a nearest state of Tamil Nadu (Harsha et
al., 2003) and people of Eastern Cape Province, South Africa used 38 plant species for
the treatment of wounds (Grierson and Afolayan, 1999).
Several studies have enumerated the plants used for wound healing and skin diseases in
various parts of the world (Chah et al., 2006; Ayyanar and Ignacimuthu, 2005; Harsha
et al., 2003). Ghorbani (2005) reported 16 plant species that were used for respiratory
diseases and 48 plants for the treatment of gastrointestinal disorders in
north Iran. Safety and efficacy of the treatment for respiratory tract infections were
reviewed (Coon and Ernst, 2004). Traditional healers of Kancheepuram district used
nine plant species to treat stomach problems among them 3 plants to treat stomachache

208
and 6 plants to cure digestive problems (Chellaiah et al., 2006). Muthukumarasamy et
al., (2003) has reported the use of 21 medicinal plants from 20 families to treat gastro-
intestinal complaints by using paliyar community.
The tribal people of Western Madhya Pradesh of India used 13 plants for the treatment
of Jaundice (Samvatsar and Diwanji, 2000). In the present study on Phyllanthus
amarus and Eclipta prostrate were used for the treatment of jaundice. Spilanthes
acmella was used to treat toothache. Syzygium cumini, Santalum album and Ficus
retusa are reported to treat diabetes. It is in agreement with earlier reports in the
treatment of oral diseases (Tapsoba and Deschampus, 2006; Hebbar et al.,
2004). Andrographis paniculata, Catheranthus roseus and Gymnema sylvestre were used
to treat diabetes by the local traditional healers (Chellaiah et al.,2006). The tribal
people of Sikkim and Darjeeling Himalayan region in India utilized 37 species of plants
belonging to 28 different families as antidiabetic agents (Chherti et al., 2005).
In this present study ten remedies were used to alleviate problems of the respiratory
system. Among the plants surveyed,Ocimum basilicum, Adhatoda vasica are used
frequently for the preparation of medicines for the treatment of respiratory
disorders. Whereas, 14 remedies were used to alleviate the respiratory problems, among
the plants surveyed, Adhatoda zeylanica and Vitex negundo are used frequently
(Ignacimuthu et al., 2006).
From our survey of ethnomedicinal plants, the results obtained confirm the therapeutic
potency of some plants used in traditional medicine. In addition, these results form a
good basis for selection of potential plant species for further phytochemical and
pharmacological investigation. The leaf paste of Zizyphus mauritiana along with the
leaves of Ailanthes excelsa is taken internally as well as topically to treat
paralyzes. Andrographis paniculata is used to treat poison bites; Leaf juice of Mukia
maderaspatana with gingelly oil is applied topically on the head before taking bath to
cure Asthma. Leaf and fruit powder of Euphorbia hirta is mixed with cow’s milk and
taken orally to treat Leucorrhoea, Leucas aspera (headache and snakebite)
and Cardiospermum helicacabum(Arthiritis) also documented.
Conclusion
The data collected shows that majority of the remedies are taken orally. Herbal
medicines prescribed by tribal people are either preparation based on single plant or a
combination of several plant parts. Most of the reported preparations are drawn from
a single plant; mixtures are used rarely. The fresh plant parts are used for the
preparation of medicine. When fresh plant parts are unavailable, dried parts are also
used. Generally, the people of the study area still have a strong belief in the efficacy and
success of herbal medicine. The results of the present study provide evidence that
medicinal plants continue to play an important role in the healthcare system of this

209
tribal community.
This study provides an ethnobotanical data of the medicinal plants used by the tribal
people of Irulas to cure different diseases. Moreover, this study will promote a practical
use of botanicals and must be continued focusing on its pharmacological
validation. Further detailed exploration and collection of ethnobotanical information,
chemical studies and screening for medicinal properties will provide cost effective and
reliable source of medicine for the welfare of humanity.

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Jain, S.K. 2001. Ethnobotany in modern India. Phytomorphology golden jublee
Issue, Trends in plant science 39-54.
Lev, E. 2006. Ethno-diversity within current ethno-pharmacology as part of Israeli
traditional medicine-A review. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine 2: 4.
Mahapatra, A.K. and Panda, P.K. 2002. Ethno- pharmacological knowledge of Juang
and Munda tribes of Eastern India. International Journal of sustainable development
and world ecology 9(2): 151-158. Mukherjee, P.K. and Wahil, A. 2006. Integrated
approaches towards drug development from Ayurveda and other systems of
medicine. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 103: 25-35. Muthukumarasamy, S., Mohan,
V.R., Kumaresan, S. and Chelladurai, V. 2003. Herbal medicinal plants used by
paliyars to obtain reliegf from gastro-intestinal complaints. Journal of Economic and
Taxonomic Botany 27(3): 711-714. Pei, S.J., 2001. Ethnobotanical approaches of
traditional medicine studies: some experiences from Asia. Pharmaceutical Biology 39:
74-79. Perumal Samy, R. and Ignacimuthu, S. 2000. Antibacterial activity of some
folklore medicinal plants used by tribals in Western Ghats of India. Journal of
Ethnopharmacology 69: 63-71. Samvatsar, S. and Diwanji, V.B. 2000. Plant sources for
the treatment of jaundice in the tribals of wesern Madhya Pradesh of India. Journal of
Ethnopharmacology 73: 313-316. Sandhya, B., Thomas, S., Isabel, W. and
Shenbagarathai, R. 2006. Ethnomedicinal plants used by the Valaiyan community of
Piranmalai hills (Reserved forest), Tamil Nadu, India-A pilot study. African Journal of
Traditional CAM 3(1): 101-114. Topsoba, H. and Deschampus, J.P. 2006. Use of
medicinal plants for the treatment of oral diseases in Burkina Faso. Journal of
Ethnopharmacology 104: 68-78. Udayan, P.S., Sateesh, G., Thushar, K.V. and Indira, B.
2005. Ethnomedicine of chellipale community of Nammakkal district, Tamil
Nadu. Indian journal of Traditional knowledge 4(4): 437-442.

211
Conclusion and Future Perspectives
As it is observed that several conventional drugs for respiratory diseases have been derived from
traditional medicinal plants [2,131], it is quite possible from SSM plants also. Since some of these
plants have kayakalpam ability (making the body competent for long life), it may be even better
because the selection of plants by Siddhars seems very tactful, in the sense that the plants they
had selected have more beneficial effect than giving merely a respite from the disease alone. This
concept can be well understood by interviewing with native people of South India who have an in-
depth knowledge of medicinal plants of SSM. Infact, there is a real need of experts, who can
understand and explain the ancient Tamil literatures written by the Siddhars. Thereafter those
literatures should be translated into international (e.g., English) and at least some major national
(e.g., Hindi, Chinese and Japanese) languages to make SSM widely beneficial. Further, the
medicinal plants of SSM useful for respiratory diseases can be identified and processed for
isolating different fractions by using sensitive techniques such as high-performance liquid
chromatography (HPLC) and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry-mass spectrometry (LC-
MS-MS) as recently being accomplished by several groups of investigators for medicinal plants
[132-135]. These fractions can be first tested in vitro using certain molecular parameters of
respiratory diseases such as inflammatory mediators of asthma and COPD. The potent
components then can be evaluated and studied in animal models as recently carried out for
several herbal compounds. For example, curcumin, a well known plant derived
compound, has been found to inhibit the allergen- induced airway hyperresponsiveness in guinea
pigs [136]. Most recently, it has been reported to attenuate elastase and cigarette smoke-induced
pulmonary emphysema in mice [137]. Some other plant derived compounds such as luteolin [138],
verproside [139], cannabinoids [140], glycyrrhizin [141] and carbenoxolone [142] have also been
demonstrated to markedly inhibit asthma mimicking features in mice. Similarly many compounds
could be evolved from the medicinal plants of SSM. Subsequent trials of those effective
compounds in clinical respiratory patients can then be done for evaluating their final therapeutic

212
efficacy. Simultaneously, the toxicological studies should also be pursued for their better
therapeutic applications. The above- mentioned aspects can be accomplished by a sincere
interaction between scientists involved in respiratory medicinal research on one hand and Siddha
practioners on other hand

213
Acupuncture
History

Antiquity

Acupuncture chart from theMing Dynasty (c. 1368–1644)

Acupuncture is generally believed to have originated in China.[14]

Speculation encircles the tattoo marks found on the Ice Man who died
around 3300 BCE, whose body was discovered after an Alpine glacier
melted.[14] These tattoos suggested that a form of stimulatory treatment
resembling acupuncture developed independent of China.[14]

The precise start date that acupuncture was generally held to have originated
inancient China and how it evolved from early times are
uncertain.[14] Traditional Chinese religion attributes the introduction of
acupuncture to the godShennong.[15] One explanation is that Han
Chinese doctors observed that some soldiers wounded in battle

214
by arrows were believed to have been cured of chronic afflictions that were
otherwise untreated,[29] and there are variations on this idea.[30] Sharpened
stones known as Bian shi have been found in China, suggesting the practice
may date to the Neolithic[31] or possibly even earlier in the Stone
Age.[32] Hieroglyphs and pictographs have been found dating from the Shang
Dynasty (1600–1100 BCE) which suggests that acupuncture was practiced
along with moxibustion.[16] It has also been suggested that acupuncture has its
origins in bloodletting[17] or demonology.[18]
Despite improvements in metallurgy over centuries, it was not until the 2nd
century BCE during the Han Dynasty that stone and bone needles were
replaced with metal.[31] The earliest examples of metal needles were found in a
tomb dated to c. 113 BCE, though their use might not necessarily have been
acupuncture.[33] The earliest example of the
unseen meridians (经络, pinyin:jīng-luò) used for diagnosis and treatment are
dated to the second century BCE but these records do not mention needling,
while the earliest reference to therapeutic needling occurs in the
historical Shiji text (史記, English:Records of the Grand Historian) but does not
mention the meridians and may be a reference to lancing rather than
acupuncture.[33]
The earliest written record of acupuncture is found in the Huangdi
Neijing (黄帝内经; translated as The Yellow Emperor's Inner Canon), dated
approximately 200 BCE.[34] It does not distinguish between acupuncture and
moxibustion and gives the same indication for both
[34]
treatments. The Mawangdui texts, which also date from the 2nd century BCE
(though antedating both the Shiji and Huangdi Neijing), mention the use of
pointed stones to open abscesses, and moxibustion, but not
[34]
acupuncture. However, by the 2nd century BCE, acupuncture replaced
moxibustion as the primary treatment of systemic conditions.[34]
The practice of acupuncture expanded out of China into the areas now part
of Japan, Korea, Vietnam and Taiwan, diverging from the narrower theory and
practice of mainland TCM in the process.[35] A large number of contemporary
practitioners outside of China follow these non-TCM practices, particularly in
Europe.[36]
In Europe, examinations of the 5,000-year-old mummified body of Ötzi the
Iceman have identified 15 groups of tattoos on his body, some of which are
located on what are now seen as contemporary acupuncture points. [37] This
has been cited as evidence that practices similar to acupuncture may have
been practiced elsewhere in Eurasia during the early Bronze Age.[37]
Middle history[edit]

215
Acupuncture chart from Hua Shou (fl.1340s, Ming Dynasty). This image
from Shi si jing fa hui (Expression of the Fourteen Meridians). (Tokyo:
Suharaya Heisuke kanko, Kyoho gan 1716).

Korea is believed to be the second country that acupuncture spread to outside

of China.[38] Within Korea there is a legend that acupuncture was developed by
the legendary emperor Dangun though it is more likely to have been brought
into Korea from a Chinese colonial prefecture.[38]
Around 90 works on acupuncture were written in China between the Han
Dynasty and the Song Dynasty, and the Emperor Renzong of Song, in 1023,
ordered the production of a bronze statuette depicting the meridians and
acupuncture points then in use.[39] However, after the end of the Song Dynasty,
acupuncture lost status, and started to be seen as a technical profession, in
comparison to the more scholarly profession of herbalism.[39] It became rarer
in the following centuries, and was associated with less prestigious practices
likealchemy, shamanism, midwifery and moxibustion.[39]
Portuguese missionaries in the 16th century were among the first to bring
reports of acupuncture to the West.[40] Jacob de Bondt, a
Dutchsurgeon traveling in Asia, described the practice in both Japan
andJava.[41] However, in China itself the practice was increasingly associated
with the lower-classes and illiterate practitioners.[41]
In 1674, Hermann Buschoff, a Dutch priest in Batavia, published the first book
on moxibustion (from Japanese mogusa).[1] The first elaborate Western
treatise on acupuncture was published in 1683 byWillem ten Rhijne, a Dutch
physician who had worked at the Dutch trading post Dejima in Nagasaki for
two years.[42] In 1757 the physician Xu Daqun described the further decline of
acupuncture, saying it was a lost art, with few experts to instruct; its decline
was attributed in part to the popularity of prescriptions and medications, as
well as its association with the lower classes.[43]

216
In 1822, an edict from the Emperor Daoguang banned the practice and
teaching of acupuncture within the Imperial Academy of Medicine outright, as
unfit for practice by gentlemen-scholars.[44] At this point, acupuncture was still
cited in Europe with both skepticism and praise, with little study and only a
small amount of experimentation.[44]
In the United States, the earliest reports of acupuncture date back to 1826,
when Franklin Bache, a surgeon of the United States Navy, published a report
in the North American Medical and Surgical Journal on his use of acupuncture
to treat lower back pain.[45] Since the beginning of the 19th century,
acupuncture was practiced by Asian immigrants living in Chinatowns.[45]
Modern era[edit]
In the early years after the Chinese Civil War, Chinese Communist
Party leaders ridiculed traditional Chinese medicine, including acupuncture,
as superstitious, irrational and backward, claiming that it conflicted with the
Party's dedication to science as the way of progress. [citation needed] Communist
Party Chairman Mao Zedong later reversed this position, saying that "Chinese
medicine and pharmacology are a great treasure house and efforts should be
made to explore them and raise them to a higher level."[46] Under Mao's
leadership, in response to the lack of modern medical practitioners,
acupuncture was revived and its theory rewritten to adhere to the political,
economic and logistic necessities of providing for the medical needs of
China's population.[citation needed] Despite Mao proclaiming the practice of
Chinese medicine to be "scientific", the practice was based more on
thematerialist assumptions of Marxism in opposition to superstition rather
than the Western practice of empirical investigation of nature.[citation needed] Later
the 1950s TCM's theory was again rewritten at Mao's insistence as a political
response to the lack of unity between scientific and traditional Chinese
medicine, and to correct the supposed "bourgeois thought of Western doctors
of medicine".[47] Despite publicly promoting the practice, Mao himself did not
believe in or use traditional Chinese medicine.[48]
Acupuncture gained attention in the United States when the U.S.
President Richard Nixon visited China in 1972.[49] During one part of the visit,
the delegation was shown a patient undergoing major surgery while fully
awake, ostensibly receiving acupuncture rather than anesthesia.[49] Later it
was found that the patients selected for the surgery had both a high pain
tolerance and received heavy indoctrination before the operation; these
demonstration cases were also frequently receiving morphine surreptitiously
through an intravenous drip that observers were told contained only fluids and
nutrients.[49] One patient receiving open heart surgery while awake was
ultimately found to have received a combination of three powerful sedatives as
well as large injections of alocal anesthetic into the wound.[23]
The greatest exposure in the West came after New York Times reporter James
Reston received acupuncture in Beijing for post-operative pain in 1971 and
wrote complaisantly about it in his newspaper.[50] Also in 1972 the first legal
acupuncture center in the U.S. was established in Washington DC; during
1973-1974, this center saw up to one thousand patients.[51] In 1973 the

217
American Internal Revenue Service allowed acupuncture to be deducted as a
medical expense.[52]
Acupuncture has been the subject of active scientific research both in regard
to its basis and therapeutic effectiveness since the late 20th century, but it
remains a controversial topic.[19] In 2006, a BBC documentaryAlternative
Medicine filmed a patient undergoing open heart surgery allegedly under
acupuncture-induced anesthesia. It was later revealed that the patient had
been given a cocktail of weak anesthetics that in combination could have a
much more powerful effect. The program was also criticized for its fanciful
interpretation of the results of a brain scanning experiment.[53][54] In 2010,
acupuncture was recognized by UNESCO as part of the world's intangible
cultural heritage.[55]
Acupuncture Theory

[edit]

It is a key component of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) which aims to

treat a range of conditions.[2] The general theory of acupuncture is based on
the premise that bodily functions are regulated by an energy called qi(氣)
which flows through the body; disruptions of this flow are believed to be
responsible for disease.[4]Acupuncture describes a family of procedures
aiming to correct imbalances in the flow of qi by stimulation of anatomical
locations on or under the skin (usually called acupuncture points or
acupoints), by a variety of techniques.[4] The most common mechanism of
stimulation of acupuncture points employs penetration of the skin by thin
metal needles, which are manipulated manually or by electrical stimulation.[4]
Qi, meridians and acupuncture points[edit]
Main articles: Qi, Traditional Chinese medicine#Model of the body, Meridian
(Chinese medicine), andAcupuncture point
Traditional Chinese medicine distinguishes not only one but several different
kinds of qi.[56][verification needed] In a general sense, qi is something that is defined
by five "cardinal functions":[56][57]

218
Old Chinese medical chart on acupuncture meridians

Actuation (推動, tuīdòng) is of all physical processes in the body, especially

the circulation of all body fluids such as blood in their vessels. [57] This
includes actuation of the functions of the zang-fu organs and
meridians.[57] Warming (溫煦, pinyin: wēnxù) the body, especially the
limbs.[57] Defense (防御, pinyin:fángyù) against Exogenous Pathogenic
[57]
Factors Containment (固攝, pinyin:gùshè) of body fluids, i.e. keeping blood,
sweat, urine, semen etc. from leakage or excessive
[57]
emission. Transformation (氣化, pinyin: qìhuà) of food, drink, and breath into
qi, xue (blood), and jinye ("fluids"), and/or transformation of all of the latter
into each other.[57]
To fulfill its functions, qi has to steadily flow from the inside of the body
(where the zang-fu organs are located) to the "superficial" body tissues of the
skin, muscles, tendons, bones, and joints.[58] It is assisted in its flow by
"channels" referred to as meridians.[58] TCM identifies 12 "regular" and 8
"extraordinary" meridians; the Chinese terms being 十二经脉 (pinyin: shí-èr
jīngmài, lit. "the Twelve Vessels") and 奇经八脉 (pinyin: qí jīng bā
mài).[58] There's also a number of less customary channels branching off from
the "regular" meridians.[59] Contemporary research has not supported the
existence of qi or meridians.[8][9][10][60] The meridians are believed to connect to
the bodily organs, of which those considered hollow organs (such as the
stomach and intestines) were also considered yang while those considered
solid (such as the liver and lungs) were considered yin. They were also
symbolically linked to the rivers found in ancient China, such as
the Yangtze, Wei and Yellow Rivers.[61]
Acupuncture points are mainly (but not always) found at specified locations
along the meridians.[62] There also is a number of acupuncture points with
specified locations outside of the meridians; these are called extraordinary
points and are credited to treat certain diseases.[62] A third category of
acupuncture points called "A-shi" points have no fixed location but represent
tender or reflexive points appearing in the course of pain syndromes. [62] The
actual number of points have varied considerably over time, initially they were
considered to number 365, symbolically aligning with the number of days in
the year (and in Han times, the number of bones thought to be in the
body).[63] The Nei ching mentioned only 160 and a further 135 could be
deduced giving a total of 295.[63] The modern total was once considered 670
but subsequently expanded due to more recent interest in auricular (ear)
acupuncture and the treatment of further conditions.[63] In addition, it is
considered likely that some points used historically have since ceased being
used.[63]

219
How Does Acupuncture Work?
With documented use dating back more than 2,500 years, acupuncture is
based on the premise that there are more than 2,000 acupuncture points in the
human body, which are connected by bioenergetic pathways known as
meridians. It is through these pathways that Qi, or energy, flows, and when the
pathway is blocked, the disruptions can lead to imbalances and chronic
disease.

The treatment itself, which involves the insertion of metallic hair-thin needles
(typically three to 15) into specific acupuncture points, can be conducted by a
physician or a trained acupuncturist. It generally involves little or no
discomfort, and patients often report feeling energized or relaxed following the
procedure.

