High Performance

Buildings and Occupant

Comfort
Peter Simmonds, Ph.D., FASHRAE, FIBPSA,FFTI
B and S Analytics, Marina Del Rey and Hong Kong
peter@petersimmonds.com
This ASHRAE Distinguished Lecturer is brought to you by the
Society Chapter Technology Transfer Committee

4/27/2018 Copyright Building and Systems Analytics 2018 1

 ASHRAE is a Registered Provider with The American
Institute of Architects Continuing Education Systems.
Credit earned on completion of this program will be
reported to CES Records for AIA members. Certificates
of Completion for non-AIA members are available on
request.

This program is registered with the AIA/CES for

continuing professional education. As such, it does not
include content that may be deemed or construed to be
an approval or endorsement by the AIA of any material
of construction or any method or manner of handling,
using, distributing, or dealing in any material or
product. Questions related to specific materials,
methods, and services will be addressed at the
conclusion of this presentation.
 Approved for:

x
High Performance General CE hours

Buildings and Occupant

Comfort x
LEED-specific hours
By Peter Simmonds

GBCI cannot guarantee that course sessions

will be delivered to you as submitted to GBCI.
However, any course found to be in violation
of the standards of the program, or otherwise
contrary to the mission of GBCI, shall be
removed. Your course evaluations will help us
uphold these standards.

Course ID: 0090010881

6
 Learning Objectives for this
Session
• PPD/PMV analysis can be used for space comfort diagnostics.
• Using comfort analysis provides more information for the design team.
• Not all analysis tools are capable of simulating occupant comfort.
• Multiple use spaces still require to provide occupant comfort.
• To understand the limitations of maintaining comfort
• To understand the possible energy consumption.

ASHRAE is a Registered Provider with The American Institute of Architects Continuing Education Systems. Credit earned on
completion of this program will be reported to ASHRAE Records for AIA members. Certificates of Completion for non-AIA
members are available on request.

This program is registered with the AIA/ASHRAE for continuing professional education. As such, it does not include
content that may be deemed or construed to be an approval or endorsement by the AIA of any material of construction
or any method or manner of handling, using, distributing, or dealing in any material or product. Questions related to
specific materials, methods, and services will be addressed at the conclusion of this presentation.

4/27/2018 Copyright Building and Systems Analytics 2018 4

The Game
}How do we get to net zero?
}How do we provide occupant
comfort?

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25 years ago

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25 years ago

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ASHRAE 90.1, 2013 Appendix G,
Exceptions:
} Setpoints and schedules for HVAC systems that
automatically provide occupant thermal comfort via
means other than directly controlling the air dry-bulb
and wet-bulb temperature may be allowed to differ,
provided that equivalent levels of occupant thermal
comfort are demonstrated via the methodology in
Section 5.2.3 of ASHRAE Standard 55, “Elevated Air
Speed,” or Appendix D of Standard 55, “Computer
Program for Calculation of PMV-PPD.”

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Thermal Comfort Standard

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Thermal Comfort Definitions
Predicted Mean Vote (PMV):
an index that predicts the mean value of
the votes of a large group of persons on
the seven-point thermal sensation scale.

Predicted Percentage of
Dissatisfied (PPD):
an index that establishes a quantitative
prediction of the percentage of thermally
dissatisfied people determined from PMV.

4/27/2018 Copyright Building and Systems Analytics 2018 10

 THERMAL COMFORT
The picture can't be displayed.

1) Metabolic rate.
2) Clothing insulation.
3) Air temperature.
4) Radiant temperature
5) Air speed.
6) Humidity
4/27/2018 Copyright Building and Systems Analytics 2018 11
Early work
The Groninger Museum, Groningen,
the Netherlands

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Akron Art Museum

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Akron Art Museum

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The original building

March 23 2018 Copyright Building and Systems Analytics LLC 2018

Pearl River, China

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Thermal Comfort – GZDI Design

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Thermal Comfort

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Real Time Comfort Control

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8 Canada Square, London

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Typical Trading Floor

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Past Experience
} No scientific approach to complaints
} Complaints received regarding draughts, ‘too hot’ , ‘too cold’
} Reactive activity based on individual experience / ‘knee jerk
reaction’
} Average quantity of daily calls / emails received across all
three floors were 3 per day
} Only factor that was measured that influenced thermal
comfort was Air Temperature
} Controls / unit failures that were not identified

