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NECESSITY OF AUTOMATION

A Seminar Submitted
In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
In
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
By
Santosh Yadav
(Roll No.-1516440129)

Under the Supervision of


Mr. Parul Kumar Srivastava
Assistant Professor
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Pranveer Singh Institute of Technology, Kanpur

Dr. A.P.J Abdul Kalam Technical University, Lucknow


March, 2019

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CERTIFICATE
Certified that Mr. Santosh Yadav (Roll Number-1516440129) has carried out the research work

presented in this report entitled “Necessity of Automation” for the award of Bachelor of

Technology from Abdul Kalam Technical University, Lucknow under my supervision. The seminar

embodies results of original work, and studies are carried out by the student himself and the

contents of the seminar do not form the basis for the award of any other degree to the candidate or

to anybody else from this or any other University/Institution.

Mr. Parul Kumar Srivastava


Assistant Professor
Department of Mechanical Engineering
PSIT, Kanpur

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ABSTRACT
Robots are playing a vital role in today’s industrial automation and monitoring system. As
technology developed these robots have increased their applications and functionality. Working
robots will cooperate to the people makes the work more Effortless and uncomplicated. The main
objective behind developing this robot is for the surveillance of human activities in the war field or
border regions in order to reduce infiltrations from the enemy side. The robot consists of night
vision wireless camera which can transmit videos of the war field in order to prevent any damage
and loss to human life. Military people have a huge risk on their lives while entering an unknown
territory. The robot will serve as an appropriate machine for the defense sector to reduce the loss of
human life and will also prevent illegal activities. It will help all the military people and armed
forces to know the condition of the territory before entering it. Our society accepts the use of robots
to perform dull, dangerous, and dirty industrial jobs. But now that robotics is moving out of the
factory, the relevant question is how far do we want to go with the automation of care for children
and the elderly, of killing terrorists, or of making love?

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I wish to express my sincere gratitude to Mr. Parul Kumar Srivastava, Assistant Professor,
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pranveer Singh Institute of Technology, for providing me
kind guidance, continuous encouragement, extend help and support during my thesis work. I am
also thankful to all the faculty members of PS IT Kanpur, for providing me various kind of support
and help directly or indirectly, during my present work. Finally, I am extending my thanks to my
parents, for their blessings, strong support, encouragement and love that helped me to complete this
work.

Santosh Yadav

Roll No.-1516440129

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
S. No. DESCRIPTION Page. No.

1. INTRODUCTION…………………………………………………………….7-8
2. DIFFERENT TYPES OF ROBOTS……………………………………….…9-12
2.1 HOUSEHOLD ROBOTS…………………………..............................9
2.2 CARE ROBOTS……………………………………………………….10
2.3 ROBOT CARS………………………………………………………...11
2.4 MILITARY ROBOTS………………………………………………....12
3. SPY ROBOT WITH NIGHT VISION CAMERA………………………….….13
4. SYSTEM COMPONENTS……………………………………………………...14-17
4.1 SENSOR UNIT…………………………………………….………….14
4.2 RECEIVER UNIT……………………………………………………...15
4.3 ACTUATORS………………………………………………………….15
4.4 CONTROL UNIT……………………………………………………….15
4.5 MICROCONTROLLER CIRCUIT…………………………………….15-16
4.6 WIRELESS CAMERA…………………………………...........................16
4.7 BLUETOOTH MODULE……………………………………………….17
5. ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES…………………………………………18-19
6. APPLICATIONS……………………………………………………………….….20
7. FUTURE SCOPE………………………………………………………………….21
8. RESULT AND CONCLUSION……………………………………………………22
9. REFERENCES…………………………………………………………………….23

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LIST OF FIGURES

Figure. No. Figure of Page No.

