Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Write your first draft on the computer or by hand. If you are writing by hand ,
use a pencil. Leave wide margins for notes.
Leave space between lines for additions and corrections
Write quickly. Don´t worry about neatness or accuracy
If you can´t think of a word in English, write it in your own language. Look up
the word in a dictionary later.
If you can´t spell a word, write it any way you can. Then check the word in a
dictionary or use a spellcheck when you have finished.
If you are writing by hand: copy your corrected work neatly onto a clean
sheet of paper
Use a pen and leave a margin on the left-hand side
Make sure your paragraphs are clearly indicated
NOTE ……………………………………………………………………………………
You can indicate the beginning of a paragraph by:
WRITER´S CHECKLIST
ORGANIZATION
CONTENT
LANGUAGE
□ My grammar is correct
□ My spelling is correct
□ My word order is correct
□ My punctuation is correct
2 □ I used capital letter correctly
□ I used adjectives and adverbs correctly
Prewrite
Draft
Write a first draft and get feedback either from peers in a writer’s
response group or from teacher. At this stage feedback should focus on:
-clear purpose
-sense of audience
-organized and well-developed ideas
Revise
Use feedback to “re-visit” the first draft, clearing up any ambiguities and
developing ideas.
Proofread
Publish
CONNECTORS
Connectors are linking words which join ideas and show how those ideas are related
to one another. They also help us to organize our writing and make it easy for the
reader to follow.
Purpose Examples
Adding points And /in addition/furthermore/moreover/what´s more/besides/
also/too/as well as/
To express a But/ however/nevertheless/yet/still/although/ even if/ even
contrast though/ in spite of/ despite
To describe a Because (of)/since/ due to/ as / as a result of/one/another reason
cause or for…is…
reason
To describe a So/ therefore/consequently/thus/ as a result/ as a consequence/
result for this reason/ that is why
To show In order to/so as to/so that/to
purpose
To describe Similarly/likewise/in the same way
similarity
To express In my opinion/ I (strongly) believe (that)/ I think/feel(that)/ in my
personal view/ it seems to me (that) personally/ as I see it
opinions
To introduce In fact/ as a matter of fact/actually/ the truth is (that)
facts
To make In general/generally/ as a rule/ on the whole
general
statements
To list points To begin/ start with / in the first place / first of all / for one
thing/ firstly, secondly, thirdly/finally/ lastly
To introduce On the one hand/ on the other hand/in contrast/ contrary to/ it
opposing can also be argued that/ but there are people who say/think (that)
points
To show First/at first/ in the beginning/before/
sequence next/then/soon/meanwhile/later/after that/ afterwards/ at last/
eventually/ finally/ in the end/ during/ when
To show time When/while/before/ after/ until/ as soon as/ by the time
To conclude In conclusion/ to sum up/ in short/ all in all
Linking words
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Linking words help you to connect ideas and sentences, so that people can
follow what you say. Here is a list of linkers:
Giving examples
..........................................................................................................
.....................
For example
For instance
Namely
The most common way of giving examples is by using for example or for
instance.
“There are two problems: namely, the expense and the time.”
Adding information
..........................................................................................................
................
And
In addition
As well as
Also
Too
Furthermore
Moreover
Apart from
In addition to
Besides
Ideas are often linked by and. In a list, you put a comma between each item,
but not before and.
Also is used to add an extra idea or emphasis. "We also spoke about
marketing."
5 "We are concerned not only by the costs, but also by the competition."
We don't usually start a sentence with also. If you want to start a sentence
with a phrase that means also, you can use In addition, or In addition to
this…
Too goes either at the end of the sentence, or after the subject and means as
well.
Apart from and besides are often used to mean as well as, or in addition to.
Moreover and furthermore add extra information to the point you are
making.
"Marketing plans give us an idea of the potential market. Moreover, they tell
us about the competition."
Summarising
..........................................................................................................
.....................
In short
In brief
In summary
To summarise
In a nutshell
To conclude
6 In conclusion
Sequencing ideas
..........................................................................................................