4/27/2018 Copyright Building and Systems Analytics 2018 23

Recent Complaints PPD = 5-7%
Complaints Air Velocities

Profile shows complaints post Christmas Change activity

Copyright Building and Systems Analytics 2018

PPD/PMV Real Time Control

4/27/2018 Copyright Building and Systems Analytics 2018 25

PPD Thermal Comfort Index

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Current Experience
} Installed Predicted Percentage of Dissatisfied (PPD) system
} Now measure the 6 factors that influence thermal comfort –
Air Temperature, Relative Humidity, Air Velocity, Radiant
Temperature, Clothing, Metabolic Rate
} Average daily complaints now reduced to around 1 per day
} Smaller zones giving more accurate control
} Thermal comfort conditions are logged

4/27/2018 Copyright Building and Systems Analytics 2018 27

Cooper Union

28
The efficiency of the façade-midseason

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The Living Skin

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Cooper Union

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Cooper Union

Percentage People Dissatisfied

100

Occupied hours
90

80

70

People Dissatisfied %
60

50

40

30

20

10 Comfort threshold
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
Hour of Day
Glazing Types
office 527-2 radiant viracon office 528 -2 radiant viraco office 529 radiant viracon (

4/27/2018 Copyright Building and Systems Analytics 2018 32

Cooper Union

Percentage People Dissatisfied for Classroom During Summer

100

90
Occupied hours
80

70

People Dissatisfied %
60

50

40

30

20

10
Comfort threshold
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

Glazing Types Hour of Day

Classroom L1 Classroom L2 Classroom M1

4/27/2018 Copyright Building and Systems Analytics 2018 33

Cooper Union- Results
} The resulting utility costs are $400,770 compared to
$602,672 for the budget case.

} The total energy cost savings is 34% and is therefore

eligible for 7 LEED points.
} The proposed case is predicted at consuming 1,170,365
kWh of electricity per year and the budget case is
predicted at consuming 2,184,932 kWh of electricity per
year.
} This is a 46% reduction below the budget case.
4/27/2018 Copyright Building and Systems Analytics 2018 34
Space Control System

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Harbin Bank, Beijing

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The Climate Facade

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 ℃ ℃

Winter Summer
4/27/2018 Copyright Building and Systems Analytics 2018 38
Analysis Plane

4/27/2018 Copyright Building and Systems Analytics 2018 39

Summer Comparison
Percentage People Dissatisfied -Summer
22
20
People Dissatisfied %

18
16
14
12
10
8
6
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
Hour of Day

CLIMATE WITH SLATS CLEAR CEC GLASS

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Winter Comparison
Percentage People Dissatisfied -Winter
14

12
People Dissatisfied %

10

2
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
Hour of Day

CLIMATE CLEAR WINTER CEC GLASS WINTER

4/27/2018 Copyright Building and Systems Analytics 2018 41

CO2 Emissions
11,349

11,400
11,200
10,729
11,000
10,800
10,600
10,148
tons CO2

10,400 10,020
10,200
10,000
9,800
9,600
9,400
9,200
CEC VAV VAV Active Beams VAV +
Alternatives

4/27/2018 Copyright Building and Systems Analytics 2018 42

Louis Vuitton Museum, Paris

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LVMH- Paris

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The Forum

4/27/2018 Copyright Building and Systems Analytics 2018 45

Forum Conditioning system

Variable volume
displacement
Radiant
ventilation system
ceiling for
heating
and cooling

Exhaust air Radiant

floor for
heating
and cooling

4/27/2018 Copyright Building and Systems Analytics 2018 46

The Forum

4/27/2018 Copyright Building and Systems Analytics 2018 47

CFD for Comfort analysis

4/27/2018 Copyright Building and Systems Analytics 2018 48

CFD for Comfort analysis

4/27/2018 Copyright Building and Systems Analytics 2018 49

CFD for Comfort analysis

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Claremont McKenna College

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Typical Office

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Meeting room

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Claremont McKenna College

Energy consumption 48% lower

than code required building.

