SET

SET
• It is a well-defined collection of distinct objects
• “WELL-DEFINED” – it is possible to determine whether
an object belongs to a given set
• The objects are called “members” or “elements” (∈)
*∉ - “is not an element”
• Sets are usually denoted by CAPITAL LETTERS
• Elements usually denoted by lower case letters
Example
• A = {a, e, i, o, u}
* Set of A, the elements are a, e, i, o, and u.
* The set of all vowel letters.
• B = {Psychology, Social Work, Public Administration}
* Set of B, the elements are Psychology, Social Work, and
Public Administration.
* The set of courses offered in College of Arts and
Sciences.
• Accountancy ∉ B
* Accountancy is not an element of set B.
Two (2) Methods of Writing Sets

1.Roster Method
2.Rule Method
Roster Method
• Listing the elements of a set and enclosing them with braces
“{ }”
Examples:
o A = {a, e, i, o, u}
o B = {Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, Friday,
Saturday, Sunday}
o C = {5, 10, 15, … }
Rule Method
• Used to define the elements of the set
• Set builder notation “{x | P(x)}
• Symbol “|” read as “such that”
Examples:
o A = {x | x is a vowel of the alphabet}
o B = {x | x is a day of the week}
o C = {x | x is a set of positive integers multiples of 5}
Cardinal Number
• The cardinal number of a set is the number of elements in the
set
Examples:
o A = {a, b, c, d, e}
The cardinal number of A is 5.
n(A) = 5
o B = {9}
n(B) = 1
o C = {1, 2, 3, 4, … }
n(C) = Set of positive integers
KINDS OF SETS
1. FINITE SET
The given elements are limited or countable and its
last element can be identified
Examples:
A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
B = {x | x is a day of the week}
C = {x | x is an odd integer between 1 and 10}
KINDS OF SETS
2. INFINITE SET
A set whose elements are unlimited or uncountable
Uses the ellipses or three dots “…”
Examples:
D = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, … }
E = {x | x is a counting numbers}
F = {x | x is a fraction}
KINDS OF SETS
3. UNIT SET
A set with only one element
Examples:
G = {9}
H = {x | x is an integer greater than 10 but less
than 12}
I = {x | x is a number between 6 and 8}
 KINDS OF SETS
4. EMPTY SET/ NULL SET/ VOID SET
A set containing no objects or elements
The braces with no element { } or the symbol ∅
Examples:
J={}
K=∅
L = {x | x is an integer greater than 24 but less than 25}
KINDS OF SETS
5. UNIVERSAL SET
A set of everything
Examples:
U = {a, b, c, …, x, y, z}
U = {x | x is an integer greater than 1}
U = {1.0, 1.25, 1.5, 1.75, 2.0, 2.25, 2.75, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0}
KINDS OF SETS
6. SUBSETS
A set whose elements are members of a given set
Given sets A and B, if all the elements of set A are
found in B, then A is a subset of B
Example:
M = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10}
N = {10, 4, 6}
NM
KINDS OF SETS
7. EQUAL SETS
Set A and B are equal, denoted by A = B, if and only
if all the elements of set A are in set B, and all the
elements of B are in A.
Example:
O = {a, x, y, w, s}
P = {w, a, s, x, y}
O=P
KINDS OF SETS
8. EQUIVALENT SETS
Set A and B are equivalent, denoted by A  B, if
they have the same number of elements
Example:
Q = {a, b, c, d, e}
R = {1, 3, 2, 4, 5}
QR
KINDS OF SETS

