Table of Contents

Wireless communication......................................................................................................................4
Introduction.......................................................................................................................4
Wireless Services...............................................................................................................4
Wireless networks..............................................................................................................5
Modes................................................................................................................................5
History.........................................................................................................................................5
Photophone........................................................................................................................5
Radio..................................................................................................................................5
Early wireless work...........................................................................................................6
Electromagnetic Spectrum.................................................................................................8
Applications of wireless technology...........................................................................................9
Security systems................................................................................................................9
Television remote control..................................................................................................9
Cellular telephone (phones and modems)........................................................................10
Wi-Fi................................................................................................................................10
Radio communication......................................................................................................10
Amateur radio..................................................................................................................11
Broadcasting....................................................................................................................11
The Advantages Of Wireless Communication...................................................................................14
Abstract...............................................................................................................................................16
Research Focus................................................................................................................16
Issue(s) Addressed...........................................................................................................16
Research Method.............................................................................................................16
Conclusions and Recommendations................................................................................16
Operation............................................................................................................................................17
Algorithm and Data-flow...................................................................................................................18
Transmitter................................................................................................................................18
Checksum..................................................................................................................................18
Receiver....................................................................................................................................19
Transmitter..........................................................................................................................................20
Receiver..............................................................................................................................................21
Transmitter Printed Circuit Board......................................................................................................22
Receiver Printed Circuit Board..........................................................................................................23
Transmitter Code................................................................................................................................24
global.h......................................................................................................................................24
checksum.h................................................................................................................................24
a2d.c..........................................................................................................................................24
tx.c.............................................................................................................................................27
Receiver Code....................................................................................................................................30
sevenseg.h.................................................................................................................................30
checksum.h................................................................................................................................31
rx.c.............................................................................................................................................31
HEX code...........................................................................................................................................34
transmitter.................................................................................................................................34
Receiver....................................................................................................................................35
Conclusion..........................................................................................................................................37
Bibliography.......................................................................................................................................38
Books:.......................................................................................................................................38
Website:.....................................................................................................................................38
License................................................................................................................................................39
Wireless communication
In telecommunication wireless communication is the transfer of information
without the use of wires. The distances involved may be short (a few meters as in
television remote control) or long (thousands or millions of kilometers for radio
communications). The term is often shortened to "wireless". It encompasses various
types of fixed, mobile, and portable two-way radios, cellular telephones, personal
digital assistants (PDAs), and wireless networking. Other examples of wireless
technology include GPS units, garage door openers and or garage doors, wireless
computer mice, keyboards and headsets, satellite television and cordless telephones.

Introduction
Wireless operations permits services, such as long range communications, that are
impossible or impractical to implement with the use of wires. The term is commonly
used in the telecommunications industry to refer to telecommunications systems
(e.g. radio transmitters and receivers, remote controls, computer networks, network
terminals, etc.) which use some form of energy (e.g. radio frequency (RF), infrared
light, laser light, visible light, acoustic energy, etc.) to transfer information without
the use of wires. Information is transferred in this manner over both short and long
distances.

Wireless Services
The term "wireless" has become a generic and all-encompassing word used to
describe communications in which electromagnetic waves or RF (rather than some
form of wire) carry a signal over part or the entire communication path. Common
examples of wireless equipment in use today include:
• Professional LMR (Land Mobile Radio) and SMR (Specialized Mobile Radio)
typically used by business, industrial and Public Safety entities.
• Consumer Two way radio including FRS Family Radio Service, GMRS (General
Mobile Radio Service) and Citizens band ("CB") radios.
• The Amateur Radio Service (Ham radio).
• Consumer and professional Marine VHF radios.
• Cellular telephones and pagers: provide connectivity for portable and mobile
applications, both personal and business.
• Global Positioning System (GPS): allows drivers of cars and trucks, captains of
boats and ships, and pilots of aircraft to ascertain their location anywhere on
earth.
• Cordless computer peripherals: the cordless mouse is a common example;
keyboards and printers can also be linked to a computer via wireless.
• Cordless telephone sets: these are limited-range devices, not to be confused
with cell phones.
• Satellite television: allows viewers in almost any location to select from
hundreds of channels.
• Wireless gaming: new gaming consoles allow players to interact and play in
the same game regardless of whether they are playing on different consoles.
Wireless networks
Wireless networking (i.e. the various types of unlicensed 2.4 GHz WiFi devices) is
used to meet many needs. Perhaps the most common use is to connect laptop users
who travel from location to location. Another common use is for mobile networks
that connect via satellite. A wireless transmission method is a logical choice to
network a LAN segment that must frequently change locations. The following
situations justify the use of wireless technology:
• To span a distance beyond the capabilities of typical cabling,
• To provide a backup communications link in case of normal network failure,
• To link portable or temporary workstations,
• To overcome situations where normal cabling is difficult or financially
impractical, or
• To remotely connect mobile users or networks.

