Exam Review and Kinematics

Lecture 10 (August 17)

Physics 1A, Summer Session II, 2009

Tuesday, August 18, 2009

 Exam Review: Acceleration
✦ Acceleration is a vector
✦ Direction
✦ Magnitude
✦ “Accelerating” means speeding up (magnitude of velocity is
increasing).
✦ “Decelerating” means slowing down (magnitude of velocity is
decreasing).

Tuesday, August 18, 2009

 Exam Review: Free-body diagrams
✦ Block at rest on an inclined plane

Tuesday, August 18, 2009

 Exam Review: Coordinate Systems (Lecture 2)
✦ Coordinate systems are the axes we choose to use in a given
problem.
✦ It is our choice which directions we choose for our axes.
✦ It is our choice what length scale we choose for our axes.
✦ It is our choice where we locate the origin.
✦ Choosing a coordinate system explicitly is crucial in physics probs!
✦ Example: A man starts from rest and runs 10 kilometers west.
10 km
North (m) -y (km)
Possible coordinate systems
West (m) x (km)
( k m)
( km) x
North (km) y

West (m)
4
Tuesday, August 18, 2009
 (Exam Review) Clicker Question 2-7

Which of the following shows the correct x and y components

of the vector C on the coordinate system shown?
y
x y

A)
x

y
C
D) C

B) C
E) y
x

y C

C)
x

5
Tuesday, August 18, 2009
 Exam Review: Relating force diagrams to acceleration
✦ Mia can only be moved forward by forces acting on Mia.
✦ That narrows choices down to B and C.
✦ Now consider direction.

Tuesday, August 18, 2009

 Exam Review: Acceleration as a vector
  
 ∆ v v final − vinitial
a= =
∆t ∆t

Tuesday, August 18, 2009

 Exam review: Velocity and acceleration
✦ Ball shot upward and ball shot downward have same speed.
✦ Magnitude of velocity is the same, but direction of velocity is
different.
✦ That means velocity is different for the two balls!
✦ After they lose contact with the launcher, neither ball touches
anything (no contact forces).
✦ Both balls are still on earth, so they feel a force due to gravity of
magnitude |Fg|=mg.
✦ Since FNet=Fg=ma for BOTH balls, their accelerations both have the
same magnitude (g) and the same direction (pointed towards the
center of the earth).

Tuesday, August 18, 2009

 Exam Review: Newton’s 3rd Law
✦ How can anything ever move if “for every action there is an equal an
opposite reaction”?
✦ Forces can only cancel out (inhibit motion) if they are on the same
free-body diagram (act on the same object).
✦ Newton’s 3rd law pair forces act on different objects!

Tuesday, August 18, 2009

 Newton’s 3rd Law
✦ Demonstration of unequal mass carts on track.
✦ Forces come in pairs
✦ If object A exerts a force on object B: FA on B, then object B exerts a
force on object A: FB on A
✦ FA on B = - FB on A
✦ That means
✦ |FA on B| = |FB on A|
✦ FA on B points in the opposite direction of FB on A
✦ These pairs of forces are called “3rd Law Pairs.”
✦ Note that 3rd Law Pairs never act on the same object.
✦ You can always tell a 3rd law pair by their subscripts.
Tuesday, August 18, 2009
 (Review) Clicker Question 9-5
A penguin sits on a sled. A force of 45 N is applied
to the sled, but although the sled moves to the
right, the penguin remains stationary (with respect
to the ground) due to his connection with a cord
tied to a wall. There is friction between all
surfaces. Which of the following forces are on the
penguin’s free-body diagram?

Tuesday, August 18, 2009

 Kinematics: Description of motion with constant acceleration
✦ vx=v0x+axt
✦ ∆x=v0xt+(½)axt 2

✦ 2 2
vx -v0x =2ax(∆x)
✦ ∆x=(½)(vx+v0x)(∆t)
✦ t = time
✦ ∆x = displacement in x-direction at time t (another way to say this
is the x-component of the displacement vector at time t)
✦ ax = the x-component acceleration (must be constant!)
✦ vx = the x-component of the velocity vector at time t.
✦ v0x = the x-component of the velocity vector at time t=0.

Tuesday, August 18, 2009

 Kinematics cont’d
✦ Scalar equations
✦ The kinematics equations are valid only when acceleration is constant!
✦ The equations are just as valid if we replace all the x variables with
y.
✦ vy=v0y+ayt
✦ ∆y=v0yt+(½)ayt 2

✦ 2 2
vy -v0y =2ay(∆y)
✦ ∆y=(½)(vy+v0y)(∆t)
✦ Equations are valid for one direction (x OR y)

Tuesday, August 18, 2009

 Clicker Question 10-1
The acceleration vector of a car is shown. |a|=2.0 mi/h2

If the car is moving at 10.0 mph in the x

positive x-direction at some instant in time,
what is its speed 3.0 hours later?
A) 10.0 mph
B) 13.0 mph
C) 4.0 mph
D) 16.0 mph
E) 12.0 mph

Tuesday, August 18, 2009

 Clicker Question 10-2
The acceleration vector of a car is shown. |a|=2.0 mi/h2

If the car is moving at 10.0 mph in the x

positive x-direction at some instant in time,
what is its speed 3.0 hours later?
A) 10.0 mph
B) 13.0 mph
C) 4.0 mph
D) 16.0 mph
E) 12.0 mph

Tuesday, August 18, 2009

 Clicker Question 10-3
The acceleration vector of a car is shown. y
If the car is moving at 10.0 mph in the
positive x-direction at some instant in time, |a|=2.0 mi/h2

what is its speed 3.0 hours later? x

A) 10 mph
B) 13 mph
C) 4.0 mph
D) 16 mph
E) 12 mph

Tuesday, August 18, 2009