CHAPTER 15: The Continuing Resistance • Nasario Aguilar and his pulahanes attacked

Constabulary garrison, thinking Americans will act in bad

• the capture of Aguinaldo ended Filipino-American war faith in their negotiation agreement
for elites
• Jaime de Veyra encouraged anti-American disturbances
• the masses continued the resistance
D. In Mindanao
• resistance in 3 sectoral perspective:
• group of "outlaws"
• Christian
• 7 women gathered by Mr. Luther S. Kelly
• Muslim
• Misamis "insurrectos"
• tribal
II. The Muslim Struggle
I. The Katipunan Inertia
• not to provoke while dealing with Aguinaldo
• Macario Sakay attempted to put up his own Tagalog
Republic and its Constitution A. The Lanao Resistance

• he kept the struggle alive but he yielded after the • Datu Tungul of Onayan in Camp Vicars
persuasion of Dominador Gomez
• Sultan of Binidayan accused and killed
A. In Luzon
• Sultan Ganduli and Sultan Tanagan in Maciu with 150-
• uprisings led by former officers of the revolutionary 200 Muslims
army
• John Pershing and the Lake Moros in Taraca
• Salvador Felipe/"Apo Ipe"
• Datu Ampuanagus:
• Simeon Mandac in Nueva Ecija
• in Pitacus with 13 wounded, 23 captured and 90 killed
B. In Bicol
• Taraca Fort is destructed, 200 killed and 29 captured
• Simeon Ola and 1,500 "insurrectos" including him

• reconcentration system caused 300,000 casualties • he defied the Americans and troops from Camp
Keithley was sent to find him but werr ambushed
• Colonel Bandholtz agreed to give Ola immunity but
later denied it • in Ramain, there were clashes but no casualties

• Ola turned state witness against his troops and was • military contingents inflicted heavy damages to his
given 30 years in prison band at Didaganan

• Several of his men were freed while some were • he attacked Dansalan
convicted of Vagrancy, Sedition and Brigandage Law
• peace negotiations led to his surrender
C. In the Visayas
III. The Sulu Resistance
• "jetsams" and "flotsams" called to bandits
A. The Bates Treaty
• Juliano Caducoy led the "Tauiran Affair" and "Cantaguic
Affair" • agreement entered to contain for a while Muslim
resistance while busy eliminating the Filipino obstacle in
• he put the American flag around the head of the Luzon and the Visayas
teniente, poured kerosene on him, took him to the public
square and burned the teniente • some officials resisted

• 13 towns at Gandara, 11 in Catbalogan, 7 in Wright, 3 • Americans used "Hassan Uprising" to abrogate the
in Catubig, 8 in Borongan, 7 in Taft and 3 in Llorente treaty
 B. Panglima Hassan
• escaped from Col. Hughes Scott on thw way to Jolo
• Hassan was located in the crater of Bud Bagsak
• he did his routine with two companions who were
killed
• he was confronted by a sergeant who killed him
through a calvin
• he wasn't unable to exercise his expertise to use
"barung"
• American was able pursue the non-combatants to
retreat
• John Pershing said they won't resort to use of arms but
he committed a breach of agreement
• when non-combatants are separated, battle started
• Lati Muslims were called "notorious cattle thieves and
murderers" and that they deserve their deaths
IV. The Cotabato Resistance
A. Datu Ali

• he inspired Pala, an adventurer from Borneo but was • intercepted Capt. Carl Riechman troops to the Rio
eliminated, too Grande betwen Kudarangan and Seneraya

C. Bud Dajo • he used sabilallahs to harass Americans

• wipe out Jolo Muslims • Americans attacked his fort in Seneraya and took Datu
Djimbangan, his brother, as a hostage
• Bud Dajo was strategic
• Datu Piang, his father-in-law, sold him to the
• prominent leadets of Patikul as peace emissaries but Americans
they failed
• he was killed with 13 of his followers and 3 of his sons
• assault began on March 5 and lasted up to the morning
of March 8 B. Datu Alamada

• non-combatants were ask to evacuate but insisted to • rose in rebellion with 300 followers concentrating in
join their men Buldon and Upper Cotabato

• American casualties were 18 killed and 52 wounded
while 600 Muslims were wipe out
• Gov. Leonard Wood passed the governorship to Gen.
Tasker H. Bliss
• local collaborators led by Datu Inuk offered 2 plans:
inflitrate Alamada's group and kill him or Datu Piang and
him to persuade Alamada to surrender
• gov't chose the latter and Alamada was convinced

D. Jikiri • they were resettled in a colony near Pikit

• "piratical" attacks • "Balabac incident" and tension at Kidapawan about

Christian-Muslim misunderstandings
• obsession to get beautiful women related to
psychological problem V. The Highlander's Reaction

