FREQUENCY RANGES, FREQUENCY AND TIME DOMAIN

Prepared by: Lily Jean S. Junio

1. Frequency Ranges
Frequency is defined as the cycles per seconds. It has the unit of hertz named after
Heinrich Hertz Known for his discovery of sending voltage source into a receiver without a direct
contact to each other but due to the mutual conduction.

𝒇 = 𝟏/𝒕

Frequency applies dependent on its frequency Ranges, Wavelength, and Velocity as being
specific.

𝒗 = 𝝀𝒇

Here are the common examples of Frequency Band Name with its specific Frequency
range, wavelength and applications;

FREQUENCY BAND FREQUENCY RANGE WAVELENGTH Applications

NAME (Hz) (meters)
Extremely Low 3-30Hz 10,000-100,000 m Underwater
Frequency (ELF) Application
Super Low Frequency 30-300Hz 1,000-10,000m AC Power
(SLF)
Ultra-Low Frequency 300-3000Hz 100-1,000 m
(ULF)
Very Low Frequency 3-30kHz 10-100km Navigation Beacons
(VLF)
Low Frequency (LF) 30-300KHz 1-10km Am Radio
Medium Frequency 300-3000kHZ 100-1000m Aviation and AM
(MF) radio
High Frequency (HF) 3-30MHz 10-100m Shortwave Radio

2. Frequency and Time domain (Non-sinusoidal/Fourier Transformation)

This general expression was discovered

By the French mathematician Jean Baptiste Joseph

Fourier (1768-1830)

𝟏
𝑰𝒓𝒎𝒔 = √(𝑰𝒅𝒄 )𝟐 + (𝟐) [(𝑰𝒎𝟏 )𝟐 + (𝑰𝒎𝟐 )𝟐 +. . +(𝑰𝒎𝒏 )^𝟐]

𝑰𝒓𝒎𝒔 = √(𝑰𝒅𝒄 )𝟐 + [(𝑰𝟏 )𝟐 + (𝑰𝟐 )𝟐 +. . +(𝑰𝟑 )^𝟐]

 𝟏
𝑬𝒓𝒎𝒔 = √(𝑬𝒅𝒄 )𝟐 + (𝟐) [(𝑬𝒎𝟏 )𝟐 + (𝑬𝒎𝟐 )𝟐 +. . +(𝑬𝒎𝒏 )^𝟐]

𝑬𝒓𝒎𝒔 = √(𝑬𝒅𝒄 )𝟐 + [(𝑬𝟏 )𝟐 + (𝑬𝟐 )𝟐 +. . +(𝑬𝒏 )^𝟐]

𝑷 = 𝑬𝒓𝒎𝒔 𝑰𝒓𝒎𝒔 𝒑𝒇

Example: [EE Board April 1992]

Determine rms value of the current drawn by the 2𝜇F condenser, which is connected
across a source of potential. The potential has a third and fifth harmonic components, which are
30% and 20% respectively of the fundamentals. The fundamentals sinusoidal component has a
peak voltage of 1000 volts and 60Hz frequency.
Solutions:
w=2𝜋𝑓 = 2𝜋(60) = 377
𝐸𝑚
𝐼𝑚 = 𝑋𝑐
= 𝐸𝑚 𝑤𝐶
𝐼𝑚1 = 𝐸𝑚 𝑤𝐶 = 1000(377)(2𝜇F) = 0.754

𝐼𝑚2 = (0.3)(1000)(3)(377)(2𝜇F) = 0.6786𝐴

𝐼𝑚3 = (0.2)(1000)(5)(377)(2𝜇F) = 0.754A
1
𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠 = √(2) [(𝐼𝑚1 )2 + (𝐼𝑚3 )2 + (𝐼𝑚5 )2 ]
1
𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠 = √(2) [(0.754)2 + (0.6786)2 + (0.754)2 ] = 0.89𝐴