1 HOUSEHOLD ROBOTS………….………………………………9

2 CARE ROBOTS …………………………………………………10

3 ROBOT CARS………….……………………………...………....11

4 MILITARY ROBOTS ……………………………………………12

5 SPY ROBOT………………………………………………………13

6 SENSOR UNIT …………………………………………….…….14

7 RECEIVER UNIT………………………………………….……15

8 MICROCONTROLLER CIRCUIT………………………….…...16

9 WIRELESS CAMERA………………….……………………….16

10 BLUETOOTH MODULE……………………………………….17

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1. INTRODUCTION

Until recently, robots were mainly used in factories for automating production processes. In the
1970s, the appearance of factory robots led to much debate on their influence on employment. Mass
unemployment was feared. Although this did not come to pass, robots have radically changed the
way work is done in countless factories. This article focuses on how the use of robotics outside the
factory will change our lives over the coming decades.
New robotics no longer concerns only factory applications, but also the use of robotics in a more
complex and unstructured outside world, that is, the automation of numerous human activities, such
as caring for the sick, driving a car, making love, and killing people. New robotics, therefore,
literally concerns automation from love to war. The military sector and the car industry are
particularly strong drivers behind the development of this new information technology.

In fact they have always been so. The car industry took the lead with the introduction of the
industrial robot as well as with the robotisation of cars. The military, especially in the United States,
stood at the forefront of artificial intelligence development, and now artificial intelligence is driven
by computers and the Internet. More precisely, robotics makes use of the existing ICT infrastructure
and also implies a continued technological evolution of these networks. Through robotics, the
Internet has gained, as it were, ‘senses and hands and feet’. The new robot is thus not usually a self-
sufficient system. In order to understand the possibilities and impossibilities of the new robotics, it
is therefore important to realize that robots are usually supported by a network of information
technologies, such as the Internet, and thus are often presented as networked robots.

New robotics is driven by two long-term engineering ambitions. Firstly, there is the engineering
dream of building machines that can move and act autonomously in complex and unstructured
environments. Secondly, there is the dream of building machines that are capable of social behavior
and have the capacity for moral decision making. The notion that this may be technologically
possible within a few decades is referred to as the ‘strong AI’ view (AI: artificial intelligence). It is
highly doubtful that this will indeed happen. At the same time, the ‘strong AI’ view prevails in the
media and is highly influential in the formulation and public financing of IT research. It is beyond
dispute that this technology will strongly influence the various practices researched. This also puts
many societally and politically sensitive issues on the political and public agenda. For example,
according to Peter Singer, the robotisation of the army is ‘the biggest revolution within the armed
forces since the atom bomb’.
The robotisation of cars, too, appears to have begun causing large technological and cultural
changes in the field of mobility. Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO)
describes the introduction of car robots as a “gradual revolutionary development”. Through robots,
the police may enjoy an expansion of the current range of applications for surveillance
technologies. Home automation and robotics make tele-care possible and will radically change
healthcare practice over the coming years. Finally, we point to the fact that over the past years,
‘simple’ robotics technologies have given the entertainment industry a new face: think of Wii or
Kinect. We will continue to be presented with such technological gadgets in the coming period.

New robotics offers numerous possibilities for making human life more pleasant, but it also raises
countless difficult Societal and ethical issues. The debate on the application of robotics to distant
battlegrounds is very current, while the application of care robots is just appearing on the horizon.
Prompted by the arrival of new robotics, the Rathenau Institute in 2011 and 2012 investigated the
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social meaning of robotics for the years to come in Europe and the US by studying robotics
developments in five application domains: the home, health care, traffic, the police, and the army.

Robotics is the branch of mechanical engineering, electrical engineering and computer science that
deals with the design, construction, operation and application of robotics, as well as computer
systems for their control, sensory feedback and information processing. The aim of developing a
high-tech technology serves the purpose of achieving high speed technology, advanced capacity to
control the robots and to device new methods of control theory. The realization of above standards
some technical improvement along with the need of high performance robot is required to create a
faster, reliable, accurate and more intelligent robot which can be devised by advanced control
algorithm, robot control devices and new drivers.

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2. Different types of Robots
2.1 Household Robots:

In relation to household robots, we see a huge gap between the high expectations concerning
multifunctional, general purpose robots that can completely take over housework and the actual
performance of the currently available robots, and robots that we expect in the coming years. In
1964, Medith Wooldridge Thring predicted that by around 1984 a robot would be developed that
would take over most household tasks and that the vast majority of housewives would want to be
entirely relieved of the daily work in the household, such as cleaning the bathroom, scrubbing
floors, cleaning the oven, doing laundry, washing dishes, dusting and sweeping, and making beds.
Thring theorized that an investment of US$5 million would be sufficient for developing such a
household robot within ten years. Despite a multitude of investments, the multifunctional home
robot is still not within reach. During the last ten years, the first robots have made their entry into
the household, but they are all ‘one trick ponies’ or monomaniacal: specialized machines that can
only perform one task.

