Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Abstract
Brake-related particulate matter contributes considerably to the non-exhaust emissions of the transport sector in urban
areas of the world. The airborne particle emissions from automotive brakes currently lack any proper regulations.
Future regulations require test stands, test cycles and particle instruments to be suitable for measuring the brake emis-
sions. This present work focuses on the design of a novel test stand for reliable measurements of the brake emissions
with a high sampling efficiency. A test stand in the form of an inertial disc brake dynamometer was redesigned to allow
control of the cleanness of the incoming air and to assure isokinetic sampling. The cleanness of the incoming air, together
with an over-pressurized chamber around the brake assembly, ensures that all the particles measured originate from the
brake materials. In order to evaluate the novel design, the number and size distributions of the brake emissions are mea-
sured online with and without control of the cleanness of the intake air. The results reveal that this test stand can be
proposed as a standard test stand to assess objectively the emissions of airborne brake particles in future regulations.
Keywords
Automotive brake, non-exhaust emissions, airborne particles, test stand, isokinetic sampling
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2 Proc IMechE Part D: J Automobile Engineering
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Perricone et al. 3
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4 Proc IMechE Part D: J Automobile Engineering
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Perricone et al. 5
Table 1. Sampling efficiencies for particles with aerodynamic diameters D of 1 mm and 10 mm.
Braking block Section Initial Final Initial rotor brake Braking Number Number of stops
speed speed temperature (°C) deceleration of stops in the present test
(km/h) (km/h) (units of g)
5 min cleaning
1 Burnish 50 4 100 0.25 100 50
5 min cleaning
2 Town block 1 50 4 150 0.25 200 20
5 min cleaning
3 Highway block 1 150 80 150 0.4 100 10
5 min cleaning
4 Country road block 1 80 4 200 0.35 200 20
5 min cleaning
5 Country road block 2 100 4 125 0.4 200 20
5 min cleaning
6 Highway block 2 180 80 100 0.5 50 5
5 min cleaning
7 Town block 2 50 4 150 0.25 200 20
5 min cleaning
8 County road block 3 100 4 125 0.4 200 20
5 min cleaning
9 Hill descent block 80 4 350 0.35 50 5
5 min cleaning
Results
Figure 6. Emissions overview of the entire cycle as measured
The measured particle concentration during the com- with the ELPI + instrument.
plete test cycle is shown in Figure 6. As an example of b.: block.
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6 Proc IMechE Part D: J Automobile Engineering
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Perricone et al. 7
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8 Proc IMechE Part D: J Automobile Engineering
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