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Meiosis

Meiotic Cell Division


Reproduction
Reproduction:

 Asexual
Sexual(Vegetative)
(Generative)
 Many single-celled organisms reproduce
by splitting, budding, parthenogenesis
 Some multicellular organisms can
reproduce asexually, produce clones
(offspring genetically identical to
parent).

Prepared by Dr Dwi Susanto, FIAT UMK


Reproduction
 Reproduction:
 Sexual (Generative)
 Fusion of two gametes to produce a
single zygote
 Introduces greater genetic variation,
allows genetic recombination
 Zygote has gametes from two different
parents.

Prepared by Dr Dwi Susanto, FIAT UMK


Meiosis
 Cell division to form the gametes:
 sperm (male gamete) and
 egg (female gamete)
 Characteristic of eukaryotes only
 Normal cells are diploid: 2 copies of every gene
 Gametes are haploid: 1 copy of every gene
 Need to choose 1 copy of each gene randomly
 Why have sexual reproduction?
 Shuffling of alleles between parents and offspring
leads to new combinations.

Prepared by Dr Dwi Susanto, FIAT UMK


Overview
 Start with a diploid cell (2n), with 2 copies of each
chromosome, one from each parent
 The two copies are called homologues
 Each chromosome with 2 chromatids attached at
the centromere
 Meiosis consists of 2 cell divisions:
 Meiosis I separate the homologues
 Meiosis II separate the 2 chromatids
 Meiosis I is unusual and needs a bit of study, but
meiosis 2 is just like mitosis.

