Music Outline

MUSIC OUTLINE
An important part of the activities of

humankind since the beginning of recorded
history.
Today music plays a vital and important
role in the lives of human beings.
It is found everywhere in our world.
One more stimulus in the vast ocean of
stimuli gathered by our senses daily.
Humans use music for many purposes:

Personal entertainment
Contemplative activities.
Relaxation.
Stimulation.
Music has the power to influence
psychological aspects of behavior both
consciously and unconsciously
- Transmission and Reception of Sound
Three requirements for sound to "occur" in

an environment:
A vibrating source to initiate sound

A medium to transmit sound vibrations
throughout the environment - such as air or
water.
A receiver to hear or record sound
vibrations.
Many varieties of vibrating sources in the
World:
Vocal cords
A membrane of animal hide or synthetic
material
A stretched string that is plucked or
bowed
Objects such as wood, stone, clay, metal
and glass that are struck
Rattling of beads in a small enclosure,
Clapping of hands, singing of
birds, grunts and groans of animals
Buzzing of lips in a small resonating tube
Splitting of an air stream
Small pieces of reed attached to a tube
and set in motion by the action of human
breath
Many, many other natural vibrating
sources.
Sound may also be produced artificially
by electronic synthesis
Music Elements
 Notation
 Melody
 Rhythm
 Harmony
 Texture
 Form
 Dynamics
 Timbre
NOTATION
Written on paper, so that the music may
be performed again and again.
Music notation system
Enjoyment and understanding of most
music is not dependent upon the ability to
read and interpret written music notation.
MELODY - (Line, Space)
Melody—A succession of single tones or
pitches that are perceived to be unified.
Example: Brahms, Symphony
No. 1,
fourth movement
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this album
Characteristics of Melody:
Pitch—The highness or lowness of a

tone, depending on the frequency (rate of
vibration)
Example: Beethoven,
Symphony No. 5 in C minor,
first movement
this album
Interval—The distance and relationship

between two pitches.
Example: Chopin, Prelude in E
minor, Op. 28, No. 4
this album
Range—The distance between the lowest

and highest tones of a melody, an
instrument, or a voice. (narrow, medium
or wide)

Shape—The direction a melody takes as

it turns upward or downward, or remains
static.

Phrase—As in language, a unit of
meaning within a larger structure; thus, a
melody may be divided into component
phrases.
Example: Beethoven,
Symphony No. 9,
fourth movement, "Ode to
Joy"
this album
Cadence—A resting place in a musical

phrase-musical punctuation.

Countermelody—An accompanying
melody playing against the principal
melody.
Example: Sousa, The Stars
and Stripes Forever, Trio
this album
RHYTHM - (Rhythm, Pattern, Repetition,

Time)
Rhythm—The element of time in music.
Example: Ravel, Boléro

this album
Characteristics of Rhythm:
Beat—Regular pulsation; a basic unit of
length in musical time.
Example: Haydn, Symphony
No. 94 (Surprise), third
movement
this album

Accent—Emphasis on a note, so that it is

louder or longer than another.

Tempo—The rate of speed or pace of the

musical pulse. (grave, largo, adagio,
andante, allegro, vivace)

Measure—A rhythmic group or unit that

contains a fixed number of beats, divided
on the musical staff by bar lines.

Meter—The grouping of beats into

larger, regular patterns, notated as
measures.

Upbeat—The last beat of a measure, a
weak beat, which anticipates the downbeat,
the first beat of the next measure.

Downbeat—The first beat of a measure,

the strongest in any meter.

Syncopation—Deliberate upsetting of
the meter or pulse through a temporary
shifting of the accent to a weak beat, or an
offbeat.
Example: Joplin, The
Entertainer
this album
 Polyrhythmic - The simultaneous
use of several rhythmic patterns or
meters.

Nonmetric—Music lacking a strong
sense of beat or meter.
HARMONY - (Balance)
Harmony —The simultaneous combination

of notes and the ensuing relationships of
intervals and chords.
Example: Mozart, Piano

Concerto in C major, K. 467,
second movement
this album
Characteristics of Harmony:
Chord — Simultaneous combination of
tones (typically three or more) that
constitute a single block of harmony.
Example: Chopin, Prelude in E
minor, Op. 28, No. 4
this album
Scale — A series of tones or pitches in

ascending or descending order.
Tonality — The principal of organizing a

work around a central tonic, or home pitch,
based on a major or minor scale.
 Tonic
 Diatonic
 Chromatic
 Consonance
 Dissonance
 Drone
TEXTURE - (Texture)
Texture—The interweaving of melodic

(horizontal) and harmonic elements in the
musical fabric.
Generally described as:
Monophonic one voice/part presents a

single melody.
Example: Gregorian chant,

"Kyrie eleison"
this album
Heterophonic: Two or more voices/parts

elaborate on the same melody
simultaneously.
Homophonic: principle melody and
accompanying harmony.
Example: Mozart, Piano

Concerto in C major, K. 467,
second movement
this album
Polyphonic: two or more melodies

combine into a multi-voiced texture.
Example: Mozart, Requiem,

"Kyrie eleison"
this album
FORM - (Shape, Form)