................
The former and the latter are useful when you want to refer to one of two
points.
"Marketing and finance are both covered in the course. The former is studied
in the first term and the latter is studied in the final term."
Firstly, … secondly, … finally (or lastly) are useful ways to list ideas.
It's rare to use "fourthly", or "fifthly". Instead, try the first point, the second
point, the third point and so on.
Giving a reason
..........................................................................................................
.....................
7 "Due to the rise in oil prices, the inflation rate rose by 1.25%."
"Owing to the demand, we are unable to supply all items within 2 weeks."
If you want to follow these words with a clause (a subject, verb and object),
you must follow the words with the fact that.
"Due to the fact that oil prices have risen, the inflation rate has gone up by
1%25."
"Owing to the fact that the workers have gone on strike, the company has
been unable to fulfil all its orders."
Because / because of
Since / as
Giving a result
..........................................................................................................
.........................
Therefore
So
Consequently
This means that
8 As a result
Therefore, so, consequently and as a result are all used in a similar way.
So is more informal.
Contrasting ideas
..........................................................................................................
.....................
But
However
Although / even though
Despite / despite the fact that
In spite of / in spite of the fact that
Nevertheless
Nonetheless
While
Whereas
Unlike
In theory… in practice…
But is more informal than however. It is not normally used at the beginning
of a sentence.
Despite and in spite of are used in the same way as due to and owing to.
They must be followed by a noun. If you want to follow them with a noun and
a verb, you must use the fact that.
9 "Despite the fact that the company was doing badly, they took on extra
employees."
"The sea was cold, but he went swimming nevertheless." (In spite of the fact
that it was cold.)
"The company is doing well. Nonetheless, they aren't going to expand this
year."
While, whereas and unlike are used to show how two things are different
from each other.
"Taxes have gone up, whereas social security contributions have gone down."
"In theory, teachers should prepare for lessons, but in practice, they often
don't have enough time."
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WRITING A PARAGRAPH
A paragraph consists of several sentences about a certain topic. It has the following
parts:
The parts of a paragraph should flow logically. The paragraph must be easy to
understand. You can accomplish this by:
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SELECTIVITAT FORMATS
A FOR AND AGAINST ESSAY
It is usually about a controversial issue. It presents both sides of the issue and then
concludes by supporting one of the sides. Look at the topic below. Then study the
plan and read the model.
Topic: Write a for and against essay on a topic connected to home schooling
Plan:
On the one hand, home schooling means that parents are able to cater
to their children´s individual needs. For instance, parents can
encourage their children to explore their own interests. In addition,
parents can include important subjects that are often neglected in
normal schools, such as art and music. Moreover, parents can protect
their children from bullying and teasing.
On the other hand, children who are home schooled often have fewer
opportunities to participate in team sports and in other extra-curricular
activities. Furthermore, since home-schooled children are exposed to
fewer kids, they may not learn social skills that are necessary if they
want to live peaceably with others.
Useful connectors:
12 On the one hand, on the other hand, It is true that, Firsly, Secondly, Thirdly, For
example, For instance, such as, Furthermore, However, Nevertheless, Due to, As a
result, I believe that, In my opinion, In my view, The question is whether, In
addition, Consequently, In conclusion, To sum up…
AN OPINION ESSAY
An opinion essay states an opinion and tries to convince the reader that this opinion
is correct. Look at the topic below. Then study the plan and read the model
Plan:
It is well known that teen drivers are often involved in fatal driving
accidents. In order to help deal with this issue, some governments
around the world have proposed that new teen drivers should bee
required to drive with adult supervision for a period of time. While this
suggestion may sound like a good way to save lives, in my opinion, it
will not solve the problem.
Secondly, I believe that the more time a driver spends on the road, the
better his or her driving ability will be. By preventing new drivers from
driving without adult supervision, new drivers will inevitably gain less
driving experience since they will only be able to drive when an adult
supervisor is free to accompany them.
In short, forcing young drivers to drive with adult supervision will not
reduce the number of teen fatalities. It is only by educating teenagers
and adults about the importance of safe driving that we can hope to
make a difference.