“All Equal Sets are

Equivalent Sets, but not all
Equivalent Sets are Equal
Sets”
KINDS OF SETS

9. DISJOINT SETS
Sets which have no common elements
Example:
S = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7}
T = {a, b, c, d}
Set S and T are disjoint sets.
KINDS OF SETS
10. COMPLEMENTARY SETS
Two sets A and B are complementary with respect to
a universal set if they are disjoint and if when
combined together they form the universal set.
Example: U = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}
V = {0, 2, 4, 6, 8}
W = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9}
Set V and W are complementary sets.
KINDS OF SETS
11. POWER SETS
The set of all subsets of set A, denoted P(A) – power
set of A
If |A| = n, then |P(A)| = 2𝑛
Example: If we let A = {a, b, c}
Then, |A| = 3
|P(A)| = 23 = 8
P(A) = [Ø, {a}, {b}, {c}, {a, b}, {a, c}, {b, c}, {a, b, c}]
VENN-EULER DIAGRAM
• Named after mathematicians Leonard Euler and John Venn
used diagrams represented by circles, ovals, or cloud-like
shapes on a plane to illustrate the principles of logic
• VENN DIAGRAM – a pictorial representation where sets are
represented by enclosed areas in the plane.
U
Universal Set
A
Given Set
 U U
A
B A B

Fig. 1. A  B Fig. 2. A and B are disjoint sets

B Fig. 3. A and B are joint sets

A
OPERATIONS ON SETS
1. UNION ()
The set of all elements which are in at least A or B
Combination of given sets
Example: U
U = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} B
A
5
A = {1, 2, 3, 4} 6 1 2 3 4
B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
OPERATIONS ON SETS
1. UNION ()
The set of all elements which are in at least A or B
Combination of given sets
Example: U
U = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} B
A
5
A = {1, 2, 3, 4} 6 1 2 3 4
B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
AB = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
OPERATIONS ON SETS
2. INTESECTION ()
The set of all elements which belong to both given sets
“Common element/s”
Example:
U = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
A = {1, 2, 3, 4}
B = {3, 4, 5, 6}
OPERATIONS ON SETS
2. INTESECTION ()
The set of all elements which belong to both given sets
“Common element/s”
Example:
U = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
A = {1, 2, 3, 4}
B = {3, 4, 5, 6}
AB = {3, 4}
OPERATIONS ON SETS
3. COMPLEMENT ()
The set of elements which belong to universal set but cannot
found in a given set
Example:
U = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10} U
B 7 8
A = {1, 2, 3, 4} A
5 9
B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} 1 2 3 4
6 10
A
B
OPERATIONS ON SETS
3. COMPLEMENT ()
The set of elements which belong to universal set but cannot
found in a given set
Example:
U = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10} U
B 7 8
A = {1, 2, 3, 4} A
5 9
B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} 1 2 3 4
6 10
A = {5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10}
B
OPERATIONS ON SETS
3. COMPLEMENT ()
The set of elements which belong to universal set but cannot
found in a given set
Example:
U = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10} U
B 7 8
A = {1, 2, 3, 4} A
5 9
B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} 1 2 3 4
6 10
A = {5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10}
B = {7, 8, 9, 10}
OPERATIONS ON SETS
4. DIFFERENCE (-)
The set of elements which belong to a given set but do not
belong to another given set
Example:
U = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10} U
A B
A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
1 2 5 6 7
B = {5, 6, 7, 8, 9}
3 4 8 9
A–B 10
B–A
OPERATIONS ON SETS
4. DIFFERENCE (-)
The set of elements which belong to a given set but do not
belong to another given set
Example:
U = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10} U
A B
A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
1 2 5 6 7
B = {5, 6, 7, 8, 9}
3 4 8 9
A – B = {1, 2, 3, 4} 10
B–A
OPERATIONS ON SETS
4. DIFFERENCE (-)
The set of elements which belong to a given set but do not
belong to another given set
Example:
U = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10} U
A B
A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
1 2 5 6 7
B = {5, 6, 7, 8, 9}
3 4 8 9
A–B = {1, 2, 3, 4} 10
B – A = {6, 7, 8, 9}
ASSIGNMENT
Given: 7 U
U = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10} 1 8
3 2 4
A = { 2, 4, 6, 8,10} 10 6 5 C
B
B = {1, 2, 3} A
9
C = {4, 5, 6}
Find the following:
1. BC 4. AB 7. BC 10. C – B
2. (BC) 5. (AB) 8. AA
3. (AC) 6. AC 9. A – B
 Real Numbers (R)