• killed in Patian with his wife and band A. Back to Tradition

• Gov. Tasker Bliss passed the governorship to John
Pershing
• John Pershing started a "disarmanent campaign"
E. Bud Bagsak
• Lati and Luuk didn't comply to disarmament
• Lati resorted to sabilallah attacks and later stood on
Bud Bagsak
• continued to live in their inaccessible sanctuaries or
accepted the American conciliation through the use of
schools, churches and medical services
• Episcopal missionaries won tribal communities in Luzon
• Presbyterian missionaries won the Visayans
• American laymen, entrepreneurs and teachers pacified
Mindanao
• agriculture is improved and trade potentials are
developed
 B. The Subanun Affair
• Subanuns leaving their homes and heading towards the
mountains of Dapeok and Malindang on the "call of two
boy prophets"
• Torot, the headman's deputy, is tasked to get full
information on the affair
• Capt. H. H. Elarth went to Dapeok and met a group of
Subanuns returning to their homes, saying there's a food
shortage and they were tired waiting to go to heaven
• Torot was ordered to contact the leaders for talks,
convincing the people tk abandon their activities
• Moros and Visayans agitated Subanuns and the fight
started
• The clash resulted to the death of 6 constabularies, 1
policeman and 4 cargadores in American side while 20-40,
mostly Moros, on the other side
• Capt. Elarth was saved by Sgt. Bernardo Almes
• the American troops withdrew bringing the arms of
their dead men and decided to detach from the site of the
encounter and blame Visayans and Moros
VI. Literature of Resistance
• Tagalog writers resist through zarzuela like Juan Abad's
Tanikalang Ginto
• Abad was imprisoned for 2 years and paid $2,000 fine
but he didn't stop writing seditious plays including Isang
Punlo ng Kaaway
• Aurelio Tolentino also wrote the play Kahapon, Ngayon
at Bukas which was translated into Pampango and Bikol
• he was sentence of life imprisonment but was reduced
to 15 years, to 8 years until he was given pardon by Gov.
William C. Forbes
• newsmen and journalists also engaged in this resistance
such as Jaime C. de Veyra, Sergio Osmeña and Rafael
Palma
• Osmeña founded El Nueva Dia and Palma founded El
Renacimiento
• the paper exposed the issue of Interior Secretary Dean C.
Worcester with an editorial entitled "Aves de Rapiña"
CHAPTER 16: Compromise with Colonialism
• Filipino elite pursued peaceful struggle by cooperating
with the Americans
I. Involvement during the Military Phase
• the Schurman Commission led by Jacob Schurman
succeeded in a non-military conquest of the Philippines
with the help of the elite
A. The Christian Filipinos
1) In the Local Level
• the Negrenses landowning class and ilustrados like
Juan Araneta abd Agustin Montilla cooperated with the
Americans
• they organized a provisional gov't independent from
Aguinaldo's revolutionary gov't
• efforts were exerted to make Negros under American
rule but it only paid off when Gen. Elwell Otis was
welcomed in the island
• Gen. Otis created the Visayan Military District with
Gen. James F. Smith as Governor of Negros
• Negrense provincial junta became an ally of the
Americans
• Aguinaldo tried to win the elite on his side but failed
• the revolts during that time were led by the Filipino
from below
• revolts affecting their properties, elites became closer
to the colonizers
• in Luzon, Americans build a municipal gov't after
pacification
• in 1901, only the Muslim South doesn't have a civil
gov't
2) In the Central Government
• Filipino elite such as Gregorio Araneta and Benito
Legarda were appointed as members of the Philippine
Commission which performed executive and legislative
powers
• the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court is Cayetano
Arellano
3) Why the Elite
• two basic reasons for the elite's readiness to accept
colonialism:
• elites fear losing the security of their interesrs
because of the growing demand of the masses for the
redistribution of economic benefits and resources
 • elites distrust the character of the masses and often
label them as trouble makers and bandits
• elites think the masses have general lack of
knowledge, low intellectual capacity and questionable
moral standard
B. The Cultural Communities
• Americans coopted with the tribal communities
through schools, religious missions and medical works
1) In Mindanao
• Americans made use of the local datus to promote
social services
• schools were built under American supervision and
education of children is emphasized especially the heirs of
local leaders
• the importance of American teachers in educating
kids
• there was also a campaign for proper hygiene
• Dr. Najeem M. Saleeby made American campaign to
win the Muslims effective
• he was a Chrisitan Arab medical practitioner turned
educator
• he befriended a lot of people even Datu Ali and he
also win the Ilanuns, a group associated with piratical
attacks
• during his term as Assistant Chirf of the Bureau of
Non Christian Tribes, there were a lot of enrollees from
elementary schools
• Charles R. Cameron continued Saleeby's educational
program after succeeding him
• Private Albert L. Burleigh taught Tausug childen but
was killed by 4 Moros
• George Kindy contributed by educating the Muslims
about agriculture
• there were a lot of studies made such as Cameron's
Sulu Writing and Saleeby's Studies in Moro History
2) In the Cordillera
• three reasons why the Ifugaos cooperated with the
Americans:
• Americans had impressive firepower
• paid prices for the food items made available by the
Ifugaos
• in the conflict between Sabangan and Hapao,
American guns made the difference
• Humiwat, leader of an Ifugao band, surrendered and
soon, a conference was called to organize a gov't in Ifugao
but Nagacaran Ifugaos resisted
• business explorations provided American officets
insights into Ifugao character which help in building
American political structures and encouraging other
Igorots into Constabulary and local gov't
3) Treaty Traps
• in Tausug version, mutual respect for personal
property and other rights were declared
• local leaders agreed to allow the Americans the
freedom to trade and engage in commerce and to fly
under their flag
• Americans agreed not to interfere with the internal
affairs of the people
• in English version, Sulu accepted American sovereignty
over the island
• Americans were allowed to interfere with different
issues except religious practices and customs
• this led to the unilateral abrogation of the treaty by the
Americans
• the Sultan was mad for he will not receive money from
the Americans anymore but above all, he felt dishonor by
the American action
• the revolts in Sulu was associated with the Sultan
4) The Carpenter-Kiram Agreement
• Sultan Jamalul Kiram and Gov. Frank W. Carpenter
signed an agreement giving the Sultan only the rights and
duties of a spiritual leader when in Muslims, politics and
religion go hand-in-hand
• three assumption of the United States of sovereignty
over all that pertained to the Sultanate:
• recognition of the independent sovereignty of the
Sultanate prior to American occupation
• recognition of the partial exercise of sovereignty of
the Sultanate by Spain during the latter part of the Spanish
occupation but only in relation to foreign affairs
 • recognition of a partial but de facto temporal