4/27/2018 Copyright Building and Systems Analytics 2018 54

Terminal 2 – 680,000m2

4/27/2018 Copyright Building and Systems Analytics 2018 55

Environmental Responsibility

4/27/2018 Copyright Building and Systems Analytics 2018 56

Breathing Skin Concept

4/27/2018 Copyright Building and Systems Analytics 2018 57

Radiation Exchange Concept

4/27/2018 Copyright Building and Systems Analytics 2018 58

Radiant floor and displacement
ventilation

4/27/2018 Copyright Building and Systems Analytics 2018 59

Roof Performance- Summer
Temperatures of Roof - Summer
38
36
34
Temperature (°C)

32
30
28
26
24
22
20
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
Hour of Day

External Temperature summer 500 people summer 200 people

4/27/2018 Copyright Building and Systems Analytics 2018 60

Occupant Comfort - Summer

4/27/2018 Copyright Building and Systems Analytics 2018 61

Roof Performance- Winter
Temperatures of Roof - Winter
20

16
Temperature (°C)

12

-4
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
Hour of Day

External Temperature winter 500 people winter 200 people

4/27/2018 Copyright Building and Systems Analytics 2018 62

Occupant Comfort - Winter

4/27/2018 Copyright Building and Systems Analytics 2018 63

Two Tabor Tower, Denver

4/27/2018 Copyright Building and Systems Analytics 2018 64

C
o
p Two Tabor Tower, Denver
y } The new 30 to 33-story Two Tabor Center
has been designed with a focus on
r providing tenants a productive and healthy
i work environment that is employee-centric
and provides easy access to the many
g amenities of Tabor Center and the 16th
h Street Mall.
t } Two Tabor Center will add approximately
B 637,000 to 692,000 rentable square feet of
class AA office space to Tabor Center,
u creating one of the largest office
i complexes in Denver with over 1,217,000
rentable square feet of office space. Retail
l space occupies the ground level of Two
d Tabor Center along 17 St. and Larimer
Street. Entrances to a 1,700-space
i underground parking garage.
n
g
a 4/27/2018 65
C
o
p Comparison of glass types
y
r
i
Cavity floor area Solar Radiation Transmission total Envelope
(btu/h) (btu/h) load per SF
floor area
g (Btuh/sf)

h VUE1-30 (40%) Air(10%)/Argon (90%) 765,272 1,133,853 629,567 1,763,420 2.30

t VNE4-53 (40%) Air(10%)/Argon (90%) 765,272 1,496,149 623,118 2,119,268 2.77
VRE1-38 (40%) Air(10%)/Argon (90%) 765,272 1,516,277 648,914 2,165,191 2.83
B VP1-13 (40%) Air(10%)/Argon (90%) 765,272 1,328,420 1,059,492 2,387,911 3.12

u VNE1-63 (40%)
VUE1-30 (65%)
Air(10%)/Argon (90%)
Air(10%)/Argon (90%)
765,272
765,272
1,905,410
1,842,511
640,315
824,042
2,545,725
2,666,553
3.33
3.48

i VNE1-53 (65%) Air(10%)/Argon (90%) 765,272 2,431,243 788,959 3,220,201 4.21

VNE4-53 (65%) Air(10%)/Argon (90%) 765,272 2,431,243 813,563 3,244,805 4.24
l VRE1-38 (65%) Air(10%)/Argon (90%) 765,272 2,463,950 855,480 3,319,430 4.34

d VP1-13 (65%)
ASHRAE 90.1 (40%)
Air(10%)/Argon (90%)
Air(10%)/Argon (90%)
765,272
765,272
2,158,682
2,683,676
1,522,669
1,093,886
3,681,351
3,777,561
4.81
4.94

i VNE1-63 (65%) Air(10%)/Argon (90%) 765,272 3,096,291 841,508 3,937,799 5.15

ASHRAE 90.1 (65%) 765,272 4,360,973 1,578,560 5,939,533 7.76
n VNE1-53 Air (65%) Air (100%) 765,272 2,507,560 995,206 3,502,765 4.58

g
a 4/27/2018 66
C
o
p External Load (btu/h)
y
r 7,000,000
5,939,533
i 6,000,000

g 5,000,000
3,937,799
h 4,000,000
3,244,805 3,777,561
3,502,765
t 2,666,553 3,220,201 3,319,430
3,000,000 2,119,268 2,545,725
B 2,165,191
2,000,000 1,763,420
u 1,059,492
1,522,669

i 1,000,000

l 0

d
i
n
g
a 4/27/2018 67
C
o
p 90.1 40% glass
y total external load
BTU/h, 3,777,561
r equipment Btu/h,
, 37%
3,133,330 , 30%
i
g
h
t
B
u
i
l
d
i lighting btu/h,
n 2,141,109 , 21% heat output from occupants
@250 btu/pp, 1,275,453 , 12%
g
a 4/27/2018 68
C
o
p 90.1 65% glass
y equipment Btu/h,
r 3,133,330 , 25% total external load
i BTU/h, 5,939,533
, 48%
g
h
t
B
u
i
l
d lighting btu/h,
i 2,141,109 , 17%

