CYTOLOGY I

Name : Isnaeni Rachmawati

Student ID : B1B017036
Section : D2
Group :I
Assistant : Dita Anggraeni

LABORATORY REPORT
PLANT STRUCTURE AND DEVELOPMENT II

MINISTRY OF RESEARCH, TECHNOLOGY AND HIGHER EDUCATION

JENDERAL SOEDIRMAN UNIVERSITY
BIOLOGY FACULTY
PURWOKERTO

2018
 I. INTRODUCTION

Cytology is the study of cells. The cell was first discovered by Robert Hooke
which determined that cork cells did not have membranes or did not have protoplasm.
All living organisms consist of cells, both unicellular and multicellular cells. There are
two types of living cells, plant cells and animal cells (Syamsuri, 1997).
Cells are the smallest structural and functional of living creature that
independently capable of carrying out metabolism, reproduction and other life
activities that support the survival of the cell itself. A cell is said to be alive if the cell
shows living activity such as metabolism, being able to adapt to changes in its
environment, sensitive to stimuli, and others. A living cell must have a protoplast,
which is the cell part that is inside the cell wall. Protoplast is distinguished by the
components of protoplasm and non-protoplasm. Components of protoplasm consist of
cell membrane, nucleus, and cytoplasm. Cells can be alive or dead caused by several
factors, such as genetics and environmental factors (Johnson, 1965).

II. OBJECTIVES

The objectives of Cytology I laboratory activity are :

1. To observe forms of plant cell.
2. To observe the parts of living cell.
 III. MATERIALS AND METHODS

A. Materials
Equipments used in Cytology I laboratory activity are microscope, object glass,
cover glass, temporary report, materials tray, and a razor blade.
Objects used in Cytology I laboratory activity are fruit hair of kapok (Ceiba
pentandra), cross section pith of cassava (Manihot esculenta), longitudinal section
fruit of red chili (Capsicum annum), and inner layer of red onion (Allium cepa).

B. Methods
Methods used in Cytology I laboratory activity are :
a. Fruit hair of kapook (Ceiba pentandra )
1. One to two strands of Kapok fruit hair are taken in moderation.
2. Kapok fruit hair is placed on a object glass and a little water is dropped.
3. Object glass is covered with a cover glass.
4. Preparation is observed under a light microscope.
b. Transversal slice pith of cassava (Manihot esculenta)
1. Stem of cassava is prepared.
2. Transversal pith is sliced.
3. The slice cut is placed on a glass object and then drops a little water.
4. Object glass is covered with a cover glass.
5. Preparations were observed under a light microscope.
c. Longitudinal slice fruit of red chili (Capsicum annum)
1. Red chili is prepared.
2. Red chili is sliced longitudinal.
3. Placed on a glass object and then drops a little water.
4. Glass objects covered with a glass lid.
5. Preparations were observed under a light microscope.
d. Inner layer of red onion (Allium cepa)
1. A piece of onion is taken.
2. The inner layer of the onion is sliced.
3. Placed on a glass object and then drops a little water.
4. Object glass is covered with a glass lid.
5. Preparations are observed under a light microscope.
 IV. RESULT AND DISCUSSION