sovereignty of the United States under the Bates Treaty
• total sovereignty of the United States over all the
territory of the Sultanate in all aspects except religious
matters
• exercise of religious powers must not be in violation of
the basic principles of the US laws
II. Increase in Filipino Participation
A. Political Charge in the United States
• Woodrow Wilson, Democratic, was the new president
• Republican administration concerns with the
maintenance of overseas colonies
B. Effect on Colony
• Democratic administration focuses on populist
interests of American society with the working men and
farmers but colonies are still maintained
• Francis Burton Harrison is the first Democratic
Governor General of the Philippines
• Philippine Commission, Council of State (advisory body
of the Chief Executive) and Board of Control (regulates
gov't participation in buss. corp and firms) members were
majority Filipinos
• Civil service was almost taken over by Filipinos
• Philippine Assembly was created functioning as lower
house
• Jones Law gave the legislative to the hands of Filipinos
and the Gov. Gen. only has veto power
• Jones Law also created bicameral legislature wherein
members are elected except 2 senators from the non-
Christian sector who were appointed by the Gov. Gen.
• Americans still hold the treasury matters
• Judiciary had substantial Filipino participation with
Filipino judges increasingly growing
III. Limits to Filipinization
A. Restraints of Elitism
• those in the central gov't are landlords and capitalist
families
• even the municipal level of the gov't was crowded by
local elites
• electoral choice was limited to qualified residents only
and those who could run for office must be able to read
and write, property owners or gov't employees during the
Spanish era
• Americans gave the elites more benefits than Spaniards
did
• finance positions and the Secretary of Public
Instruction were still controlled by the Americans
B. Economic Limitations
• Treaty of Paris — most favored nation treatment given
to Spain for 10 years
• Payne-Aldrich Tariff Act — "free trade" provisions
wherein Filipino interests was limited by a quota system
while American's was absolutely free
• Underwood-Simmons Tariff Act — abolished quota in
Philippine exports
• Tydings-McDuffie Law — reimposition of quotas
• Filipino landowners depend on American market
IV. Social Effects of Filipinization
A. Traditional vs. Modern
• "little brown Americans"
• 3 branches of gov't copied from America except
federalism
• elites are given attention, middle class is being
encouraged and masses are contented with some benefits
• introduction and propagation of American popular
activities
B. Democracy Filipino Style
• Filipino values continued
• Americans regard these values as counterproductive to
the new democracy
• petty thieveries, bribery of employees in gov't, shady
financial deals and disregard for working time arose
• Filipinos subordinated to democracy based on values
that preserved harmony in the native society such as
pakikisama and utang na loob
• Filipino's incompetence in bureaucracy, graft and
corruption and unpreparedness for independence were
the criticism against Harrison's administration
 • for Filipinos, Harrison's term was the best as Filipino-
American relations grew
CHAPTER 17: Colonial Politics: Towards Complete
Autonomy
• Wilson's administration only recommended the
independence of the Philippines before its end and
knowing its successor would be Republican
• the Congress, Republican-controlled, didn't respond to
the Wilson's suggestion
I. The Wood-Forbes Mission
• Warren G. Harding, Republican, was the new president
• he sent a special investigating mission by former Gov.
Gen. W. Cameron Forbes and Maj. Gen. Leonard Wood to
check the effect of Harrison administration in the
Philippines
• the mission lasted for 4 months
• criticisms on the previous gov't:
• lack of sufficient press
• mistakes in finances
• delay in justice
• need for good teachers
• inadequate treatment of cultural minorities
II. The Administration of Leonard Wood
• Harding looked to Wood in fixing the issues in the
Philippines
• Wood's administration was markes by vigorous political
agitation
• Wood took the position that only US Congress can
modify the Jones Law
III. Wood vs. the Filipino Politicos
• public announcement of the "Cabinet Crisis"
• Wood was seen as the enemy of Philippine autonomy
and independence
• Wood was determined to govern and fix the
maladministration of Harrison's and Filipinos saw this as a
threat
• he is not against independence except in the future as he
must correct the flaws in the Philippine gov't and Filipinos
are strong enough to handle self-gov't
• he asked for the cooperation of the Filipinos to make the
gov't efficient and to postpone or forget the desire for
independence
• Quezon, being selfish that he is, carefully plans his
political career and decided to leave the Osmeña's Partido
Nacionalista but upon realizing that he might not win,
return to the party and lose the trusts of his followers
• this Filipino politics fired up the issue about Wood's
administration
IV. The Conley Case and the Cabinet Crisis
• misconduct of American police, Ray Conley, in retaliation
for his efficient crusade against organized crime in Manila
• keeping of a mistress and making false statements
relating to her were charged to Conley but the Prosecuting
Attorneg of the City of Manila found no grounds
• the case was repeated to the Director of the Civil Service
who took no action knowing Conley's accusers were
related to gamblers in Manila
• it continued to be pass on to the Office of the Governor
and to the Mayor of Manila who is Ramon J. Fernandez
• thorough investigation proved that charges were made
by gamblers who want to get rid of Conley
• Interior Secretary, Jose P. Laurel insisted that Conley was
receiving bribes and Mayor Fernandez and Secretary
Laurel tried to convince Wood to suspend Conley but the
Gov. Gen. said that the case be submitted to the Court of
First Instance
• the courts find Conley not guilty but Laurel requested
another investigation against the police
• the Gov. appointed the Committee on Investigation
reported the reinstatement of Conley
• Laurel passed the wish of Gov. Gen. to the City Mayor
and resigned; the Mayor left his office without taking
action and resigned; Chief of Police reinstated Conley but
retired
• Wood was accused of interfering with matters to be
handled by Philippine gov't so Senate Pres. Quezon, House
Speaker Roxas and other Filipino secretaries resigned and
the Undersecretaries took over the vacant positions
• Quezon was successful in making the resignation a
"national issue" stirring hatred against Wood's
administration
V. The Governor's Veto Power
• Wood vetoed a lot of bills the legislature passed
• Comparing Wood to Harrison, the latter only vetoed 5
bills
• the Gov. Gen. even altered measures already passed by
the legislature and affixed his signature after the alteration
• this annoyed Filipino leaders more
• Wood explained that he vetoed the bus because of its
serious defects as those were rush works
• at some point, Wood thought that Filipino leaders
intentionally pass non-sense bills to draw his vetoes and
give him a worse image
VI. The Board of Control Controversy
• Wood was determined to get the gov't out of business
