CT- 539

Advanced Computer Networking

Dr. Shariq Mahmood Khan

 Computer Networks : Basic Concepts

• Computer Networks

• Communication Model

• Transmission Modes

• Communication Types

• Switching Techniques

• Classification Of Computer Networks

 Computer Network

• A network is a collection of computers and devices connected

together via communications devices and transmission media.

• A computer network is a group of interconnected computers.

• It allows computers to communicate with each other and to share

resources and information.

• First Network : The Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA)

funded the design of the "Advanced Research Projects Agency
Network" (ARPANET) for the United States Department of Defense.
 Advantages of Computer Network

Advantages of using a network include:

• Facilitating Communications

• Sharing Hardware

• Sharing Data and Information

• Sharing Software

• Transferring Funds.
Communication Model
 Communication Model

• Source : Generates data to be transmitted

• Transmitter : Converts data into transmittable signals

• Transmission System : Carries data

• Receiver : Converts received signal into data

• Destination : Takes incoming data

Communication Model
 Transmission Modes

• Simplex : One direction e.g. Television, Broadcasting

• Half duplex : Either direction, but only one way at a

time e.g. police radio

• Full duplex : Both directions at the same time

e.g. telephone
 Simplex Transmission

Device 1 Device 2

time

data
 Half Duplex Transmission

Device 1 Device 2

time

data
 Full Duplex Transmission

Device 1 Device 2

time

data
 Communication Types

Unicast

Unicast: One sender and one receiver

 Communication Types

Broadcast

Broadcast: One sender, all the others as receivers

 Communication Types

Multicast

Broadcast: One sender (potentially many senders),

many receivers
 Switching Techniques

• Circuit Switching

• Packet Switching
 Circuit Switching

• Source connects with

switching node

• User requests circuit

• Node B receives
connection request
and identify path to
node D via
intermediate node C.
 Packet Switching

• It divides message into

packets/datagram packets of
equal lengths.

• Headers are added to each

packets. Header contains
information about source and
destination.

• No need for dedicated circuit.

• As length of packet is small so

each link is established for
small time and then it is
available for other messages.
 Classification of Computer Networks

Local Area Network

(LAN)

Metropolitan Area
Classification of
Network
Computer Network
(MAN)

Wide Area Network

(WAN)
 Classification of Computer Networks

How Are LAN, MAN, and WAN Different?

The main differentiation among these classifications is their

area of coverage.

Lowest in distance and Medium in distance and Longest in distance and

complexity complexity complexity

LAN, MAN and WAN compared

Classification of Computer Networks
Local Area Network (LAN)
 Local Area Network (LAN)

A local area network (LAN) is a network that connects

computers and devices in a limited geographical area.

Example such as a home, school computer laboratory, office

building or closely positioned group of buildings.

The simplest form of LAN is to

connect two computers together.
 Local Area Network (LAN)

A network which consists of less than 500 interconnected

devices across several buildings, is still recognized as a
LAN.
 Local Area Network (LAN)

Personal Area
Network
(PAN)
Types of LAN
Home Area
Network
(HAN)
 Local Area Network

Personal Area Network (PAN)

A personal area network (PAN) is a computer network used for

communication among computer and different information
technological devices close to one person.
 Local Area Network

Personal Area Network (PAN)

• A wired PAN is usually

constructed with USB and
wire connections.

• Technologies such as
Bluetooth and infrared
communication typically form
a wireless PAN.
 Local Area Network

Home Area Network (HAN)

A home area network (HAN) is a residential LAN which is used for

communication between digital devices typically deployed in the home,
usually a small number of personal computers and accessories, such as
printers and mobile computing devices.
 Local Area Network

Advantages :

• Easy to share devices (printers, scanners, external drives)

• Easy to share data (homework, pictures)
• Cost of LAN Setup is low.

Disadvantages :

• Power - a good LAN is required to be on all the times.

• Security - each computer and device become another point of
entry for undesirables.
• if all computers running at once, can reduce speed for each
• Area covered is limited
Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
 Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)

A Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) is a high-speed network

that connects local area networks in a metropolitan area
Example such as a city or town and handles the bulk of
communications activity across that region.

It is designed to extend over an entire city. It may be a

single network such as cable television network available in
many cities.

Range: Within 100 km (a city).

Campus Area Network is a type of MAN.

 Campus Area Network (CAN)

A campus network is a computer network made up

of an interconnection of local area networks
(LAN's) within a limited geographical area.
 Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
Advantages
 It provides a good back bone for
a large network and provides
greater access to WANs.
 The dual bus used in MAN helps
the transmission of data in both
direction simultaneously.
 A Man usually encompasses
several blocks of a city or an
entire city.
Disadvantages
 More cable required for a MAN
connection from one place to
another.
 It is difficult to make the system
secure from hackers and
industrial espionage (spying)
graphical regions.
Wide Area Network (WAN)
 Wide Area Network (WAN)

A Wide Area Network (WAN) is a network that covers a large

geographic area (such as a city, country, or the world) using
a communications channel that combines many types of
media such as telephone lines, cables, and radio waves.

Network that provides long distance transmission of data,

voice, image and video information over large geographical
areas that may comprise a country, a continent.

Range: Beyond 100 km.

 Wide Area Network (WAN)

The Internet is the

world’s largest
WAN.
 WideArea Network (WAN)

Enterprise Private
Network
(EPN)
Types of WAN
Virtual Private
Network
(VPN)
 Enterprise Private Network (EPN)

An Enterprise Private Network is a network build by an

enterprise to interconnect various company sites, e.g.,
production sites, head offices, remote offices, shops, in
order to share computer resources.
 Virtual Private Network (VPN)

Virtual Private Network is a type of private network that uses public

telecommunication, such as the Internet, instead of leased lines
to communicate.

• Became popular as more employees worked in remote locations.

• Employees can access the network (Intranet) from remote

locations.

• Secured networks.

• The Internet is used as the backbone for VPNs

• Saves cost tremendously from reduction of equipment and

maintenance costs.
Virtual Private Network (VPN)
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN LAN, WAN AND MAN

BASIS LAN MAN WAN

Full Form Local Area Network Metropolitan Area Wide Area Network
Network
Range A communication network This network shares the A communication network
linking a number of stations characteristics of packet distinguished from a Local
in same local area. Range is 1 broadcasting networks. Area Network. Range is
to 10 km Range is100 km Beyond 100 km

Media Used Uses guided media Uses guided as well as Uses unguided media
unguided media
Speed A high speed i.e. 100kbps to Optimized for a large Long distance
100mbps geographical area than communications, which may
LAN. or may not be provided by
public packet network.

Cost cheaper costly expensive

Equipment NIC, switch and hub Modem and router Microwave and radio
needed