According to Bill Gates: ‘we may be on the verge of a new era, when the PC will get up from the
desktop and allow us to see, hear, touch and manipulate objects in places where we are not
physically present.’
It is unlikely that households will start using in droves the monomaniacal simple cleaning robots
such as vacuum cleaner robots, robot lawn mowers, and robots that clean windows with a chamois
leather. These robots can only perform parts of the household tasks, and they also force the user to
adapt and streamline part of their environment. The study by Sung et al. showed that almost all
users of a robotic vacuum cleaner made changes to the organization of their home and their home
furniture. The tidier and less furnished the household is, the easier it is to make use of that robot
vacuum cleaner. This process of rationalizing the environment so that the robot vacuum cleaner can
do its job better is known as ‘roombarization’, referring to the vacuum cleaner robot Roomba.
Typical modifications are moving or hiding cables and cords, removing deep-pile carpet, removing
lightweight objects from the floor, and moving furniture. An inhibiting factor for the rise of the
commercial vacuum cleaner robot probably lies in this need for a structured environment.

Fig. 1- household robot


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2.2 Care Robots:

A staffing shortage—due to future ageing—is often invoked as an argument for deploying robotics
in long-term care.
An ageing population is defined as a population that has an increase in the number of persons aged
65 and over compared with the rest of the population. According to the European Commission, the
proportion of those aged 65 and over is projected to rise from 17 % in 2010 to 30 % in 2060.
Moreover, it is expected that people will be living longer: life expectancy at birth is projected to
increase from 76.6 years in 2010 to 84.6 in 2060 for males, and from 82.5 to 89.1 for females. One
out of ten people aged 65 and over will be octogenarians or older. The growth of the very oldest
group will put pressure on care services and will result in an increase in the demand for various
services for the elderly:

(1) Assisting the elderly and/or their caregivers in daily tasks;


(2) Helping to monitor their behavior and health;
(3) Providing companionship.

Care-robot developers have high expectations: in the future, care robots will take the workload
away from caregivers. However, the argument that robots can solve staff shortages in health care
has no basis in hard evidence. Instead of replacing labor, the deployment of care robots rather leads
to a shift and redistribution of responsibilities and tasks and forms new kinds of care. During the
next 10 years, care support robots may not widely enter the field of care. The use of care robots
must be viewed primarily from the perspective of current development and deployment of home
automation. These smart technologies, which at present are being incorporated widely into our
environment, are the prelude to a future home with robots. Domotics allows the tele-monitoring of
people; it offers the possibility of using a TV or computer screen at home in order to be able to
easily talk with health care professionals. Also, medical data such as blood glucose levels or
electrocardiogram (ECG) can be uploaded to the doctor or hospital. We expect that the possibilities
of automation will continuously expand and will become supportive of robotic technologies.
However, in addition to technological challenges, the challenge is to make Domotics and robotics
applications cost-effective. This often necessitates many years of innovative trajectories of research,
and, especially in the field of long-term care, innovation processes are usually difficult to finance.

Fig. 2- care robot


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2.3 Robot Car:
The robotisation of the car is in full swing. Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) support
the driver, but do not yet allow fully automated driving in traffic. The application of driver
assistance systems is rapidly developing and is fully stimulated by industry, research institutions,
and governments. There are high expectations of these systems regarding safety effects. The
available driver assistance systems are probably only harbingers of a major development that will
lead to a progressive automation of the driving task. This trend can now be observed. Systems that
in principle only advised or warned, as in alerting the driver if they were speeding or
unintentionally veering off the roadway, are being further developed into systems that actually
intervene, causing the car to return to the correct lane when the driver unintentionally leaves the
roadway. In addition, car manufacturers especially compete with each other in terms of comfort and
safety, because there is not much more that can be done to improve the quality of cars. Intelligence
therefore becomes the unique selling point for a new car. The development of cooperative systems
will contribute to the further implementation of autonomous driving. The autonomous driving may
have to be applied on motorways with cooperative adaptive Cruise control (ACC), for which V2V
communication will be necessary. The infrastructure will not need to change much, because drivers
can already get all information about local traffic regulations, traffic congestion, road works, and
the like via the navigation system or any other in-car information source. Perhaps roadside systems
could be placed on the road to guide autonomous driving, especially at motorway slip roads. This
semi-autonomous driving allows autonomous driving of the car on certain roads with non-complex
traffic situations, such as motorways, but not in places with more complex traffic situations, such as
in a city. Scientists consider that this will be realistic by about 2020.