Useful connectors:
A NARRATIVE
A narrative is a story about a series of events and the people involved in them. Look
at the topic below. Then study the plan and read the model.
Plan:
I got onto the train and looked for a place to sit. I walked up and down
the aisles for some time until I found an empty seat next to an elderly
man who was reading a newspaper. Relieved, I sat down and took out
my book.
As soon as I had begun reading, I felt that the man was watching me. I
felt very uncomfortable. I wanted to move but there were no empty
seats. Finally, the train pulled into Kings Cross station. I rushed off the
train, eager to escape the stare of the old man.
“Wait!” he shouted. I stopped. The man stretched out his hand and I
could see that he was holding something. “Your hat”, he said. “You left
it on the train”. At that moment I realized that I had jumped to the
wrong conclusion.
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Useful connectors:
Connectors of sequence- At first, before, after that, next, later, when, then, until,
as soon as, soon, suddenly, while, during, eventually, in the end, meanwhile.
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A SUMMARY
A summary provides the reader with the main points of an article in as few words as
possible. A summary usually does not include the writer´s opinion and it is written in
his or her words where possible. Look at the topic below. Then read the original
article and the model summary.
Plan:
Baby Einstein DVDs are specifically aimed at babies and toddlers. These popular DVDs
feature classical music, and babies seem to love watching them. Not only do the DVDs
provide busy parents with a break from having to care for their infant, they are also
said to have educational benefits. Yet recent research suggests that these DVDs may
not be as beneficial to children as parents may like to believe. In fact, there is
evidence to suggest that television viewing between the ages of 1 and 3 could in fact
be harmful to them.
Research at the University of Washington found that babies who had watched baby
videos scored about 10 % lower on language skills than those who had not. In addition,
experts have shown that baby videos may also be associated with attention problems
later on. They claim that the more television children watch in their early years, the
shorter their attention spans later in life.
The Campaign for a Commercial-Free Childhood is a group which has been fighting
baby media companies for some time in an attempt to get them to admit that baby
videos are not educational. They claim that the entire marketing strategy of
companies like Baby Einstein is based on false and misleading claims that the videos
are educational. Recently, the Baby Einstein company announced that they would give
a full refund to anyone who had bought one of the DVDs in the last five years and
wished to return it. The campaigners see the recent announcement as an unspoken
admission that they did mislead the public and that the DVDs have no educational
value.
Yet it will be interesting to see how many parents will actually claim the refund and
return the DVDs to the company. Although the videos may not turn their children into
geniuses, as they might have hoped, they continue to keep them occupied and
stimulated, without the need for parental involvement. That may well be something
that parents are not willing to give up.
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MODEL SUMMARY:
DVDs designed specifically for babies and toddlers are very popular. Yet
recent research has suggested that they may in fact be harmful to
children´s development . In view of those findings, a recent campaign
has accused media companies of deliberately misleading parents by
implying that these products have educational value. Consequently,
the baby Einstein company has agreed to give a refund to parents
wishing to return the DVDs, although it is uncertain how many parents
will accept their offer.
Useful language:
TIP: Leave out less important examples and details. Shorten or combine
sentences and try to use your own words.
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A DESCRIPTION OF AN EVENT
A description of an event gives a clear impression of what the writer experiences. It
usually includes details of the writer´s senses and how the writer felt there. Look at
the topic below. Then study the plan and read the model.
Plan:
The Wedding
When I arrived, the wedding hall was already full of people. People
were standing around talking excitedly and there was a real buzz in the
air. The room was beautifully decorated with flowers and balloons and
the sweet smell of the flowers hung in the air. I couldn´t help but feel
excited. It felt as if something very special was about to happen.
As she walked past in her beautiful white dress, my cousin turned and
smiled at me. She looked so happy. I realized that I wouldn´t have
missed this occasion for the world!
Useful connectors:
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A DESCRIPTION OF A PLACE
When we describe a place, we want to describe what the place looks like and to give
an impression of the atmosphere. Look at the topic below. Then study the plan and
read the model.