A. Result

Description :
1. Air space
2. Cell wall

Image 1. Fruit Hair of Kapok (Ceiba pentandra) Magnification 100x

Desciption :
1. Cell wall

Image 2. C.S. Pith of Cassava Stem (Manihot esculenta) Magnification 40x

 Description :
1. Cell wall
2. Nucleus
3. Cytoplasm

2
1
3

Image 3. Inner Layer of Allium cepa Bulb Scales Magnification 100x

Desciption :
1. Cell wall
2. Carotenoid

Image 4. L.S. Fruit of Red Chili (Capsicum annum) Magnification 400x

B. Discussion
Plant cytology is the study of the shape, composition, physical and chemical
properties of cells, and the development of cell walls. Plant cells are defined as the
universal basic unit of an organic structure. The structure that distinguishes between
plant cells and animal cells is the presence of cell walls. In high-level plants there are
various types of cells with variations in terms, functions, structures and structures with
complex cell wall structures that also vary. The constituent components of plant cells
can be divided into two groups, non-plasmic components and protoplasmic
components (Setiowati, 2007).
All cells have a cell membrane on the outside of them that acts like a skin. Plant
cells go one step further and have a cell wall - a protective outside that provides support
and other functions. All plant cells have a plasma membrane just like an animal cell,
which provides the same barrier and regulates transport. However, plant cells also have
a specialized structure called the cell wall. The cell wall is a protective layer
surrounding the cell on the outside of the plasma membrane. A cell wall can be up to
800 times thicker than the plasma membrane. It's composed largely of cellulose, a
polysaccharide sugar that provides strength to the cell wall. If you've ever noticed how
strong the bark of a tree is, that's because this bark is composed of dead cells with
really tough cell walls (Darvill et al., 2015).
Animal does not have cell wall. Differences between animal and plant cells are
also with the composition of vacuole. In animal, the vacuoles are small but many.
Meanwhile in plants, they only have one big vacuole that function as food storage.
Plants contain plastid in three kind of color types, but plants do not have sentriol in
which animals have (Haryati, 2009).
Cells are the fundamental structural and functional units of the plant and animal
body. The plant cell is the independent tiny microscopic mass of protoplasm bounded
by a cell wall and consisting of an oval body referred to as the nucleus.The cell called
the protoplast therefore consists of the living protoplasmic potion made up of
cytoplasm, nucleus and other smaller living bodies , enclosed within a non living, non
protoplasmic portion referred to as the cell wall that offers protection to the delicate
cell contents (Russel, 2011).
The parts of plant cell are as follow: cell wall, cell membrane, cytoplasm,
nucleus, chloroplast, mithocondria, vacuoles, dictiosome, ribosomes, and endoplasmic
reticulum. The cytoplasm is the jelly-like substance that fills the cell. It consists of up
to 90% water. It also contains dissolved nutrients and waste products. Its main function
is to hold together the organelles which make up the cytoplasm. It also nourishes the
cell by supplying it with salts and sugars and provides a medium for metabolic
reactions to occur. The nucleus is the largest organelle in the cell and contains all the
cell's genetic information in the form of DNA. The presence of a nucleus is the primary
factor that distinguishes eukaryotes from prokaryotes. The structure of nucleus are
nuclear envelope, nuclear pores, chromatin and nucleolus (Segari et al., 2016).
A mitochondrion is a membrane bound organelle found in eukaryotic cells.
This organelle generates the cell's supply of chemical energy by releasing energy
stored in molecules from food and using it to produce ATP (adenosine triphosphate).
ATP is a special type of "energy carrying" molecule. The endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
is an organelle found in eukaryotic cells only. The ER has a double membrane
consisting of a network of hollow tubes, flattened sheets, and round sacs. These
flattened, hollow folds and sacs are called cisternae. The ER is located in the cytoplasm
and is connected to the nuclear envelope. There are two types of endoplasmic
reticulum: smooth and rough ER (Campbell et al., 2010).
Ribosomes are composed of RNA and protein. They occur in the cytoplasm
and are the sites where protein synthesis occurs. Ribosomes may occur singly in the
cytoplasm or in groups or may be attached to the endoplasmic reticulum thus forming
the rough endoplasmic reticulum. Ribosomes are important for protein production.
Together with a structure known as messenger RNA (a type of nucleic acid) ribosomes
form a structure known as a polyribosome which is important in protein synthesis. The
dictiosome is found near the nucleus and endoplasmic reticulum. Dictiosome is
commonly called as Golgi body in animal cell, consists of a stack of flat membrane-
bound sacs called cisternae. The cisternae within the dictiosome consist of enzymes
which modify the packaged products of the dictosome (proteins) (Campbell et al.,
2010).
There are many variations in cell shape. Cells can be either cuboidal, bullet,
prism, elongated, polyedris, elongated, or cylindrical. Those shape are three
dimensional, with volume consist of cytoplasm. Based on the observation of the
cytology structure on fruit hair of Ceiba pentandra has structure consists of cell wall,
cytoplasm, and interspace air. This air space is due to the cell observed is dead and
doesn’t contain protoplasm. Kapok (Ceiba pentandra) belongs to the family of
Malvaceae. It has cylindrical cell shape because its cotton-like tissues (Johnson, 1965).
 The pith wall of Manihot esculenta observed is hexagonal. This shape comes
from the parenchymal cell or dead cells, preventing water loss from the plant. Cassava
belongs to Euphorbiaceae (Johnson,1965).
The inner layer of Allium cepa has cell wall and nucleus, with red pigment that
cause its appearance to look reddish. In Amaryllidaceae, the shape of the cell is like a
beam arranged in an oblique way. In Allium cepa cells there is a core fluid
(nucleoplasm) in the form of gel and transparent and this liquid is called carotene
which contains complex chemical compounds. Its function is to protect the vacuole.
Red onion cells include living cells, because red onion cells have cell nuclei, have
fluids in them, and there are activities that occur within them such as the exchange of
substances in cells. It has elongated cell shape, functions to keep the cell homeostasis,
support, and maintain the posture of cell (Chandra, 2001).
Capsicum annum or red chili is grouped into Solanaceae. Has various shape
and size of chromoplast, there are yellow pigment chromoplast (xantofil), and red to
orange pigments (carotenoid). These pigments give colors to the appearance. The cell
shape is polyedris, with cell wall outside the membrane plasma and caretonid inside
or surrounding the cells (Sumardi and Agus, 1993).
 V. CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

A. Conclusion
1. Plant cells have several forms according to its function and type of plant itself.
It can be divided into cuboidal, bullet, prism, elongated, polyedris, and
cylindrical. The preparations observed have cell shape of elongated (Allium
cepa), polyedris (Capsicum annum), cylindrical (Ceiba pentandra) and
hexagonal (Manihot esculenta).
2. There are many parts of living cell such as nucleus, cytoplasm, plastids,
mitochondria, vacuole, dictiosome, ribosomes and others. All of these
contribute different functions to support metabolism and growth of plant cells.

B. Suggestion
Suggestion for this laboratory activity is for the practitioners to make objects
preparation to be as thin as possible for observation under the microscope.
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Johnson, W.H. 1965. General Biology of Structural Plants Cell RIne Part and
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Russell, P.J., Hertz, P.E., & McMillan, B. 2011. Biology: The Dynamic Science 1 (2nd
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