Acupuncture is proven to impact a number of chronic health conditions, and

it’s thought that it stimulates your central nervous system to release natural
chemicals that alter bodily systems, pain and other biological processes.
Evidence, in fact, suggests that acupuncture impacts the body on multiple
levels, including:3
 Stimulating the conduction of electromagnetic signals, which may
release immune system cells or pain-killing chemicals

 Activation of your body’s natural opioid system, which may help reduce
pain or induce sleep

 Stimulation of your hypothalamus and pituitary gland, which modulate

numerous body systems

 Change in the secretion of neurotransmitters and neurohormones,

which may positively influence brain chemistry

Acupuncture Has Nearly 30 Proven Uses and 60+ Potential Uses

When it comes to acupuncture, one of the most common uses is in treating
chronic pain. One analysis of the most robust studies available concluded that
acupuncture has a clear effect in reducing chronic pain, more so than
standard drug-based pain treatment.4
Study participants receiving acupuncture reported an average 50 percent
reduction in pain, compared to a 28 percent pain reduction for standard pain
treatment without acupuncture

However, chronic pain is only one of 30+ proven uses for this natural
treatment. The World Health Organization (WHO) conducted an extensive
review and analysis of clinical trials related to acupuncture, and reported the
procedure has been proven effective for the following diseases:5

220
 Adverse reactions to
radiotherapy and/or Allergic rhinitis
chemotherapy (including hay fever) Biliary colic

Depression (including
depressive neurosis and
depression following stroke) Dysentery, acute bacillary Dysmenorrhoea, primary

Epigastralgia, acute (in peptic Facial pain (including

ulcer, acute and chronic craniomandibular
gastritis, and gastrospasm) disorders) Headache

Hypertension, essential Hypotension, primary Induction of labor

Knee pain Leukopenia Low back pain

Malposition of fetus Morning sickness Nausea and vomiting

Pain in dentistry
(including dental pain
and temporomandibular
Neck pain dysfunction) Periarthritis of shoulder

Postoperative pain Renal colic Rheumatoid arthritis

Sciatica Sprain Stroke

Tennis elbow

Additionally, acupuncture has also shown a therapeutic effect for treating the
following diseases and conditions, which range from premenstrual syndrome
(PMS) and addictions to whooping cough, although further research is
needed:

dominal pain (in acute

troenteritis or due to Alcohol dependence and
trointestinal spasm) Acne vulgaris detoxification Bell’s palsy

Cholecystitis, chronic, w
onchial asthma Cancer pain Cardiac neurosis acute exacerbation

Competition stress Craniocerebral injury, Diabetes mellitus, non-insu

olelithiasis syndrome closed dependent

221
 Epidemic haemorrhagic Epistaxis, simple (without Eye pain due
rache fever generalized or local disease) subconjunctival injection

male infertility Facial spasm Female urethral syndrome Fibromyalgia and fasciitis

Hepatitis B virus carrier Herpes zoster (human (alp

strokinetic disturbance Gouty arthritis status herpesvirus 3)

perlipaemia Hypo-ovarianism Insomnia Labor pain

Male sexual dysfunction,

ctation, deficiency non-organic Ménière disease Neuralgia, post-herpetic

Opium, cocaine and heroin

urodermatitis Obesity dependence Osteoarthritis

n due to endoscopic Pain in thromboangiitis Polycystic ovary syndrome

mination obliterans (Stein-Leventhal syndrome) Postextubation in children

stoperative
nvalescence Premenstrual syndrome Prostatitis, chronic Pruritus

dicular and
udoradicular pain Raynaud syndrome, Recurrent lower urinary-
drome primary tract infection Reflex sympathetic dystroph

tention of urine,
umatic Schizophrenia Sialism, drug-induced Sjögren syndrome

re throat (including Temporomandibular jo

sillitis) Spine pain, acute Stiff neck dysfunction

tze syndrome Tobacco dependence Tourette syndrome Ulcerative colitis, chronic

Whooping cough
olithiasis Vascular dementia (pertussis)

222
Acupuncture Needles
Acupuncture needles are typically made of stainless steel preventing them from rusting,

breaking, and making them flexible.[82] Once needles have been used they are thrown away to

prevent contamination.[83] They are usually disposable, but reusable needles are sometimes

used as well, though they must be sterilized between uses.[84] Needles vary in length

between 13 to 130 millimetres (0.51 to 5.12 in), with shorter needles used near the face and eyes,

and longer needles in more fleshy areas; needle diameters vary from 0.16 mm (0.006 in)

to 0.46 mm (0.018 in),[85] with thicker needles used on more robust patients. Thinner needles

may be flexible and require tubes for insertion. The tip of the needle should not be made too

sharp to prevent breakage, although blunt needles cause more pain.[86] Apart from the usual

filiform needle, there are also other needle types which can be utilized, such as three-edged

needles and the Nine Ancient Needles.[85]Japanese acupuncturists use extremely thin

needles that are used superficially, sometimes without penetrating the skin, and surrounded

by a guide tube (a technique adopted in China and the West). Korean acupuncture uses copper

needles and has a greater focus on the hand.[80]

Needling technique[edit]
Insertion[edit]
The skin is sterilized, e.g. with alcohol, and the needles are inserted, frequently with a

plastic guide tube. Needles may be manipulated in various ways, e.g. spun, flicked, or moved

up and down relative to the skin. Since most pain is felt in the superficial layers of the skin,

a quick insertion of the needle is recommended.[87] Acupuncture can be painful.[88] The

skill level of the acupuncturist may influence how painful the needle insertion is, and a sufficiently

skilled practitioner may be able to insert the needles without causing any pain. [87]

De-qi sensation[edit]
De-qi (Chinese: 得气; pinyin: dé qì; "arrival of qi") refers to a sensation of numbness, distension,

or electrical tingling at the needling site which might radiate along the corresponding meridian.

223
[citation needed]
If de-qi can not be generated, inaccurate location of the acupoint, improper depth

of needle insertion, inadequate manual manipulation, or a very weak constitution of the patient

have to be considered, all of which are thought to decrease the likelihood of successful treatment.
[citation needed]
If the de-qi sensation doesn't immediately occur upon needle insertion, various manual

manipulation techniques can be applied to promote it (such as "plucking", "shaking" or "trembling").

[89]
Once de-qi is achieved, further techniques might be utilized which aim to "influence"

the de-qi; for example, by certain manipulation the de-qi sensation allegedly can be conducted

from the needling site towards more distant sites of the body.[citation needed] Other

techniques aim at "tonifying" (Chinese: 补; pinyin: bǔ) or "sedating" (Chinese: 泄; pinyin: xiè)

qi.[89] The former techniques are used in deficiency patterns, the latter in excesspatterns.[89]

De qi is more important in Chinese acupuncture, while Western and Japanese patients may

not consider it a necessary part of the treatment.[80]

The origins of acupressure and acupuncture are as

ancient as the instinctive impulse to hold your forehead
or temples when you have a headache. Everyone at
one time or another has used his or her hands
spontaneously to hold tense or painful places on the body.

The Chinese discovered more than 5,000 years

that pressing certain points on the body
pain where it occurred and also benefited other
of the body more remote from the pain and
the pressure point. Gradually, they found other
1

that not only alleviated pain but also influenced

functioning of certain internal organs.

In early Chinese dynasties, when stones and

were the only implements of war, many soldiers
wounded on the battlefield reported that
disease that had plagued them for years had
vanished. Naturally, such strange occurrences
physicians who could find no logical relationship
between the trauma and the ensuing recovery of
After years of meticulous observation, ancient
physicians developed ways of curing certain
striking or piercing specific points on the
body Like Chinese soldiers, people through the ages have found the
most effective ways to help themselves by trial and error. The art
and science of acupressure and acupuncture was practiced by the
contributions of people whose awareness was so highly developed

224
 that they could feel where the bodies of people in pain were
constricted and sense which trigger points would alleviate the
problem. The Chinese have practiced acupressure and acupuncture
for over 5,000 years as a way of keeping themselves well and happy.
You, too, can learn how to complement the care you receive from
Your doctors. You can help your body relieve itself of common
ailments, such as those in this book, by pressing the proper spots,
which I will teach you. In the course of trying out these points,
you may even find others that work better for you.

Many of the health problems in our society - from bad backs to

arthritis - are the result of living unnaturally. Stress, tension, lack
of exercise, poor eating habits, and poor posture contribute
to the epidemic of degenerative diseases in our culture.
Acupressure and acupuncture are ways to help your body fight
back and balance itself in the face of the pressures of modern life.

What is Acupressure

Acupressure is an ancient healing art using the fingers to gradually

press key healing points, which stimulate the body's natural self-
curative abilities. Acupressure was developed in Asia over 5,000
years ago. Using the power and sensitivity of the hand,
Acupressure Therapy is effective in the relief of stress-related
ailments, and is ideal for self-treatment and preventive health care
for boosting the immune system. Acupressure releases tension,
increases circulation, reduces pain, and develops spirituality and
vibrant health. For a pressure point reference and a self-care guide
for common complaints from A to Z, seeAcupressure's Potent
Points by Michael Reed Gach, Ph.D., with 400 illustrations and over
a hundred self-acupressure healing applications.
Acupuncture & Acupressure use the same pressure points and
meridians, but Acupuncture employs needles, while Acupressure
uses gentle to firm finger pressure. When these acupressure points
are stimulated, they release muscular tension, promote circulation
of blood, and enhance the body's life force energy to aid healing.
Acupressure therapy can be used to relieve pain, fortify the sexual
reproductive system, detoxify the body for greater health and
beauty, and tone facial and back muscles.

The Applications of Using Acupressure include relieving pain,

balancing body energy, and maintaining good health.

225
Acupressure's healing touch reduces muscular tension, increases
circulation, and enables deep relaxation. By relieving stress,
Acupressure Therapy strengthens resistance to disease and
promotes wellness. You can learn self-care applications and
pressure point formulas for specific conditions, such as chronic
fatigue, fibromyalgia, chronic muscular pain, mental stress,
addiction recovery, learning disorders, trauma, emotional
imbalances and more. Here are some areas for applying
Acupressure effe

Acupressure Precauations

Professional Practice Procedures and Breathing

Guidelines
Breathing is the most profoundly effective tool
known for purifying and revitalizing the body.
When your breath is shallow, all your body's vital
systems function at a minimum level. If your breath
is long and deep, however, the respiratory system
functions properly, and the body cells become fully
oxygenated.

Deep breathing helps the acupressure points

release any pain or tension and encourages healing
energy to flow throughout the body. As you practice
self-acupressure and concentrate on breathing
deeply into your abdomen, you will help your body
heal itself and generate a great feeling of well-being.

Concentrated breathing can especially help you

better use a potent point that is painful. Close your
eyes, focus your attention on the painful spot,
breathe deeply, and imagine that you are breathing
healing energy into the affected area as you hold the
point gently. Inhale deeply into the abdomen, letting
your belly expand. Feel the breath reach into the
depths of the belly. Exhale slowly, letting the energy that you drew in now circulate
throughout your body. Do not use a massaging movement.

Focus on breathing into the pain for three full minutes. Often, poor circulation is
indicated by a point that is sore when pressed. By taking long, deep breaths and
pressing gently for three minutes you will close the nervous system's pain gates and help
the area heal. This breathing technique will enhance the healing benefits of all the
acupressure routines in this book.

226
Cautions to Consider
 Apply finger pressure in a slow, rhythmic manner to enable the layers of tissue
and the internal organs to respond. Never press any area in an abrupt, forceful,
or jarring way.
 Use the abdominal points cautiously, especially if you are ill. Avoid the
abdominal area entirely if you have a life-threatening disease, especially
intestinal cancer, tuberculosis, serious cardiac conditions, and leukemia. Avoid
the abdominal area during pregnancy as well.
 Pregnancy - special care should be taken during pregnancy.
 Lymph areas, such as the groin, the area of the throat just below the ears, and
the outer breast near the armpits, are very sensitive These areas should be
touched only lightly and not pressed.
 Burns & infections: Do not work directly on a serious burn, an ulcerous
condition, or an infection: for these conditions, medical care alone is indicated.
 Scars and injuries: Do not work directly on a recently formed scar. During the
first month after an injury or operation, do not apply pressure directly on the
affected site. However, gentle continuous holding a few inches away from the
periphery of the injury will stimulate the area and help it heal.
 After an acupressure session, your body heat is lowered; thus your resistance to
cold is also lower. Because the tensions have been released, your body's vital
energies are concentrating inward to maximize healing. Your body will be more
vulnerable, so be sure to wear extra clothing and keep warm when you finish an
acupressure routine.

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How to apply pressure Acupuncture Points
Use prolonged finger pressure directly on the point;
gradual, steady, penetrating pressure for approximately
three minutes is ideal. Each point will feel somewhat
different when you press it; some points feel tense, while
others are often sore or ache when pressed. How much
pressure to apply to any point depends on how fit you
are. A general guideline to follow is that the pressure
should be firm enough so that it "hurts good" - in other
words, something between pleasant, firm pressure and
outright pain.

The more developed the muscles are, the more pressure

you should apply If you feel extreme (or increasing)
sensitivity or pain, gradually decrease the pressure
until you find a balance between pain and pleasure.
Acupressure is not meant to increase your tolerance of
pain, so do not think of it as a test of endurance. Do
not continue to press a point that is excruciatingly
painful. Usually, however, if you firmly hold the point
long enough (up to 2 minutes using the middle finger
with your index and ring fingers on either side as
support), the pain will diminish.

Note that sometimes when you hold a point, you'll feel

pain in another part of your body This phenomenon is
called referred pain and indicates that those areas are
related. You should press points in these related areas
as well to release blockages.

The middle finger is the longest and strongest of your fingers and is best suited for applying
thumb is strong, too, but often lacks sensitivity If you find that your hand is generally weak or h
finger pressure, you can use the knuckles or your fist or other tools, such as an avocado pit, a golf bal

Although you may be tempted to massage or rub the entire area, it is best just to hold the poin
finger pressure. The rule of thumb is to apply slow, firm pressure on the point at a 90 degree angle f
skin. If you are pulling the skin, then the angle of pressure is incorrect. Consciously and gradually d
the center of the part of the body you are working on. It's important to apply and release fing
because this allows the tissues time to respond, promoting healing. The better your concentration as y
slowly into and out of the point, the more effective the treatment will be.

After repeated acupressure sessions using different degrees of pressure, you will begin to feel a p
pulsation is a good sign - it means that circulation has increased. Pay attention to the type of pulse yo
or throbbing, hold the point longer until the pulse balances.

If your hand gets tired, slowly withdraw pressure from the point, gently shake out your hand,

228
breaths. When you're ready, go back to the point and gradually apply pressure until you reach the
good. Again, press directly on painful site (which often moves, so follow and stay with it) until you
pulse or until the pain diminishes. Then slowly decrease the finger pressure, ending with about tw
touch.

When you have located the point and your fingers are comfortably positioned right on the spo
weight toward the point to apply the pressure. If you're pressing a point on your foot, for instanc
apply pressure by slowly leaning forward . Using the weight of your upper body (and not just your
apply firm pressure without strain. Direct the pressure perpendicularly to the surface of the skin as
slow, deep breaths. Hold for a few minutes until you feel a regular pulse or until the soreness at the
gradually release the pressure, finishing with a soothing touch.

Each body - and each area of the body - requires a different amount of pressure. If it hurts a grea
pressure on a point, then use light touch instead of pressure. The calves, the face, and genital areas ar
buttocks, and shoulders, especially if the musculature is developed, usually need deeper, firmer pres
areas of the body, such as the back and shoulders, are hard to reach, I will recommend using Acu-
involve leaning against the floor to apply the proper amount of pressure to the points.

To achieve the full benefit of self-acupressure, you should choose a comfortable, private environm
deep relaxation. You can use acupressure at work, however, if you can take a ten-minute break. Cho
you find most comfortable - either sitting or lying down. As you press points in different areas, feel f
body so that your muscles can relax completely. (See "Guidance for Deep Relaxation," at the beginni

Ideally, you should wear comfortable clothing. Tight collars, belts, pants, or shoes can o
recommend wearing natural fibers that breathe, such as cotton or wool blends. Also, it's a goo
fingernails trimmed fairly short to prevent any discomfort or injury to the skin.

Avoid practicing acupressure right before a big meal or on a full stomach. Wait until at least a
light meal and even longer after eating a heavy meal. Practicing a complete acupressure routine whe
can inhibit the flow of blood and may cause nausea. However, simply pressing one or two points to
hiccups is perfectly safe.

Avoid iced drinks (especially during the winter months), because extreme cold generally weakens
counteract the benefits of acupressure. A cup of hot herbal tea would be good after an acupressur
period of deep relaxation.

For optimal results, you should perform the acupressure routines daily, whether you are using ac
your health or to help relieve an ailment. If you are using acupressure for the latter reason, conti
points even after you've obtained relief. This can prevent recurrence. If you cannot practice every da
acupressure two or three times a week can still be effective.

Limit your self acupressure sessions to an hour at the most. When you begin practicing acupressu
you are most comfortable holding a point for two to three minutes. You may find that you can gradu
months - work up to holding points longer, but do not hold any one point longer than ten minutes.
single area of the body, such as the abdominal area or the face, for longer that 15 minutes. The effec
be quite strong. If you work too long, too much energy is released and complications, such as nause
occur

229


Acupressure Contraindications
Patients with life-threatening diseases and serious medical problems should always
consult their doctor before using acupressure or other alternative therapies. It is
important for the novice to use caution in any medical emergency situation, such as a
stroke or heart attack, or for any serious medical condition, such as arteriosclerosis or
an illness caused by bacteria. Nor is acupressure an appropriate sole treatment for
cancer, contagious skin diseases, or sexually transmitted diseases.

In conjunction with proper medical attention, however, gentle acupressure (safely

away from the diseased area and the internal organs) can help soothe and relieve a
patient's distress and pain. According to Dr. Serizawa, a Japanese physician, who
regularly uses acupressure in his medical research and practice:
The ailments from which [acupressure] can offer relief are numerous and include the
following: symptoms of chilling; flushing; pain, and numbness; headaches; heaviness in
the head; dizziness; ringing in the ears; stiff shoulders arising from disorders of the
autonomic nervous system; constipation; sluggishness; chills of the hands and feet;
insomnia; malformations of the backbone frequent in middle age and producing pain in
the shoulders, arms, and hands; pains in the back; pains in the knees experienced
during standing or going up or down stairs.1
The following chapters provide you with ways to help yourself cope with these and
other discomforts. But before you look up the specific ailments you want to know about,
take a few minutes to answer the questions on the following form.

An Acupressure Diary
Acupressure's effects can be subtle and while you may often experience immediate
relief from stress and pain, sometimes it may take you a few weeks to notice a big
change in your overall condition. In the meantime, you can use the form to the right to
record your week-by-week progress. Note your body's responses to specific points and
self-help techniques. Your account of which points you use, the techniques that help you
most, and the time it took to achieve results can be a valuable record for learning about
your body and becoming more aware of its needs.

Keep track of the results of your self-acupressure practice to pay close attention to
your progress and well-being.

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There Are Many Different Types of Acupuncture: You Choose What
Works Best for You
While traditional acupuncture involves the use of needles (acupuncture
actually means “to puncture with a needle”), sometimes the stimulation of
acupuncture points is done using electricity, lasers, or acupressure (the use of
pressure to stimulate acupuncture points).

The term acupuncture is often used to describe all of these modalities, as each
has shown similar benefits. This means that if you like the idea of trying a
natural, ancient technique like acupuncture, but don’t like the idea of having
needles inserted into your body, there are needle-free alternatives you can try
that can offer many of the same benefits.
In one study that evaluated acupuncture for cancer patients suffering from
nausea during radiotherapy, one group received traditional acupuncture with
skin-penetrating needles while a second group received simulated
acupuncture with a blunt placebo needle that only touched their
skin.6 Interestingly, 95 percent of the patients in both groups felt that the
treatment helped relieve nausea, and 67 percent experienced other positive
effects such as improved sleep, brighter mood, and less pain.
My favorite form of “needle-less acupuncture” is The Emotional Freedom
Technique, or EFT, which is the psychological acupressure technique I most
highly recommend. EFT is based on the same energy meridians used in
traditional acupuncture to treat physical and emotional ailments but without
the invasiveness of using needles, nor the inconvenience and cost of having
to have a practitioner available to treat you.
Instead, simple tapping with the fingertips is used to input kinetic energy onto
specific meridians on your head and chest while you think about your specific
problem -- whether it is a traumatic event, an addiction, pain, etc. -- and voice
positive affirmations. This combination of tapping the energy meridians and
voicing positive affirmation works to clear the "short-circuit" -- the emotional
block -- from your body's bioenergy system, thus restoring your mind and
body's balance, which is essential for optimal health and the healing of
physical disease.

You can conduct EFT yourself, but if you are not getting the results you would
like, or you have a particularly traumatic issue, consider consulting with a
skilled EFT professional. Likewise, if you decide to give traditional
acupuncture a try, be sure you consult with a qualified practitioner, as your
results may vary depending on the practitioner’s skill level.