Fig. 3- robot car

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2.4 Military Robots:
During the invasion of Iraq in 2003, no use was made of robots, as conventional weapons were
thought to yield enough ‘shock and awe’. However, the thousands of American soldiers and Iraqi
civilians killed reduced popular support for the invasion and made the deployment of military
robots desirable. By the end of 2008, there were 12,000 ground robots operating in Iraq, mostly
being used to defuse road- side bombs, and 7,000 reconnaissance planes or drones were deployed.
The robot is therefore a technological development that has a great influence on contemporary
military operations, and this is seen as a new military revolution. New robotics applications are
constantly sought these days and are developed in order to perform dull, dangerous, and dirty jobs
and to improve situational awareness, but also in order to kill targets. During the last decade,
advances have been made in the development of the armed military robot. From 2009, more
ground-based pilots—or cubicle warriors—have been trained to use armed unmanned aircraft than
have been trained as fighter pilots. The expectation is that unmanned aircraft will increasingly
replace manned aircraft, and in the medium term will even make manned aircraft obsolete. To this
end, further technological developments are required, such as the development of self-protection
systems for unmanned systems, so that they become less vulnerable, and the development of sense
and avoid systems, so they can be safely controlled in civilian airspace. In the short term, we do not
expect the introduction of armed ground robots on the battlefield. These have already been
developed, but are deployed with little success in conflict zones.

Fig. 4- military robot

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3. Spy Robot with night vision camera
The project is designed to develop a robotic vehicle using RF technology for remote operation
attached with wireless camera for monitoring purpose. The robot along with camera can wirelessly
transmit real time video with night vision capabilities. This is kind of robot can be helpful for
spying purpose in war fields. An ATmega16 microcontroller is used for the desired operation. At
the transmitting end using Joysticks, commands are sent to the receiver to control the movement of
the robot either to move forward, backward and left or right, ARM up and down etc. At the
receiving end two motors are interfaced to the microcontroller where they are used for the
movement of the vehicle. The RF transmitter acts as a RF remote control that has the advantage of
adequate range (Up to 200 meters) with proper antenna, while the receiver decodes before feeding it
to another microcontroller to drive DC motors via motor driver IC for necessary work. A wireless
camera is mounted on the robot body for spying purpose even in complete darkness by using
infrared lighting.

At the transmitting end using Joysticks, commands are sent to the receiver to control the movement
of the robot either to move forward, backward and left or right, ARM up and down etc. At the
receiving end two motors are interfaced to the microcontroller where they are used for the
movement of the vehicle. After receiving the command robot will stop. After that the robot will
move in the same direction in which previously the robot is moving.

Fig. 5- spy robot

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4. SYSTEM COMPONENTS
4.1 Sensor Unit:

A wireless Night Vision Camera: Apart from what a basic camera consists of, it consists of a
transmitter unit. It captures images and transmits these images through the transmitter in form of
digital signals, which are received by the receiver unit connected to the TV or computer. The
camera can be as far as 30 miles away from the receiver. A night vision camera can receive
illumination either by amplifying the visible light using image intensifiers or using infrared light
directly by objects – thermal imaging or infrared light reflected by objects-near infrared
illumination.

Fig. 6- transmitter unit

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4.2 Receiver Unit:
The robot also consists of a receiver unit which receives the command signals for controlling the
motors and thus the robot operates.

