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HYPOTHESIS TESTING
Definition
A hypothesis testing is a method requiring to state a claim unambigously to determine whether a statistic
(a characteristic of sample) is consistent with a known parameter (a characteristic of population). Example a
claim that the population mean is 368 grams. Than we do a sampling and examine the sample statistic to see if it
better supports the stated claim. The claim is called null hypothesis or the mutually exclusive alternative or the
test hypothesis. The null hypothesis is stated as :
H 0 : 368
Whenever a null hypothesis is specified, an alternative hypothesis is also specified and it must be true if
the null hypothesis is false. The alternative hypothesis or research hypothesis is always the opposite of the null
hypothesis. The hypothesis alternatives are stated below :
A. H 1 : 368 or B. H 1 : 368 or C. H 1 : 368
Critical Critical
Region Region
(H1) 1- α =γ (H1) Significa
nt level
Region of non
rejection (H0)
α
Critical Critical
Value Value
If you have sufficient evidence from the sample information that null hypothesis is false, so you must reject the
null hypothesis and you have statistical proof that alternative hypothesis is correct.
The Level of Significance or Significant Level (α) is the probability that we will t reject the null hypothesis,
H0, when it is true and should not be rejected.
The Level of Confidence or Confident Level (1-α) is the probability that we will not reject the null hypothesis,
H0, when it is true and should not be rejected.
Step 6. Because p-Value = 0,0005350 < α = 0,05, we reject the null hypothesis. There is sufficient evidence that population
mean waiting time to place an order has changed from its previous value of 4,5.
Step 6. Because Ztest > -Z0,05 = -0,99 > -1,64 the null hypothesis is not rejected. There is not a difference between the
proportions of the two leading automobile models that need major repairs (more than $500) within 2 years of their
purchase
II. p-Value approach
Step 5. Because Ztest = -0,99 than P (Ztest = -0,99) = 0,3389 p-Value = 0,5- P (Ztest = -0,99)
6
p-Value = 0,5-0,3389
= 0,1611
Step 6. Because p-Value = 0,1611 > α = 0,1, we do not reject the null hypothesis. there is a difference between the
proportions of the two leading automobile models that need major repairs (more than $500) within 2 years of their
purchase
III. Parameters estimation approach
Step 5. Estimate parameters :
Is the parameter still in the parameter estimation range or not
H1 : __________________________________________________________________________
H0 :
H1 :
Step 5. Because Ztest = ....... than P (Ztest =........) = .......... p-Value = ......- p(Ztest = ........)
p-Value =.......-......................
= .............................
Because the test is .........-tailed test so p-Value =
Step 6. Because p-Value = ........... α = ........., we .................the null hypothesis.There .....................................
...............................................................................................................................................................
H1 : __________________________________________________________________________
H0 :
H1 :
Step 5. Because Ztest = ....... than P (Ztest =........) = .......... p-Value = ......- p(Ztest = ........)
p-Value =.......-......................
= .............................
Because the test is .........-tailed test so p-Value =
Step 6. Because p-Value = ........... α = ........., we .................the null hypothesis.There .....................................
..............................................................................................................................................................
III. Parameters estimation approach
Step 5. Estimate parameters :
Is the parameter still in the parameter estimation range or not
H1 : __________________________________________________________________________
H0 :
H1 :
Step 5. Because Ztest = ....... than P (Ztest =........) = .......... p-Value = ......- p(Ztest = ........)
p-Value =.......-......................
= .............................
Because the test is .........-tailed test so p-Value =
Step 6. Because p-Value = ............α = ........., we .................the null hypothesis.There .....................................
..............................................................................................................................................................
H1 : __________________________________________________________________________
H 0 : 1 2 0; ( 1 2 )
H 0 : 1 2 .....0; ( 1 ..... 2 )
H1 : __________________________________________________________________________
H 0 : 1 2 0; ( 1 2 )
H 0 : 1 2 0; ( 1 2 )
Step 6. Because .......... =. Ztest ......–Z.....=...... the null hypothesis ........ rejected. There is .... sufficient evidence
that ............................................................................................................................................................