• he was convinced that the Board of Control is illegal
because the Gov. Gen. occupied a minority position in it —
violating the Organic Axt
• the Senate Pres. and the House Speaker refused to work
with Wood
• two fundamental reasons why gov't should get out of
business according to Wood:
• Philippine treasury needed the money invested for the
greater benefit of the public
• gov'ts were not qualified to conduct business
competing with private initiatives
• graft and mismanagement was evident in the enterprises
and can also be fixed by American businessmen
• Filipino leaders thought that accepting Wood's policy
meant domination of American capital which proves that
efforts for independence were futile
• he abolished the Board of Control and its duties was
given to Gov. Gen. and this act was upheld by Philippine
and US Supreme Court
VII. Leonard Wood: In Retrospect
• Wood's administration was a mixed of his desire to
exercise the power of an American Gov. Gen. and the
interests of Filipino political leaders during that time
• Wood, with the issues left by Harrison, saw the
responsibility to fix the Philippines and restore it to an
efficient gov't worthy of American sponsorship
• his idea of honest gov't and tight administration is right
but his approach is inconsiderate to the feelings of
Filipinos who long desire independence
• Filipino politics set fire to Wood's term as Quezon's lust
for power reign and manipulate a lot of things for his
benefit
• Wood's administration would have been better if
Quezon wasn't in the picture
• Quezon made himself look like a nationalistic hero with
the issue of "Cabinet Crisis" when in fact, he's selfish deep
inside
• in addition, the Gov. Gen. mostly look serious and frigid
• Wood believes that Philippines wasn't ready for
independence, the main issue, yet and he thinks that
Filipino politicians lacks qualification for leadership
• at some point, Wood also thought that the US can keep
the Philippines permanently as long as it won't be
exploited
• Quezon and other politicians knew our unpreparedness
but continue to strive independence to attract the mass
• Wood assumed that independence movement is just an
agitation of selfish politicians
• for Wood, US can hold Philippines until a better
generation for gov't came
• Wood also opposed concessions to autonomy unless
flaws during Harrison's term were corrected as he's limited
by the Jones Law
• economic policy of gov't-owned corps. was another issue
as Wood insisted on attracting foreign, or specifically US,
capital in the country
• Filipinos fear this will lead to exploitation by foreigners
• Wood's administration made advances in finances,
health, infrastructure and economic prosperity
VIII. The Administration of Henry L. Stimson: Cooperation
Restored
• Stimson succeeded Wood in governorship
• he worked on having a good relationship with Filipino
leaders while exercising his power
• he concentrated on political cooperation and favored
greater autonomy
• he only had a year but he had a good relations with
Filipinos even naming the first complete Cabinet
• he worked on the provision of technical advisors and
assistants to the Gov. Gen., appointment of Cabinet and
revival of Council of State
• he emphasized on economic development to achieve
independence
• most significant achievement was the cessation of period
of acrimonious deadlock and cooperation and friendly
Filipino-American relations
• Stimson's successors got along well with Filipino
politicians
CHAPTER 18: The Campaign for Independence
• the Philippine independence movement during the
American era was peaceful and constitutional
• Filipino stand on independence was blurred because of
the personal interests of Filipino politicians
• in addition to the ambivalence is American's uncertainty
on when to give the Philippines independence
• independence, as American's promise, will definitely
come in the future
• in Jones Law, independence will come "as soon as a
stable gov't can be established"
• Filipinos felt that the condition in Jones Law was already
fulfilled and US must give the Philippines its independence
• demand for independence was spread through formal
resolutions of the Philippine Assembly to the Resident
Commissioners to the American Congress
• direct appeal for freedom in Washington later happened
through parliamentary missions or legislative committees
• the elites involved in the campaign believed that they
can now manage the country on their own
I. The Commission of Independence
• the Philippine legislature created Commission of
Independence to cater matters regarding the Philippine
independence
• the Commission represents the Philippine legislature and
the Declaration of Purposes defined its tasks
• it is originally composed of 11 senators and 40
congressmen including the presiding officers of both
houses who became its chairmen which later expanded
but the leadership remained Nacionalista
• missions were mostly initiated by the Nacionalista
(Quezon and Osmeña) with occasional Democrata (Recto
and Gil)
• missions presented argument in favor of Philippine
independence
• the Commission also engaged in publicity campaign,
which Americans didn't give attention, through Philippine
Press Bureau in Washington
• Philippine legislature uses ₱1 million for these activities
II. The Independence Missions
• 1st parliamentary mission during Woodrow's term but it
came at a bad time as the WWI just ended and US is
focusing on readjustments
• Republicans, controlling the Congress, were unconvinced
that the Filipinos are ready for independence
• Woodrow recommended to Congress in favor of
Philippine independence but it was ignored
• Filipinos didn't hope much for Woodrow's
recommendation but they didn't expect a reverse of self-
gov't
• Quezon made a 1-man mission to talk to Harding but the
latter assured the former there will no backward policy
and Filipinos took these words as assurances
• 2nd parliamentary mission was to counteract the Wood-
Forbes report but it failed to define when to get the
independence
• Quezon, Osmeña and Gen. Frank McIntyre had a private
conversation wherein the 2 Filipinos said that it only needs
American to make local matters Filipino with American
control of foreign affairs to satisfy the mass and McIntyre
prepared a draft for such legislation
• to protest against Wood, a Special Mission was made led
by Roxas
• Pres. Calvin Coolidge said that Filipinos were not yet
prepared to maintain independence and took the side of
Wood against the complaints of Mission members
III. The Fairfield Bill
• the Congress thought of giving the Filipinos the
immediate independence "at any cost"
• Cooper Bill was sidetracked and Fairfield Bill was
pursued in a rush, increasing the autonomy of the
Philippines
• the bill was presented to Roxas during his Special
Mission and he approved the bill in principle but suggested
to enable the Filipinos to vote on the question of
independence after 20 years
• elites were disturbed of the grant to the independence
• the bill was finalized with 20-year commonwealth, where
an elective Gov. Gen. will control the affairs, before giving
the independence
• Quezon and Osmeña supported the bill though it was
rejected by the mass because they want immediate
independence
• 3rd parliamentary mission led to incident between