Fig. 7- receiver unit

4.3 Actuators:
It consists of two DC motors as actuators which provide reverse and forward motion to the robot.

4.4 Control Unit:


It consists of a remote transmitter unit consisting of microcontroller, encoder and a RF module and
a receiver unit embedded on the circuit consisting of an RF receiver module, a microcontroller and
a decoder.

4.5 MICROCONTROLLER CIRCUIT (ATMEL 328):

The ATMEL 328 is a low-power, high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcontroller with 8K bytes of
in-system programmable Flash memory. The device is manufactured using Atmel’s high-density
nonvolatile memory technology and is compatible with the industry-standard 80C51 instruction set
and pin out. The on-chip Flash allows the program memory to be reprogrammed in-system or by a
conventional nonvolatile memory programmer. By combining a versatile 8-bit CPU with in-system
programmable Flash on a monolithic chip, the ATMEL 328 is a powerful microcontroller which
provides a highly-flexible and cost-effective solution to many embedded control applications. The
ATMEL 328 provides the following standard features: 8K bytes of Flash, 256 bytes of RAM, 32
I/O lines, Watchdog timer, two data pointers, three 16-bit timer/counters, a six-vector two-level
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interrupt architecture, a full duplex serial port, on-chip oscillator, and clock circuitry. In addition,
the ATMEL 328 is designed with static logic for operation down to zero frequency and supports
two software selectable power saving modes. The Idle Mode stops the CPU while allowing the
RAM, timer/counters, serial port, and interrupt system to continue functioning. The Power-down
mode saves the RAM contents but freezes the oscillator, disabling all other chip functions until the
next interrupt or hardware reset.

Fig. 8- Atmel 328

4.6 WIRELESS CAMERA:

The camera system consists of a transmitter, a receiver and PC with a control program and a user
interface. As the receiver existing equipment is used, the transmitter is designed and manufactured
during this work so as the software for all components. The created camera system is used for a
remote acquisition of images. It can be used, for example, in these applications: • Security systems
– scanning when a door is opened, motion in the monitored area or periodical check of an area. •
Monitoring - checking the condition of a monitored area or object, for example control of fuel level.
• Remote reading - periodical readings of the inaccessible meters (water meters, gas or electricity).

Fig. 9- wireless camera


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4.7 BLUETOOTH HC-05 MODULE:

HC-05 module is an easy to use Bluetooth SPP (Serial Port Protocol) module, designed for
transparent wireless serial connection setup. Serial port Bluetooth module is fully qualified
Bluetooth V2.0+EDR (Enhanced Data Rate) 3Mbps Modulation with complete 2.4GHz radio
transceiver and baseband. It uses CSR Blue core 04-External single chip Bluetooth system with
CMOS technology and with AFH (Adaptive Frequency Hopping Feature). It has the footprint as
small as 12.7mmx27mm. It will simplify your overall design/development cycle.

Fig. 10- Bluetooth module

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5. Advantages & Disadvantages
Advantages
If you think about it, we take in numerous pieces of information just walking down the street, much
of it unconsciously. You might be thinking about the weather, the pace of your steps, where to step
next, the movement of other people, smells, sounds, the distance to the destination, the effect of the
environment around you and so forth. A robotics in a virtual world has fewer of these variables to
deal with because as of yet, no virtual world approaches the complexity of the real world. It may be
that by simplifying the world in which the artificial intelligence operates (and by working in a self-
contained world), some breakthroughs can be achieved. Such a process would allow for a more
linear development of artificial intelligence rather than an attempt to immediately jump to lifelike
robots capable of learning, reason and self-analysis.

Disadvantages
If robots start replacing human resources in every field, we will have to deal with serious issues like
unemployment in turn leading to mental depression, poverty and crime in the society. Human
beings deprived of their work life may not find any means to channelize their energies and harness
their expertise. Human beings will be left with empty time.

Secondly, replacing human beings with robots in every field may not be a right decision to make.
There are many jobs that require the human touch. Intelligent machines will surely not be able to
substitute for the caring behavior of hospital nurses or the promising voice of a doctor. Intelligent
machines may not be the right choice for customer service.