231
TCM concept of disease[edit]
See also: Traditional Chinese medicine#Concept of disease
In TCM, disease is generally perceived as a disharmony (or imbalance) in the
functions or interactions of yin, yang, qi, xuĕ, zàng-fǔ, meridians etc. and/or of
the interaction between the human body and the environment.[64]Therapy is
based on which "pattern of disharmony" can be identified.[65][66] In the case of
the meridians, typical disease patterns are invasions with wind, cold and damp
Excesses.[67] In order to determine which pattern is at hand, practitioners will
examine things like the color and shape of the tongue, the relative strength of
pulse-points, the smell of the breath, the quality of breathing or the sound of
the voice.[68][69] TCM and its concept of disease do not strongly differentiate
between cause and effect.[70] In theory, however, endogenous, exogenous and
miscellaneous causes of disease are recognized.[71]
Traditional diagnosis[edit]
The acupuncturist decides which points to treat by observing and questioning
the patient to make a diagnosis according to the tradition which he or she
uses.[citation needed] In TCM, the four diagnostic methods are: Inspection focuses
on the face and particularly on the tongue, including analysis of the tongue
size, shape, tension, color and coating, and the absence or presence of teeth
marks around the edge.[72] Auscultation and olfaction refer, respectively, to
listening for particular sounds (such as wheezing) and attending to body
odor.[72]Inquiring focuses on the "seven inquiries", which are chills and fever;
perspiration; appetite, thirst and taste; defecation and urination; pain; sleep;
and menses and leukorrhea.[72] Palpation includes feeling the body for
tender A-shi points, and palpation of the left and right radial pulses.[72]
Tongue and pulse[edit]
Examination of the tongue and the pulse are among the principal diagnostic
methods in TCM.[citation needed]Certain sectors of the tongue's surface are
believed to correspond to the zàng-fŭ.[citation needed] For example, teeth marks on
one part of the tongue might indicate a problem with the heart, while teeth
marks on another part of the tongue might indicate a problem with the liver.[68]
Pulse palpation involves measuring the pulse at a superficial and at a deep
level at three locations on the radial artery (Cun, Guan, Chi, located two
fingerbreadths from the wrist crease, one fingerbreadth from the wrist crease,
and right at the wrist crease, respectively, usually palpated with the index,
middle and ring finger) of each arm, for 12 pulses, all of which are thought to
correspond with certain zàng-fŭ.[citation needed] The pulse is examined for several
characteristics including rhythm, strength and volume, and described with
qualities like "floating, slippery, bolstering-like, feeble, thready and
quick".[citation needed] Each of these qualities indicate certain disease
patterns.[citation needed] Training on the use of TCM pulse diagnosis can take
several years.[73][dead link]

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Scientific view on TCM theory[edit]

Modern acupuncture model

Some modern practitioners have embraced the use of acupuncture to treat

pain, but have abandoned the use of qi, meridians, yin and yangas explanatory
frameworks.[10][11] They, along with acupuncture researchers, explain the
analgesic effects of acupuncture as caused by the release of endorphins, and
recognize the lack of evidence that it can affect the course of any
disease.[12][13] The use of qi as an explanatory framework has been decreasing
in China, even as it becomes more prominent during discussions of
acupuncture in the United States.[citation needed] Despite the scientific evidence
against such mystical explanations, academic discussions of acupuncture still
make reference to pseudoscientific concepts like qi and meridians, in practice
making many scholarly efforts to integrate evidence for efficacy and
discussions of the mechanism of impossible.[13] Qi, yin, yang and meridians
have no counterpart in modern studies ofchemistry, biology, physics,
or human physiology and to date scientists have been unable to find evidence
that supports their existence.[n 1][9]
Similarly, no research has established any consistent anatomical structure or
function for either acupuncture points or meridians.[n 1][9] Especially
the nervous system has been evaluated for a relationship to acupuncture
points, but no structures have been clearly linked to them. Theelectrical
resistance of acupuncture points and meridians have also been studied, with
conflicting results.[9] In general, research on the electrical activity of
acupuncture points lacks a standardized methodology and reporting
protocols, and is of poor quality.[74]
A 2013 meta-analysis found little evidence that the effectiveness of
acupuncture on pain (compared to sham) was modified by the location of the
needles, the number of needles used, the experience or technique of the
practitioner, or by the circumstances of the sessions.[75] The same analysis
also suggested that the number of needles and sessions is important, as

233
greater numbers improved the outcomes of acupuncture compared to non-
acupuncture controls.[75] A 2010 systematic review comparing the difference in
efficacy between traditional acupuncture on specific acupoints and sham
controls on non-acupoints found that the existence of acupoint specificity
cannot be demonstrated.[76] A 2009 systematic review of trials comparing true
acupuncture against controls in which either non-points or acupuncture points
not indicated by traditional practice were needled found that the majority of
clinical trials demonstrated no significant difference in outcomes between
"sham" and "real" acupuncture, and the majority of the studies found that
sham may be as efficacious as real acupuncture, especially when the control
used non-points.[24] These findings questioned the validity of the theoretical
basis of traditional acupuncture in regard to the point locations and
indications selected.[24]
Quackwatch stated that:[77]

TCM theory and practice are not based upon the body of knowledge related to
health, disease, and health care that has been widely accepted by the scientific
community. TCM practitioners disagree among themselves about how to
diagnose patients and which treatments should go with which diagnoses.
Even if they could agree, the TCM theories are so nebulous that no amount of
scientific study will enable TCM to offer rational care.
Clinical practice[edit]

One type of acupuncture needle

Acupuncture is the stimulation of precisely defined, specific acupoints along

the skin of the body involving various methods such as the application of heat,
pressure, or laser or penetration of thin needles.[1]In a modern acupuncture
session, an initial consultation is followed by taking the pulse on both arms,
and an inspection of the tongue. Classically, in clinical practice, acupuncture
is highly individualized and based on philosophy and intuition, and not on
controlled scientific research.[78] The number and frequency of acupuncture
sessions vary but most practitioners don't think one session is sufficient. [3] In
the United States, acupuncture typically lasts from 10 to 60 minutes,
withdiagnosis and treatment for a single session ranging from $25 to $80 in
2011.[79] Sometimes needles are left in the ear for up to 3 days.[79]

234
Clinical practice varies depending on the country.[25][80] A comparison of the
average number of patients treated per hour found significant differences
between China (10) and the United States (1.2).[81]
Related practices[edit]

Japanese Moxibustion
The related practices include:Acupressure, a non-invasive form of
acupuncture, uses physical pressure applied to acupressure points by the
hand, elbow, or with various devices.[90] Acupuncture is often accompanied
by moxibustion, the burning of cone-shaped preparations of mugwort on or
near the skin, often but not always near or on an acupuncture point. [citation
needed] Traditionally acupuncture was used to treatacute conditions while

moxibustion was used for chronic diseases.[citation needed] Moxibustion could be

direct (the cone was placed directly on the skin and allowed to burn the skin
producing a blister and eventually a scar), or indirect (either a cone of
mugwort was placed on a slice of garlic, ginger or other vegetable, or a
cylinder of mugwort was held above the skin, close enough to either warm or
burn it).[91] Cupping therapy is an ancient Chinese form of alternative
medicine in which a local suction is created on the skin; practitioners believe
this mobilizes blood flow in order to promote healing.[92] Tui na is a TCM
method of attempting to stimulate the flow of qi by various bare handed

235
techniques that do not involve needles.[93] Electroacupuncture is a form of
acupuncture in which acupuncture needles are attached to a device that
generates continuous electric pulses (this has been described as "essentially
transdermal electrical nerve stimulation [TENS] masquerading as
acupuncture").[23] Sonopuncture or acutonics is a stimulation of the body
similar to acupuncture, but using sound instead of needles.[94] This may be
done using purpose-built transducers to direct a narrow ultrasound beam to a
depth of 6–8 centimetres at acupuncture meridian points on the
body.[95]Alternatively, tuning forks or other sound emitting devices are
used.[96] Acupuncture point injection is the injection of various substances
(such as drugs, vitamins or herbal extracts) into acupuncture
[97]
point. Auriculotherapy or ear acupuncture is a form of acupuncture
developed in France which is based on the assumption
of reflexologicalrepresentation of the entire body in the outer ear.[98] Scalp
acupuncture is based on reflexological considerations regarding
the scalp area; it has been developed in Japan.[98] Hand acupuncture centers
around assumed reflex zones of the hand; it has been developed in
Korea.[98] Medical acupuncture attempts to integrate reflexological concepts,
the trigger point model, and anatomical insights (such
as dermatome distribution) into acupuncture practice, and emphasizes a more
formulaic approach to acupuncture point location.[98] Cosmetic acupuncture is
the use of acupuncture in an attempt to reduce wrinkles on the face.[99]
Effectiveness[edit]

The application of evidence-based medicine to researching acupuncture's

effectiveness is a controversial activity, which has produced different results
in a growing evidence base of research.[19] Some research results are
encouraging but others suggest acupuncture's effects are mainly due
to placebo.[25] It is difficult to design research trials for acupuncture. [100] Due to
acupuncture's invasive nature, one of the major challenges in efficacyresearch
is in the design of an appropriate placebo control group.[19][22] For the efficacy
studies to determine whether acupuncture has specific effects, "sham" forms
of acupuncture seem the most acceptable method for a control group. [100] An
analysis suggested that sham controlled trials may underestimate the total
treatment effect of acupuncture (i.e. the incidental therapeutic factors such as
talking and listening which are characteristic of the intervention), as the sham
treatment is based on the hypothesis that only needling is the characteristic
treatment element.[101]
Publication bias is listed as a concern in the reviews of randomized controlled
trials of acupuncture.[23][102][103] A 1998 review of studies on acupuncture found
that trials originating in China, Japan, Hong Kong and Taiwan were uniformly
favourable to acupuncture, as were ten out of 11 studies conducted in
Russia.[104] A 2011 assessment of the quality of randomized controlled trials on
TCM, including acupuncture, concluded that the methodological quality of
most such trials (including randomization, experimental control and blinding)
was generally poor, particularly for trials published in Chinese journals
(though the quality of acupuncture trials was better than the drug-related

236
trials).[105] The study also found that trials published in non-Chinese journals
tended to be of higher quality.[105]
A 2013 editorial found that the inconsistency of results of acupuncture studies
(i.e. acupuncture relieved pain in some conditions but had no effect in other
very similar conditions) suggests false positive results, which may be caused
by factors like biased study designs, poor blinding, and the classification of
electrified needles (a type ofTENS) as a form of acupuncture.[23] The same
editorial suggested that given the inability to find consistent results despite
more than 3,000 studies of acupuncture, the treatment seems to be a placebo
effect and the existing equivocal positive results are noise one expects to see
after a large number of studies are performed on an inert therapy. [23] The
editorial concluded that the best controlled studies showed a clear pattern, in
which the outcome does not rely upon needle location or even needle
insertion, and since "these variables are those that define acupuncture, the
only sensible conclusion is that acupuncture does not work."[23]

General pain and acupressure/Acupunctore

A 2012 meta-analysis conducted by the Acupuncture Trialists' Collaboration
found "relatively modest" efficiency of acupuncture (in comparison to sham)
for the treatment of four different types of chronic pain, and on that basis
concluded it "is more than a placebo" and a reasonable referral
option.[106] Commenting on this meta-analysis both Edzard Ernst and David
Colquhoun said the results were of negligible clinical significance.[107][108]
A 2011 overview of Cochrane reviews found high quality evidence that
suggests acupuncture is effective for some but not all kinds of pain. [27] A 2011
overview of systematic reviews found that numerous reviews have shown little
convincing evidence that acupuncture is an effective treatment for reducing
pain.[28] The same review found that neck pain was one of only four types of
pain for which a positive effect was suggested, but cautioned that the primary
studies used carried a considerable risk of bias.[28] A 2010 systematic review
suggested that acupuncture is more than a placebo for commonly occurring
chronic pain conditions, but the authors acknowledged that it is still unknown
if the overall benefit is clinically meaningful or cost-effective.[109] A 2009
systematic review and meta-analysis found that acupuncture had a small
analgesic effect, which appeared to lack any clinical importance and cannot be
discerned from bias.[26] The same review found that it remains unclear whether
acupuncture reduces pain independent of a psychological impact of the
needling ritual.[26]
Peripheral osteoarthritis[edit]
A 2012 review found acupuncture to provide clinically significant relief from
knee osteoarthritis pain and a larger improvement in function than sham
acupuncture, standard care treatment, or waiting for treatment.[110] A review

237
from 2008 yielded similar positive results.[111] The Osteoarthritis Research
Society International released a set ofconsensus recommendations in 2008
that concluded acupuncture may be useful for treating the symptoms of
osteoarthritis of the knee.[112] A 2010 Cochrance review found that acupuncture
shows statistically significantbenefit over sham acupuncture in the treatment
of peripheral joint osteoarthritis; however, these benefits were found to be so
small that their clinical significance was doubtful, and "probably due at least
partially to placebo effects from incomplete blinding".[113]
Headaches and migraines[edit]
A 2012 review found that acupuncture has demonstrated benefit for the
treatment of headaches, but that safety needed to be more fully documented in
order to make any strong recommendations in support of its use. [114] A 2009
Cochrane review of the use of acupuncture for migraine prophylaxis treatment
concluded that "true" acupuncture wasn't more efficient than sham
acupuncture, however, "true" acupuncture appeared to be as effective as, or
possibly more effective than routine care in the treatment of migraines, with
fewer adverse effects than prophylactic drug treatment.[115] The same review
stated that the specific points chosen to needle may be of limited
importance.[115] A 2009 Cochrane review found evidence that suggested that
acupuncture might be considered a helpful non-pharmacological approach for
frequent episodic or chronic tension-type headache.[116]
Low back[edit]
A 2011 overview of Cochrane reviews found inconclusive evidence regarding
acupuncture efficacy in treating low back pain.[27] A 2010 review found that
sham acupuncture was as effective as real acupuncture for chronic low back
pain.[3] The specific therapeutic effects of acupuncture were small, whereas its
clinically relevant benefits were mostly due to contextual and psychosocial
circumstances.[3] Brain imaging studies have shown that traditional
acupuncture and sham acupuncture differ in their effect on limbic structures,
while at the same time showed equivalent analgesic effects.[3] A 2005
Cochrane review found there is insufficient evidence to recommend for or
against either acupuncture or dry needling for acute low back pain.[117] The
same review found there is low quality evidence for pain relief and
improvement compared to no treatment or sham therapy for chronic low back
pain only in the short term immediately after treatment.[117] The same review
found acupuncture is not more effective than conventional therapy
and CAM treatments.[117] A 2005 review suggests there is insufficient evidence
that acupuncture is more effective than other therapies.[118] A review for
the American Pain Society/American College of Physicians from 2007 found
fair evidence that acupuncture is effective for chronic low back pain. [119]
Fibromyalgia[edit]
A 2013 Cochrane review found low to moderate evidence that acupuncture
improves pain and stiffness in treating people with fibromyalgia compared
with no treatment and standard care.[120]
Shoulder and elbow[edit]

238
A 2011 overview of Cochrane reviews found inconclusive evidence regarding
acupuncture efficacy in treatingshoulder pain and lateral elbow pain.[27]
Post-operative[edit]
A 2014 overview of systematic reviews found insufficient evidence to suggest
that acupuncture is effective for surgical or postoperative pain. [121] For the use
of acupuncture for post-operative pain there was sometimes contradictory
evidence.[121]
Cancer[edit]
A 2012 systematic review of randomised clinical trials (RCTs) using
acupuncture in the treatment of cancer painfound that the number and quality
of RCTs was too low to draw definite conclusions.[122] A 2011 Cochrane review
found that there is insufficient evidence to determine whether acupuncture is
an effective treatment for cancer pain in adults.[123]
A 2013 systematic review found that acupuncture is an acceptable adjunctive
treatment for chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting, but further
research with a low risk of bias is needed.[124] A 2013 systematic review found
that the available RCTs for analysis were too low to draw valid conclusions for
the effectiveness of acupuncture for cancer-related fatigue.[125] A 2012
systematic review and meta-analysis found very limited evidence regarding
the effectiveness of acupuncture compared with conventional intramuscular
injections for the treatment of hiccups in cancer patients.[126] The
methodological quality and amount of RCTs in the review was low.[126]
Fertility and childbirth[edit]
A 2013 systematic review and meta-analysis found no benefit of adjuvant
acupuncture for in vitro fertilization on clinical pregnancy success rates.[127] A
2010 Cochrane review found that there was no evidence acupuncture
improved pregnancy rates irrespective of when it was performed and
recommended against its use during in vitrofertilization either during egg
retrieval or implantation.[128]
Nausea and vomiting[edit]
A 2014 overview of systematic reviews found insufficient evidence to suggest
that acupuncture is an effective treatment for post-
operative nausea and vomiting (PONV) in a clinical setting. [121] A 2009
Cochrane review found that the stimulation of the P6 acupoint prevented
PONV.[129] The same review stated that there was no consistent evidence to
compare the difference in risk of postoperative nausea or vomiting after P6
acupoint stimulation with antiemetic drugs.[129]
Stroke[edit]
A 2014 overview of systematic reviews and meta-analyses found that the
evidence does not demonstrate acupuncture helps reduce the rates of death
or disability after a stroke or improve other aspects of stroke recovery, such
as poststroke motor dysfunction, but the evidence suggests it may help with
poststroke neurological impairment and dysfunction such as dysphagia,
which would need to be confirmed with future rigorous studies. [130] A 2012

239
review found there is evidence of benefit for acupuncture combined with
exercise in treating shoulder pain after stroke.[131]
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder[edit]
A 2011 Cochrane review concluded that there was no evidence to support the
use of acupuncture for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).[132] A
2011 review concluded there was limited evidence as to the effectiveness of
acupuncture as a treatment option for ADHD but cautioned that firm
conclusions could not be drawn because of the risk of bias.[133]
Other conditions[edit]
For the following conditions, the Cochrane Collaboration or other reviews
have concluded there is no strong evidence of benefit for alcohol
dependence,[134] ankle sprain,[135] autism,[136] chronic asthma,[137] bell's
palsy,[138] carpal tunnel syndrome,[139] cocaine
dependence,[140] depression,[141] drug detoxification,[142][143]primary dysmenorrh
oea,[144] enuresis,[145] epilepsy,[146] erectile
dysfunction,[147] glaucoma,[148] gynaecological conditions (except possibly
fertility and nausea/vomiting),[149] hot flashes,[150] insomnia,[151][152] irritable
bowel syndrome,[153] induction of childbirth,[154] labor
pain,[155] myopia,[156] obstetrical conditions,[157] polycystic ovary
syndrome,[158] rheumatoid arthritis,[159] schizophrenia,[160] smoking
cessation,[161] acute stroke,[162] and stroke rehabilitation[163] temporomandibular
joint dysfunction,[164] tennis elbow,[165] tinnitus,[166] uremic
pruritus,[167]and vascular dementia.[168]
Moxibustion and cupping[edit]
A 2010 overview of systematic reviews found that moxibustion was
effectiveness for several conditions.[169] The same review found that due to the
primary studies were of poor quality, there persists ample uncertainty, which
limited the conclusiveness of their findings.[169] A 2012 systematic review
suggested that cupping therapy seems to be effective for herpes zoster and
other various conditions.[170] However, due to the high risk of publication bias,
larger studies are needed to draw definitive conclusions.[170]
Safety[edit]

Adverse events[edit]
English-language[edit]
A 2013 systematic review of the English-language case reports found
that serious adverse events associated with acupuncture are rare, but
acupuncture is not without risk.[20] Between 2000 and 2011, there were 294
adverse events reported in the English-language literature from 25 countries
and regions.[20] The majority of the reported adverse events were generally
minor.[20] For example, a prospective survey of 34,000 acupuncture treatments
found no serious adverse events, 43 were minor, a rate of 1.3 per 1000
interventions.[20] Another survey found there were 7.1% minor adverse events,
5 were serious, amid 97,733 acupuncture patients.[20] The most common
adverse effect observed was infection, and the majority of infections were

240
bacterial in nature, caused by skin contact at the needling site. [20] Infections
has also been caused by skin contact with unsterilized equipment or dirty
towels, in an unhygienic clinical setting.[20] Other adverse complications
included five reported cases ofspinal cord injuries (e.g. migrating broken
needles or needling too deeply), four brain injuries, four peripheral
nerveinjuries, five heart injuries, seven other organ and tissue injuries,
bilateral hand edema, epithelioid granuloma,pseudolymphoma, argyria,
pustules, pancytopenia, and scarring due to hot needle technique.[20] Adverse
reactions from acupuncture, which are unusual and uncommon in typical
acupuncture practice, were syncope, galactorrhoea, bilateral nystagmus,
pyoderma gangrenosum, hepatotoxicity, eruptive lichen planus, and
spontaneous needle migration.[20]
A 2011 overview of systematic reviews found that serious complications
following acupuncture have continued to be reported.[28] Between 2000 and
2009, the reported serious adverse effects was 95 cases, including
5deaths.[28] Many are not inherent to acupuncture but stem from malpractice of
acupuncturists.[28] Most such reports are from Asia, possibly reflecting the
large number of treatments performed there or else a relatively higher number
of poorly trained acupuncturists,[28] which may be why such complications
have not been reported in surveys of adequately-trained
[28]
acupuncturists. The most frequent adverse events included pneumothorax,
and bacterial and viral infections.[28] A 2013 systematic review found 31 cases
of vascular injuries were caused by acupuncture, 3 resulting in death. [171] The
same review found vascular injuries were rare, bleeding and pseudoaneurysm
were most prevalent.[171] A 2011 systematic review found 26 cases of cardiac
tamponade, resulting in 14 deaths after acupuncture.[172] In most fatal
instances, there was little doubt regarding thecausality, connecting the deaths
to acupuncture.[172] The same review concluded cardiac tamponade was a
serious, usually fatal complication following acupuncture.[172]
Chinese, South Korean, and Japanese-language[edit]
A 2010 systematic review of the Chinese-language literature found numerous
acupuncture related adverse events including pneumothorax,
fainting, subarachnoid hemorrhage, and infection as the most frequent, and
cardiovascular injuries, subarachnoid hemorrhage, pneumothorax, and
recurrent cerebral hemorrhage as the most serious, most of which were due to
improper technique.[21] Between 1980 and 2009, the Chinese literature reported
479 adverse events.[21] Prospective surveys shown that mild, transient
acupuncture-associated adverse events ranged from 6.71% to 15%. [21] A study
with 190,924 patients, the prevalence of serious adverse events was roughly
0.024%.[21] Another study shown a rate of adverse events requiring specific
treatment was 2.2%, 4,963 incidences were among 229,230
patients.[21] Infections, mainly hepatitis, after acupuncture are reported often in
the English-language research, though it is rarely reported in the Chinese-
language research, making it plausible that in China acupuncture-associated
infections have been underreported.[21] Infections were mostly caused by poor
sterilization of acupuncture needles.[21] Other adverse events included spinal
epidural haematoma (in the cervical, thoracic and lumbar spine), chylothorax,