Plan:
The museum has got two main galleries, the Life Galleries and the Earth
Galleries. The Life Galleries offer displays of nearly all living things on
earth, from gigantic dinosaurs and huge whales to the tiniest birds and
insects. In the Earth Galleries, visitors can explore natural phenomena
such as earthquakes and volcanoes and examine thousands of fossils and
precious stones.
19 Useful language:
The first thing people notice …, It is located…, The scenery is…, it offers…, I can
recommend…, You shouldn´t miss…, I love… when I go there, Most people in …work
as …In short/conclusion,…
AN INFORMAL LETTER
When we write an informal letter, we are usually congratulating, persuading or
asking for/giving some information. Look at the topic below. Then study the plan and
read the model.
Plan:
Thanks for your email! It´s great the summer is nearly here, isn´t it?
The adventure holiday you mentioned sounds like a great idea! Do you know if
they offer rock climbing and canoeing? I hope so?
Body I´d love to come for two weeks, but my sisters getting married during the
first week so I – obviously!- have to be here. I could come for the second
week, though. You didn´t say how much it costs. I can only afford £200, so I
hope it´s not more than that!
Conclusion One more question for now – what´s the best way to get to Wales from
Closing London? Is there a train or a bus that goes near the place?
Susan
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AN ARTICLE
An article is usually written for different kinds of magazines or newspapers. Look at
the topic below. Then study the plan and read the model.
Topic: Write an article for an international magazine giving your suggestions about
what the future holds.
Plan:
TITLE
What the future holds
What will life be like in fifty year´s time? It´s impossible to know for
certain, but there´s one thing we can be sure of. In some ways, life for
our grandchildren will be very different from life today. Let´s just
imagine some of the possibilities.
One thing that is changing very rapidly is technology. You can bet that
our grandchildren will live in a world where everything and everybody
relies on computers. Transport will also change, and perhaps we´ll have
cars that fly. Maybe our grandchildren will find themselves stuck in
traffic jams in the sky!
So, like the present, I believe the future will have its good points and
its bad points. I, for one, can´t wait to find out!
Useful language:
Rhetorical questions: Have you ever…? Are you one of those people who…? What do you think about…?
Introducing first point: Firstly, First of all, In the first place, To begin with, One thing to consider is…
Introducing further points: Secondly, In addition (to this), Yet another…, Apart from that…
Introducing final points: So, in conclusion, To sum up, To conclude
21 Introducing your opinion: In my opinion, If you ask me, To my mind, Personally, I believe that…, In my
view…
A FORMAL LETTER
When we write a formal letter, we are usually requesting information, applying for a
job or course, or writing to complain. Look at the topic below. Then study the plan
and read the model.
Topic: Write a formal letter applying for the job of sales assistant in a shop.
Plan:
23 Daylon lane
Norwood
Zarat Fashions
68 Boyers Street
London
I feel that I would be suitable for this job because I have always had an
eye for fashion and feel that I could help customers choose clothes that
are suitable for them. I am also extremely responsible, organized and
hard working.
I look forward to hearing from you in the near future. I have enclosed
my CV and would be happy to attend an interview at a time convenient
for you. Thank you for considering my application.
Yours faithfully,
Marianne Edwards
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MINOR FORMATS
1. A speech
Therefore the first step is to Choose a Topic after Learning who the
audience will be.
Once that is done, you must Write a statement of purpose for the speech.
Next, do the required research so that your speech is accurate and extensive.
After this you need to start writing your speech. But first, you must create an
outline.The outline must have an Introduction, Body of Speech and Ending.
Under each of those headings, place notes from the research, anecdotes,
quotes etc.
Once you decide this, you must also decide how to Start and End your speech.
To begin, you may Tell a Story, Use Humour, Use a snappy quote, or you may
start by getting your readers’ attention by Reading some startling statistics or
by Asking thought-provoking questions.The end must be dramatic, conclusive
and must leave a lasting impression on the listener’s mind. You may use the
same strategies that you used for the beginning.