Form—The structure or shape of a musical
work, based on repetition, contrast, and
variation; the organizing principle of music.
Characteristics of Form:
Repetition—Within a form, repetition

fixes the material in our mind and satisfies
our need for the familiar; it provides unity
to a form. (Pattern)
Example: Saint-
Saëns, Carnival of the
Animals, "Fossils"
this album
Contrast—Within a form, contrast
sustains our interest and feeds our love of
change. (Variety)
Example: Corelli, Suite for
Strings, "Badinerie"
this album
Variation—A principle in which some

aspects of the music are altered but still
recognizable.
Example: Haydn, Symphony

No. 94 (Surprise), second
movement
this album
Repetition, variation, and contrast are the

foundational procedures on which music
composition rests.
Theme—A melodic idea used as a basic
building block in the construction of a
composition. There are a variety of ways to
create thematic development (motive,
sequence, ostinato).
 Motive—A small, thematic

fragment that constitutes a
melodic-rhythmic unit.
 Sequence—A restatement of an
idea at a higher or lower pitch
level.
 Ostinato—A short musical

pattern – melodic, rhythmic, or
harmonic- that is repeated
persistently throughout a work
or major section of a composition.
In this example, a short (four-
note) descending pattern in the
bass is heard throughout under
the voices.
Example: Monteverdi: Lament

of the Nymphs

this album
DYNAMICS - (Emphasis, Subordination,

Value)
Dynamics—Designations for the relative

loudness or quietness of music.

Pianissimo, Piano, Mezzo-piano, Forte,
Fortissimo
Crescendo—The dynamic effect of

gradually growing louder
Decrescendo—The dynamic effect of

gradually growing softer.
Sforzando —A sudden stress or accent

on a single note or chord.
Example: Tchaikovsky, The

Nutcracker, "Trepak"
this album
TIMBRE - (Color)
Timbre—The quality of a sound that
distinguishes one voice or instrument from
another. Also called "tone color."
Characteristics of Timbre:
Voices—The standard voice types are:

(female) soprano, mezzo-soprano, alto;
(male) tenor, baritone, and bass.
Example: Handel, Messiah,

"Hallelujah" Chorus
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album
String family—Two types of

instruments: bowed and plucked. (Violin,
viola, cello, bass, harp and guitar)
Example: Grieg, Peer Gynt Suite,
"Ase's Death"

album
Woodwind family—Instruments where

breath is used to produce sound across a
reed or hole. (Flute, piccolo, clarinet,
bassoon, oboe, bass clarinet and
saxophone).
Example: Beethoven, Symphony

No. 9, fourth movement,
"Turkish March"
album
Brass family—Trumpet, French horn,

trombone and tuba.
Example: Mussorgsky, Pictures
at an Exhibition, "Great Gate of
Kiev"

this album
Percussion family—Instruments that are

played by striking their surface. (Drums,
xylophone, chimes, triangle, etc…)
Keyboards—Instruments that are played

by pressing keys that cause a hammer to
strike a taught string. (Piano, harpsichord,
and synthesizers).
Ensembles—Musical performing
groups (instrumental, vocal and mixed)

Music Outline

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MUSIC OUTLINE

An important part of the activities of

Humans use music for many purposes:

- Transmission and Reception of Sound

Three requirements for sound to "occur" in

A vibrating source to initiate sound

Pitch—The highness or lowness of a

Interval—The distance and relationship

Range—The distance between the lowest

Shape—The direction a melody takes as

Cadence—A resting place in a musical

RHYTHM - (Rhythm, Pattern, Repetition,

Rhythm—The element of time in music.

Example: Ravel, Boléro

Accent—Emphasis on a note, so that it is

Tempo—The rate of speed or pace of the

Measure—A rhythmic group or unit that

Meter—The grouping of beats into

Downbeat—The first beat of a measure,

Harmony —The simultaneous combination

Example: Mozart, Piano

Scale — A series of tones or pitches in

Tonality — The principal of organizing a

Texture—The interweaving of melodic

Generally described as:

Monophonic one voice/part presents a

Example: Gregorian chant,

Heterophonic: Two or more voices/parts

Example: Mozart, Piano

Polyphonic: two or more melodies

Example: Mozart, Requiem,

FORM - (Shape, Form)

Repetition—Within a form, repetition

Variation—A principle in which some

Example: Haydn, Symphony

Repetition, variation, and contrast are the

 Motive—A small, thematic

 Ostinato—A short musical

Example: Monteverdi: Lament

Real Audio: 28K | 56K | About

DYNAMICS - (Emphasis, Subordination,

Dynamics—Designations for the relative

Crescendo—The dynamic effect of

Decrescendo—The dynamic effect of

Sforzando —A sudden stress or accent

Example: Tchaikovsky, The

Voices—The standard voice types are:

Example: Handel, Messiah,

Real Audio: 28K | 56K | About this

String family—Two types of

Real Audio: 28K | 56K | About this

Woodwind family—Instruments where

Example: Beethoven, Symphony

Brass family—Trumpet, French horn,

Real Audio: 28K | 56K | About

Percussion family—Instruments that are

Keyboards—Instruments that are played

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