One of the major disadvantages of intelligent machines is that they cannot be ‘human’. We might
be able to make them think. But will we be able to make them feel? Intelligent machines will
definitely be able to work for long hours. But will they do it with dedication? Will they work with
devotion? How will intelligent machines work whole heartedly when they don’t have a heart?
Apart from these concerns, there are chances that intelligent machines overpower human beings.
Machines may enslave human beings and start ruling the world. Imagine artificial intelligence
taking over human intellect! The picture is definitely not rosy.

Some thinkers consider it ethically wrong to create artificial intelligent machines. According to
them, intelligence is God’s gift to mankind. It is not correct to even try to recreate intelligence. It
is against ethics to create replicas of human beings.

The ultimate goal of research in AI and Robotics is to produce an android which can interact
meaningfully with human beings. A huge amount of research effort is being exerted in order to
achieve this aim and a lot of progress has already been made. Researchers have manufactured
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androids that can walk on two legs that can climb stairs, that can grasp objects without breaking
or dropping them, that can recognize faces and a variety of physical objects that can imitate what
they see human beings doing and so on. It is hard to make robots that can do these things and I
have no desire to belittle the scientific achievements that have already been made, but even if a
robot succeeds in doing all these things as well as a human being it will still lack at least one
essential human ability, namely that of learning from other people by accepting what they say
and by believing what they have written. The ultimate goal of AI cannot be achieved until we
have implemented in a computer system the ability to acquire information from testimony.

A number of people, who should know better, make predictions about when AI will achieve its
ultimate goal. There is no possibility of AI succeeding in the foreseeable future. People who say
otherwise are simply ignorant of the state of research into testimony. AI cannot succeed until an
android (or computer program) can evaluate testimony in a similar way to that in which a human
being can.

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6. Applications
1. Military robots are autonomous or remote controlled devices or robots designed for military
applications.

2. Robots could reduce the number of military personnel injured or killed in combat situations.

3. It can be used for search & rescue type operations.

4. It can be used for bomb defusing.

5. It is also used for animal tracking in forest.

6. It can be used for pick up injured soldier from war station and dropping them in safe place. It
can carry extra material like as bombs, missiles, blankets etc.

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7. FUTURE SCOPE
1. It can be built further to work as a HUMANOID.

2. It can have many uses in practical fields from teenager’s robots to robots working in industries.

3. It is helpful in wars as a part of spying.

4. The proposed robot can be further improved in terms of decision taking capabilities by
employing varied types of sensors and thus could be used in big industries for different
applications.

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8. Result & Conclusion

This type of robot can perform difficult and repetitive works for humans. It can have a very risky
job and such dangerous job could be done by using small spy robot. But it is useful to check and
look out the places where dangerous poisonous gases have. Spy robot can also be used in searching
people who are in building destroyed by the earthquake. Because of the wireless camera is installed
in spy robots, it can be used remotely to enter and exit dangerous place that human cannot. When
the user controls by remote controller, the spy robot will move to desired destination and spy
images around the robot. The user can check and recommend from computer with the wireless
remote controller. Lightening LED is mounted on Spy robot and has a stand which is a place for
rescuing device. The robot is not quite huge one and designed to be easy in transportation. For the
whole system, the required power is supplied by Lead acid batteries which connected the voltage
regulator. By keeping the circuit easy and simple, most users will be able to use it easily. Thus we
should be able to manipulate its path when necessary, to create the robot safely. To all that, a
control unit is needed, where control units RF signal is used. By using these signals encoding is
done signal is sent through the transmitter. At the receiver end these decoded signals are given as
input to drive the motor. Not for long range applications it can be used as a spy robot within short
distances.

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9. References
1. Mr. Lokesh Mehta, Mr. Pawan Sharma “Spy Night Vision Robot with Moving Wireless
Video Camera”. International journal of research in engineering technology and
management (IJRETM), 2014.
2. Dhiraj Singh Patel “Mobile Operated Spy Robot” International journal of emerging
technology and advanced engineering (IJETAE), 2013.
3. Arpit Sharma, Reeteshverma, Saurabh Gupta, Sukhdeep kaur Bhatia, “Android phone
controlled robot using Bluetooth”, IJEEE, Vol.7, pp-443-448, Nov- 2014.
4. M. Selvam, “Smart phone based robotic control for surveillance application”, IJRET, Vol.3,
Issue-3, pp-229-232, Mar- 2014.

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