Nacionalista and Democratica regarding the bill
• Recto charged the majority leaders with double-dealing
and insincerity as there was a report signed by them
stating that they declined the bill and protested against
Wood but they actually did the otherwise
• Recto's charge embarassed the majority leaders and
Quezon backed off his stand on the bill to protect his
reputation
• Coolidge's re-election ended the hopes for immediate
independence
• the Congress thought that while the aspiration for
independence of the Filipinos was commendable, it also
shows ingratitude to US
IV. The Independence Campaign Continues
• the campaign for independence lose momentum and
Wood thought that Filipino politicians have finally realized
that they were losing instead of gaining with their non-
cooperation
• Filipino leaders realized the independence cause
suffered because of their poor performance regarding
Fairfield Bill
• the Insular Auditor, who is an American, disallow the ₱1
million allocation for missions and thus, expenses came
from their own contributions
• Osmeña left to go to Washington to look for
arrangements that'll decrease confrontations with Wood
and confirm the Filipino claim on commitments by Fairfield
Bill
• Washington was in a bad mood so Osmeña worked
quietly
• Philippines, as the administration thought of, had
retrogressed in political and economic development as
evident in reactionary measures designed to restrict
Philippine autonomy and empower the Gov. Gen. and so
Osmeña took the defeat of these measures back home
• Bacon Bill, one of the measures, separating Mindanao,
Sulu and Palawan from Phil. Gov't jurisdiction and
establishing a gov't directly under American sovereignty
there
• Proponents' motive is to protect the Moros but some
thought that it was a sign of permanent occupation or a
separation of a large island for American interests in
rubber production
• Some Muslim leaders wanted to retain US sovereignty
but some want to receive independence with Christian
Filipinos
V. The Supreme National Council
• Quezon launched the council while Osmeña's in
Washington uniting political parties and segments of
Filipino society for a fight for independence
• Quezon's real motive was to strengthen his hold on local
affairs
• three objectives:
• attraction of substantial Filipinos not yet prominent in
the campaign to cooperate with the politicians
• decentralization of the campaign so provinces can take
an active part
• attempt of peaceful use of the political authority
vested in the American Gov. Gen. and Phil. legislature
• the organizational structure:
• national committee
• provincial committee
• municipal solidary committees
• its goal is to spread independence propaganda to
prepare local gov'ts
• the council is Independence Commission under a diff.
name
• it didn't last long because of its inability to reconcile
forces brought together by "national ideal" of
independence
VI. The Plebiscite Controversy
• Phil. legislature passed Senate Bill 198 providing for a
plebiscite on immediate independence
• its purpose is to counteract the anti-independence
campaign of US, stating that only a group of self-interested
politicians desire independence
• it shows that the struggle for independence was
supported by the mass
• Gov. vetoed the bill and said that plebiscite was out of
the legislative power
• it was reintroduced and vetoed again but the legislature
reconsidered and repassed it with more than 2/3 vote so it
went to Pres. Coolidge for final decision
• Coolidge vetoed the plebiscite bill and stressed the need
for greater economic and political progress
• he reviewed the advantages of Phil.-US relations and the
difficulties Phil. gov't would encounter
• he added that the result of the vote by the Filipino
people doesn't reflect the opinion of Filipinos wanting
independence under American protection or those
wanting independence after a period of development
• he insisted that we are incapable of self-gov't and that
the agitation must stop
• this is a defeat on Filipinos as Americans saw the bill as
agitation and the proof of their unity was dismissed
VII. American Interest Groups "Friends" of Philippine
Independence
• issues on tariffs, free trade and immigration revived the
independence movement
• Great Depression caused agricultural distress on US and
they thought of revising tariff in favor of them or setting
the Phil. free and end the agricultural competition
• "patriotic" labor groups, isolationists and anti-
imperialists joined forces with the Filipinos
• the Payne-Aldrich Act established 2-way free trade with
quota on the Phil. side while Underwood-Simmons Act cut
the quota off
• Phil. economic development rely heavily on US market
• Filipino leaders protested against free trade because
they thought US trade relations will delay the obtaining of
independence
• in private, Filipino leaders gain benefits from the free
trade
• US agricultural interests found free trade a threat to
their own products as Phil. products can enter their
country freely
• Depression hit the US and the agricultural sector
demanded to relieve the burden of Phil. competition to
them, either by tariff or Phil. independence
• Filipino immigration to the US for labor became greater
and American Federation of Labor (AFL) propose exclusion
laws to the Filipinos
• the exclusion's grounds is public health as Filipinos are
vulnerable to contagious diseases
• another ground for exclusion was racial competition as
Filipinos would destroy the cultural traditions of US and
character of its people
VIII. Free Trade and Independence
• the current economic situation of US will either lead to
change on tariffs or Phil. independence
JJ• privately, Filipino leaders thought it's only fair to have
20- or 30-year interval with additional autonomy
• publicly, politicians are cautious on expressing their
opinions and remained on the idea of "immediate and
absolute independence"
• there was a continuous presence of Filipino
representatives in Washington to pursue independence
and one of these is Roxas and Osmeña presenting the case
on the threatened legislation affecting the free entry of
Phil. products in US
• a new mission led by Roxas, assisted by House Majority
Floor Leader Manuel C. Briones, and two Democraticas:
Pedro Gil and Juan Sumulong
• Quezon left for Washington but only made it in the later
months because of his illness
• he recommended the dispatch of OsRox Mission and he
led a "Mixed Mission" and a Joint Legislative Commission
• Congress insisted that independence will only be
possible after a transition period and though this is
expected by the Filipinos, only few demanded for
immediate independence
• After Quezon returned from US, he bid to generate
support for a plan providing for dominion status under an
autonomous gov't, 10 years of free trade, immigration
restrictions and plebiscite at the end of 10 years to decide
on independence
• this solution developed little support in the Phil.
IX. The OsRox Mission
• Osmeña and Roxas went on a mission, the longest one
that stayed in US
• it succeeded in securing the passage of an independence
bill — the Hare-Hawes Cutting Act — over the veto of
President Hoover
• it provided a 10-year Commonwealth to serve as a
transition gov't before the proclamation of independence
• limits on duty-free sugar, coconut oil and cordage were