Prepared by Dr Dwi Susanto, FIAT UMK


Meiotic Division
Meiosis I
 Meiosis I
 Prophase I  Prophase I
• Leptotene
 Metaphase I
• Zygotene
• Pachitene  Anaphase I
• Diplotene
 Telophase I.
• Diakinesis
 Metaphase I
 Anaphase I
 Telophase I
Meiosis II
 Prophase II
 Metaphase
II
 Anaphase II
 Telophase II Prepared by Dr Dwi Susanto, FIAT UMK
Meiotic Division
Meiosis I
 Meiosis I
 Prophase I  Prophase I
• Leptotene
• Zygotene
 Leptotene
• Pachitene  Zygotene
• Diplotene  Pachitene
• Diakinesis
 Diplotene
 Metaphase I
 Anaphase I
 Diakinesis.
 Telophase I  Metaphase I
Meiosis II
 Prophase II  Anaphase I
 Metaphase
II
 Telophase I
 Anaphase II
 Telophase II Prepared by Dr Dwi Susanto, FIAT UMK
Meiotic Division
Meiosis I
 Meiosis II
 Prophase I  Prophase II
• Leptotene
• Zygotene  Metaphase II
• Pachitene
• Diplotene  Anaphase II
• Diakinesis
 Metaphase I
 Telophase II.
 Anaphase I
 Telophase I
Meiosis II
 Prophase II
 Metaphase
II
 Anaphase II
 Telophase II Prepared by Dr Dwi Susanto, FIAT UMK
Prophase I
Meiosis I
 Prophase I is virtually identical to
 Prophase I prophase in mitosis, involving
• Leptotene
• Zygotene
 the appearance of the chromosomes…
• Pachitene
• Diplotene
 the breakdown of the nuclear
• Diakinesis membrane (envelope)
 Metaphase I
 Anaphase I
 the development of the spindle
 Telophase I apparatus.
Meiosis II
 Prophase II
 Metaphase
II
 Anaphase II
 Telophase II Prepared by Dr Dwi Susanto, FIAT UMK
Prophase I
Meiosis I Leptotene:
 Prophase I  initial phase of
• Leptotene condensation
• Zygotene
• Pachitene
 appears as thin threads
• Diplotene
with irregular dense
• Diakinesis
granules (chromomeres)
 Metaphase I  chromomeres have a
 Anaphase I characteristic
 Telophase I  size and number for a
Meiosis II given chromosome.
 Prophase II
 Metaphase
II
 Anaphase II
 Telophase II Prepared by Dr Dwi Susanto, FIAT UMK
Prophase I
Meiosis I Zygotene:
 Prophase I  lateral pairing of
• Leptotene homologous
• Zygotene chromosomes (synapsis)
• Pachitene
• Diplotene
 bivalent: synapsed
• Diakinesis homologous
 Metaphase I chromosome.
 Anaphase I
 Telophase I
Meiosis II
 Prophase II
 Metaphase
II
 Anaphase II
 Telophase II Prepared by Dr Dwi Susanto, FIAT UMK
Prophase I
Meiosis I Pachytene:
 Prophase I  further chromosome
• Leptotene condensation
• Zygotene
 tetrad: pairing of 4 chrommatids
• Pachitene
• Diplotene  crossing over begins
• Diakinesis  crossing over: event of genetic
 Metaphase I exchange between
 Anaphase I tetra chromosomes
 Telophase I d
 chiasma: cross connection of two
Meiosis II
chromosomes caused by breakage
 Prophase II
and rejoining between chromatids
 Metaphase
II
 Anaphase II chiasma
 Telophase II Prepared by Dr Dwi Susanto, FIAT UMK
Prophase I
Meiosis I Diplotene:
 Prophase I
• Leptotene
 chromosomes begin to
• Zygotene separate, crossing over
• Pachitene visible.
• Diplotene
• Diakinesis Chiasm
a
 Metaphase I
 Anaphase I
 Telophase I
Meiosis II
 Prophase II
 Metaphase
II
 Anaphase II
 Telophase II Prepared by Dr Dwi Susanto, FIAT UMK
Prophase I
Meiosis I Diakinesis:
 Prophase I
• Leptotene
 the centromeres move
• Zygotene away from each other
• Pachitene
• Diplotene  the chromosomes
• Diakinesis
 Metaphase I remain joined only at
 Anaphase I the tips of the
 Telophase I
chromatids.
Meiosis II
 Prophase II
 Metaphase
II
 Anaphase II
 Telophase II Prepared by Dr Dwi Susanto, FIAT UMK
Metaphase I
 Homologous
Meiosis I
 Prophase I
chromosomes align at the
• Leptotene equatorial
Compare!!!
plate.
• Zygotene
• Pachitene
• Diplotene
• Diakinesis
 Metaphase I
 Anaphase I
 Telophase I
Meiosis II
Metaphase of mitosis
 Prophase II
 Metaphase
II
 Anaphase II
 Telophase II Prepared by Dr Dwi Susanto, FIAT UMK
Anaphase I
 Homologous pairs
Meiosis I
 Prophase I
separate with sister
• Leptotene chromatids remaining
• Zygotene together.
Compare!!!
• Pachitene
• Diplotene
• Diakinesis
 Metaphase I
 Anaphase I
 Telophase I
Meiosis II
 Prophase II Anaphase of mitosis
 Metaphase
II
 Anaphase II
 Telophase II Prepared by Dr Dwi Susanto, FIAT UMK
Telophase I
 Two daughter cells are
Meiosis I
 Prophase I
formed with each
• Leptotene daughter containing only
• Zygotene one chromosome of the
• Pachitene
• Diplotene
homologous pair
• Diakinesis  Dyads are produced.
 Metaphase I
 Anaphase I
 Telophase I
Meiosis II
 Prophase II
 Metaphase
II
 Anaphase II
 Telophase II Prepared by Dr Dwi Susanto, FIAT UMK
(Interphase/Interkines
is)
Meiosis I
 Similar to interphase of
 Prophase I mitosis
• Leptotene
• Zygotene
 Without DNA replication.
• Pachitene
• Diplotene
• Diakinesis
 Metaphase I
 Anaphase I
 Telophase I
Meiosis II
 Prophase II
 Metaphase
II
 Anaphase II
 Telophase II Prepared by Dr Dwi Susanto, FIAT UMK
Prophase II
Meiosis I
 the nuclear envelope is
 Prophase I dissolved again
• Leptotene
• Zygotene
 the spindle is set up again
• Pachitene
• Diplotene
 Prophase II is identical to
• Diakinesis prophase of mitosis except
 Metaphase I that there is half the
 Anaphase I amount of chromosomes.
 Telophase I
Meiosis II
 Prophase II
 Metaphase
II
 Anaphase II
 Telophase II Prepared by Dr Dwi Susanto, FIAT UMK
Metaphase II
Meiosis I
 Chromosomes line up
 Prophase I individually on the
• Leptotene equator plate.
• Zygotene
• Pachitene
• Diplotene
• Diakinesis
 Metaphase I
 Anaphase I
 Telophase I
Meiosis II
 Prophase II
 Metaphase
II
 Anaphase II
 Telophase II Prepared by Dr Dwi Susanto, FIAT UMK
Anaphase II
Meiosis I
 At anaphase the
 Prophase I centromeres divide,
• Leptotene splitting the 2 chromatids
• Zygotene
• Pachitene  The one-chromatid
• Diplotene
chromosomes are pulled
• Diakinesis
 Metaphase I
to opposite poles.
 Anaphase I
 Telophase I
Meiosis II
 Prophase II
 Metaphase
II
 Anaphase II
 Telophase II Prepared by Dr Dwi Susanto, FIAT UMK
Telophase II
Meiosis I
 Cell division is complete
 Prophase I  spindle fibers disappear
• Leptotene
• Zygotene
 nuclear membrane forms
• Pachitene around chromosomes at
• Diplotene each end of cell
• Diakinesis
 Metaphase I
 each nucleus has half the #
 Anaphase I of chromosomes as the
 Telophase I original (haploid)
Meiosis II
 Prophase II
 Four haploid daughter (sex)
 Metaphase cells are obtained (tetrads).
II
 Anaphase II
 Telophase II Prepared by Dr Dwi Susanto, FIAT UMK
Summary of
Meiosis
 2 cell divisions
 Start with 2 copies of each chromosome
(homologues), each with 2 chromatids
 In meiosis I, crossing over in prophase
mixes alleles between the homologues
 In metaphase of meiosis I, homologues
pair up, and in anaphase the homologues
are separated into 2 cells
 Meiosis II is just like mitosis
 The centromeres divide in anaphase II,
giving rise to a total of 4 cells, each with 1
copy of each chromosome, and each
chromosome with only 1 chromatid.
Prepared by Dr Dwi Susanto, FIAT UMK
Summary of
Meiosis

