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BIORENTATION
SYSTEM
5
1
OVERVIEW
Performance
research
State-of-the-art in
bioretention design
Design tools
1
OVERVIEW
What is Bioretention?
Filtering stormwater runoff through a terrestrial aerobic (upland) plant
/ soil / microbe complex to remove pollutants through a variety of
physical, chemical and biological processes.
The word “bioretention” was derived from the fact that the biomass of
the plant / microbe (flora and fauna) complex retains or uptakes many
of the pollutants of concern such as N, P and heavy metals.
It is the optimization and combination of bioretention, biodegradation,
physical and chemical that makes this system the most efficient of all
BMP’s
1 OVERVIEW
The systems integrate vegetation, such as trees, shrubs and grasses, and layered media
using soil, sand and mulches
1 OVERVIEW
TYPICAL PLAN AND SECTION
1 INTRODUCTION
SYSTEM COMPONENT
2” Mulch
2’ Existing Ground
2” Mulch
Existing Ground
2’
Drain Pipe
2” Mulch
Existing Ground
2’
Sandy Organic Soil
Drain Pipe
Gravel
Moderately Pervious Soils
1
INTRODUCTION
Plant-and-Microbe-Mediated Pollutant Removal
Phytoremediation
◦ Translocate
◦ Accumulate
◦ Metabolize
◦ Volatilize
◦ Detoxify
◦ Degrade
◦ Exudates
Bioremediation
Soils
◦ Capture / Immobilize Pollutants
1
INTRODUCTION
Nitrogen Removal
Step 1: Nitrification
◦ Ammonia/urea → nitrate
◦ Aerobic process
◦ Nitrate is highly mobile, and tends to be exported
Step 2: Denitrification
◦ Nitrate → nitrogen gas
◦ Anaerobic process
◦ May occur in gravel storage layer beneath underdrain
1
INTRODUCTION
Phosphorus Removal
High p-index
soils export
phosphorus
Measured
by the p-
index of the
topsoil used
to mix BSM
Dependent on the
amount of
phosphorus present
in the BSM
1
INTRODUCTION
Other Pollutants
Heavy metals
◦ Adsorb to clay and humus in BSM
◦ May be taken up by plants
Organics (oil and grease, pathogens, PAHs, etc)
◦ Filtered by mulch and BSM
◦ Digested by microbes
◦ Taken up by plants
TSS
◦ Filtered by mulch and BSM
◦ Bioturbation by earthworms may prevent clogging
1 INTRODUCTION
1 INTRODUCTION
BIORETENTION AREA
(SOURCES : CPSWQ)
BIOFILTRATION STRIP
1 INTRODUCTION
BIORETENTION AREA
A Bioretention A Bioretention
Bioretention Grass filter strips can be
system constructed system constructed
facility for used along the edge of
as a depressed as a depressed
driveway runoff impervious areas.
island in the middle island in the middle
of the access of the access
driveways. driveways.
1 INTRODUCTION
APPLICATION
1 INTRODUCTION
APPLICATION
Off-line Bioretention System for use with Swales Bioretention System for use in Parking Lots
1 INTRODUCTION
APPLICATION IN MALAYSIA
Present Outlook of Bioretention Basin at Humid Tropics Centre Kuala Lumpur (HTCKL)
1 INTRODUCTION
APPLICATION IN MALAYSIA
Field experiments
Small events produced zero effluent, Pollutant Mass removal
so comparing inflow/outflow EMC TSS 57 %
underestimates removal TP 78 %
Mass removal is a better metric, but Cu 80 %
produces misleadingly low removal Pb 86 %
rates for pollutants occurring at low
concentrations (e.g. Cu, Pb, and Zn) Zn 62 %
NO3-N 93 %
1 INTRODUCTION
Bioretention Pollutant Removal
University of Maryland
Box Experiments
Cumulative
Depth Phos-
(ft) Copper Lead Zinc phorus TKN Ammonia Nitrate
Removal Efficiency (%)
1 90 93 87 0 37 54 -97
2 93 99 98 73 60 86 -194
3 93 99 99 81 68 79 23
Field 97 96 95 65 52 92 16
Site with land surface that permits the dispersion of flows relatively
uniform.