Modes
Wireless communication can be via:
• radio frequency communication,
• microwave communication, for example long-range line-of-sight via highly
directional antennas, or short-range communication, or
• infrared (IR) short-range communication, for example from remote controls
or via Infrared Data Association (IrDA).
Applications may involve point-to-point communication, point-to-multipoint
communication, broadcasting, cellular networks and other wireless networks.

History

Photophone
The world's first, wireless telephone conversation occurred in 1880, when
Alexander Graham Bell and Charles Sumner Tainter invented and patented the
photophone, a telephone that conducted audio conversations wirelessly over
modulated light beams (which are narrow projections of electromagnetic waves). In
that distant era when utilities did not yet exist to provide electricity, and lasers had
not even been conceived of in science fiction, there were no practical applications
for their invention, which was highly limited by the availability of both sunlight and
good weather. Similar to free space optical communication, the photophone also
required a clear line of sight between its transmitter and its receiver. It would be
several decades before the photophone's principles found their first practical
applications in military communications and later in fiber-optic communications.

Radio
The term "wireless" came into public use to refer to a radio receiver or transceiver
(a dual purpose receiver and transmitter device), establishing its usage in the field
of wireless telegraphy early on; now the term is used to describe modern wireless
connections such as in cellular networks and wireless broadband Internet. It is also
used in a general sense to refer to any type of operation that is implemented
without the use of wires, such as "wireless remote control" or "wireless energy
transfer", regardless of the specific technology (e.g. radio, infrared, ultrasonic) used.
While Guglielmo Marconi and Karl Ferdinand Braun were awarded the 1909 Nobel
Prize for Physics for their contribution to wireless telegraphy.

Early wireless work

David E. Hughes, eight years before Hertz's experiments, transmitted radio signals
over a few hundred yards by means of a clockwork keyed transmitter. As this was
before Maxwell's work was understood, Hughes' contemporaries dismissed his
achievement as mere "Induction". In 1885, T. A. Edison used a vibrator magnet for
induction transmission. In 1888, Edison deployed a system of signaling on the
Lehigh Valley Railroad. In 1891, Edison obtained the wireless patent for this method
using inductance (U.S. Patent 465,971).

Illustration 1: Nikola Tesla

In the history of wireless technology, the demonstration of the theory of

electromagnetic waves by Heinrich Hertz in 1888 was important. The theory of
electromagnetic waves was predicted from the research of James Clerk Maxwell and
Michael Faraday. Hertz demonstrated that electromagnetic waves could be
transmitted and caused to travel through space at straight lines and that they were
able to be received by an experimental apparatus. The experiments were not
followed up by Hertz. Jagadish Chandra Bose around this time developed an early
wireless detection device and help increase the knowledge of millimeter length
electromagnetic waves. Practical applications of wireless radio communication and
radio remote control technology were implemented by later inventors, such as
Nikola Tesla.
Electromagnetic Spectrum
Light, colors, AM and FM radio, and electronic devices make use of the
electromagnetic spectrum. In the US, the frequencies that are available for use for
communication are treated as a public resource and are regulated by the Federal
Communications Commission. This determines which frequency ranges can be used
for what purpose and by whom. In the absence of such control or alternative
arrangements such as a privatized electromagnetic spectrum, chaos might result if,
for example, airlines didn't have specific frequencies to work under and an amateur
radio operator were interfering with the pilot's ability to land an airplane. Wireless
communication spans the spectrum from 9 kHz to 300 Ghz.

Illustration 2: The Electromagnetic Spectrum

Applications of wireless technology

Security systems
Wireless technology may supplement or replace hard wired implementations in
security systems for homes or office buildings. It is much safer than wired security
since it cant be disabled by simply breaking the physical connection, as possible
with wired security.

Television remote control

Modern televisions use wireless (generally infrared) remote control units. Now
radio waves are also used.
Cellular telephone (phones and modems)

Perhaps the best known example of wireless technology is the cellular telephone
and modems. These instruments use radio waves to enable the operator to make
phone calls from many locations worldwide. They can be used anywhere that there
is a cellular telephone site to house the equipment that is required to transmit and
receive the signal that is used to transfer both voice and data to and from these
instruments.