n heat output from

occupants @250 btu/pp,
g 1,275,453 , 10%
a 4/27/2018 69
C
o
p EUI (kBtu/ft2)
y 70.00

r 60.00 57.49
62.18

55.58
i
g 50.00
42.75
47.29
43.70
40.85
h 40.00 37.31
39.69
36.07
t 28.89
30.00
B 23.66

u 20.00

i 10.00
l
d -
90.1 40% 90.1 40% 90.1 40% 90.1 65% 90.1 65% 90.1 65% VNE 1-53 VNE 1-53 VNE 1-53 10 10 10
i net zero net zero
AB
net zero net zero 65%
AB
65% net 65% NZ mmVNE mmVNE mmVNE
zero AB 1-53 65% 1-53 65% 1-53 65%
n Air VAV Air VAV Air VAV
net zero net zero
g Active
Beam
a 4/27/2018 70
C
o
p Summer 65% glazing Net Zero
y
equipment Btu/h,
r 1,566,665 , 22%
i
lighting btu/h,
g 1,044,443 , 15%
h
t
B
u
i
l total external load
d BTU/h, 3,244,805
, 45%
i
n heat output from
occupants @250 btu/pp,
g 1,275,453 , 18%
a 4/27/2018 71
 Comparison of Building Loads –
Design Results
Variable Temperature 60% glass Net Both lighting
Constant and plug
Temperature 60%loads
glass are
Zero
lower
equipment
Btu/h,
6,030,118 ,
lighting 12% equipment
btu/h, Btu/h,
4,020,078 , 20,100,392
, 27% total
8%
external
load
BTU/h,
total
38,509,940
external
heat lighting , 52%
load
output btu/h,
BTU/h,
from 12,060,235
36,199,566
occupants , 16%
, 73%
@250
heat output from
btu/pp,
occupants @250
3,681,930 ,
btu/pp,
7%
3,681,930 , 5%

4/27/2018 Copyright Building and Systems Analytics 2018 72

Wilshire/Gayley Residential

4/27/2018 Copyright Building and Systems Analytics 2018 73

Acceptable Operative Temperature (to)
Ranges for Naturally Conditioned Spaces

4/27/2018 Copyright Building and Systems Analytics 2018 74

Exponentially weighted running mean
temperature

Trm = (1-a).{Tod-1 + a.Tod-2 +a2Tod-3…..}

Trmn = (1-a).Todn-1 + a.Trmn-1

a is a constant (a < 1),
Trm Running mean temperature
Trmn is Trm on day n
In this database TrmX = Trm for a = X/100
Tod Daily mean temperature

7/14/2017 Copyright 2017 Building and Systems Analytics LLC 75

ASHRAE 55 Adaptive Comfort Comparison of Indoor Operative
Temperature to Flat Mean and Prevailing Mean Criteria: Wilshire-
Gayley, November, alpha = 0.7 for prevailing mean

85.00

80.00

75.00

70.00

65.00

60.00

55.00

50.00

45.00
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
Tdry Operative Temperature

Flat mean 80% Lower Limit Flat Mean 80% Upper Limit: no air speed

Prevailing Mean 80% Lower Limit Prevailing Mean 80% Upper Limit: No air speed

4/27/2018 Copyright Building and Systems Analytics 2018 76

comparison of maximum air velocities
350

300

250
Air velocity (fpm)

200

150

100

50

0
60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90
Operative Temperature

average air speed without occupant control Calculated

Graphic comfort zone 40 fpm
Adaptive comfort no air speed 59 fpm
Adaptive comfort with air speed 236 fpm

4/27/2018 Copyright Building and Systems Analytics 2018 77

comparison of maximum air velocities
} For operative temperatures (to) above 25.5°C (77.9°F), the upper limit to average
air speed (Va) should be 0.8 m/s (160 fpm).

} For operative temperatures (to) below 22.5°C (72.5°F), the limit to average air
speed (Va) should be 0.15 m/s (30 fpm).

