Past participle are a form of the verb that we use in perfect tenses, such as the present

perfect and the present and past passive.

Like other verb forms in English. There are regular and irregular forms for the past
participles:
go - gone, have – had, make – made, speak – spoken, etc.
The past participle will be important in future lessons covering the perfect tenses. To form
the past participle, simply drop the infinitive ending (-ar, -er, -ir) and add -ado (for -ar
verbs) or -ido (for -er, -ir verbs).
The following common verbs have irregular past participles:

abrir (to open) – abierto (open)

cubrir (to cover) – cubierto (covered)
decir (to say) – dicho (said)
escribir (to write) – escrito (written)
freír (to fry) – frito (fried)
hacer (to do) – hecho (done)
morir (to die) – muerto (dead)
poner (to put) – puesto (put)
resolver (to resolve) – resuelto (resolved)
romper (to break) – roto (broken)
ver (to see) – visto (seen)
volver (to return) – vuelto (returned)

VERB TENSES USING EXAMPLE

PAST PARTICIPLE
China has become the second largest economy in the world.
Perfect Present

Present Passive It’s is believed that China could be the largest economy in
2012

Past Passive More information was generated in 2010 than in the previous
5,000 years of history
The past participle is used to express:
a) The result of an action. For example, He escrito un libro. (I have written a book.)
b) To serve as an adjective. For example, Veo la ventana abierta. (I see the open
window.)
· Some –er and –ir verbs are stem-changing verbs. The most common stem-changing
past participles are:

Spanish English Spanish Conjugation English

Conjugation
Abrir To open Abierto Opened
Cubrir To cover Cubierto Covered
Decir To tell Dicho Told
Describir To describe Descrito Described
Escribir To write Escrito Written
Freír To fry Frito Fried
Hacer To do, make Hecho Made
Ir To go Ido Gone
Morir To die Muerto Died
Poner To put Puesto Put
Resolver To resolve Resuelto Resolved
Romper To break Roto Broken
Ser To be Sido Been
Ver To see Visto Seen
Volver To return Vuelto Returned
Most past participles can be used as adjectives. Like other adjectives, they agree
in gender and number with the nouns that they modify.

La puerta está cerrada.

The door is closed.

Las puertas están cerradas.

The doors are closed.

El restaurante está abierto.

The restaurant is open.

Los restaurantes están abiertos.

The restaurants are open.

All –ar verbs are conjugated by replacing the –ar ending with –ado.
For example:

Spanish English Spanish Conjugation English Conjugation

Hablar To speak Hablado Spoken
Nevar To snow Nevado Snowed
El (la) mejor (de) Best El (la) peor (de) Worst

· Regular –er and –ir verbs are conjugated by replacing the –er or –ir ending with –
ido.
For example:

Spanish English Spanish Conjugation English Conjugation

Comer To eat Comido Eaten
Beber To drink Bebido Drunk
Vivir To live Vivido Lived
Recibir To receive Recibido Received