241
injuries of abdominal organs and tissues, injuries in the neck region, injuries
to the eyes, including orbital hemorrhage, traumatic cataract, injury of the
oculomotor nerve and retinal puncture, hemorrhage to the cheeks and the
hypoglottis, peripheral motor nerve injuries and subsequent motor
dysfunction, local allergic reactions to metal needles, stroke, and cerebral
hemorrhage after acupuncture.[21] A causal link between acupuncture and the
adverse events cardiac arrest, pyknolepsy, shock, fever, cough, thirst,
aphonia, leg numbness, and sexual dysfunction remains uncertain. [21] The
same review concluded that acupuncture can be considered inherently safe
when practiced by properly trained practitioners, but the review also stated
there is a need to find effective strategies to minimize the health
risks.[21] Between 1999 and 2010, the Republic of Korean-literature contained
reports of 1104 adverse events.[173] Between the 1980s and 2002, the Japanese-
language literature contained reports of 150 adverse events.[174]
Pediatric and pregnancy[edit]
When used on children, acupuncture is safe when administered by well-
trained, licensed practitioners using sterile needles; however, there was
limited research to draw definite conclusions about the overall safety of
pediatric acupuncture.[1] The same review found 279 adverse events, of which
25 were serious.[1] The adverse events were mostly mild in nature (e.g. bruising
or bleeding).[1] The prevalence of mild adverse events ranged from 10.1% to
13.5%, an estimated 168 incidences were among 1,422 patients. [1] On rare
occasions adverse events were serious (e.g. cardiac rupture or hemoptysis),
many might have been a result of substandard practice. [1] The incidence of
serious adverse events was 5 per one million, which included children and
adults.[1] When used during pregnancy, the majority of adverse events caused
by acupuncture were mild and transient, with few serious adverse
events.[175] The most frequent mild adverse event was needling or unspecified
pain, followed by bleeding.[175] Although two deaths (one stillbirth and one
neonatal death) were reported, there was a lack of acupuncture associated
maternal mortality.[175] Limiting the evidence as certain, probable or possible in
the causality evaluation, the estimated incidence of adverse events following
acupuncture in pregnant women was 131 per 10,000.[175] In pregnant women
needle insertion should be avoided in the abdominal region.[3]
Four adverse events associated with moxibustion were bruising, burns and
cellulitis, spinal epidural abscess, and large superficial basal cell
carcinoma.[20] Ten adverse events were associated with cupping.[20] The minor
ones were keloid scarring, burns, and bullae;[20] the serious ones were
acquired hemophilia A, stroke following cupping on the back and neck,
factitious panniculitis, reversible cardiac hypertrophy, and iron deficiency
anemia.[20]
Cost-effectiveness[edit]
A 2013 meta-analysis found that acupuncture for chronic low back pain
was cost-effective as a complement to standard care, but not as a substitute
for standard care.[176] The same meta-analysis found there was no difference
between sham and non-sham acupuncture.[176] A 2011 systematic review found

242
insufficient evidence for the cost-effectiveness of acupuncture in the treatment
of chronic low back pain.[177]
Risk of foregoing conventional medical care[edit]
As with other alternative medicines, unethical or naïve practitioners may also
induce patients to exhaust financial resources by pursuing ineffective
treatment.[178][179] Profession ethical codes set by accrediting organizations
such as the National Certification Commission for Acupuncture and Oriental
Medicine require practitioners to make "timely referrals to other health care
professionals as may be appropriate."[180]
International reception[edit]

General public[edit]
Acupuncture has become popular in the U.S.,[20] China,[21] and other parts of
the world.[20] It is viewed as a form of complementary and alternative
medicine.[3]
Australia
In Australia, a 2005 national survey revealed that nearly 1 in 10 adults have
used acupuncture in the previous year.[181]
United States
In the United States, less than one percent of the total population reported
having used acupuncture in the early 1990s.[182] In 2002, the National Center for
Complementary and Alternative Medicine revealed that 2.1 million adults have
used acupuncture in the previous 12 months.[183] By the early 2010s, over 14
million Americans reported having used acupuncture as part of their health
care.[182] Each year, around 10 million acupuncture treatments are
administered in the United States.[184]
United Kingdom
In the United Kingdom, a total of 4 million acupuncture treatments were
administered in 2009.[185]
Germany
According to several public health insurance organizations, women comprise
over two-thirds of all acupuncture users in Germany.[186] After the results of
the German Acupuncture Trials were published in 2007, the number of regular
users of acupuncture jumped by 20%, surpassing one million in 2011.[186]
Switzerland
In Switzerland, acupuncture has become the most frequently used
complementary medicine since 2004.[187]
Government agencies[edit]
In 2006, the National Institutes of Health's (NIH) National Center for
Complementary and Alternative Medicinestated that it continued to abide by
the pro-acupuncture recommendations of the 1997 NIH consensus statement,
even if research is still unable to explain its mechanism.[188]

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In its 1997 statement, the NIH had concluded that despite research on
acupuncture being difficult to conduct, there was sufficient evidence to
encourage further study and expand its use.[4] The consensus statement and
conference that produced it were criticized by Wallace Sampson, founder of
the Scientific Review of Alternative Medicine, writing for an affiliated
publication of Quackwatch who stated the meeting was chaired by a strong
proponent of acupuncture and failed to include speakers who had obtained
negative results on studies of acupuncture. Sampson also stated he believed
the report showed evidence of pseudoscientific reasoning.[189]
The National Health Service of the United Kingdom states that at the present,
no definite conclusions regarding acupuncture efficacy can be drawn, citing
disagreement among scientists "over the way acupuncture trials should be
carried out and over what their results mean".[190]
International organizations[edit]
In 2003, the World Health Organization's Department of Essential Drugs and
Medicine Policy produced a report on acupuncture.[191] The report was drafted,
revised and updated by Zhu-Fan Xie, the Director for the Institute of Integrated
Medicines of Beijing Medical University.[191] It contained, based on research
results available in early 1999, a list of diseases, symptoms or conditions for
which it was believed acupuncture had been demonstrated as an effective
treatment, as well as a second list of conditions that were possibly able to be
treated with acupuncture.[191] Noting the difficulties of conducting controlled
research and the debate on how to best conduct research on acupuncture, the
report described itself as "...intended to facilitate research on and the
evaluation and application of acupuncture.[191] It is hoped that it will provide a
useful resource for researchers, health care providers, national health
authorities and the general public."[191] The coordinator for the team that
produced the report, Xiaorui Zhang, stated that the report was designed to
facilitate research on acupuncture, not recommend treatment for specific
diseases.[192]
The report was controversial; critics assailed it as being problematic since, in
spite of the disclaimer, supporters used it to claim that the WHO endorsed
acupuncture that were lacking sufficient evidence-basis.[192] Medical scientists
expressed concern that the evidence supporting acupuncture outlined in the
report was weak, andWillem Betz of SKEPP (Studie Kring voor Kritische
Evaluatie van Pseudowetenschap en het Paranormale, the Study Circle for the
Critical Evaluation of Pseudoscience and the Paranormal) said that the report
was evidence that the "WHO has been infiltrated by missionaries
for alternative medicine".[192] The WHO 2005 report was also criticized in the
2008 book Trick or Treatment for, in addition to being produced by a panel that
included no critics of acupuncture, containing two major errors – including too
many results from low-quality clinical trials, and including a large number of
trials originating in China where, probably due to publication bias, no negative
trials have ever been produced.[193] Ernst and Singh, the authors of the book,
described the report as "highly misleading", a "shoddy piece of work that was
never rigorously scrutinized" and stated that the results of high-quality clinical

244
trials do not support the use of acupuncture to treat anything but pain and
nausea.[193] Ernst also described the statement in a 2006 peer reviewed article
as "Perhaps the most obviously over-optimistic overview [of acupuncture]",
noting that of the 35 conditions that the WHO stated acupuncture was effective
for, 27 of the systematic reviews that the WHO report was based on found that
acupuncture was not effective for treating the specified condition.[25]
Public organizations[edit]
In 2012, the Mayo Clinic stated that, "many Western practitioners view the
acupuncture points as places to stimulate nerves, muscles and connective
tissue. This stimulation appears to boost the activity of your body's natural
painkillers and increase blood flow."[194]
In 1997, the American Medical Association Council on Scientific Affairs stated
that, "There is little evidence to confirm the safety or efficacy of most
alternative therapies. Much of the information currently known about these
therapies makes it clear that many have not been shown to be efficacious.
Well- designed, stringently controlled research should be done to evaluate the
efficacy of alternative therapies."[19

Meridian Abbreviations There have been many abbreviations used to identify the
acupuncture meridians, most are listed below. The bold abbreviations are the ones used
in this text.

LU = Lung meridian LI, CO = Large Intestine meridian ST = Stomach meridian SP = Spleen

meridian HT, HE = Heart meridian SI = Small Intestine meridian BL, UB = Bladder meridian
KI = Kidney meridian P, PC, HC = Pericardium, Heart Constrictor meridian TW, TH, SJ =
Triple Warmer, Tri-Heater, Triple Burner, San Jiao meridian GB = Gallbladder meridian LV,
LI, LIV = Liver meridian CV, VC, Ren = Conception Vessel meridian GV, VG, Du = Governing
Vessel meridian Some older text use LI for Liver and CO for Large Intestine.

Cardinal Points: Points specific for area or condition.

Face & head - LI4 Neck - LU7 Chest & digestion - P6 Respiratory system - LU5 Shoulder -
ST38 also ST37 Scapula - SI11 Arm - LI11 Hand - TW5 Ear - TW5 Skin - GV20, LU9, LU11
Upper abdomen - ST36, CV12 Lower abdomen - SP6, CV6 Master energetical - ST36
Increase energy - CV6, ST36 General excess (energy) - GV14 Low back, sacrum & leg - BL54
Upper back, leg & foot - BL60 Nervous system - LV3 Neurological confusion - KI27
Sympathetic NS - GV20 Parasympathetic NS - ST36, SP6

All cerebral disorders - GB20 Memory, mental, cerebral - GV20 Unconsciousness - GV26
Endocrine system - CV5 Lymphatics - LV2 Yang organs - CV12 Yin organs - LV13 Muscles &
tendons - GB34 Bones - BL11 Bone marrow - GB39 Blood & blood chemistries - BL17 Blood
sugars (diabetes) - SPl0 Blood vessels - LU9 Master associated point - KI27 Master luo

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point - SP21 Obesity - GV26 Anxiety with palpations - HT7 Whole body weakness pain -
SP21 Center of respiration - CV17 Malpositioned fetus - BL67

Tsun or cun is the measurement of one “body inch” used locate acupuncture points.
Measurement is always taken from the patient’s hand. The width of the thumb is 1 cun,
width of two fingers is 1.5 cun, four fingers is 3 cun. Proportional measurements: Mid-line
of spine to medial border of scapula 3 cun. Lower end of sternum to umbilicus 8 cun.
Umbilicus to upper border of symphysis pubis 8 cun.

MERIDIANS
1.LungMeridian(LU)
The Hand Greater Yin(TaiYin) of the Lung has 11points The lung channel of the Hand Tai
yin originates from the lateral aspect of the chest near the armpit. It then travels a long
the anterior-media l aspect of the upper arm, passing the cubit al region and arrive sat
the radial side of the wrist containing the radial artery for pulse palpation. Passing the
thenare minence,it travels along the radial border of the palm ending at the medial side
of the tip of the thumb.

Lung Meridian (LU) The Hand Greater Yin (Tai Yin) of the Lung has 11 points

Command Points Water LU5 Sedation Pt Metal LU8 Horary Pt Earth LU9 Tonification Pt
Fire LU10 Wood LU11 Luo LU7 Xi-Cleft LU6 Source LU9Lung - Metal Element
Correspondences Color White Flavor Pungent Sense Nose Emotion Sadness Tissue Skin
Climate Dryness Sounds Crying Odor Rotting Season Autumn Direction WestCardinal
Points LU5 Respiratory System LU7 Neck LU9 Skin, Blood Vessels, Throat, Pulse LU11 Skin

2.Large Intestine Meridian (LI)

Large Intestine (LI) The Hand Bright Yang (Yang Ming) of the Large Intestine 20
points The large intestine channel of the Hang-Yangming starts from the tip of the index
finger. Running upward along the radical aspect of the index finger, it passes through the
inter-space of the first and second metacarpal bones, and ascends along the lateral
anterior aspect of the upper arm to the highest point of the shoulder. It then travels along
the anterior border of the acromion, then descends to the supraclaviculafossa. From the
supraclavicularfossa it travels upward to the neck and to the cheek, then it curves around
the upper lip and exits at the corner of the mouth, where it crosses the opposite large

246
intestine channel of the Hand-Yangming at the philtrum. It ends at the side of the nose,
where is connects with the stomach channel of the Foot-Yangming.

Command Points Earth LI11 Tonification Pt Fire LI5 Wood LI3 Water LI2 Sedation Pt Metal
LI1 Horary Pt Luo LI6 Xi-Cleft LI7 Source LI4

Large Intestine - Metal Element Correspondences Color White Flavor Pungent Sense Nose
Emotion Sadness Tissue Skin Climate Dryness Sounds Crying Odor Rotting Season Autumn
Direction West

Cardinal Points LI4 Mental Function, Sensory Organs, Hand, Face, Head and Ear. LI11
Fever, Arm and Skin.

3.Stomach Meridian (ST)

The Foot Bright Yang (Yang Ming) of the Stomach 45 points

The stomach channel of the Foot-Yangming starts directly below the pupil between the
eyeball and the infraorbital ridge. Running downward along the lateral side of the nose, to
the lateral corner of the mouth. Curving posterior to the anterior angle of the mandible.
Then it travels to the posterior aspect of the mandible ascending in front of the ear and
following the anterior hairline, it reaches the forehead. It then runs along the throat and
enters the supraclavicular fossa. The straight line of the channels separates the
supraclavicular fossa and runs downward along the middle mammillary line. It travels to
the side of the umbilicus and descends to the inguinal groove. Running downward it
travels along the anterior aspect of the thigh and reaches the knee. From there is
continues further down along the anterior border of the lateral aspect of the tibia to the
dorsum of the foot and reaches the lateral side of the tip of the second toe.

Command Points Earth ST36 Horary Fire ST41 Tonification Pt Wood ST43 Water ST44
Metal ST45 Sedation Pt Luo ST40 Xi-Cleft ST34 Source ST42

Stomach - Earth Element Correspondences Color Yellow Flavor Sweet Sense Mouth
Emotion Worry Tissue Muscles Climate Humidity Sounds Singing Odor Fragrant Season
Autumn Direction Center

Cardinal Points ST36 Upper Abdomen, Parasympathetic Nervous System, Increase Energy,
Master Energetical ST38 Shoulder

Stomach Meridian (ST) The Foot Bright Yang (Yang Ming) of the Stomach 45 points

dui - 0.1 cun posterior to the corner of nail on the lateral side of the 2nd toe.

4.Spleen Meridian (SP)

The Foot Greater Yin (Tai Yin) of the Spleen 21 points

247
The spleen of the Foot-Taiyin starts from the medial aspect of the tip of the big toe. It
travels along the medial aspect of the foot at the junction between the red and white skin,
ascends anteriorly to the medial malleolus up to the medial aspect of the leg. Passing
through the anterior medial aspect of the thigh, it enters the inguinal region traveling
along the anterior of the abdomen. It then curves lateral to the midline to the intercostal
space up to the 2nd intercostal space. Then turns inferior to midway between the axilla
and the free end of the eleventh rib.

Command Points Water SP9 Metal SP5 Sedation Pt Earth SP3 Horary Pt Fire SP2
Tonification Pt Wood SP1 Luo SP4 Xi-Cleft SP8 Source SP3

Spleen - Earth Element Correspondences Color Yellow Flavor Sweet Sense Mouth Emotion
Worry Tissue Muscles Climate Humidity Sounds Singing Odor Fragrant Season Autumn
Direction Center

Spleen Meridian (SP)

Cardinal Points SP6 Lower Abdomen, Sexual Organs, Skin and Parasympathetic Nervous
System SP10

5.HeartMeridian(HT,HE)

TheHandLesserYin(ShaoYin)oftheHeart9points The heart channel of the Hand-Shao yin

startsinthecenterofaxilla.Fromthereisgoesalongtheposteriorborderofthemedial
aspectoftheupperarm.Passingthroughthecubitalregion,itdescendstothepisiformregionprox
imaltothepalmandenters the palm. The nit ends at the me dial aspect of the tip of the
little finger.

Heart Meridian (HT, HE) The Hand Lesser Yin (Shao Yin) of the Heart 9 points

Command Points Water HT3 Metal HT4 Earth HT7 Sedation Pt Fire HT8 Horary Pt Wood
HT9 Tonification Pt Luo HT5 Xi-Cleft HT6 Source HT7

Heart - Fire Element Correspondences Color Red Flavor Bitter Sense Tongue Emotion Joy
Tissue Pulse Climate Heat Sounds Laughing Odor Scorched Season Summer Direction
South

Cardinal Points HT7 Emotions and Anxiety with Palpitations

11 Scapula and Shoulder

6.Small Intestine Meridian (SI)

Command Points Earth SI8 Sedation Pt Fire SI5 Horary Pt Wood SI3 Tonification Pt Water
SI2 Metal SI1 Luo SI7 Xi-Cleft SI6 Source SI4

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Small Intestine Fire Element Correspondences Color Red Flavor Bitter Sense Tongue
Emotion Joy Tissue Pulse Climate Heat Sounds Laughing Odor Scorched Season Summer
Direction South

Small Intestine Meridian (SI) The Hand Greater Yang (Tai Yang) of the Small Intestine 19
points

7.Bladder Meridian (BL, UB)

The Foot Greater Yang (Tai Yang) of the Bladder 67 points

The urinary bladder channel of the Foot-Taiyang originates from the inner canthus of the
eye. Passing through the forehead, it flows up to the vertex. It bifurcates above the
posterior hairline into two lines. One line runs from the posterior aspect of the neck
downward along the medial border of the scapula (3 cun lateral to the back mid-line).
Passing through the gluteal region. Another line runs straight downward (1.5 cun lateral
to the mid-line of the back) to the lumbar region. From there it descends along the
posterior aspect of the thigh to the popliteal fossa. Descending to the posterior aspect of
the gastrocnemius muscle and further to the posterior inferior aspect of the lateral
malleolus. Ending at lateral posterior side of the tip of the little toe.

Command Points Earth BL54 Fire BL60 Wood BL65 Sedation Pt Water BL66 Horary Pt
Metal BL67 Tonification Pt Luo BL58 Xi-Cleft BL63 Source BL64

Bladder - Water Element Correspondences Color Blue/Black Flavor Salty Sense Ears
Emotion Fear Tissue Bones Climate Cold Sounds Groaning Odor Putrid Season Winter
Direction North

Cardinal Points BL11 Bones BL17 Blood and Blood Chemistries BL54 Low Back, Sacrum and
Leg BL60 Upper Back, Leg and Foot BL67 Malpositioned Fetus

Contraindicated to needle during pregnancy.

8.Kidney Meridian (KI)

The Foot Lesser Yin (Shao Yin) of the Kidney 27 points

The kidney channel of the Foot-Shaoyin starts from the interior aspect of the little toe (On
the sole of the foot, depending on the text.), and runs through a depression in the lower
aspect of the tuberosity of the navicular bone. It travels behind the medial malleolus and
encircles the malleolus. Ascending along the medial side of the leg, it passes the medial
side of the popliteal fossa and goes further upward along the posterior-medial aspect of
the thigh. Traveling to the superior border of the symphysis pubis forming a straight line
0.5 cun from the midline. It ascends diverging at the diaphragm, ending in a depression on
lower border of clavicle 2 cun from the midline.

249
Kidney Meridian (KI)
Command Points Water KI10 Horary Pt Metal KI7 Tonification Pt Earth KI3 Fire KI2 Wood
KI1 Sedation Pt Luo KI4 Xi-Cleft KI5 Source KI3

Kidney Water Element Correspondences Color Blue/Black Flavor Salty Sense Ears Emotion
Fear Tissue Bones Climate Cold Sounds Groaning Odor Putrid Season Winter Direction
North

Cardinal Points KI27 Neurological Confusion, Master Associated Pt.

9.PericardiumMeridian(P,PC)
TheHandTerminalYin(JueYin)ofthePericardium9points ThepericardiumchanneloftheHand-
Jueyinoriginatesinthechestlateraltothenipple.Itthenascendstotheaxillaryfossaand
runsalongthemedialaspectoftheupperarm,passingthroughthecubitalfossa.Itgoesfurtherdo
wnwardtotheforearm
betweenthetendonsofthem.palmarislongusandm.flexorcarpiradialis.Itentersthepalmandp
assesalongthemiddle fingertoitstip.

Pericardium Meridian (P, PC) The Hand Terminal Yin (Jue Yin) of the Pericardium 9 points

Command Points Water P3 Metal P5 Earth P7 Sedation Pt Fire P8 Horary Pt Wood P9

Tonification Pt Luo P6 Xi-Cleft P4 Source P7

Pericardium - Fire Element Correspondences Color Red Flavor Bitter Sense Tongue
Emotion Joy Tissue Pulse Climate Heat Sounds Laughing Odor Scorched Season Summer
Direction South

Cardinal Points P6 Chest and Digestion

10.Triple Warmer (San Jiao)

Meridian (TW, TB, SJ) The Hand Lesser Yang (Shao Yang) of the San Jiao 23 points

The sanjiao channel of the Hand-Shaoyang originates from the tip of the ring finger. It
travels upward between the fourth and fifth metacarpal bones and along the dorsal side
of the wrist and the lateral side of the forearm between the radius and ulna, it passes
through the olecranon. Then it runs along the lateral aspect of the upper arm and reaches
the shoulder region. Crossing over the shoulder, it enters the supraclavicular fossa. It then
ascends to the neck, running along the posterior border of the ear. It crosses from the
superior aspect of the ear to the corner of the forehead. Then it turns downward to the
cheek and terminates in the depression at the lateral end of the eyebrow.