Prepared by Dr Dwi Susanto, FIAT UMK


Summary of
Meiosis

Prepared by Dr Dwi Susanto, FIAT UMK


Mitosis vs Meiosis

Prepared by Dr Dwi Susanto, FIAT UMK


Mitosis vs Meiosis

Prepared by Dr Dwi Susanto, FIAT UMK


Mitosis vs Meiosis

Prepared by Dr Dwi Susanto, FIAT UMK


Mitosis vs Meiosis

Mother cell

Daughter cells

Prepared by Dr Dwi Susanto, FIAT UMK


Meiosis creates genetic variation
 During normal cell growth, mitosis produces
daughter cells identical to parent cell (2n to
2n)
 Meiosis results in genetic variation by
shuffling of maternal and paternal
chromosomes and crossing over
 No daughter cells formed during meiosis are
genetically identical to either mother or
father
 During sexual reproduction, fusion of the
unique haploid gametes produces truly
unique offspring.
Prepared by Dr Dwi Susanto, FIAT UMK
1. Independent
assortment

e.g. 2 chromosomes in haploid


2n = 4; n = 2
2n = 22 = 4 possible combinations
Prepared by Dr Dwi Susanto, FIAT UMK
1. Independent
assortment

23 chromosomes in haploid
2n = 46; n = 23
2n = 223 = ~ 8 million possible
combinations!
Prepared by Dr Dwi Susanto, FIAT UMK
Random fertilization
 At least 8 million combinations from
Mom, and another 8 million from
Dad …
 > 64 trillion combination for a diploid
zygote
 Everyone is unique and special!!!

Prepared by Dr Dwi Susanto, FIAT UMK


2. Crossing over
 Chiasmata – sites of
crossing over, occur
in synapsis. Exchange
of genetic material
between non-sister
chromatids
 Crossing over produces
recombinant
chromosomes.

Prepared by Dr Dwi Susanto, FIAT UMK


Meiosis and sexual life
cycles
 Life cycle = sequence of stages in
organisms reproductive history;
conception to reproduction
 Somatic cells = any cell other than
gametes, most of the cells in the body
 Gametes produced by meiosis.

Generalized animal life cycle 


Prepared by Dr Dwi Susanto, FIAT UMK
Any ….Thank You
Questions?

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