Now you must start writing the Body of the Speech. Make sure that the
different points flow into each other and that you’ve not digressed from your
statement of purpose. Go back and read what you’ve written. Make any
adjustments that you think are needed. Put yourself in the audience’s shoes
and try to listen and see if your speech makes sense.
Example: You are a young painter who is thanking an art gallery for
displaying your first exhibition.
1. Organise!
Remember: The kind of language you use depends on the occasion and
the audience. If it is a formal occasion, you will use formal language
like that in the example. If it is an informal gathering, your language
can be less formal and more everyday.
2.A dialogue:
I: Mrs Cross, I understand that you have some very strong views on St. George´s Day.
I: I see. What would you say to those people who think that a new holiday would be
too expensive?
G: I can understand their concern, but I also think that St. George´s Day is a great
business opportunity. People will want to spend their money on going out and having
fun.
I: Some people are also concerned that the day might have racist connotations.
G: Absolutely not! This day is for everyone who loves in England, no matter what
their colour or background. We need to show the racists that they´ve completely
misunderstood.
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PPAAU
U:: AAnnggllèèss ..EEssttrruuccttuurraa ddee ll''eexxaam
meenn ii ccrriitteerriiss ggeenneerraallss dd''aavvaalluuaacciióó..
Estructura de l'examen
Criteris generals d'avaluació
Estructura de l'examen
a. Una breu introducció per fer que l'oient es familiaritzi amb les veus, el tema,
el ritme i l'acústica de la gravació. El text de la introducció podrà ser llegit
alhora que escoltat.
b. Una pausa inicial per a que l'alumne llegeixi les preguntes de comprensió.
c. Primera audició del text.
d. Primera pausa per a completar les respostes.
e. Segona audició del text.
f. Segona pausa per a completar les respostes.
b) Comprensió escrita
Consisteix en una activitat de comprensió d'un text anglès escrit en llenguatge
estàndard, no especialitzat. L'exercici, amb un valor global de fins a quatre punts, té
com objectiu avaluar el nivell de comprensió escrita de l'alumnat. Consta de vuit
preguntes d'opció múltiple (a, b, c, d) sobre aquest text, amb un valor de 0.5
26 cadascuna.
c) Expressió escrita
Consisteix en la producció d'una redacció personal, sobre un tema relacionat amb el
text utilitzat en l'exercici de comprensió lectora. Aquesta redacció, d'una extensió no
inferior a cent paraules, s'haurà d'ajustar a les indicacions de l'opció triada. L'exercici
serà qualificat amb un total de fins a quatre punts.
Composition: 4 points
The following aspects will be evaluated separately on a scale of 0 to 10 points.
1 GGrraam
mmmaarr (25 % of the composition grade)
Two different aspects will be contemplated under this heading:
the range and appropriate use of vocabulary (variety of semantic fields, richness,
phrasal verbs, collocations, idiomatic expressions, linking words,...).
the correct spelling of words.
The clarity of organization of ideas within the sentence, the paragraph and the
text
The clear and correct use of punctuation and text markers.
27 4M
Maattuurriittyy (25 % of the composition grade)
Aspects contemplated in this category:The skillful handling of the topic (clear thinking,
good outline, well-reasoned ideas, creativity, ...)
Reminders
Wrong format: If a composition does not follow the format (letter, dialogue, news report, diary, for and
against argumentation, description, narrative, ...) of the chosen option, it will be penalized up to 1 point.
Copying from the text: the use of full sentences or fragments taken from the text will not be considered as
personal writing.
Insufficient length. Compositions under 100 words will be penalized up to 1 point.
Wrong topic: No points will be given to a composition written on a topic not included in the two given
options.
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SELECTIVITAT
1st term 2nd term 3rd term
FORMATS
A for and x
against essay
A x
formal/informal
letter
Selectivitat
An opinion essay x
A description of x
EXAM PRACTICE
an event/place
A narrative x
A summary x
A dialogue x
A speech x
An article x
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