Triple Warmer (San Jiao) Meridian (TW, TB, SJ)

250
Command Points Earth TW10 Sedation Pt Fire TW6 Horary Pt Wood TW3 Tonification Pt
Water TW2 Metal TW1 Luo TW5 Xi-Cleft TW7 Source TW4

Triple Warmer Fire Element Correspondences Color Red Flavor Bitter Sense Tongue
Emotion Joy Tissue Pulse Climate Heat Sounds Laughing Odor Scorched Season Summer
Direction South

Cardinal Points TW5 Hand, Arm, Neck and Ear

Triple Warmer (San Jiao) Meridian (TW, TB, SJ) The Hand Lesser Yang (Shao Yang) of the
San Jiao 23 points

11.Gallbladder Meridian (GB)

Command Points Earth GB34 Fire GB38 Sedation Pt Wood GB41 Horary Pt Water GB43
Tonification Pt Metal GB44 Luo GB37 Xi-Cleft GB36 Source GB40

Gallbladder Wood Element Correspondences Color Green Flavor Sour Sense Eyes Emotion
Anger Tissue Tendons Climate Wind Sounds Shouting Odor Rancid Season Spring Direction
East

Gall Bladder Meridian (GB) The Foot Lesser Yang (Shao Yang) of the Gall bladder 44 points

The gall bladder channel of the Foot-Shaoyang starts from the outer canthus of the eye,
and descends to the anterior aspect of the ear. Then ascends to the corner of the
forehead, and then winds downward posterior to the ear. Then arches forward to the
forehead at the midpoint of the eyebrow. It then runs above the hairline to the lateral
side of the neck. Travels highest point of the trapezius muscle. From there it further
descends to the axilla and enters the chest. It then travels interiorly in the hypochondriac
region, emerging at the lateral side of the lower abdomen near the femoral artery in the
inguinal region. Then it curves along the margin of the public hair and runs transversely
into the hip region. It then travels downward along the lateral side of thigh to the lateral
side of the knee. Further descending along the anterior aspect of the fibula, it reaches the
lower end of the fibula, and the anterior aspect of the lateral malleolus. Following the
dorsum of the foot, it terminates at the lateral side of the fourth toe's tip.

Cardinal Points GB20 All Cerebral Disorders GB34 Muscles and Tendons GB39 Bone
Marrow

12.Liver Meridian (LV)

The Foot Terminal Yin (Jue Yin) of the Liver 14 points

The liver channel of the Foot-Jueyin originates on the lateral side of the great toe.
Ascending along the dorsum of the foot, it flows further upward to the anterior aspect of

251
the medial malleolus. Then it runs upward to the medial side of the knee and along the
medial aspect of the thigh into the pubic region. From there it curves around the external
genitalia and crosses the midline up to the lower abdomen. Ending directly below the
nipple.

Cardinal Points LV2 Lymphatics LV3 Nervous System, Blood Pressure LV13 Yin Organs

Liver Meridian (LI)

Command Points Water LV8 Tonification Pt Metal LV4 Earth LV3 Fire LV2 Sedation Pt
Wood LV1 Horary Pt Luo LV5 Xi-Cleft LV6 Source LV3

Liver - Wood Element Correspondences Color Green Flavor Sour Sense Eyes Emotion
Anger Tissue Tendons Climate Wind Sounds Shouting Odor Rancid Season Spring Direction
East

13.Conception Vessel Meridian (CV, Ren)

The Directing Channel has 24 points

The Ren channel starts on the midline between the anus and the scrotum in males.
Between the anus and the posterior labial commissure in females. It ascends anteriorly to
the public region. Along the midline of the abdomen, it flows upward reaches the throat.
Flowing further upward, it ends in the depression in the center of the mentolabial groove.

Cardinal Points CV5 Endocrine System CV6 Lower Abdomen, Sexual Organs and Increase
Energry. CV12 Upper Abdomen, Yang Organs. CV17 Chest, Center of Respiration.

Conception Vessel Meridian (CV, Ren)

14.Governing Vessel (GV, DU)

Governing Vessel (GV, DU) The Governing Channel has 28 points

The Du channel starts midway between the tip of the coccyx bone and the anus with
patient lying prone. It then flows upward inside the spinal column to the nape of the neck,
and ascends to the vertex. Along the forehead, it descends to the nose bridge, then to the
lips. Ending at the labial frenulum inside the upper lip.

Cardinal Points GV4 Immune System GV14 General Excess (Energy) GV20 Skin,
Sympathetic Nervous System, Memory, Mental and Cerebral Disorders. GV26
Unconsciousness, Obesity

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

What are the 50 most important body points for

acupuncture, acupressure, massage, Tuina, and so on?

If you know these points with effects and location, then you can already treat
90 percent of all complaints.

Therefore, we have compiled the points here again for clarity with their main
effects.

That is the basis on which you can later build up step by step. Ideal for
learning. To gain certainty.

(You may learn every day or every week one meridian with the 3 - 5 most
important symptoms for each point)

The position of the points and other important descriptions you

can see, if you click on the points.

Kidney Liver Spleen Heart Pericard DE Small Int Large Int

Stomach Gallbl Bladder CV GV

Most important points of the kidney meridian

K3
Sex: Poor sexual fulfillment, impotence, infertility in men and women, Energy:
Fatigue, somnolence, sighing, frequent yawning, insomnia, malaise, fear,
instability, Weakness: Weak menstrual period, menstrual disorders, irritable
bladder, urinary retention, involuntary urination Powerlessness: Pain or
exhaustion in the lower back, in the loins, in the lower abdomen, in the genital
area, in the legs, in the ankle, Head: Toothache, head pressure, ear diseases,
hearing loss, ringing in the ears (tinnitus), Enge: Difficulty breathing, sore
throat, cough, asthma, throat tightness, Others: Rheumatism, muscle spasms,
fever without sweat, Constipation, loss of appetite, weight loss, uterine
prolapse, diabetes cold hands or feet, sweaty feet
K6
Disorders caused by cold influences, cold feet or hands Movement disorders,
gait disorders, pain, swelling, sprains of the medial malleolus, Powerlessness,

253
fatigue, sluggishness, lethargy, insomnia, limb gravity,
sexual listlessness, Impotenz, overexcitation, easily frightened, anxiety,
irritability, depression,sadness. Urinary retention, frequent urination, bladder
inflammation, prostate gland complaints, Lower abdominal pain, period
disturbances of all kind, uterine prolapse, outflow, Tight throat, laryngitis,
thyroid dysfunction, Itching,
Eye pain, Loss of appetite, fever

K7
Low blood pressure, dizziness, weak arms and legs, Pain or cold in loins,
back, knees,lumbago, Toothache, Impotence Lack of energy, lack of will and
deciding, memory loss,weakness,fears Night sweats or Schweißlosigkeit,
fever, Muscle weakness and cramp sinthe legs,foot weakness, Abdominal
colic, abdominal distension, constipation or diarrhea, Puffiness, water
retention (edema), frequent urination, kidney inflammation, hemorrhoids,
Urinary tract infections,

K10
Urinary retention, period discomfort, outflow, reinforced period, Knee joint
discomfort, Pains and tensions in the abdominal cavity including lower
abdomen, Fullness feeling, Stiffness, Impotence

K27
Hoarseness, sore throat, Pessimism, despondence, flat respiration, selfdoubt,
inferiority complex, constant self-criticism, Difficulty in breathing, feelings to
be dammed in the breast, cough, asthma, tension in belly and breast, pains in
the chest Feeling of sickness, nausea

Most important points ofthe Liver-Meridian

LV3
Tension and tightness feelings: headache, pain and tension in the chest and
flanks, in the lower abdomen, in the genital area, dizziness and vertigo
Elasticity: knee pain, cramp attacks, lumbago, Eyes: Eye disorders, blurred
254
vision, eye pressure, cataract, digestion: Metabolic disorders, diarrhea or
constipation, nausea, vomiting, colic
Gynecology, urology: hemorrhoids, blood in sputum, in the stools, in the
gynecological field, urinary retention, dark urine Other: depressed mood,
states of overexcitement, bad sleep, insomnia, high blood pressure,
pale complexion, persistent thirst

LV8
Tension and narrowness: Dizziness, cramps, paralyses or paralysis inclination
Eyes/u>: Visual weakness, night blindness, Digestion/u>: bright stools,
intestinal cramps, stomach problems and intestinal problems, diarrhea,
Urology/u>: Urinary retention, involuntary urination, hematuria, Pains in the
lower abdomen, genital area, lump feeling in the lower abdomen, uterine
prolapse, impotence, Outflow, itch/u>: Itching Other/u>: Sleeping
disturbances, walking pains in different body regions

LV14
Tension and narrowness: Oppression feeling, shortness of breath, coughing,
hoarseness, Regions: headache, pain in the chest, the lower abdomen, in the
region of the liver, bloated belly, Digestion: Feeling of fullness, hiccups,
heartburn, indigestion, gastritis, Diarrhea, loss of appetite Gynecology,
urology: heavy menstrual bleeding due to blood heat Other: lung diseases, by
cold caused bites, surging up yang with palpitation, dizziness, restlessness,
sleeping disturbances

Most important points of the Spleen-Meridian (Spleen-Pankreas)

Sp6
Weakness, heaviness: fatigue, limb gravity, weakness of legs or feet, insomnia
by yin deficiency, muscle, connective tissue, Ligaments, skin: skin diseases,
skin becoming flabby Digestive system: fullness feeling, distension,
abdominal rumbling, diarrhea, indigestion breakdown, nausea, colics
Gynecology, urology: menstrual disorders, outflow, urinary problems,
infertility, impaired libido Fluid distribution: The distribution of fluids in the
255
body is no longer correct, thick legs, varicose veins, leg edema, swollen
eyelids, a heavy tongue. Other: Sp6 regulates high and low blood pressure,
circulatory problems in the legs, depression

Sp3
Special features: Earth point, yuan-balance-point, Other: strengthens spleen,
transforms moisture, lowers turbid qi, preserves fluids, dissolves phlegm,
strengthens stomach Flatulence, belching, constipation, diarrhea, stomach
pain, heartburn, Tensions in the abdomen, nausea, vomiting, gastritits,
maldigestion, malabsorption, Fullness feeling, feeling of heaviness in the
head, poor memory, headaches, poor concentration, fatigue Joint pain, fever,
yellowish skin color, poor circulation in the legs Period pains

Sp4
Abdominal pain, stomach pain, flatulence, tensed abdomen, vomiting,
diarrhea, constipation,loss of appetite, Menstrual disorders, gynecological
pain, frigidity, impotence, enlarged prostate, Difficulty urinating
Hyperexcitability, anxiety, nervousness, restlessness, palpitations, nervous
heart complaints Heart and chest pain, Cramps, chronic hoarseness, sore
throats, changing fevers, Sweating, puffy face, bitter taste in the mouth, pain in
the ankle, venous stasis

Most important points of the Heart-Meridian

H7
Restlessness, nervousness, stress, hyperexcitation, weak nerves, a constant
Must Do, Irritability, mania as well as depression, anxiety, apathy, absences,
Startle test anxiety, addiction, major mood swings, Sleeping disturbances,
sleeplessness, hot or cold hands, Palpitations, pain, neuroses, Shortness of
breath; Memory weakness

H3
256
Restlessness nervousness, forgetfulness, insomnia, lack of energy,
depression, neurotic crises Heart pain, lack of cardiac perfusion, Fatigue,
stress, dizziness, exhaustionAbdominalpressure, Elbow pain, tennis elbow,
cold shivering stiff hands, stiff or numb arms, cramps, stiff neck, headache,
toothache,
Nausea, hiccups, Thyroid enlargement, Nerve pain, inflamed, swollen lymph
nodes, Osteomyelitis, Exam anxiety

H8
oversized seriousness, sadness, hardly laugh, depressive mood, lots of
moans and groans,anxiety,fear, cold hands, poor circulation to the hands, but
also with hot palms, rheumatic joint pain, pain in the chest and upper arm,
armpit tension palpitations, dizziness, bad breath, urinary retention,
involuntary urination

Most important points of the Lung-Meridian

Lu7
Stiff neck, shoulder pain, tendon inflammation at the forearm, Restlessness,
nervousness, relationship difficulties, numbness, Lung diseases, coughing,
breathing difficulties, bronchitis, asthma, Sinusitis, migraine, headache,
toothache, tinnitus, Pain behind the breastbone, Weakness, Skin diseases,
puffy face, puffy arms and legs, edema, Impotence, frigidity, urinary retention,
Lip herpes, shingles

Lu9
Oppression feelings, nervousness, restlessness, agitation, Difficulty in
breathing, cough,palpitations, Wrist pain, Hardening of the arteries, veins,
Belching, flatulence, abdominal pain,urinary retention, cataract, eye redness

Lu1
shallow breathing, shortness of breath, respiratory problems, bronchitis,
cough, asthma, Depression (grief, worry, sadness, despair) Hiccups Shoulder
pain, Night sweats, Skin complaints bloated belly and limbs, Nausea, vomiting
257
Most important points of the Triple Warmer (Heater)

TW23
Headaches, migraines, blurred vision, eye redness, Rhinitis, tinnitus, hearing
loss, dizziness, vertigo, Restlessness, irritability, aggressiveness, Shivering,
Tooth pain, hair loss

TW21
Headaches, migraines, thinking inertia, Ear pain, ringing in the ears, Visual
impairment,visual disturbances, Toothache, gingivitis, Conjunctivitis

TW4
Wrist pain, sprains, Sore throat, throat tightness, headache, Exhaustion,
fatigue, Oppression feelings, mood swings, Tinnitus, hearing loss, Hot flashes,
freezing, Diabetes, Abdominal and menstrual pain, Impotence
Shortness of breath, sore and stiff arms and shoulders, Vomiting during
pregnancy, nerve-related pain in the arm, nerve weakness through lack of
sleep

Most important points of the Pericard-Meridian (Pe oder KS)

Pe6
Heart and circulatory diseases high or low blood pressure, Pressure or stasis
feelings in chest and upper abdomen, Nausea, stomach discomfort,
crapulence, important distal point for the upper abdomen, cramps in the
abdominal area, with excitement and anxiety states, mental health problems,
Insomnia, forgetfulness,
Addiction treatment (also H7, B62, GV20), red eyes, Fever without sweat,
Weakness ,drowsiness, dizziness, High blood pressure, Wrist pain, arm pain,
Neck stiffness, Angina, palpitations, Hyperthyroidism, painful periods,
Bladder weakness

258
Pe7
Restlessness, anxiety, insomnia, fright, exam anxiety, oppression feelings,
hyper arousal,mood swings, Palpitations, sore throat, headache, neck
tightness, Wheezing, shortness of breath, pain in the chest, shoulders, arms,
wrists, elbows, Pharynx, throat inflamation and tonsillitis, bad breath (also
CV23, M41, LV13), nausea, belching, Boils, eczema in the head and arm, sinew
inflamation at the forearm

Pe8
Lack of energy, cold feelings, anxiety, oppression feelings, mood swings,
uncontrol ledemotions,abruptrage, Nosebleed, bad breath, loss of appetite,
nausea, vomiting, stomach irritation, Sensory disturbances of the hand and
arm, Skin diseases of the hand and arm, Fever with thirst, Chest pain,
Gingivitis, Feeling of the weather changes

Most important points of the Gallbladder-Meridian

G40
Head and neck pain, hip pain, Swelling in the ankle, foot, under the armpits, of
the lymph nodes,Legcramps, constant hesitation, indecisiveness, tightness,
Fever, cough, shivering, Pressure on the chest, pain near the meridian line,
cystitis, Connective tissue weakness

G34
Brings energy from the head and abdomen into the legs, one-sided headache.
Migraine, G34 strengthens muscles Nervousness, lability, Pain and cramps in
the knee, in the thighs, Tension in the shoulders, chest and flanks, Gallbladder
disease, indigestion, nausea, vomiting, bitter insipid taste, Constipation,
fullness feeling, diarrhea, important at any stagnation of liver energy, with
bloated face, Sciatica, High blood pressure, Cystitis

259
G20
Cold, runny nose, nasal congestion, Headache (forehead, temples, back of the
head), migraine, dizziness, Neck pain, neck swelling, stiff neck, Sinusitis,
epistaxis, tinnitus, hearing loss, Eye tension disorders, blurred vision, myopia,
conjunctivitis, Cramps, fever, without sweat, Back and lumbar pain,
Powerlessness,
Thyroid enlargement, Insomnia, lowers high rises, low blood pressure

G30
Sciatica, sciatica, low back pain, hip problems, nerve and muscle tension,
rheumatism, energy blockage in the meridians, puffy red swollen arms and
legs

Most important points of the Small Intestine-Meridian

SI3
Main point of tension and pain in the neck and shoulders Restricted movement
of the neck, Back pain, breast tenderness, headaches, Hand pain, paresthesia
of fingers and arm, Cramps nausea, vomiting acts, SI3 has a balancing effect
on digestion Tinnitus, deafness, deaf-mutism, Depression, agitation, anxiety,
night sweats, agitation, mood swings Sore throat, nasal congestion,
intermittent fever with cough, Nosebleeds, eye redness, eye veil Irritable
bladder, cystitis,

SI4
Restlessness, anxiety, overexcitement, opression feelings,Constipation,
diarrhea, biliary tract disease,Ringing in the ears, head neck shoulder flank
pain,Wrist weakness and pain, cramps and arthritis of the hand and finger
joints,Fever,Eye veil Diabetes

SI15
Pulmonary symptoms, sore throat, Neck and shoulder tension, Whiplash,
Blurred vision, Deafness, Cough
260
SI19
Ear symptoms (also TW3 and G41), decreasing hearing and vision, tinnitus,
hearing loss, deafness, ear pain, ear infections, Toothache

Most important points of the Large Intestine-Meridian

LI4
Helps with pain of any kind, Migraine, headaches with G20, facial pain, dental
pain with M44, Abdominal and back pain, mental exhaustion, Constipation,
diarrhea, Sore throat, runny nose first signs, runny nose, nasal congestion
with LI20, coughs, colds, flu with Lu7 and TW5, Fever, shivering, stiff neck,
Blurred vision, conjunctivitis, irregular periods Dizziness, Hypertension with
LV3, Skin rash, acne, eczema, Insomnia, anxiety, allergies

LI11
Helps with runny nose, 2nd stage of a cold, with every inner heat, opens
surface, Sore throat, throat tightness, loss of voice, Toothache, Headaches,
migraines, Tennis elbow, Skin disorders (skin itching, inflammation, rashes,
psoriasis, ulcers), Menstrual disorders, Intestinal disorders, constipation,
appendicitis, Shoulder, arm, bone inflammation, Hypertension

LI20
Nasal diseases, common cold (runny or stuffy nose), hay fever, Nosebleeds,
Maxillary toothache,gumdisease, Facial skin complaints with itching,
Shortness of breath, asthma

Most important points of the Stomach-Meridian

M36
Fatigue, weakness, loss of strength, Knee pain, Abdominal pain, digestive
problems of all kinds, low or high blood pressure, Atherosclerosis, Headache,
Chest pain Muscle weakness, Circulatory and sensibility disturbances of the
legs, Worries, feelings of inferiority, fear, shyness, irritability, jumpiness, in all
261
types of moisture and energy weakness fullness feeling, abdominal pain,
diarrhea, constipation, Bloatedness, Skin redness, restlessness

M42
Stomach upset, heartburn, loss of appetite, bloating, abdominal tension,
Gingivitis, tooth ache,Nervous disorders, Restlessness, irritability, feeling of
weather changes, foot weakness, pain in the feet, sensory disturbances in the
legs and feet, sudden severe pain, cramps, alternating heat and cold,
Bloatedness, cold arms and legs
M40
Headache, restlessness, insomnia, constant thinking, Respiratory symptoms,
depressed mood,Sore throat,important distal point for lung disease, asthma,
coughs, hiccups, belching, Constipation, gastrointestinal disorders,
Drowsiness, dizziness, cold hands and feet, Knee and hip joint complaints,
Throat tightness, loss of voice, Hypothyroidism

M5
Lower jaw pain, Nervous tension, Doggedness

M8
tired eyes, side headache, migraine, severe headache Eye pain, blurred vision,
eye disease

Most important points of the Bladder-Meridian

B60
Swelling of the lateral malleolus, Heart disease, edema, Sensory disturbances
of the lower leg, Achilles tendonitis, ankle complaints Caution in pregnancy,
Master point of pain throughout the bladder meridian area (especially in the
head (migraines), neck, shoulders, back, sciatica) Dizziness, cramps in legs,
feet, arms, hands,
Eye pain, sensitive eyes, Nosebleeds, labored birth, arthritis

B10
262
stuffy nose, Eye pain, blurred vision, Whiplash, stiff neck, neck pain, dizziness,
Nervousness, neurasthenia, insomnia High blood pressure, lack of cranial
blood flow, vertex headache, Dizziness, severe headache

B64
Head, neck, lumbar, hip knee and foot problems, Propensity for cystitis,
frequent urination, burning urination, diseases of the bladder and kidney, stiff
neck and back, whiplash, constant body tension Nervousness, palpitations,
dizziness, Fever with convulsions, red eyes, veil before the eyes, Nosebleeds,
Loss of appetite, absence of thirst, impotence

B1
Helps with long-distance and short-sightedness, night blindness, red eyes,
optic neuritis, retinitis, cataracts, Migraine, frontal headache, Difficulty falling
asleep, nasal congestion

B2
Tired and sore eyes, visual defects, blurred vision, eye redness, itchy eyes,
eye lid twitching, Frontal headache, dizziness, Sneezing, nasal congestion,
sinusitis, Nosebleeds, Lack of concentration

Most important points of the Coneption Vessel

CV4
Menstrual disorders, persistent bleeding, outflow, genitourinary pain,
Tensions, disturbances, severe abdominal pain, diarrhea, Urinary retention,
involuntary urination, premenstrual syndrome, Palpitations, dizziness,
estlessness, nervousness, insomnia, Loss of strength, Diabetes, Feeling cold,
cold limbs, hot head, Uterine prolapse, Impotence, conception disorders,
infertility

CV6
Promotes stamina, vitality, helps with period complaints and bladder
weakness fast exhaustion, nervousness, anxiety, insomnia, low blood
263
pressure, dizziness, irregular period, abdominal pain, cramps, diarrhea,
constipation, stiffness in the abdominal area, chest pain, asthma, impotence
nervousness, cold arms and legs,
despondency, weak voice, infertility, impotence, bleeding, outflow

CV12
Heartburn, stomach pain, cramps, stomach and intestinal inflammation,
Stomach noises, heartburn, loss of appetite, Diarrhea and vomiting, stiffness
in the abdominal area, Nervousness, anxiety, hyperarousal, insomnia,
instability, rapid fatigue, exhaustion, Neurasthenia
CV17
Important point to promote a healthy heart and lung function, strengthens
vitality, treats lung diseases, sputum, shortness of breath, coughing,
wheezing, bronchitis, asthma,Difficulty swallowing,sore
throat,Anxiety,Oppression feelings, diminished secretion of milk during
lactation, bad mood, addiction, phobias, nervous breath,
Palpitations, flu, Inability to correctly perceive emotions, feeling cold

Most important points of the Governor Vessel

GV20
Circulatory disorders of the head, headache, heavy head, Balance disorders,
dizziness,drow siness after alcohol Sneezing, nasal congestion, cramps,
uncoordinated actions Ringing in the ears, Restlessness, irritability,
forgetfulness, neck strain, Back hyperextension, Fainting spells, cramp
attacks Rectal prolapse, uterine prolapse, hemorrhoids, Phobias, stuttering
upset stomach

264
Single point solutions Ready Reference for common
ailments
Note: Acupressure points to be activated : Press and release 14 times.Breath in while
pressing,breath out while releasing.