Wi-Fi
Wi-Fi is a wireless local area network that enables portable computing devices to
connect easily to the Internet. Standardized as IEEE 802.11 a,b,g,n, Wi-Fi approaches
speeds of some types of wired Ethernet. Wi-Fi hot spots have been popular over the
past few years. Some businesses charge customers a monthly fee for service, while
others have begun offering it for free in an effort to increase the sales of their goods.

Radio communication
A radio communication system send signals by radio. Types of radio communication
systems deployed depend on technology, standards, regulations, radio spectrum
allocation, user requirements, service positioning, and investment.
The radio equipment involved in communication systems includes a transmitter
and a receiver, each having an antenna and appropriate terminal equipment such
as a microphone at the transmitter and a loudspeaker at the receiver in the case of a
voice-communication system.

Amateur radio
Amateur radio, often called ham radio, is both a hobby and a service in which
participants, called "hams", use various types of radio communications equipment
to communicate with other radio amateurs for public services, recreation and self-
training. Amateur radio operation is licensed by an appropriate government entity
(for example, by the Department of Telecom) as coordinated through the
International Telecommunication Union.[3]
An estimated two million people throughout the world are regularly involved with
amateur radio.
The term "amateur" does not imply a lack of skill or quality, but rather that amateur
radio and its operators work outside of an official, governmental or commercial
capacity.

Broadcasting
Broadcasting is the distribution of audio and video content to a dispersed audience
via radio, television, or other, often digital transmission media. Receiving parties
may include the general public or a relatively large subset of thereof.

Illustration 3: A Broadcast Antenna

The original term broadcast referred to the literal sowing of seeds on farms by
scattering them over a wide field. It was first adopted by early radio engineers from
the Midwestern United States to refer to the analogous dissemination of radio
signals. Broadcasting forms a very large segment of the mass media. Broadcasting to
a very narrow range of audience is called narrow-casting.
Historically, there have been several different types of electronic broadcasting
mediums:
Telephone broadcasting (1881–1932): the earliest form of electronic broadcasting
(not counting data services offered by stock telegraph companies from 1867, if
ticker-tapes are excluded from the definition). Telephone broadcasting began with
the advent of Théâtrophone ("Theater Phone") systems, which were telephone-based
distribution systems allowing subscribers to listen to live opera and theater
performances over telephone lines, created by French inventor Clément Ader in
1881.
Radio broadcasting (experimentally from 1906, commercially from 1920): radio
broadcasting is an audio (sound) broadcasting service, broadcast through the air as
radio waves from a transmitter to an antenna and, thus, to a receiving device.
Stations can be linked in radio networks to broadcast common programming, either
in syndication or simulcast or both.
Television broadcasting (experimentally from 1925, commercially from the 1930s):
this video-programming medium was long-awaited by the general public and
rapidly rose to compete with its older radio-broadcasting sibling.
Cable radio (also called "cable FM", from 1928) and cable television (from 1932):
both via coaxial cable, serving principally as transmission mediums for
programming produced at either radio or television stations, with limited
production of cable-dedicated programming.
Satellite television (from circa 1974) and satellite radio (from circa 1990): meant for
direct-to-home broadcast programming (as opposed to studio network uplinks and
down-links), provides a mix of traditional radio or television broadcast
programming, or both, with satellite-dedicated programming.
Webcasting of video/television (from circa 1993) and audio/radio (from circa 1994)
streams: offers a mix of traditional radio and television station broadcast
programming with internet-dedicated webcast programming.
The Advantages Of Wireless Communication
Wireless communication modes offer the following productivity, convenience, and
cost advantages over wired networks:
• Mobility: Wireless systems can provide users with access to real-time
information anywhere in their infrastructure. This mobility supports
productivity and service opportunities not possible with wired networks.
• Installation Speed and Simplicity: Installing a wireless system can be fast and
easy and can eliminate the need to pull cable through walls and ceilings.
• Reduced Cost-of-Ownership: While the initial investment required for wireless
hardware can be higher than the cost of wired hardware, overall installation
expenses and life-cycle costs can be significantly lower. Long-term cost
benefits are greatest in dynamic environments requiring frequent moves and
changes.
• Scalability: Wireless systems can be configured in a variety of topologies to
meet the needs of specific applications and installations. Configurations are
easily changed and range can be varied simply by adding additional
transponders.
Apart from these benefits, there are many applications where it is not possible to
gather data over a wire. Some examples of such situations are:
• Rotating machines: If a machine is rotating at a very high speed and the
volume of data to be transferred is high, then a brush and slip ring
arrangement will not suffice due to the high amount of noise added by the
contact-brush. Example of such a situation include the collection of
temperature readings from an engine flywheel1, or scan readings from a CT
machine2.