defined
• on the 6th year of 10-year Commonwealth, a
graduated export tax would be imposed, the proceeds of
which would be applied to the liquidation of Phil. bonds
• a constitutional convention would be called to draft a
constitution which would provide for limitations on
autonomy and would have to be submitted to the
President for approval then the election of the officials of
Phil. Commonwealth will occur
• after the transition, Phil. would be independent but US
would reserve commercial, military and naval bases
• Full US tariffs would apply after the Commonwealth
• Filipino rejected the bill and Quezon parted ways with
the two leaders, which was quite expected as collision
developed
• the two believed it was the best bill that can be secured
from Congress but Quezon believed that the Democratic
Administration of Franklin D. Roosevelt would be able to
bring a more favorable bill
• Quezon made the legislature reject Hare-Hawes-Cutting
Bill
• provisions affecting US-Phil. trade relations would
imperil the economic, social and political institutions of
our country and might be unsure in securing the
independence at the end of Commonwealth
• immigration clause was objectionable and offensive to
Filipinos
• powers of High Commissioner were too indefinite
• the military, naval and other reservations were
violating the true independence and subject to
misunderstanding
• Quezon led a joint legislative committee producing Hare-
Hawes-Cutting Act under Tydings-McDuffie Act and he was
entitled as the hero
• the legislature accepted the Tydings-McDuffie Act, which
eliminated provisions for military reservations and
subsitutued a provision for naval bases and fueling
stations
• independence could have been earlier:
• Clarke amendment to the Jones Act allowed the US
Pres. to fix a date, 2-4 yrs. from the passage of bill, for the
granting of Phil. independence and the Senate approved
the amendment but blocked by a small margin in the
House
• the Cooper Resolutoon provided independence but it
was side tracked and the Coolidge Administration resort to
Fairfield Bill
• US was the 1st nation to voluntarily surrender
sovereighty over a colony
• US acquired power and glory in their occupation in the
Phil.
• US wanted to duplicate their democracy in the Phil. and
prepare it for self-gov't and independence
• elective positions and Chief Justice were given to
Filipinos and Phil. Assembly was composed of prominent
Filipino ilustrados
• only Gov. Gen., Vice-Gov., Insular Auditor and other top
positions were reserved for Americans
• educational system was also set up
• political and educational matters served as a training
ground for self-gov't
• appeal for independence was opposed by Americans
thinking it's just a "mistake emotionalism" — a sentiment
fostered by political leaders
• Quezon was concerned with the future well-being of the
nation he expected to lead to independence
• the independence leaders were at fault because focused
on political matters that they forgot eliminating the socio-
economic inequities oppressing the mass
• US was at fault for giving the Phil. independence because
of their own welfare as they saw our country as economic
burden and strategic liability
• independence was a fruit of peaceful political process
CHAPTER 19: Transition to Independence: The
Commonwealth
• the Phil. legislature accepted the Tydings-McDuffie Act
• governing was a Filipino responsibility and Quezon taken
stock of the country's conditions
• it won't take much time to achieve independence
I. The Framing of Constitution
• Filipinos elected 202 delegations to a constitutional
convention to draft a Phil. Constitution
• Recto and Montinola were elected the president and
vice president, respectively
• a commission of 7 ("the 7 wise men") composed of
Filemon Sotto, Norberto Romualdez, Manuel Roxas,
Vicente Singson Encarnacion, Manuel Briones, Miguel
Cuaderno and Conrado Benitez (replacing Laurel) prepared
a draft of the constitution
• the constitution copied American model except for a
unicameral legislature and federalism
• it reflected historical experience and cultural values
• there is a provision for compulsory civil or military
service and declarations to orient youth towards the ideals
of civil efficiency
• state was empowered to own and operate public utilities
and enterprises and to regulate all employment
relationships
• it also vested extraordinary constitutional powers to the
Pres., such as an item veto over appropriation and in times
of war or other national emergency, limitless critical
powers
• it was approved by constitutional convention and Pres.
Roosevelt and a plebiscite ratified it
• Quezon was inaugurated as Pres. and Osmeña as the
Vice Pres.
II. The Sakdal Uprising
• 65,000 armed peasants seized 3 communities and
threatened 10 others in Luzon area
• Constabulary units fought against these Sakdalistas
• a rumor that a Japanese aircraft provides the arms for
the rebels
• Benigno Ramos, an anti-Quezon and anti-Nacionalista,
led the rebels
• they accused the Nacionalista of hypocrisy and said that
Ramos would acquire the "absolute" independence
• Sakdal Party would also abolish all taxes, called for equal
ownership of land and attacked religious orders for
amassing wealth "through dishonest means"
• movements in Visayas and Mindanao also arose but
were only regarded as banditry
• Communist Party of the Philippines was established but
it was declared an illegal organization
• Sakdalism pointed the socio-economic problem as the
root of this uprising
• Quezon held programs about social justice, education
and the economy
III. National Security and National Defense
• the National Assembly enacted the National Defense Act
• Quezon secured the services of the retired General
Douglas MacArthur to be the Field Marshal of the Phil.
Army
• the defense consist of 2 components:
• regular force of 10,000 men including the Constabulary
• a reserve force of 400,000 through a training of 21-y/o
able-bodied men for 5 ½ months
• preparatory military training would be given in the whole
educational levels
• the defense plan included the establishment of Phil. navy
consisting of 50-100 torpedo boats for off-shore patrol
• Army Air Corps would be composed of a fleet of fast
bomber plans
• budgetary constraints restricted this defense plan
IV. The Social Justice Program
• the promotion of social justice (or justice to the common
man) by emancipating him from those conditions that
make it possible for the rich and powerful to take
advantage of him through fair treatment, proper living and
working conditions and just compensation for his labors
• "If we are just to our people, we will be free from
internal rebellion"
• on two important fronts, reforms were instituted:
• labor
• minimum wage for laborers employed in public works
projects
 • 8-hour labor law for persons employed in any public
or private industry or occupation
• define and regulate legitimate labor disputes and
Court of Industrial Relations to settle these matters
• tenancy
• big estates disappear within 15-20 years after
Commonwealth
• tillers of the soil would own the lands they cultivated
• reforms on rice and sugar sectors:
• National Rice and Corn Corporation to stabilize the
price of rice
• National Sugar Board to conduct a survet of the sugar
industry and assist the gov't in solving social problems