1.Hyper Acidity:

LI-4 located on the hand on the web of the thumb and index
finger.Useful for headaches,back pain,eye problems,cold etc., also.

2. Breathing Difficulties:

LU-7 located on the wrist two fingers below the base of the thumb.
Also useful for cold,cough headache,hiccups,chest pain,wrist and
elbow problems., etc.

3. Depression:

P-6 located on the inner side of the forearm,three fingers below wrist
joint.
Useful for arm problems,asthma,feet problems,migraine,low blood
pressure, sleeplessness,vomiting,restlessness,rheumatism,shoulder
problems,sweating,wrist problems.

265
4. Leg Pain:

ST-36 located on the leg,four fingers from the end of the knee cap.
Also useful for tonsils,rheumatism,appendicitis,fatigue,headache etc.,

5. Back Pain:

B-40 located at the back of the Knee.Useful for genito-urinal

problems,colic pain,shoulder problems also.

6. Mensus Problems:

SP-6 located on the leg,three fingers from the protruding ankle bone
,towards calf muscle.

7. Body Pain:

Divine Gate is located on the ear,just at the end of the spine reflex
area.
Useful for any pain in the body.
266
8. Asthma Attack:

B-13 approximately two finger wide on either side,from the third

thoracic vertebrae.Activate one point at a time for effective relief.

9. Heart Attack:

H-9 is at root of the nail on the little finger (left or right).Activate this
point any time when discomfort is felt on the chest.

10. High Blood Pressure:

GV-20 is situated at the crossing point of the line drawn from the
center of the ears and the mid-line of the skull.
Also useful to reduce the stress.

11. Irregular Mensus:

CV-4 is at four fingers width down the naval.Activate this point for one
minute,twice a day,every day.
Useful for ladies for relieving pains during heavy periods.This point
can also correct irregular menstrual periods.

267
12. Constipation:

CV-25 is situated below the center of the lower lip and chin.Activate
this point once or twice a day.

268
He Gu (L14)
Western name : Union Valley
Large intestine meridian point
Located on the back of the hand, in the fleshy area between the thumb and the first
finger
A key acupuncture point used for pain relief in all parts of the body. It also treats
constipation, head and chest colds and urges energy flow through the upper body.
☯ Lie Que (LU7)
Western name : Broken Sequence
Lung meridian point
Located on the arm, inside area just above the wrist
This point is a very strategic location to address a variety of disorders, in the upper
body. Asthma, sore throat, headaches, cough are some illness. It helps in relieving neck
stiffness and wrist issues.
☯ Tai Yuan (LU9)
Western name : Great Abyss
Lung meridian point
Located on the wrist, inner side. The point is at the wrist crease, on the radial side of the
radial artery
One of the 8 influential points in the body. It eases wrist and arm pain. It is the meeting
point for the lungs and large intestine meridians, so both areas can be stimulated from
this point.
☯ San Yin Jiao (SP6)
Western name : Three Yin Crossing
Spleen meridian point
Located on the inner region of the leg, just above the ankle
Three meridians intersect at this point, the spleen, kidney and liver. So it becomes a
common point for curing disorders in these 3 meridians. It helps with immune system
disorders and hormonal problems like irregular menstruation and impotence.
☯ Zu San Li (ST36)
Western name : Leg Three Li
Stomach meridian point
Located on the front of the leg, immediately below the knee
One of the most common acupuncture points used. Very effective in illness or disorders
in the abdominal region, like nausea, vomiting, swollen abdomen and digestive
disorders. Recently, this point has proved helpful with anemia, weakness and fatigue
and immunity issues.
☯ Feng Chi (GB20)
Western name : Wind Pool
Gallbladder meridian point
Located at the back of the skull, where the neck meets the skull
Very powerful point, helps with headaches and neck pains. Useful for head area
problems, like dizziness, eye issues and colds and flu. This point can also be used for
blood pressure related issues.
☯ Shen Men (HT7)
Western name : Spirit Gate
Heart meridian point
Found on the outer side of the wrist, near the crease
For emotional problems and mental disorders, this is the point. Helps with hysteria,
depression and agitation. It can treat insomnia and disturbing dreams. This point is also
important for heart problems, like palpitations and chest pain.

269
☯ Tai Chong (LV3)
Western name : Great Surge
Liver meridian point
Found on the dorsum or top of the foot, parallel to the space between the first and
second toes
This point helps with emotional energy and control. It helps with regular menstruation,
eye disorders and reduction of blood pressure and chest pains. It helps in the passage of
wind and easing headaches.
☯ Tai Xi (KD3)
Western name : Great Ravine
Kidney meridian points
Located on the ankle, inner region
This point is effective in diverse areas. It helps with asthma, sore throats and
toothaches along with dizziness, deafness and thirst, in the upper body. In the lower
regions, it treats lower back pain, frequent urination and hormonal issues, like
impotence and menstrual irregularities.
☯ Wei Zhong (UB40)
Western name : Bend Middle
Urinary bladder meridian point
Found at the back of the knee, in the depressed area
Helps with increasing urine quantity and easing lower and higher back pain. It is a
useful point for leg region muscle issues, like pain and immobility and atrophy.
While the thought of having needles poked into you, in multiple parts of the body is very
frightening, the actual procedure is really painless and in fact soothing. The needles are
smaller and solid, as compared to standard injection-use needles. You should be
cautious, in choosing an acupuncturist. As you can see from the above acupuncture
points, thorough medical knowledge and experience is necessary. A licensed and
qualified acupuncturist will know what point to use and when, and use correct and clean
equipment as well. While acupuncture is a medical science, without chemical medicines,
it has its limitations. For chronic illnesses or emergencies, this is not the treatment to
undergo. Acupuncture is useful, when other forms of treatment, like surgery or therapy
have failed. For example, if you have insomnia, but do not want to take sleep-inducing
drugs, try acupuncture.Read more at Buzzle: http://www.buzzle.com/articles/common-
acupuncture-points.html

Acupressur Ponts chort

SP LV KD HT PC LU SJ LI SI UB ST GB

Jing-Well 1 1 1 9 9 11 1 1 1 67 45 44

Ying-Spring 2 2 2 8 8 10 2 2 2 66 44 43

Shu-Stream 3 3 3 7 7 9 3 3 3 65 43 41

Jing-River 5 4 7 4 5 8 6 5 5 60 41 38

He-sea 9 8 10 3 3 5 10 11 8 40 36 34

Luo-Connect 4 5 4 5 6 7 5 6 7 58 40 37

Xi-Cleft 8 6 5 6 4 6 7 7 6 63 34 36

Yuan-Source 3 3 3 7 7 9 4 4 4 64 42 40

270
Five Transporting Points
The five transporting (shu) points are referred to as follows: Jing (Well) , Ying
(Spring) , Shu (Stream) , Jing (River) and He (Sea). These acupuncture points
belong to the "twelve regular" meridians and are located below the elbows or
knees. The Five Transporting (Shu) points start at the tip of the four limbs and
continue all the way to the elbows or knees. Jing (Well) Points
Meridians start at Jing-Well points , They are located on the fingers and toes of the
four extremities. The indications for the use of these points are fullness in the chest
and mental disorders related to the Yin organs.Ying (Sping) Points
These points are located distal to the metacarpophalangeal joints or
metatarsophalangeal joints and are used for febrile diseases. In the Yin meridians,
the Ying (Spring) point belongs to the Fire Element. This means that it may be very
useful in the treatment of releasing heat from its related meridian or organ system.
Shu (Stream) PointsThese points are located proximal to the
metacarpophalangeal joints or metatarsophalangeal joints and are used for
disorders related to heaviness in the body or painful joint conditions. The Shu
(Stream) point in Yin organs is also what we refer to as the Yuan (Source) point.
This means that the stimulation of this point is able to build strength and energy in
its related meridian or organ system.Jing (River) Points
These points are located around the joints of the wrists or ankles and are used for
cough and asthma due to pathogenic cold and heat. This is also a place where Qi
flows through. He (Sea) PointsThe He-Sea point metaphorically describes the
merge of rivers joining and emptying into the sea. They are located around the
joints of the elbows or knees. These points are indicated for perverse Qi flow such
as diarrhea. Lower He (Sea) PointsThere are six Lower He (sea) points in the
body which are related to the Yang or Fu organ systems. There is a Lower He (Sea)
point for the Stomach, Large Intestine, Small Intestine, Gall Bladder, San Jiao, and
Bladder. When one of these organ systems is problematic, the corresponding
Lower He(Sea) point may be used for its treatment.Luo (Connecting) Points
This is the point where a meridian splits off and connects with its interiorly-
exteriorly related meridian or organ system. Therefore, luo-connecting points can
treat problems in its own meridian as well as those of its interiorly-exteriorly
related meridian.Yuan (Source) PointsYuan (Source) points are the points
where the "Source" Qi may be accessed. These points are indicated for diseases
related to the five Yin organs and are responsible for the regulation of Source Qi in
general (which intimately relates them to the San Jiao meridian system).
Accumulation (Xi-Cleft) PointsThe Meridian-Qi accumulates most deeply in
this area and for this reason Xi (Cleft) points are very effective in the treatment of
diseases within their own meridian system where pain or bleeding is involved.
Confluent Points of the Extraordinary VesselsThe confluent points are points
that are located on the Twelve Primary Meridians through which the Eight Extra
Meridians can be accessed.
Chong SP4 Ren LU7 Du SI3 Dai GB41

271
Yin Wei PC6 Yin Qiao KD6 Yang Qiao UB62 Yang Wei SJ5

Xi (Cleft) Points of the Extraordinary Vessels

The Xi (Cleft) points are points that correspond to the Eight Extra Meridians are
located on the Twelve Primary Meridians and have the same function as standard
Xi (Cleft) points.
Yin Wei KD9 Yin Qiao KD8 Yang Qiao UB59 Yang Wei GB35

Back Transporting (Back-Shu) Points

Back Transporting (Back-Shu) points are the points on the back of the body where
the Qi of the Zang-Fu organs is infused. There is a Back-Shu point which
corresponds to each Zang-Fu organ. These points are used to treat the
corresponding organ when pathology is most often, but not limited to, a chronic
nature.
LU UB13 PC UB14 HT UB15 LV UB18 GB UB19 SP UB20

ST UB21 SJ UB22 KD UB23 LI UB25 SI UB27 UB UB28

Front Collecting (Front-Mu) Points

Front Collecting (Front-Mu) points are the points on the chest and abdomen where
the Qi of the Zang-Fu is infused. They are also referred to as Alarm Points as they
are anatomically located very close to the organ with which they correspond and
are often used to diagnosis pathology in a corresponding organ. For example, a
patient with a liver problem would be very sensitive at LV14 (the Font-Mu Point)
which would help to confirm the course of treatment.
LU LU1 PC RN17 HT RN14 LV LV14 GB GB24 SP LV13
ST RN12 SJ RN5 KD GB25 LI ST25 SI RN4 UB RN3

Eight Influential Points of the Eight Tissues

The Zang organs, Fu organs, bones, tendons, vessels, marrow, blood, and Qi are the
eight tissues in the body which have points used to influence them.
Zang Organs LV13 Fu Organs RN12 Bones UB11 Tendons GB34

Vessels LU9 Marrow GB39 Blood UB17 Qi RN17

The Four Command Points

There are four points on the body which are used because of their ability to strongly
influence certain regions of the body for therapeutic purposes.
Abdomen ST36 Back UB40 Face and Mouth LI4 Head and Neck LU7

Crossing Points
Crossing points are the points at which two or more meridians run across each
other. They are used to treat diseases of both their own meridian and the meridians
which they cross. There are about 90 of these points and are mostly located on the
runk, head and face.
The Group Luo Points

272
These points are very effective in the treatment of imbalances between the upper
and lower, left side and right side, Yin and Yang aspects of the body. They are
especially useful when all three channels which cross these points are effected. For
Example, you would treat an imbalance involving Spleen, Kidney, and Liver by
needling SP6.
Arm Yang SJ8 Arm Yin PC5 Leg Yang GB39 Leg Yin SP6

Window Of The Sky Points

These points may be needled when particular symptoms point to the Yang Qi not
ascending to the head.
ST 9 Severe headache, chest fullness, and dyspnea (painful breathing).

LI 18 Inability to speak.

SJ 16 Acute deafness, visual problems.

UB10 Severe spasms in the muscles, vertigo.

LU 3 Nose bleeding, extreme thirst, and other bleeding disorders.

Entry and Exit Points

Meridians are also connected to each other through the circadian flow. Energy
leaves one channel and enters another through points on each meridian. However,
these entry and exit points are not always the first and the last on the channel!
Entry LU1 LI4 ST1 SP1 HT1 SI1 UB1 KD1 PC1 SJ1 GB1 LV1

Exit LU7 LI20 ST42 SP21 HT9 SI19 UB67 KD22 PC8 SJ22 GB41 LV14

The Tendo Muscular Meridians

These points are very effective in the treatment of dermatosis, muscular problems,
and neuralgias. They are accessed through the follow points.
Arm TMM YangGB13/ST8 Arm TMM YinGB22 Leg TMM YangST3/SI18 Leg TMM YinRN3/4

(NaturalNews) Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) is a science dating back

thousands of years. This medical science is based on the understanding of the
energetic make up of the body. It classifies all the organs and functions of the
body into a manifestation and interaction of 5 basic energies, which are wind,
heat, humidity, dryness and coldness. These energies flow through their
respective meridians (energy channels) all over the body. There are specific
points on these meridians through which these energies enter or exit the body.
Diseases are caused as a result of imbalance in the energies of the body, and
this imbalance can be corrected by application of pressure at these specific
points on the body which are the gateways of the five energies. Pressure is
applied for 3 to 5 minutes with your finger or a blunt object, which activates
these points and balances the energies. There are 10 golden points out of more
than 350 which are the most important or preventing and treating all

273
illnesses.The 10 golden acupressure points are:1.Stomach 36 (ST 36): This is the
36th point on the stomach meridian. It balances the digestion power of the
body. According to TCM, diabetes begins with increase of stomach fire. So this
point can prevent diabetes. It can also prevent aging and weakness for which it
is commonly used in China. Locally good for arthritis.
2. Large intestine 11 (LI 11): 11th point on the LI meridian which is one of the
best for improving immunity and persistent infections. Also used for elbow
stiffness.

3.Large intestine 4 (LI 4): This is one of the best analgesic points for any type of
pain, for e.g. headache, body ache etc. It is very helpful to clear excess heat in
the body which causes nose bleeds, fevers etc. 4. Urinary Bladder 40 (BL 40):
This point is very useful in back pain, lumbago and knee stiffness in arthritis.
Lower back pain is a common problem for which this is a panacea.
5.Liver 3 (LIV 3): This is the best point for hypertension, insomnia, diabetes and
painful breasts. By regularly pressing this point one can get rid of hypertension
for good.6.Gallbladder 34 (GB 34): This point controls the wind rising up to the
head that causes insomnia, migraine and anxiety. Also prevents gallstones and
is used for swollen knees due to arthritis etc. 7.Lung 7 (LU 7): This is a very good
point for relief in asthma, breathlessness and migraine.
8.Heart 7 (HE 7): This point balances all the emotional issues in the heart and
harmonizes its function. 9.Spleen 6 (SP 6): Massaging this point improves
digestion and relieves feeling of distention after having food which many people
experience. It nourishes the spleen and increases blood production. It relieves
feeling of heaviness and tiredness. 10.Kidney 1 (KID 1): This point is very
important for the elderly. As we age the kidney grows weaker according to TCM
and its fire dwindles. Along with acupressure, warm this point with any kind of
heat or immerse feet in warm water for 15 minutes daily.
For pictures of location of these acupoints you can see the following
URL http://www.purnarogya.com/general/article.as...

Acupressure is best avoided on empty or full stomach. Pressure can be applied

on these points 30 min after meals. SP 6 and LI 4 should be avoided during
pregnancy. Thus, regular application of pressure on the above mentioned 10
acupressure points is very good for maintaining overall health of body and mind.

274
Meridian - Graphic
LU) Lung Meridian - Graphic
You may click on any acupuncture point along the lung meridian
for more detailed information including the location, functions,
precautions and the chinese and english names. Our TCM Herbal
Database, contains a listing of herbs which enter
the Lung channel. Our TCM theory section contains signs,
symptoms, and treatment points for common lung patterns.

In most browsers you may also hold the mouse over a point and a
box will popup which shows the location and precaution
information for that point.

275
Sources and More Information
The information on our site is drawn from our own lecture notes and clinical experience.
The following lecture notes were used within this section:

 Ferro, Barbara: New England School of Acupuncture, Point

Location Lecture Notes

276
  Hartstein, Rachel: New England School of Acupuncture,
Actions & Effects Lecture Notes
For a complete list of valuable resources, see our Acupuncture
Theory Resources section. The most recommended texts are
below:

LI) Large Intestine Meridian - Graphic

You may click on a specific acupuncture point for more detailed information including
the location, functions, precautions and the chinese and english names.

In most browsers you may also hold the mouse over a point and a box will popup which
shows the location and precaution information for that point.

Sources and More Information

277
The information on our site is drawn from our own lecture notes and
clinical experience. The following lecture notes were used within this
section:

 Ferro, Barbara: New England School of Acupuncture, Point Location

Lecture Notes
 Hartstein, Rachel: New England School of Acupuncture, Actions &
Effects Lecture Notes
For a complete list of valuable resources, see our Acupuncture Theory
Resources section. The most recommended texts are below:

(ST) Stomach Meridian - Graphic

You may click on any acupuncture point along the stomach
meridian for more detailed information including the location,
functions, precautions and the chinese and english names.
Our TCM Herbal Database, contains a listing of herbs which enter
the Stomachchannel. Our TCM theory section contains signs,
symptoms, and treatment points for common stomach patterns.

In most browsers you may also hold the mouse over a point and a
box will popup which shows the location and precaution
information for that point.

278
279
280
Sources and More Information

The information on our site is drawn from our own lecture notes
and clinical experience. The following lecture notes were used
within this section:

 Ferro, Barbara: New England School of Acupuncture, Point

Location Lecture Notes
 Hartstein, Rachel: New England School of Acupuncture,
Actions & Effects Lecture Notes
For a complete list of valuable resources, see our Acupuncture
Theory Resources section. The most recommended texts are
below

(SP) Spleen Meridian - Graphic

You may click on any acupuncture point along the spleen meridian
for more detailed information including the location, functions,
precautions and the chinese and english names. Our TCM Herbal
Database, contains a listing of herbs which enter
the Spleenchannel. Our TCM theory section contains signs,
symptoms, and treatment points for common spleen patterns.

In most browsers you may also hold the mouse over a point and a
box will popup which shows the location and precaution
information for that point.