Illustration 4: The Gantry of A CT Machine

1 A flywheel is a mechanical device with a significant moment of inertia used as a storage device for rotational
energy.
2 X-ray computed tomography
• Hazardous Environment: Many a times the physical environment may be
dangerous and tend to cause damage to cables and wires. For example the
factory floor of metal working factories, or the engine room of a ship.
Recurring repair costs will be incurred from the replacement of wires. Also
the productivity may be hit if wired solutions are used. Wires and cables may
also get in the way of the machines or workers and pose to be a safety hazard.

Illustration 5: The Engine Room of a Ship

• Aesthetic Concerns: In modern offices and factories, aesthetics is of major

concern. Unsightly wires and cabling are usually concealed inside walls.
Wireless links help to preserve the neat look of such spaces.
Abstract

Research Focus
The objective of the project was to build an apparatus to reliably transfer data from
one point to another over a wireless RF link.
The reliability of the link, and error checking of transmitted data was the primary
concern. Speed of transfer was also maximized to 1200 baud per second. The
encoding chosen for the data is "ASK3 modulation".
433 Mhz was chosen as a carrier frequency as it may be used unlicensed for
armature radio equipment.
The data chosen to serve as an example is temperature.

Issue(s) Addressed
The primary issue faced in the project was the high noise susceptibility of the ASK
modules. Even a slight amount of noise is sufficient to distort the transmission. To
improve the noise performance two steps were taken:
• A error checking checksum was developed and applied to the data and
transmitted. This was verified on the receiving end. Data was considered
valid only of the checksum matched at the receiving end.
• The signal power was increased to improve the SNR4 by using specially
designed antennas made of steel and isolated from the ground plane.

Research Method
The development of the software was done on a pair of Atmega16 development
boards. The C code was written in SciTE and compiled using the GNU C compiler on
the Fedora platform. The code was burned to the micro-controller using the on-
board “In System Programming” peripheral using AvrDude and usbasp.

Conclusions and Recommendations

We have found that sufficiently reliable communication may be established using
ASK communication modules when used in conjunction to specially designed
antennas and error checking codes.
For higher reliability FSK5 transmission and the 2.4Ghz band is recommended.

3 Amplitude Shift Keying

4 Signal To Noise Ratio
5 Frequency Key Shifting
 Operation
The system consists of four basic components:

433 Mhz Link

LM35 Antenna Antenna Display

1. Source: This generates the data that is to be transmitted. In this case it is the
LM35 temperature sensor. Readings from this sensor are taken with the
micro-controller's Analog to Digital converter. This data is then forwarded for
transmission.
2. Transmitter: The microcontroller formats the data and generates a
checksum. It then clocks this data at 1200 bps to the transmitting module. The
data is transmitted over a 433MHZ RF channel by this module.
3. Receiver: The receiver accepts the data, checks it for errors and then if found
to be error free, decodes it to make it suitable for display. It processes the data
and formats it for display. It also contains the display driver firmware which
appropriately multiplexes the seven segment displays.
4. Destination: This is where the data is displayed or stored. In this case we use
3 seven segment displays to display the data to the user. The driver logic for
the Seven Segment Display is as follows:

Number to Display Data at PortB [Common Cathode]

0 0x3F H

1 0x06 H

2 0x5B H

3 0x4F H

4 0x66 H

5 0x6D H

6 0x7D H

7 0x07 H

8 0x7F H

9 0x67 H
Algorithm and Data-flow

Transmitter
The transmitter micro-controller takes a reading of its on-board Analog to Digital
Conversion channel AD0, on which the LM35 temperature sensor it attached, when
the analog to digital conversion complete interrupt occurs.
The ADC on the Atmega16 has 10-bit precision. To improve transmission efficiency,
this data is scaled to 8-bits. Mathematical operations are performed for this scaling
and compacting. The result of the operation is an 8-bit data packet ready for
transmission.
A checksum is generated from this data packet and it is transmitted via USART6
headed by two synchronization bytes: 0xAA and 0x55 [ASCII character 'Z']. The
synchronization byte plays a vital role in allowing the receiving radio module to
regenerate the clock pulses.
The two bytes together form an alternating pattern of ones and zeros. This helps the
PLL on the receiver to lock on easily. These bytes are followed by the data byte and
check-sum byte.
Following is an illustration of a typical data packet formed for transmission:
Header: 0xAA Header: 0x55 'Z' Data Checksum
10101010 1010101 00100111 10001101
Table 1: Example transmission of '39'