• Agricultural and Industrial Bank and farmers'
cooperatives to afford easier terms in applying for and
acquiring homesteads and other farm lands, and to extend
a helping hand to their kasamas
• Quezon lease haciendas from their owners for 25 years,
with an option for tenants to purchase the land during
that period for a certain price (occurred in Cagayan,
Bulacan, Nueva Ecija, etc.)
• National Relief Administration to conduct relief activities
in times of calamities
• this program was limited by small fund, clashes between
capital and labor and difficulties in the enforcement of
laws
• local officials blocked the implementation of social
justice
• caciques were determined to maintain their power and
wealth — organizing landlord associations to restrict
peasant movements
• tenancy law only took effect on municipalities passing
the resolution but municipal councils were landlords
themselves
• Dept. of Labor was short of personnel to check on
mines and factories to insure safety regulations
• there were child labors
• Labor Arbitration Act was unable to peacefully
arbitrate disputes
• Quezon was sympathetic to the masses but he also prey
to the influence of the elites
• the program failed because Quezon lacked money and
honest civil service to counteracr the means of sabotage
used by the powerful landed and sectional interests
• peasant movements arose from Central Luzon and
Visayas, demanding relief from the abuses while caciques
organize their private armies to restrict the activities of
peasants
V. Education During the Commonwealth
• social justice can also be achieved through the
development of a system of education
• National Council of Education was created and Osmeña,
a Filipino, headed the Dept. of Education
• 7th grade was eliminated and double-single session was
instituted resulting to an increase in the enrollment of
primary schools
• the facilities can't keep up with the population
• the curriculum wasn't related to national needs
• National Assembly revised the public elementary school
system and institutionalized the principle of universal
compulsory education
• schools were used to produce skills and dignify labor as
students need to take vocational courses
• general vocational schools didn't become popular:
• difficulty of finding employment in the vocations
• manual labor wasn't held in high esteem
• there was also adult education to eliminate illiteracy and
to give vocational and citizenship training
• Quezon's dream of building a literate society was only
realized in some parts of our country but the hope of
eradicating poverty through education was unfulfilled
• those who made it through the elementary grades can't
make it to high school because their families can't afford
the cost of education
• the increase of educational institutions led to the
decrease in quality of education
VI. The National Language
• Quezon thought that a national language would foster
national unity and identity
• Institute of National Language was created to study the
diff. Phil. languages for adoption of national language
• Tagalog became the basis of the national language • there was an idea of letting the US retain the Philippines
indefinitely as independence would not make the
• Quezon authorized the printing of a dictionary and economic situation better
grammar prepared vy the Institute
• Quezon wanted to prolonged the preferential free trade
• national language was ordered to be taught in all schools with the US and its naval and military protection but the
Filipinos didn't like it so he later backed off
VII. Economic Development
• the economic problem should be blame on:
• there was a problem adjusting economically as we long
depended on US • Phil. businessmen settling for trade preferences than
changing production and marketing
• foreign control, specifically Chinese and Japanese, of
vital sectors of Phil. resources is another economic • Commonwealth gov't as military was given attention to
problem (22% of the national budget went to it)
• agriculture prosper during the Commonwealth • the colonial type export-import economy strengthen
agricultural sector
• the Phil. can be one of the great food-suplus-producing
areas but it was also one of the major food deficit areas X. Alien Control of the Economy
• industrialization was at an extremely low level as Filipino • Filipinos didn't control their economy as aside from
capital was no match to foreign's Americans, Chinese and Japanase control were also
evident
VIII. Trade Relations with the United States
• Chinese controlled retail trade while Japanese became
• Phil. economy depended on American market
the chief seller of cotton piece goods
• Sales on US increaed because of free trade and sales to
• Japanese immigrants also stayed in Manila and Davao
foreign countries become less
• Anti-Dummy Law was passed, punishing Filipinos who
• in Tydings-McDuffie Act, free trade continues for 5 years
allowed themselves to be used as "dummies" by alien
and for the last 5 years, there would 5% of the appropriate
businessmen
tariffs levied each year
• Immigration Law limited to 500 the number of quota
• after Commonwealth, full tariff will apply
immigrants permitted annually to enter the Phil.
• during the transition, there are no reciprocal limits or
• National Credit Corporation encouraged Filipinos to
duties on American products entering the Phil.
engage in retail trade
• crops were the focused of Phil. export to US that we
• National Economic Protectionism Association (NEPA)
forgot to pay attention to handicrafts
developed Filipino preference for products made
• this led to "colonial type national economy", dependent
• Manila Trading Center distributed products through
on agricultural raw material exports
Manila Carnival
• upon the enactment of Tydings-McDuffie Act, Filipino
• Key to Economic Nationalism (KENA) was launched,
businessmen said that the 10-year transition was too short
promoting Filipino participation in domestic trade and
to restructure the Phil. economy
commerce and Filipino patronization of local products
• a Joint Preparatory Committee made the Phil. Economic
• at some time, Japanese opened sites for their projects at
Adjustment Act wherein the increase in export tax was
Mindanao
removed and a declining duty-free quota was substituted
• attention in crops shifted from sugar and tobacco to
IX. Philippine Independence Re-Examined
onions, cotton and rubber
• at first, Quezon thought that independence would solve
• NaPoCor exploited the hydro-electric resources of the
the economic problems of the country
country and undertook research and development for
industrialization
• Quezon believed in gov't leadership for the betterment
of the country's economy
• National Economic Council was created to direct the
economic activities of the Commonwealth
XI. "Partyless Democracy"
• Commonwealth was "Quezon gov't"
• Quezon interfered and manipulated legislature and
politicians became subservient to him
• he eliminated all elite opposition within and without the
Nacionalist Party resulting to "partyless democracy"
• American High Commissioner FrancisnSayre worried
about permitting the president two 4-year terms instead
of one 6-year term as it may led to dictatorship but
Quezon said he should mind his own business
• Quezon believed in "the good of the state was prevail"