Rational (Q) Irrational (Q)

Non-terminating Non –repeating Decimal

Integers (Z) Decimals (F) i.e. Fractions

Negative Whole Numbers (W) Terminating Non-terminating

Integers (Z-) Non-negative Integers Decimals Repeating Decimals

Zero Positive Integers/

Counting or Natural Numbers (N)
 Real Numbers (R)

Rational (Q) Irrational (Q)

Non-terminating Non –repeating Decimal

Integers (Z) Decimals (F) i.e. Fractions

Negative Whole Numbers (W) Terminating Non-terminating

Integers (Z-) Non-negative Integers Decimals Repeating Decimals

Zero Positive Integers/

Counting or Natural Numbers (N)
 1

2 3

4 5

6 8 9
7

10 11
SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM
• Equality (=)
Close and shaded dot
• Inequality (>, <, , )
Greater than (>) and Less than (<)
- open and unshaded dot
- interval notation: parentheses ( / )
Greater than or equal () and Less than or equal ()
- close and shaded
- interval notation: bracket [ / ]
Example
• x>3

0 1 2 3 4
• interval notation: (3, )
Example
• x<3

0 1 2 3 4
• interval notation: (-, 3)
Example
• x≥3

0 1 2 3 4
• interval notation: [3, )
Example
• x≤3

0 1 2 3 4
• interval notation: (-, 3]
Example
• 0<x<3

0 1 2 3 4
• interval notation: (0, 3)
Example
• 0≤x<3

0 1 2 3 4
• interval notation: [0, 3)
Example
• 0≤x≤3

0 1 2 3 4
• interval notation: [0, 3]
Example
• x < 0 and x > 3

0 1 2 3 4
• interval notation: (-, 0)  (3, )
Properties of Real Numbers
1. CLOSURE PROPERTY
The set of real number R is said to be closed under
a given operation if upon performing any two elements
in R, the result also belongs to R.
a + b ϵ R , for any a, b ϵ R
a ∙ b ϵ R , for any a, b ϵ R
Properties of Real Numbers
2. COMMUTATIVE PROPERTY
The order in which the numbers are taken does
not affect the sum and product
a+b=b+a
ab = ba
Properties of Real Numbers
3. ASSOCIATIVE PROPERTY
The grouping in which the numbers are taken does
not affect the sum and product
a + (b + c) = (a + b) + c
a(bc) = (ab)c
Properties of Real Numbers
4. IDENTITY PROPERTY
Performing an operation between any number and
the identity results to the number itself
a + 0 = a, identity element is 0 (addition)
a ∙ 1 = a, identity element is 1 (multiplication)
Properties of Real Numbers
5. INVERSE PROPERTY
A number operated on its inverse equals the
identity element
a + (-a) = 0, -a as additive inverse
1 1
a∙ = 1, as multiplicative inverse or
a a
reciprocal of a, a ≠ 0
Properties of Real Numbers
6. LEFT & RIGHT- HAND DISTRIBUTIVE PROPERTY OF
MULTOPLICATION OVER ADDITION

a (b + c) = ab + ac

(a + b) c = ac + bc
SEATWORK
A. Express the following in interval B. Identify the properties of real
notation, then illustrate using the numbers that satisfies the
number line following
1. x>5 1. (2x)y = 2(xy)
2. x < -2 2. (2a+3b)+4c = 2a + (3b+4c)
3. x≥6 3. If x + y = 0, then y = -x
4. 4 < x ≤ 10 4. 2x + 5x = (2 + 5)x
5. -3 ≤ x < 3 5. (a + b) + c = c + (a + b)