The systems should not be located near building areas (unless the
design incorporates adequate waterproofing measures and are
approved by a geotechnical engineer), well heads, and septic
systems.
2
DESIGN CONSIDERATION
A. GENERAL – SITING
However, by employing
drainage runoff dispersion
techniques and retaining flows greater than the 5-
existing contours, year ARI storm event
concentrated quantities of will require
flow can be reduced below channel/pipe enclosure
these thresholds, across developed lots.
eliminating or reducing the
need for a channel/pipe
conveyance system
2
DESIGN CONSIDERATION
A. GENERAL - SLOPE
1. impermeable system :
clayey and poorly drained soils
2. permeable systems :
sandy and well drained
saturated hydraulic conductivities of higher than 13mm/hr.
lower saturated hydraulic conductivity of less than 13mm/hr
Results into prohibitively large bioretention area.
more susceptible to clogging & require enhanced pretreatment.
2
DESIGN CONSIDERATION
A. GENERAL - GROUNDWATER
Bioretention systems should be located above the groundwater table
to ensure that groundwater never intersects with the bottom of the
bioretention system
prevents possible groundwater contamination and system failure.
The minimum vertical distance between seasonal high water table and
bottom of bioretention system should be 0.6m.
GWT : 0.6 m
2
DESIGN CONSIDERATION
B. SYSTEM DESIGN – PRETRETAMENT
ii. Runoff enters the bioretention area as sheet flow after passing
through grass buffer strips with reduced velocity and less
particulate.
FLOW ENTER
SYSTEM :
SUBSERFACE PIPE,
OPEN
CHANNEL/SWALE
V ELOCITY
AROUND INLET <
0.5 M/S
2
DESIGN CONSIDERATION
B. SYSTEM DESIGN – BASIN / PONDING AREA
1. Provides surface storage of stormwater runoff before it filters through the soil
bed
2. Depth : 150-300mm
3. Freeboard depth : maximum 150mm (allow surcharge > 3 mth yr ARI)
4. Drain within 24 hours
DEPTH : 50-100
mm retains moisture in the plant root zone
1 2 3
Function Depth Layer
provides water 450 mm to 1000 sandy loam,
and nutrients to mm. loamy sand, or
support plant loam texture
life with clay
content ranging
from 10 to 25%.
Hydraulic Permeable
4 conductivity, k 5 substrata 6 Organic matter
Natural soil 25 % porosity 15 %
profile of silt
loam : 13
mm/hr
2
DESIGN CONSIDERATION
B. SYSTEM DESIGN – PLANTING SOIL BED
Max hydraulic
7 8 9
Clay PH conductivity
≤ 25 % 5.5 – 6.5 Not higher than
200 mm/hr
NOTE : design Infiltration rate (fd) = ½ infiltration rate soil texture analysis
2
DESIGN CONSIDERATION
B. SYSTEM DESIGN – SAND BED IN PERMEABLE SYSTEM
Thickness : 200-300mm
Granular :
100-150 mm
thick / suitable
geotextile
fabric
2
DESIGN CONSIDERATION
B. SYSTEM DESIGN – PLANTS & LANDSCAPING
PRIMARY SECONDARY
incorporate features to
reduce the long term
maintenance
For those practices that are designed For those systems that are designed
with an under drain without an under drain
(impermeable system) (permeable system)
3
SIZING PROCEDURE
B. MAXIMUM INFILTRATION RATE
ii. 150mm in diameter For circular perforated pipes flowing full, using Manning
Equation the flow in pipe (Qpipe) :
iii. maximum infiltration
rate > capacity of the
pipe => multiple pipes
3
SIZING PROCEDURE
D. OUTLET STRUCTURE
SCOUR VELOCITY, V =
V during minor storms V during major storms
(2 – 10 year ARI) (50 – 100 year ARI)
Q minor or Q minor
< 0.5 m/s < 1.5 m/s
cross section area
hydraulic diameter, DH
hydraulic diameter, DH
(Trapezoid channel)
4 DESIGN STEP
APPENDIX 9.A
EXAMPLE -
IMPERMEABLE
BIORETENTION
SYSTEM