• the failure of having a balanced party system led to an
"irresponsible autocracy"
• the Commonwealth era was messed up as economy was
troubled and social tenstion were increasing
• legislative didn't pass programs for economic and social
development
• the inequality of wealth and power was still there
• Quezon never gave attention to economic problems 'til
the transition but his term wasn't enough to provide
solution
CHAPTER 20: Results of the American Occupation
• there were both positive and negative results of
American occupation
I. Progress in Education
• American educational system emphasized the
democratic traditions and the practical application of laws
and principles
• the study of religion was optional
• Americans compel the Filipinos to learn the English
language
• enrollment of children in public schools was compulsory
and to encourage parents to send their children to schools,
the American authorities gave the students free books and
school supplies
• first public school teachers were American soldiers who
later replacer by the "Thomasites", American teachers on
board the S. S. Thomas
• Filipino students who excel were sent to US as
pensionados
• higher education was provided by the establishemnt of
UP
• UST and some other schools continued to use Spanish as
the medium of instruction but later used English to keep
up with the competition
• gov't examinations were conducted in English and
English became the language of instruction in all schools
• US educational system increased the rate of Filipino
literacy
• there was also an adult education program
• UP launched a campaign of literacy in the rural areas
II. Public Health and Welfare
• US introduced scientific program of public health and
welfare
• deadly diseases were evident and even if the Spaniards
introduced vaccination and health offices, Americans'
establishment of the Quarantine Service supervised by
competent American health officers minimized the
epidemics migrated in our country
• infant mortality and incidence of othee diseases were
reduced by the introduction of new methods of
prevention and treatment and by educating the people
about hygiene and sanitation amid the superstitutions of
Filipinos when it comes to germs
• Board of Public Health was created
• field men were sent to provinces to orient people about
hygiene and sanitation
• medicial establishments were built to take care of sick
and infected people
• asylums for the orphans, the insane and the juvenile
offenders were founded
• these orphans and delinquents were given vocational
training for their rehabilitation
• salt-and-rice nutrition was replaced by a balanced diet
III. Trade, Commerce and Industry
• our economy can be characterized by our free trade
relations with the US
• the Payne-Aldrich Act paved way to the freedom of duty
but imposition of quota for Phil. exports
• Underwood-Simmons Tariff Act abolished the quota
• the free trade relations with the US boosted the Phil.
export but fall back on the Great Depression
• domestic trade also developed but aliens handle our
local trade
• Phil. also engaged into factories such as textile factories,
sawmills, fish-canning, alcohol distilleries and sugar
centrals
• Mining also became the backbone of our economy
IV. Transportation and Communication
• cars, trucks and railway cars speeded up the means of
transportation
• gov't acquired the Manila-Dagupan Railway Company
and extended it to the north and south of Luzon
• water transportation was developed, too, as inter-island
shipping was encouraged
• US colonial gov't opened more ports to domestic
shipping and legislature passed a law providing that only
ships owned locally could engage in inter-island shipping
• telephone lines and radio-telephone services were
introduced in Manila
• towns and provincial capitals were linkes together by
telephones, telegraph lines and radio
• mail offices handled various mail, telegrams and
packages
• self-interest also played a role in these improvements as
those roads, railways and bridges made way for better
importation of American goods
V. Individual Freedoms
• Americans introduced the democratic principle of
equality
• Filipinos weren't free during the early years of American
occupation because of Sedition and Flag Law
• Except for the two laws, Filipinos practiced their
freedoms — freedom of religious worship, freedom of
press, freedom to speech
• we already know freedom and democracy before
Americans came but they made the principles of it apply to
all
• despite the Sedition Law, some writers were able to
write and attack the US gov't such as El Renacimiento and
its article "Aves de Rapiña" revealing the works of Interior
Secretary Dean Worchester
• the Secretary filed libel and the editor, Teodoro M.
Kalaw was imprisoned
• freedom was also exercised in writing nationalistic plays
such as Aurelio Tolentino's Kahapon, Ngayon at Bukas and
Juan Abad's Tanikalang Ginto
• Tolentino was jailed for the said play
VI. Political Consciousness
• Americans brought partisan politics in the Phil.
• municipal elections were the first taste of American
politics
• with the founding of political parties, Filipinos began to
understand how politics works
• until approximately 1916, Phil. elections were honest but
later on, corrupted politicians were given birth just like
how elections work in US
• many candidates saw the power of the election for their
personal benefit
• nonetheless, the control of law-making body and the
utilization of political process to achieve independence
were clear manifestations of political consciousness
VII. Language and Literature
• development of Filipino literature in English and
adoption of American words and phrases in the Philippine
languages
• with the use of English as a medium of instruction, many
Filipino writers started to use English as their medium of
creative expression
• some of the pioneers were Juan F. Salazar, Bernardo P.
Garcia and Maximo M. Kalaw while the some of second
generation included Carlos P. Romulo, Eliseo Quirino and
Vicente M. Hilario
• Filipino writers began writing short stories, novels and
dramas in English
• the outbreak of WWII was dominated by some writers of
UP like Salvador P. Lopez, Manuel Arguilla and Bienvenido
N. Santos with some "outsiders" like N. V. M. Gonzalez, A.
E. Litiaco and Aurelio Alvero

• some English words that were adopted into Tagalog

includes bulakbol (blackball), basket, bistik (beef steak)
and kendi (candy)

• translation of English phrases to our national language

later began

IX. Negative Results

• American mode of living were first considered luxuries

and later became necessities

• the American standard of living made Filipinos

dependent on US economically, neglecting other Filipino
industries

• Stateside is the best while Philippine-made is inferior

• Americans smothered the Filipinos with "kindness"

resulting to the de-Filipinization of the Filipinos (loose
family ties, adoration of American culture)

• criticizing the US or any American is a display of being

disrespectful

• we also adopted American materialism through the

American "movies" we watched

• "success" is equated with material possessions

• Filipinos poets and writers were ridiculed as "filosopos"

• Filipinos excel as imitators with "movies" playing a big

role as gangsterism and betrayals came from US films