281
282
Sources and More Information
The information on our site is drawn from our own lecture notes
and clinical experience. The following lecture notes were used
within this section:

 Ferro, Barbara: New England School of Acupuncture, Point

Location Lecture Notes
 Hartstein, Rachel: New England School of Acupuncture,
Actions & Effects Lecture Notes
For a complete list of valuable resources, see our Acupuncture
Theory Resources section. The most recommended texts are
below:

283
(HT) Heart Meridian - Graphic
You may click on any acupuncture point along the heart meridian
for more detailed information including the location, functions,
precautions and the chinese and english names. Our TCM Herbal
Database, contains a listing of herbs which enter
the Heartchannel. Our TCM theory section contains signs,
symptoms, and treatment points for common heart patterns.

In most browsers you may also hold the mouse over a point and a
box will popup which shows the location and precaution
information for that point.

284
Sources and More Information
The information on our site is drawn from our own lecture notes
and clinical experience. The following lecture notes were used
within this section:

 Ferro, Barbara: New England School of Acupuncture, Point

Location Lecture Notes
 Hartstein, Rachel: New England School of Acupuncture,
Actions & Effects Lecture Notes
For a complete list of valuable resources, see our Acupuncture
Theory Resources section. The most recommended texts are
below:

(SI) Small Intestine Meridian - Graphic

You may click on a specific acupuncture point for more detailed

information including the location, functions, precautions and the
chinese and english names.

In most browsers you may also hold the mouse over a point and a
box will popup which shows the location and precaution
information for that point.

285
Sources and More Information
The information on our site is drawn from our own lecture notes and clinical experience.
The following lecture notes were used within this section:

 Ferro, Barbara: New England School of Acupuncture, Point

Location Lecture Notes
 Hartstein, Rachel: New England School of Acupuncture,
Actions & Effects Lecture Notes
For a complete list of valuable resources, see our Acupuncture
Theory Resources section. The most recommended texts are
below:

286
(KD) Kidney Meridian - Graphic
You may click on any acupuncture point along the kidney meridian
for more detailed information including the location, functions,
precautions and the chinese and english names. Our TCM Herbal Database,
contains a listing of herbs which enter the Kidneychannel.
Our TCM theory section contains signs, symptoms, and treatment
points for common kidney patterns.

In most browsers you may also hold the mouse over a point and a
box will popup which shows the location and precaution
information for that point.

287
288
Sources and More Information
The information on our site is drawn from our own lecture notes
and clinical experience. The following lecture notes were used
within this section:

 Ferro, Barbara: New England School of Acupuncture, Point

Location Lecture Notes
 Hartstein, Rachel: New England School of Acupuncture,
Actions & Effects Lecture Notes
For a complete list of valuable resources, see our Acupuncture
Theory Resources section. The most recommended texts are
below:

289
(UB) Urinary Bladder Meridian - Graphic
You may click on a specific acupuncture point for more detailed
information including the location, functions, precautions and the
chinese and english names.

In most browsers you may also hold the mouse over a point and a
box will popup which shows the location and precaution
information for that point.

290
291
Sources and More Information
The information on our site is drawn from our own lecture notes
and clinical experience. The following lecture notes were used
within this section:

 Ferro, Barbara: New England School of Acupuncture, Point

Location Lecture Notes
 Hartstein, Rachel: New England School of Acupuncture,
Actions & Effects Lecture Notes
For a complete list of valuable resources, see our Acupuncture
Theory Resources section. The most recommended texts are
below:

292
(PC) Pericardium Meridian - Graphic
You may click on a specific acupuncture point for more detailed
information including the location, functions, precautions and the
chinese and english names.

In most browsers you may also hold the mouse over a point and a
box will popup which shows the location and precaution
information for that point.

293
Sources and More Information
The information on our site is drawn from our own lecture notes
and clinical experience. The following lecture notes were used
within this section:

294
 Ferro, Barbara: New England School of Acupuncture, Point
Location Lecture Notes
 Hartstein, Rachel: New England School of Acupuncture,
Actions & Effects Lecture Notes
For a complete list of valuable resources, see our Acupuncture
Theory Resources section. The most recommended texts are
below:

(TH) Triple Heater Meridian - Graphic

You may click on a specific acupuncture point for more detailed
information including the location, functions, precautions and the
chinese and english names.

In most browsers you may also hold the mouse over a point and a
box will popup which shows the location and precaution
information for that point.

295
Sources and More Information
The information on our site is drawn from our own lecture notes
and clinical experience. The following lecture notes were used
within this section:

 Ferro, Barbara: New England School of Acupuncture, Point

Location Lecture Notes
 Hartstein, Rachel: New England School of Acupuncture,
Actions & Effects Lecture Notes
For a complete list of valuable resources, see our Acupuncture
Theory Resources section. The most recommended texts are
below:

296
(LV) Liver Meridian - Graphic
You may click on any acupuncture point along the liver meridian
for more detailed information including the location, functions,
precautions and the chinese and english names. Our TCM Herbal
Database, contains a listing of herbs which enter
the Liver channel. Our TCM theory section contains signs,
symptoms, and treatment points for common liver patterns.

In most browsers you may also hold the mouse over a point and a
box will popup which shows the location and precaution
information for that point.

297
298
Sources and More Information
The information on our site is drawn from our own lecture notes
and clinical experience. The following lecture notes were used
within this section:

 Ferro, Barbara: New England School of Acupuncture, Point

Location Lecture Notes
 Hartstein, Rachel: New England School of Acupuncture,
Actions & Effects Lecture Notes
For a complete list of valuable resources, see our Acupuncture
Theory Resources section. The most recommended texts are
below:

299
300
Sources and More Information
The information on our site is drawn from our own lecture notes
and clinical experience. The following lecture notes were used
within this section:

 Ferro, Barbara: New England School of Acupuncture, Point

Location Lecture Notes
 Hartstein, Rachel: New England School of Acupuncture,
Actions & Effects Lecture Notes
For a complete list of valuable resources, see our Acupuncture
Theory Resources section. The most recommended texts are
below:

(GB) Gall Bladder Meridian - Graphic

You may click on any acupuncture point along the gall bladder
meridian for more detailed information including the location,
functions, precautions and the chinese and english names.
Our TCM Herbal Database, contains a listing of herbs which enter
the Gall Bladderchannel.

In most browsers you may also hold the mouse over a point and a
box will popup which shows the location and precaution
information for that point.

301
302
 Conclusation: The Acupuncture/Acupressure treatment is one of
the best treatments for cure all the diseases withoutmedicine in the
alternative medicine. It having 12 main meridians and 2 special
meridians i.e Gonvensonal vessial and coverning vessial also extra
ordineary meridians. If we diganize the disease through puls are tongue

303
and idendentfy the meridians in which offeccted and give treat the
particular points of that meridians.

304
Naturopathy
What is Naturopathy?
Sep 2, 2010
PrintPrint

Naturopathy is a holistic system of healing that incorporates a range of

treatments and natural therapies, with the underlying belief that your body is
able to fight infection and disease itself, given the right support. While
conventional medicine is preoccupied with treating the symptoms of a disease
or illness, naturopathy takes a more holistic approach to healthcare with a
patients overall health a priority. Naturopaths are typically accredited by
national associations, which ensure that they have undergone the required
training, and comply with the highest standards of naturopathic practice.

A Natural Approach

Naturopathy believes that if one restores or maintains the equilibrium of the

body, our immune system is better placed to defend itself against infection
and disease. There is therefore no use of or reliance on medication as such -
which would only serve to suppress the symptoms of an illness. A naturopath
is more likely to recommend a programme of exercise, a change in diet or a
natural treatment, than prescribe any drugs. Natural treatments and therapies
are used to ensure that the body and mind are able to remain resilient, and
recover promptly. When we do succumb to an illness and contract a fever this
is viewed as the body dealing with the source of the problem. The fever is
therefore not viewed as a negative event, rather as part of the body’s natural
defence mechanism.

305
Naturopathic Approaches

Naturopathic treatment can take the form of a variety of therapies and

approaches, including:

 Dietary advice – a balanced diet is an essential component for a healthy

body
 Herbal remedies – traditional remedies utilised for hundreds of years for
healing
 Homeopathy – the practice of treating like with like in diluted remedy form
 Hydrotherapy – the healing power of water
 Iridology – analysis of the iris for diagnosis of health issues
 Massage – the manipulation of the tissues of the body for healing and
relaxation
 Nutritional supplements – especially useful when immunity is
compromised by illness
 Osteopathy – manipulation therapy concerned with the musculo-skeletal
system

Naturopaths will not necessarily utilise all of these therapies, but will have a
range of therapies they specialise in. It should be noted that this list is not
exhaustive, and other therapies may also be used

Read
more:http://www.naturaltherapypages.com.au/article/What_is_Naturopathy#ixz
z2wbl78jas

Naturopathy, or naturopathic medicine, is a pseudoscientific form

of alternative medicine based on a belief in vitalism, which posits that a
special energy called vital energy or vital force guides bodily processes such
as metabolism, reproduction, growth, and adaptation. Naturopathy favors
a holisticapproach with non-invasive treatment and generally avoids the use
of surgery and drugs. Among naturopaths, complete rejection
of biomedicine and modern science is common.
The term "naturopathy" is derived from Latin and Greek, and literally
translates as "nature disease". Modern naturopathy grew out of the Natural
Cure movement of Europe. The term was coined in 1895 byJohn Scheel and
popularized by Benedict Lust, the "father of U.S. naturopathy". Beginning in
the 1970s, there was a revival of interest in the United States and Canada, in
conjunction with the holistic health movement. Today, naturopathy is primarily
practiced in the United States and Canada. The scope of practice varies widely

306
between jurisdictions, and naturopaths in unregulated jurisdictions may use
theNaturopathic Doctor designation or other titles regardless of level of
education.
Naturopathic practitioners in the United States can be divided into three
categories: traditional naturopaths; naturopathic physicians; and other health
care providers that provide naturopathic services. Naturopathic physicians
employ the principles of naturopathy within the context of conventional
medical practices. Naturopathy comprises many different treatment
modalities such as nutritional and herbal medicine, lifestyle
advice, counseling, flower essence, homeopathy and remedial massage.
Much of the ideology and methodological underpinnings of naturopathy are in
conflict with the paradigm ofevidence-based medicine. Many naturopaths have
opposed vaccination based in part on the early views that shaped the
profession. According to the American Cancer Society, "scientific evidence
does not support claims that naturopathic medicine can cure cancer or any
other disease, since virtually no studies on naturopathy as a whole have been
published."
Contents
[hide]
History

Monsignor Sebastian Kneipp, 1821–1897

Benedict Lust, 1872–1945

Some see the ancient Greek "Father of Medicine", Hippocrates, as the first
advocate of naturopathic medicine, before the term existed.[1][2] The modern
practice of naturopathy has its roots in the Nature Cure movement of Europe
during the 19th century.[3][4] In Scotland, Thomas Allinson started advocating

307
his "Hygienic Medicine" in the 1880s, promoting a natural diet and exercise
with avoidance of tobacco and overwork.[5][6]
The term naturopathy was coined in 1895 by John Scheel,[7] and purchased
by Benedict Lust, the "father of U.S. naturopathy".[8] Lust had been schooled
in hydrotherapy and other natural health practices in Germany by
Father Sebastian Kneipp; Kneipp sent Lust to the United States to spread his
drugless methods.[9] Lust defined naturopathy as a broad discipline rather
than a particular method, and included such techniques as
hydrotherapy, herbal medicine, and homeopathy, as well as eliminating
overeating, tea, coffee, and alcohol.[10]He described the body in spiritual and
vitalistic terms with "absolute reliance upon the cosmic forces of man's
nature".[11]
In 1901, Lust founded the American School of Naturopathy in New York. In
1902 the original North American Kneipp Societies were discontinued and
renamed "Naturopathic Societies". In September 1919 the Naturopathic
Society of America was dissolved and Benedict Lust founded the American
Naturopathic Association to supplant it.[8][12] Naturopaths became licensed
under naturopathic or drugless practitioner laws in 25 states in the first three
decades of the twentieth century.[8] Naturopathy was adopted by
manychiropractors, and several schools offered both Doctor of Naturopathy
(ND) and Doctor of Chiropractic (DC) degrees.[8] Estimates of the number of
naturopathic schools active in the United States during this period vary from
about one to two dozen.[7][8][13]
After a period of rapid growth, naturopathy went into decline for several
decades after the 1930s. In 1910 theCarnegie Foundation for the Advancement
of Teaching published the Flexner Report, which criticized many aspects of
medical education, especially quality and lack of scientific rigour. The advent
of penicillin and other "miracle drugs" and the consequent popularity of
modern medicine also contributed to naturopathy's decline. In the 1940s and
1950s, a broadening in scope of practice laws led many chiropractic schools
to drop their ND degrees, though many chiropractors continued to practice
naturopathy. From 1940 to 1963, the American Medical
Association campaigned against heterodox medical systems. By 1958 practice
of naturopathy was licensed in only five states.[8] In 1968 the United States
Department of Health, Education, and Welfare issued a report on naturopathy
concluding that naturopathy was not grounded in medical science and that
naturopathic education was inadequate to prepare graduates to make
appropriate diagnosis and provide treatment; the report recommends against
expanding Medicare coverage to include naturopathic treatments.[13][14] In 1977
an Australian committee of inquiry reached similar conclusions; it did not
recommend licensure for naturopaths.[15] As of 2009, fifteen U.S. states, Puerto
Rico, the US Virgin Islands and the District of Columbia licensed naturopathic
doctors,[16] and the state of Washington requires insurance companies to offer
reimbursement for services provided by naturopathic physicians. [17][18] South
Carolina and Tennessee prohibit the practice of naturopathy.[19][20][21]

308
Beginning in the 1970s, interest waxed in the United States and Canada in
conjunction with the holistic health movement.[8][10] Today, Naturopathy is
practiced primarily in the United States and Canada.[22]
Practice

Naturopathy is based on vitalism, which posits that a special energy called

vital energy or vital force guides bodily processes such
asmetabolism, reproduction, growth, and adaptation. Diagnosis and treatment
focus on alternative therapies which naturopaths claim promote the body's
natural ability to heal.[10][23] Naturopaths focus on a holistic approach, often
completely avoiding the use of surgery and drugs.[13][24] Naturopaths aim to
prevent illness through stress reduction and changes to diet and lifestyle,
often rejecting the methods of evidence based medicine.[25] Naturopaths often
recommend exposure to naturally occurring substances, such
as sunshine,herbs and certain foods, as well as activities they describe as
natural, such as exercise, meditation and relaxation. Naturopaths claim that
these natural treatments help restore the body's innate ability to heal itself
without the adverse effects of conventional medicine. However, "natural"
methods and chemicals are not necessarily safer or more effective than
"artificial" or "synthetic" ones, and any treatment capable of eliciting an effect
may also have deleterious side effects.[9][13][26][27]
Naturopathy lacks an adequate scientific basis, and it is rejected by the
medical community.[28] Some methods rely on immaterial "vital energy fields",
the existence of which has not been proven, and there is concern that
naturopathy as a field tends towards isolation from general scientific
discourse.[2][29][30] Naturopathy is criticized for its reliance on and its
association with unproven, disproven, and other controversial alternative
medical treatments, and for its vitalistic underpinnings.[31][13][32] According to
the American Cancer Society, "scientific evidence does not support claims
that naturopathic medicine can cure cancer or any other disease, since
virtually no studies on naturopathy as a whole have been published."
A consultation typically begins with a lengthy patient interview focusing on
lifestyle, medical history, emotional tone, and physical features, as well as
physical examination.[10] Many naturopaths present themselves as primary
care providers, and some may prescribedrugs, perform minor surgery, and
integrate other conventional medical approaches with their naturopathic
practice.[10][33] However, traditional naturopaths focus exclusively on lifestyle
changes, not diagnosing or treating disease. Naturopaths do not generally
recommend vaccines and antibiotics, based in part on the early views that
shaped the profession, and they may provide alternative remedies even in
cases where evidence-based medicine has been shown effective.[34][35]
Methods
The particular modalities used by an individual naturopath varies with training
and scope of practice. These include: Acupuncture,applied
[36]
kinesiology, botanical medicine, brainwave entrainment, chelation
[37]
therapy for atherosclerosis, colonic [9]
enemas, color therapy,[36] cranial

309
osteopathy,[35] hair analysis,[35] homeopathy,[38] iridology,[36] live blood
analysis, nature cures—i.e. a range of therapies based upon exposure to
natural elements such as sunshine, fresh air, heat, or cold, nutrition (examples
include vegetarianand wholefood diet, fasting,
and abstention from alcohol and sugar,[39] ozone therapy,[13] physical
medicine (e.g., naturopathic, osseous, and soft tissue manipulative
therapy, sports medicine, exercise, and hydrotherapy), Psychological
counseling(e.g., meditation, relaxation, and other methods of stress
management[39]), public health measures
and hygiene,[25] reflexology,[36]rolfing,[12] and traditional Chinese medicine.
A 2004 survey determined the most commonly prescribed naturopathic
therapeutics in Washington State and Connecticut were botanical medicines,
vitamins, minerals, homeopathy, and allergy treatments.[38]
Certain naturopathic treatments offered by traditional naturopaths, such
as homeopathy, rolfing, and iridology, are widely
consideredpseudoscience or quackery.[40][41][42] Stephen
Barrett of QuackWatch and the National Council Against Health Fraud has
stated that Naturopathy is "simplistic and that its practices are riddled with
quackery".[9] "Non-scientific health care practitioners, including naturopaths,
use unscientific methods and deception on a public who, lacking in-depth
health care knowledge, must rely upon the assurance of providers. Quackery
not only harms people, it undermines the ability to conduct scientific research
and should be opposed by scientists", says William T. Jarvis.[43]
Many forms of alternative medicine, including naturopathy, homeopathy,
and chiropractic are based on beliefs opposed to vaccination and have
practitioners who voice their opposition. The reasons for this opposition are
based, in part, on the early views which shaped the foundation of each
profession.[44] A survey of a cross section of students of a major
complementary and alternative medicine college in Canada reported that
students in the later years of the program opposed vaccination more strongly
than newer students.[45]
A University of Washington study investigated insurance claim histories for
alternative medicine use in relation to the receipt of vaccinations against
preventable illnesses, grouped into children aged 1–2 years and 1–17 years.
Both groups were significantly less likely to receive a number of their
vaccinations if they visited a naturopath. The study found a significant
association between visits to naturopaths with a reduced receipt of pediatric
vaccinations and with increased infection by vaccine-preventable diseases.[34]
Practitioners

Naturopathic practitioners can be divided into three groups, naturopathic

physicians, traditional naturopaths and other health care providers who offer
naturopathic services.[13][46][47][48][49]
Licensure

310
Naturopathic doctors are licensed in 17 US states and 5 Canadian
provinces.[50][51] In jurisdictions where Naturopathic doctor (ND or NMD) or a
similar term is a protected designation, naturopathic doctors must pass
the Naturopathic Physicians Licensing Examinationsadministered by the North
American Board of Naturopathic Examiners (NABNE)[52] after graduating from
a college accredited by the CNME.[33] Residency programs are offered at four
of these colleges.[53][54][55][56] NDs are not required to engage in residency
training, except in the state of Utah.[13][57]
In 2005, the Massachusetts Medical Society opposed licensure in
that commonwealth based on concerns that NDs are not required to
participate in residency, and are trained in inappropriate or harmful
treatments.[58] The Massachusetts Special Commission on Complementary and
Alternative Medical Practitioners rejected their concerns and recommended
licensure.[59]
Many naturopaths present themselves as primary care providers. [10][33] Doctor
of Naturopathy (ND) training includes basic medical diagnostic tests and
procedures such as medical imaging and blood tests, as well as vitalism and
pseudoscientific modalities such as homeopathy.[9][10][31][37][60]
Kimball C. Atwood IV writes, in the journal Medscape General Medicine,
"Naturopathic physicians now claim to be primary care physicians proficient in
the practice of both "conventional" and "natural" medicine. Their training,
however, amounts to a small fraction of that of medical doctors who practice
primary care. An examination of their literature, moreover, reveals that it is
replete with pseudoscientific, ineffective, unethical, and potentially dangerous
practices".[60] In another article, Atwood writes that "Physicians who consider
naturopaths to be their colleagues thus find themselves in opposition to one
of the fundamental ethical precepts of modern medicine. If naturopaths are not
to be judged "nonscientific practitioners", the term has no useful meaning". [37]
According to Arnold S. Relman, the Textbook of Natural Medicine is
inadequate as a teaching tool, as it omits to mention or treat in detail many
common ailments, improperly emphasizes treatments "not likely to be
effective" over those that are, and promotes unproven herbal remedies at the
expense of pharmaceuticals. He concludes that "the risks to many sick
patients seeking care from the average naturopathic practitioner would far
outweigh any possible benefits".[61]
"All forms of naturopathic education include concepts incompatible with basic
science, and do not necessarily prepare a practitioner to make appropriate
diagnosis or referrals."[32][35][58]
Texas has begun establishing practice guidelines for MDs who integrate
alternative and complementary medicine into their practice. [62]Continuing
education in naturopathic modalities for health care professionals varies
greatly but includes offerings for many professions,
including physicians, physical
therapists, chiropractors, acupuncturists, dentists, researchers, veterinarians,
physician assistants, andnurses.[36]