Checksum
We have developed a checksum method specifically to suit the transmission of data
over ASK7. The checksum used is a invert-swap checksum. The data byte is taken
and inverted. Then the lower and higher nibble of the data byte is swapped.
By experimentation this has been found to perform as well as a standard CRC
algorithm, for ASK, but requires far fewer CPU operations to calculate.

Step Data
I Consider a sample data byte – 10001010 [0x8A]
II It is inverted – 01110101 [0x75]
III Now the lower and upper nibbles are swapped – 01010111 [0x57]
This is the checksum.
Table 2: Sample checksum generation

6 Universal asynchronous receiver/transmitter

7 Amplitude-shift keying
Receiver
The receiver demodulated the data using a PLL8 receiving loop. This data is then
given bit by bit to the processor's USART9.
When the USART buffer fills, an interrupt is generated, which prompts the
processor to fetch the data byte. If this data byte is the opening header byte [0xAA],
then the processor goes into listening mode. It monitors the data on the next three
bytes on the USART.
The processor expects the following byte to be the next header. ASCII 'Z'. If the
second header is correct, it accepts the data byte and checksum byte from the
packet and proceeds to validate the checksum. If not, it exits listening mode, freeing
up resources for other processing.
The received byte is checked against the checksum, and if found invalid discarded.
Valid bytes are then formatted to extract individual digits. These digits are then
displayed onto the seven segment display over PORT B and PORT C.
PORT B is used to assert or negate the LED10s in the seven segment display, and
PORT C chooses the display segment.
For example to display the number '6' in tens place, “0x7D” is loaded onto PORT B
and “0x02” is loaded onto PORT C.
This display is refreshed several times a second so that it appears steady to the
human eye.

8 Phase Locked Loop

9 Universal asynchronous receiver/transmitter
10 Light Emitting Diode
Transmitter
Receiver
Transmitter Printed Circuit Board
Receiver Printed Circuit Board
Transmitter Code

global.h
#ifndef GLOBAL_H
#define GLOBAL_H

// global AVRLIB defines

#include "avrlib/avrlibdefs.h"
// global AVRLIB types definitions
#include "avrlib/avrlibtypes.h"

#define CYCLES_PER_US ((F_CPU+500000)/1000000) // cpu cycles per

microsecond

#endif

checksum.h
unsigned char checksum (unsigned char data)
{
unsigned char t,l,h;
t=~data;
l = (t<<4);
h = (t>>4);

t = l | h;

return t;
}

a2d.c
#include <avr/io.h>
#include <avr/interrupt.h>

#include "global.h"
#include "a2d.h"
//! Software flag used to indicate when
// the a2d conversion is complete.
volatile unsigned char a2dCompleteFlag;
// initialize a2d converter
void a2dInit(void)
{
sbi(ADCSR, ADEN); // enable ADC (turn on ADC power)
cbi(ADCSR, ADFR); // default to single sample convert mode
a2dSetPrescaler(ADC_PRESCALE); // set default prescaler
a2dSetReference(ADC_REFERENCE); // set default reference
cbi(ADMUX, ADLAR); // set to right-adjusted result

sbi(ADCSR, ADIE); // enable ADC interrupts

a2dCompleteFlag = FALSE; // clear conversion complete

flag
sei(); // turn on interrupts (if not already on)
}

// turn off a2d converter

void a2dOff(void)
{
cbi(ADCSR, ADIE); // disable ADC interrupts
cbi(ADCSR, ADEN); // disable ADC (turn off ADC power)
}

// configure A2D converter clock division (prescaling)

void a2dSetPrescaler(unsigned char prescale)
{
outb(ADCSR, ((inb(ADCSR) & ~ADC_PRESCALE_MASK) | prescale));
}

// configure A2D converter voltage reference

void a2dSetReference(unsigned char ref)
{
outb(ADMUX, ((inb(ADMUX) & ~ADC_REFERENCE_MASK) | (ref<<6)));
}