II. p-Value approach
Step 5. Because Ztest = ....... than P (Ztest =........) = .......... p-Value = ......- p(Ztest = ........)
p-Value =.......-......................
= .............................
Because the test is .........-tailed test so p-Value =
Step 6. Because p-Value = ............α = ........., we .................the null hypothesis.There .....................................
...............................................................................................................................................................
III. Parameters estimation approach
Step 5. Estimate parameters :
Is the parameter still in the parameter estimation range or not
Hasil di SPSS
1. Buka program SPSS 24, lalu ketik open new data set
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2. Ketik atau salin dari excel dengan copy ke spss di VAR00001 di bawah ini
No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Waiting Time 4.8 4.9 4.8 4.7 4.6 4.6 4.5 5.2 4.5 4.6 5 5 5 5.3 6.3
No 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 Total Mean Stdev
Waiting Time 6.4 6.5 6.4 6.2 5.3 4.7 5 4.5 4.3 4.3 127.4 5.1 0.7
3. Di program SPSS variable view di klik kemudian diubah name dari VAR0001 menjadi WaitTime dst
seperti di bawah ini
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4. Klik analyze, compare means, one sample t test
5. Maka setelah proses tersebut dilakukan akan muncul tampilan sebagai berikut kemudian pilih
options dan confidence interval percentage 5% dan exclude cases lalu klik ok:
One-Sample Test
Test Value = 0
Difference
Practices
1. Rata-rata nilai pesanan yang diterima sebuah perusahaan mengikuti distribusi normal dengan rata-rata Rp 12,74
juta dan simpangan bakunya Rp 2,45 juta, Ujilah dengan tingkat keyakinan 98% apakah rata-rata nilai pesanan
telah berubah, apabila sampel yang terdiri atas 40 pesanan memiliki rata-rata sebesar Rp 13,45 juta dengan
simpangan baku Rp 2 juta.
2. The quality-control manager at a light bulb factory needs to determine whether the mean life of a large shipment of
light bulbs is equal to 375 hours. The population standard deviation is 100 hours. A random sample of 64 light
bulbs indicates a sample mean life of 350 hours.
a. At the 0.05 level of significance, is there evidence that the mean life is different from 375 hours?
b. Compute the p-value and interpret its meaning.
c. Construct a 95% confidence interval estimate of the populationmean life of the light bulbs.
d. Compare the results of (a) and (c). What conclusions do you reach?
3. A trucking company finds that 40 percent of its shipments arrive late. If from eight scheduled shipments there are 1
late shipment , test is there any evidenc that the company’shipments is being faster than before :
4. You purchase bicycle parts from a supplier in Ciamis that has 3 defects per 100 parts. You are in the market for
150 parts but will not accept a probability of more than 90 percent that more than two parts are defective. Do you
buy from this supplier ?
5. Cost overruns for computer upgrades at your firm have averaged $ 23,500, with a standard deviation of $ 9,400. as
an executive director of th Research Division, you do not want to risk more than a 34 % chance that the overrun
on a newly proposed upgrade will exceed $ 25,000. should you implement the upgrade ?
6. Marketing strategists would like to predict consumer response to new products and their accompanying
promotional schemes. Consequently studies that examine the difference between buyers and nonbuyers of a
product are of interest. One classic study conducted by Shuchman and Roesz (journal of marketing research Feb
1975) was aimed at characterizing the purchasers and nonpurchasers of crest toothpaste. The researchers
demonstrated that both the mean household income were significantly larger for purchasers than for
nonpurchasers. A similar study utilized independent random samples of size 20 and yielded tha data on the age of
the househpolder primarily responsible for buying toothpaste in the table below.
a. Do the data present sufficient evidence to conclude there is a difference in the mean age of purchasers
and non purchasers? Use α= 0,01
b. Calculate and interpret a 95% confidence interval for the difference between the mean ages of
purchasers and nonpurchasers
Purchasers NonPurchasers
34 35 23 44 52 46 28 22 44 33 55 63
28 48 28 34 33 52 45 31 60 54 53 58
41 32 34 49 50 45 52 52 66 35 25 48
29 59 59 61