} For operative temperatures (to) between 22.5°C and 25.5°C (72.5°F and 77.9°F),
the upper limit to average air speed (Va) it is acceptable to approximate the
curve in I-P and SI units by the following equation:

} Va = 50.49 – 4.4047 to + 0.096425(to)2 (m/s, °C)

} Va = 31375.7 – 857.295 to + 5.86288(to)2 (fpm, °F)

4/27/2018 Copyright Building and Systems Analytics 2018 78

 GuoXing Avenue Mixed Use
Haikou, Hainan, Chin
4/27/2018

Copyright Building and Systems Analytics 2018

% shading through fins
120%

100%
percentage shading

80%

60%

40%

20%

0%
600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800
hour of the day

E 24.1 E 24.1 W 24.1 W 24.1 E 21.1 E 21.1 W 21.1 W 21.1

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81
Comparison of EUI (kWh/m2)
120
110 114 113 111
100 90
80

60

40

20

0
Base Case Energy Code 65% glass SHGC =0.25 65% glass with fins on 65% glass with fins on 65% glass with fins on
40% glass SHGC= .25 East and West Façade East and West Façade East and West Façade
and climate façade on and climate façade on
North and South façade North and South façade
-Net Zero

4/27/2018 Copyright Building and Systems Analytics 2018 82

CO2 Emissions
6,830 7,066 7,007 6,889
8,000
7,000
5,595
6,000
5,000
tons CO2

4,000
3,000
2,000
1,000
0
Base Case 65% glass SHGC 65% glass with 65% glass with 65% glass with
Energy Code =0.25 fins on East and fins on East and fins on East and
40% glass SHGC= West Façade West Façade West Façade
.25 and climate and climate
façade on North façade on North
and South and South
façade façade -Net Zero

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O’Hare Airport Expansion

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O’Hare Airport Expansion

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O’Hare Airport Expansion

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O’Hare Airport Expansion

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Stratified Conditions for 22nd JULY
30

28

26
Temperature, °C

24

22

20

18

16
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
Time, Hrs

External - Tdry Dry bulb Operative Upper

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Energy Use Intensity (EUI) kBtu/h.ft2

4/27/2018 Copyright Building and Systems Analytics 2018 89

PPD for a summers day in the
Concourse
20

15
PPD, ppm

10

0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
Time, Hrs

PPD

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PPD for 1st to the 31st JULY -
Concourse
22
20
18
16
14
PPD, %

12
10
8
6
4
2
4345 4393 4441 4489 4537 4585 4633 4681 4729 4777 4825 4873 4921 4969 5017 5065
Time, Hrs

PPD

4/27/2018 Copyright Building and Systems Analytics 2018 91

 1766-RP
Development of a Unified Tool for Analysis of
Room Loads and Conditions

Principal Investigators:
Chip Barnaby
Peter Simmonds

January 27, 2017

Las Vegas

4/27/2018 Copyright Building and Systems Analytics 2018 92

Goal
To integrate software previously developed by several
ASHRAE research projects to create a single application
that includes all of the necessary algorithms for
calculating space heat balance and radiant energy
exchange.
This application is provisionally named RPEHB and will be
created by combining RPE (from 1383-RP) and the heat
balance room model (originating in 987-RP and enhanced
by 1199-RP and 1311-RP).

4/27/2018 Copyright Building and Systems Analytics 2018 93

The Process in Practice

SketchUp OpenStudio RPEHB

SketchUp takes the OpenStudio builds the Visualization of

geometry and converts simulation model with simulation results that
this into a building constructions, evaluate space
model that can be read schedules, design conditions with and
by OpenStudio weather, … without radiant systems

4/27/2018 Copyright Building and Systems Analytics 2018 94

SketchUp

4/27/2018 Copyright Building and Systems Analytics 2018 95

OpenStudio - constructions

4/27/2018 Copyright Building and Systems Analytics 2018 96

OpenStudio – room loads

4/27/2018 Copyright Building and Systems Analytics 2018 97

RPEHB – Import and Display

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Explore Results …

4/27/2018 Copyright Building and Systems Analytics 2018 99

MRT

4/27/2018 Copyright Building and Systems Analytics 2018 100

4/27/2018 Copyright Building and Systems Analytics 2018 101
 Thank you
Building and Systems Analytics LLC www.petersimmonds.com
4209 Via Marina, #408
Marina Del Rey, CA 90292, USA peter@petersimmonds.com
Unit 1202, 12/F, Malaysia Building
50 Gloucester Road
Wanchai, Hong Kong

4/27/2018 Copyright Building and Systems Analytics 2018 102