311
Traditional naturopaths
Traditional naturopaths are represented in the United States by the American
Naturopathic Association (ANA), representing about 1,800 practitioners [63] and
the American Naturopathic Medical Association (ANMA).[64][self-published source?]
The level of naturopathic training varies among traditional naturopaths in the
United States. Traditional naturopaths may complete non-degree certificate
programs or undergraduate degree programs and generally refer to
themselves as Naturopathic Consultants. These programs are often online
"degrees" and offer no biomedical education as well as no clinical training.
Those completing a Doctor of Naturopathy (ND) degree from an ANMCB
approved school can become a Board Certified Naturopathic Doctor.[65][self-
published source?][66][self-published source?] This board certification is in no way the same

as holding an ND license and holds no weight in states that regulate the

practice of naturopathic medicine.
Traditional naturopathic practitioners surveyed in Australia perceive evidence
based medicine to be an ideologic assault on their beliefs in vitalistic and
holistic principles.[28] They advocate the integrity of natural medicine
practice.[28][28] Some naturopaths have begun to adapt modern scientific
principles into clinical practice.[67]
Regulation

Naturopathy is practiced in many countries, primarily the United States and

Canada, and is subject to different standards of regulation and levels of
acceptance. The scope of practice varies widely between jurisdictions, and
naturopaths in some unregulated jurisdictions may use the Naturopathic
Doctor designation or other titles regardless of level of education.[47] The
practice of naturopathy is illegal in two states.[19][20][21]
North America
In five Canadian provinces, seventeen U.S. states, and the District of
Columbia, naturopathic doctors who are trained at an accredited school of
naturopathic medicine in North America, are entitled to use the designation ND
or NMD. Elsewhere, the designations "naturopath", "naturopathic doctor", and
"doctor of natural medicine" are generally unprotected or prohibited.[21][47]
In North America, each jurisdiction that regulates naturopathy defines a local
scope of practice for naturopathic doctors that can vary considerably. Some
regions permit minor surgery, access to prescription drugs, spinal
manipulations, obstetrics and gynecology and other regions exclude these
from the naturopathic scope of practice or prohibit the practice of naturopathy
entirely.[21][68]
Canada
Several Canadian provinces license naturopathic doctors: British
Columbia, Alberta, Ontario, [69]
and Saskatchewan. British Columbia has
regulated naturopathic medicine since 1936 and together with Ontario (since
2009) are the only two Canadian provinces that allow certified NDs to prescribe
pharmaceuticals and perform minor surgeries.[70]

312
The province of Quebec does not directly regulate naturopathy. The Quebec
Ministry of Education has prohibited schools from offering doctoral programs
in the subject, and there are no universities with a naturopath program.
Therefore, studies must be done out of province. Furthermore, in Quebec,
the Collège des médecins du Québec (CMQ) has exclusive rights to perform
certain activities including but not limited to: ordering diagnostic
examinations, prescribing medication and other substances and clinically
monitoring the condition of patients whose state of health presents risks. This
severely restrains the scope of practice for a naturopathic doctor. [71]
In Quebec, group benefits insurance is mandatory if offered by the employer,
and coverage for a naturopathic doctor is typically included in these policies.
As a result of the limitations (scope of practice, title, education) in Quebec
concerning naturopathic doctors, the term naturotherapy has been accepted
by some insurance carriers.[72][not in citation given][73][verification needed]
The minimum requirement for a naturotherapist is usually between 400 or 800
hours of study.[74][self-published source?]
Medavie Blue Cross is an insurance provider, and listed ten associations it
accepted as naturopathic providers for compensation and thirty it refuses to
pay in a contract document with Syndicat des employés de métiers d'Hydro-
Québec published on March 20, 2013.[75]
United States

 U.S. jurisdictions that currently regulate or license naturopathy

include: Alaska, Arizona, California (see California Bureau of Naturopathic
Medicine), Connecticut, Colorado, District of
Columbia, Hawaii, Idaho, Kansas, Maine, Minnesota, Montana, New
Hampshire, North Dakota, Oregon, Puerto Rico,[76] US Virgin
Islands, Utah, Vermont,
and Washington.[16] Additionally, Florida andVirginia license the practice of
naturopathy under a grandfather clause.[21]

 U.S. jurisdictions that permit access to prescription

drugs: Arizona, California, District of
Columbia, Hawaii, Idaho, Kansas,Maine, Montana, New
Hampshire, Oregon, Utah, Vermont, and Washington.
 U.S. jurisdictions that permit minor surgery: Arizona, District of
Columbia, Idaho, Kansas, Maine, Montana, Oregon, Utah,Vermont,
and Washington.

 U.S. states which specifically prohibit the practice of naturopathy: South

Carolina,[19][21] and Tennessee.[20][21]
Naturopathic doctors are not mandated to undergo residency between
graduation and commencing practice,[13] except in the state of Utah.[57]
Australia

313
 Currently the industry is self-regulated. There is no protection of title,
meaning that technically anyone can practice as a naturopath.
In 1977 a committee reviewed all colleges of naturopathy in Australia and
found that, although the syllabuses of many colleges were reasonable in
their coverage of basic biomedical sciences on paper, the actual
instruction bore little relationship to the documented course. In no case
was any practical work of consequence available. The lectures which were
attended by the committee varied from the dictation of textbook material to
a slow, but reasonably methodical, exposition of the terminology of
medical sciences, at a level of dictionary definitions, without the benefit of
depth or the understanding of mechanisms or the broader significance of
the concepts. The committee did not see any significant teaching of the
various therapeutic approaches favoured by naturopaths. People reported
to be particularly interested in homoeopathy, Bach's floral remedies or
mineral salts were interviewed, but no systematic courses in the choice
and use of these therapies were seen in the various colleges. The
committee were left with the impression that the choice of therapeutic
regime was based on the general whim of the naturopath and, since the
suggested applications in the various textbooks and dispensations overlap
to an enormous extent, no specific indications are or can be taught.[15]
India
In India there is a 5½-year degree course offering a "Bachelor of
Naturopathy and Yogic Sciences" (BNYS) degree. The first college of
naturopathy was started in Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh by B. Venkatrao
which offered a Diploma in Naturopathy (ND). There are a total of fifteen
naturopathy colleges in India.[77][self-published source?]
Naturopathy and Yoga, as an Indian system of medicine, falls under the
Department of Ayurveda, Yoga & Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha and
Homoeopathy (AYUSH), Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government
of India.[78][not in citation given]
The National Institute of Naturopathy in Pune was established on December
22, 1986. It encourages facilities for standardization and propagation of the
existing knowledge and its application through research in naturopathy
throughout India. This institute has a governing body, with the Union
Minister for Health as its president.[79][not in citation given]
United Kingdom
Naturopathy is not regulated in the United Kingdom. In 2012, publicly
funded universities in the United Kingdom dropped their alternative
medicine programs, including naturopathy.[
History
Some see the ancient Greek "Father of Medicine", Hippocrates, as the first
advocate of naturopathic medicine, before the term existed.[1][2] The modern
practice of naturopathy has its roots in the Nature Cure movement of Europe
during the 19th century.[3][4] In Scotland, Thomas Allinson started advocating

314
his "Hygienic Medicine" in the 1880s, promoting a natural diet and exercise
with avoidance of tobacco and overwork.[5][6]
The term naturopathy was coined in 1895 by John Scheel,[7] and purchased
by Benedict Lust, the "father of U.S. naturopathy".[8] Lust had been schooled
in hydrotherapy and other natural health practices in Germany by
Father Sebastian Kneipp; Kneipp sent Lust to the United States to spread his
drugless methods.[9] Lust defined naturopathy as a broad discipline rather
than a particular method, and included such techniques as
hydrotherapy, herbal medicine, and homeopathy, as well as eliminating
overeating, tea, coffee, and alcohol.[10]He described the body in spiritual and
vitalistic terms with "absolute reliance upon the cosmic forces of man's
nature".[11]
In 1901, Lust founded the American School of Naturopathy in New York. In
1902 the original North American Kneipp Societies were discontinued and
renamed "Naturopathic Societies". In September 1919 the Naturopathic
Society of America was dissolved and Benedict Lust founded the American
Naturopathic Association to supplant it.[8][12] Naturopaths became licensed
under naturopathic or drugless practitioner laws in 25 states in the first three
decades of the twentieth century.[8] Naturopathy was adopted by
manychiropractors, and several schools offered both Doctor of Naturopathy
(ND) and Doctor of Chiropractic (DC) degrees.[8] Estimates of the number of
naturopathic schools active in the United States during this period vary from
about one to two dozen.[7][8][13]
After a period of rapid growth, naturopathy went into decline for several
decades after the 1930s. In 1910 theCarnegie Foundation for the Advancement
of Teaching published the Flexner Report, which criticized many aspects of
medical education, especially quality and lack of scientific rigour. The advent
of penicillin and other "miracle drugs" and the consequent popularity of
modern medicine also contributed to naturopathy's decline. In the 1940s and
1950s, a broadening in scope of practice laws led many chiropractic schools
to drop their ND degrees, though many chiropractors continued to practice
naturopathy. From 1940 to 1963, the American Medical
Association campaigned against heterodox medical systems. By 1958 practice
of naturopathy was licensed in only five states.[8] In 1968 the United States
Department of Health, Education, and Welfare issued a report on naturopathy
concluding that naturopathy was not grounded in medical science and that
naturopathic education was inadequate to prepare graduates to make
appropriate diagnosis and provide treatment; the report recommends against
expanding Medicare coverage to include naturopathic treatments.[13][14] In 1977
an Australian committee of inquiry reached similar conclusions; it did not
recommend licensure for naturopaths.[15] As of 2009, fifteen U.S. states, Puerto
Rico, the US Virgin Islands and the District of Columbia licensed naturopathic
doctors,[16] and the state of Washington requires insurance companies to offer
reimbursement for services provided by naturopathic physicians. [17][18] South
Carolina and Tennessee prohibit the practice of naturopathy.[19][20][21]

315
Beginning in the 1970s, interest waxed in the United States and Canada in
conjunction with the holistic health movement.[8][10] Today, Naturopathy is
practiced primarily in the United States and Canada.[22]
Practice

Naturopathy is based on vitalism, which posits that a special energy called

vital energy or vital force guides bodily processes such
asmetabolism, reproduction, growth, and adaptation. Diagnosis and treatment
focus on alternative therapies which naturopaths claim promote the body's
natural ability to heal.[10][23] Naturopaths focus on a holistic approach, often
completely avoiding the use of surgery and drugs.[13][24] Naturopaths aim to
prevent illness through stress reduction and changes to diet and lifestyle,
often rejecting the methods of evidence based medicine.[25] Naturopaths often
recommend exposure to naturally occurring substances, such
as sunshine,herbs and certain foods, as well as activities they describe as
natural, such as exercise, meditation and relaxation. Naturopaths claim that
these natural treatments help restore the body's innate ability to heal itself
without the adverse effects of conventional medicine. However, "natural"
methods and chemicals are not necessarily safer or more effective than
"artificial" or "synthetic" ones, and any treatment capable of eliciting an effect
may also have deleterious side effects.[9][13][26][27]
Naturopathy lacks an adequate scientific basis, and it is rejected by the
medical community.[28] Some methods rely on immaterial "vital energy fields",
the existence of which has not been proven, and there is concern that
naturopathy as a field tends towards isolation from general scientific
discourse.[2][29][30] Naturopathy is criticized for its reliance on and its
association with unproven, disproven, and other controversial alternative
medical treatments, and for its vitalistic underpinnings.[31][13][32] According to
the American Cancer Society, "scientific evidence does not support claims
that naturopathic medicine can cure cancer or any other disease, since
virtually no studies on naturopathy as a whole have been published."
A consultation typically begins with a lengthy patient interview focusing on
lifestyle, medical history, emotional tone, and physical features, as well as
physical examination.[10] Many naturopaths present themselves as primary
care providers, and some may prescribedrugs, perform minor surgery, and
integrate other conventional medical approaches with their naturopathic
practice.[10][33] However, traditional naturopaths focus exclusively on lifestyle
changes, not diagnosing or treating disease. Naturopaths do not generally
recommend vaccines and antibiotics, based in part on the early views that
shaped the profession, and they may provide alternative remedies even in
cases where evidence-based medicine has been shown effective.[34][35]
Methods
The particular modalities used by an individual naturopath varies with training
and scope of practice. These include: Acupuncture,applied
[36]
kinesiology, botanical medicine, brainwave entrainment, chelation
[37]
therapy for atherosclerosis, colonic [9]
enemas, color therapy,[36] cranial

316
osteopathy,[35] hair analysis,[35] homeopathy,[38] iridology,[36] live blood
analysis, nature cures—i.e. a range of therapies based upon exposure to
natural elements such as sunshine, fresh air, heat, or cold, nutrition (examples
include vegetarianand wholefood diet, fasting,
and abstention from alcohol and sugar,[39] ozone therapy,[13] physical
medicine (e.g., naturopathic, osseous, and soft tissue manipulative
therapy, sports medicine, exercise, and hydrotherapy), Psychological
counseling(e.g., meditation, relaxation, and other methods of stress
management[39]), public health measures
and hygiene,[25] reflexology,[36]rolfing,[12] and traditional Chinese medicine.
A 2004 survey determined the most commonly prescribed naturopathic
therapeutics in Washington State and Connecticut were botanical medicines,
vitamins, minerals, homeopathy, and allergy treatments.[38]
Certain naturopathic treatments offered by traditional naturopaths, such
as homeopathy, rolfing, and iridology, are widely
consideredpseudoscience or quackery.[40][41][42] Stephen
Barrett of QuackWatch and the National Council Against Health Fraud has
stated that Naturopathy is "simplistic and that its practices are riddled with
quackery".[9] "Non-scientific health care practitioners, including naturopaths,
use unscientific methods and deception on a public who, lacking in-depth
health care knowledge, must rely upon the assurance of providers. Quackery
not only harms people, it undermines the ability to conduct scientific research
and should be opposed by scientists", says William T. Jarvis.[43]
Many forms of alternative medicine, including naturopathy, homeopathy,
and chiropractic are based on beliefs opposed to vaccination and have
practitioners who voice their opposition. The reasons for this opposition are
based, in part, on the early views which shaped the foundation of each
profession.[44] A survey of a cross section of students of a major
complementary and alternative medicine college in Canada reported that
students in the later years of the program opposed vaccination more strongly
than newer students.[45]
A University of Washington study investigated insurance claim histories for
alternative medicine use in relation to the receipt of vaccinations against
preventable illnesses, grouped into children aged 1–2 years and 1–17 years.
Both groups were significantly less likely to receive a number of their
vaccinations if they visited a naturopath. The study found a significant
association between visits to naturopaths with a reduced receipt of pediatric
vaccinations and with increased infection by vaccine-preventable diseases.[34]
Practitioners

Naturopathic practitioners can be divided into three groups, naturopathic

physicians, traditional naturopaths and other health care providers who offer
naturopathic services.[13][46][47][48][49]
Licensure

317
Naturopathic doctors are licensed in 17 US states and 5 Canadian
provinces.[50][51] In jurisdictions where Naturopathic doctor (ND or NMD) or a
similar term is a protected designation, naturopathic doctors must pass
the Naturopathic Physicians Licensing Examinationsadministered by the North
American Board of Naturopathic Examiners (NABNE)[52] after graduating from
a college accredited by the CNME.[33] Residency programs are offered at four
of these colleges.[53][54][55][56] NDs are not required to engage in residency
training, except in the state of Utah.[13][57]
In 2005, the Massachusetts Medical Society opposed licensure in
that commonwealth based on concerns that NDs are not required to
participate in residency, and are trained in inappropriate or harmful
treatments.[58] The Massachusetts Special Commission on Complementary and
Alternative Medical Practitioners rejected their concerns and recommended
licensure.[59]
Many naturopaths present themselves as primary care providers. [10][33] Doctor
of Naturopathy (ND) training includes basic medical diagnostic tests and
procedures such as medical imaging and blood tests, as well as vitalism and
pseudoscientific modalities such as homeopathy.[9][10][31][37][60]
Kimball C. Atwood IV writes, in the journal Medscape General Medicine,
"Naturopathic physicians now claim to be primary care physicians proficient in
the practice of both "conventional" and "natural" medicine. Their training,
however, amounts to a small fraction of that of medical doctors who practice
primary care. An examination of their literature, moreover, reveals that it is
replete with pseudoscientific, ineffective, unethical, and potentially dangerous
practices".[60] In another article, Atwood writes that "Physicians who consider
naturopaths to be their colleagues thus find themselves in opposition to one
of the fundamental ethical precepts of modern medicine. If naturopaths are not
to be judged "nonscientific practitioners", the term has no useful meaning". [37]
According to Arnold S. Relman, the Textbook of Natural Medicine is
inadequate as a teaching tool, as it omits to mention or treat in detail many
common ailments, improperly emphasizes treatments "not likely to be
effective" over those that are, and promotes unproven herbal remedies at the
expense of pharmaceuticals. He concludes that "the risks to many sick
patients seeking care from the average naturopathic practitioner would far
outweigh any possible benefits".[61]
"All forms of naturopathic education include concepts incompatible with basic
science, and do not necessarily prepare a practitioner to make appropriate
diagnosis or referrals."[32][35][58]
Texas has begun establishing practice guidelines for MDs who integrate
alternative and complementary medicine into their practice. [62]Continuing
education in naturopathic modalities for health care professionals varies
greatly but includes offerings for many professions,
including physicians, physical
therapists, chiropractors, acupuncturists, dentists, researchers, veterinarians,
physician assistants, andnurses.[36]

318
 Naturopathic Medicine

 Naturopathic medicine blends centuries-old

natural, non-toxic therapies with current advances in the study of health and
human systems, covering all aspects of family health from prenatal to geriatric
care.

Naturopathic medicine concentrates on whole-patient wellness; the medicine

is tailored to the patient and emphasizes prevention and self-care.
Naturopathic medicine attempts to find the underlying cause of the patient’s
condition rather than focusing solely on symptomatic treatment. Naturopathic
doctors cooperate with all other branches of medical science referring patients
to other practitioners for diagnosis or treatment when appropriate.

NATUROPATHIC PHILOSOPHY

Naturopathic doctors (NDs) are primary care physicians clinically trained

in natural therapeutics and whose philosophy is derived in part from a
Hippocratic teaching more than 2000 years old: Vis mediatrix naturae - nature
is the healer of all diseases. Their practice is based on the same basic bio-
medical science foundation that allopathic practice is; however, their
philosophies and approaches differ considerably from their conventional
counterparts. Naturopathic doctors diagnose disease and treat patients by
using natural modalities such as physical manipulation, clinical nutrition,
herbal medicine, homeopathy, counseling, acupuncture, and hydrotherapy,
among others. They choose treatment based on the individual patient, not
based on the generality of symptoms. This approach has proven successful in
treating both chronic and acute conditions.

The six principles that guide the therapeutic methods and modalities of
Naturopathic medicine include:

FIRST DO NO HARM - PRIMUM NON NOCERE

Naturopathic medicine uses therapies that are safe and effective.

THE HEALING POWER OF NATURE - VIS MEDICATRIX NATURAE

319
The human body possesses the inherent ability to restore health. The
physician’s role is to facilitate this process with the aid of natural, nontoxic
therapies.

DISCOVER AND TREAT THE CAUSE, NOT JUST THE EFFECT - TOLLE
CAUSAM

Physicians seek and treat the underlying cause of a disease. Symptoms are
viewed as expressions of the body’s natural attempt to heal. The origin of
disease is removed or treated so the patient can recover.

TREAT THE WHOLE PERSON - TOLLE TOTUM

The multiple factors in health and disease are considered while treating the
whole person. Physicians provide flexible treatment programs to meet
individual health care needs.

THE PHYSICIAN IS A TEACHER - DOCERE

The physician’s major role is to educate, empower, and motivate patients to

take responsibility for their own health. Creating a healthy, cooperative
relationship with the patient has a strong therapeutic value.

PREVENTION IS THE BEST “CURE” - PRAEVENIRE

Naturopathic physicians are preventive medicine specialists. Physicians

assess patient risk factors and heredity susceptibility and intervene
appropriately to reduce risk and prevent illness. Prevention of disease is best
accomplished through education and a lifestyle that supports health

Conclusion :
As it is observed that several conventional drugs for respiratory diseases have been
derived from traditional medicinal plants [2,131], it is quite possible from Ayurveda and
Siddha plants also. Since some of these plants have kayakalpam ability (making the body
competent for long life), it may be even better because the selection of plants by
Ayurveda and Siddha. The plants in Siddha where used by Siddhars seems very tactful, in
the sense that the plants they had selected have more beneficial effect than giving merely
a respite from the disease alone. In respect of Ayurveda the ancient VEDAs discriped
about the medician .This concept can be well understood by interviewing with native
people of South India who have an in-depth knowledge of medicinal plants of SSM. Infact,
there is a real need of experts, who can understand and explain the ancient Tamil
literatures written by the Siddhars. Thereafter those literatures should be translated into
international (e.g., English) and at least some major national (e.g., Hindi, Chinese and
Japanese) languages to make SSM widely beneficial. Further, the medicinal plants of
Ayurveda and SSM useful for respiratory diseases can be identified and processed for
isolating different fractions by using sensitive techniques such as high-performance liquid

320
chromatography (HPLC) and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry-mass
spectrometry (LC-MS-MS) as recently being accomplished by several groups of
investigators for medicinal plants [132-135]. These fractions can be first tested in vitro
using certain molecular parameters of respiratory diseases such as inflammatory
mediators of asthma and COPD. The potent components then can be evaluated and
studied in animal models as recently carried out for several herbal compounds. For
example, curcumin, a well known plant derived.

Another one the Acupuncture/Acupressure treatment without taking medicine, it

will cuere all the disease. If we induce the points of the particular meridians for treat the
particular diseases. Then the nuturapathi treatment is also cuare all the diseases
without medicine i.e is fully natural foods . The naturapathi treatment is fuerly with the
natural foods only. I think that the meterials given by me is very useful to the peoples
who are going to do the P hD digree.

321