// sets the a2d input channel

void a2dSetChannel(unsigned char ch)
{
outb(ADMUX, (inb(ADMUX) & ~ADC_MUX_MASK) | (ch &
ADC_MUX_MASK)); // set channel
}

// start a conversion on the current a2d input channel

void a2dStartConvert(void)
{
sbi(ADCSR, ADIF); // clear hardware "conversion complete"
flag
sbi(ADCSR, ADSC); // start conversion
}

// return TRUE if conversion is complete

u08 a2dIsComplete(void)
{
return bit_is_set(ADCSR, ADSC);
}

// Perform a 10-bit conversion

// starts conversion, waits until conversion is done, and returns
result
unsigned short a2dConvert10bit(unsigned char ch)
{
a2dCompleteFlag = FALSE; // clear conversion
complete flag
outb(ADMUX, (inb(ADMUX) & ~ADC_MUX_MASK) | (ch &
ADC_MUX_MASK)); // set channel
sbi(ADCSR, ADIF); // clear hardware
"conversion complete" flag
sbi(ADCSR, ADSC); // start
conversion
//while(!a2dCompleteFlag); // wait until
conversion complete
//while( bit_is_clear(ADCSR, ADIF) ); // wait until
conversion complete
while( bit_is_set(ADCSR, ADSC) ); // wait until
conversion complete
 // CAUTION: MUST READ ADCL BEFORE ADCH!!!
return (inb(ADCL) | (inb(ADCH)<<8)); // read ADC (full 10
bits);
}

// Perform a 8-bit conversion.

// starts conversion, waits until conversion is done, and returns
result
unsigned char a2dConvert8bit(unsigned char ch)
{
// do 10-bit conversion and return highest 8 bits
return a2dConvert10bit(ch)>>2; // return ADC MSB
byte
}

//! Interrupt handler for ADC complete interrupt.

SIGNAL(SIG_ADC)
{
// set the a2d conversion flag to indicate "complete"
a2dCompleteFlag = TRUE;
}

tx.c
/*
** Program to transmit charecters over the serial interface
** Wiring: PD0-RXD, PD1-TXD
** Serial: 1200N1
*/
#define F_CPU 12000000UL

#include<avr/io.h>
#include<util/delay.h>

#include "global.h"
#include"avrlib/a2d.h"

#include"checksum.h"

void USART_init(void)
{
UCSRA=0x00; //Set up to 8N1 1200 transmission
UCSRB=0x18;
 UCSRC=0x86;
UBRRH=0x02;
UBRRL=0x70;
}

void USART_TX(unsigned char c)

{
while( (UCSRA & 0x20) == 0x00 ){;}

UDR=c;
}

unsigned char USART_RX(void)

{
unsigned char data;
while((UCSRA & 0x80) == 0x00){;}
data = UDR;
return data;
}

unsigned char get_temp()

{
unsigned int reading;
unsigned char output;

reading = a2dConvert10bit(0);

output = ((unsigned char)reading)>>1;

return output;

int main(void)
{
unsigned char check, data;
USART_init();
a2dInit();

while(1){

// data = a2dConvert8bit(0);
// data = data*2;
data = get_temp();
USART_TX(0xAA);
USART_TX(0xAA);
USART_TX('Z');
USART_TX(data);
check = checksum(data);
USART_TX(check);

}
 return 0;
}
Receiver Code

sevenseg.h
/* Seven Segment Board Functions */
void write_led(unsigned char d)
// Writes number to single 7 segment
{

if(d==0){ PORTA = 0x3F; }

else if(d==1){ PORTA = 0x06; }
else if(d==2){ PORTA = 0x5B; }
else if(d==3){ PORTA = 0x4F; }
else if(d==4){ PORTA = 0x66; }
else if(d==5){ PORTA = 0x6D; }
else if(d==6){ PORTA = 0x7D; }
else if(d==7){ PORTA = 0x07; }
else if(d==8){ PORTA = 0x7F; }
else if(d==9){ PORTA = 0x67; }
// else if(d=='A' || d=='a'){ PORTA = 0x77; }
// else if(d=='B' || d=='b'){ PORTA = 0x7C; }
// else if(d=='C' || d=='c'){ PORTA = 0x39; }
// else if(d=='D' || d=='d'){ PORTA = 0x5E; }
// else if(d=='E' || d=='e'){ PORTA = 0x79; }
// else if(d=='F' || d=='f'){ PORTA = 0x71; }
else{ PORTA = 0x00; } // Turnoff display
}

void choose_disp(unsigned int dispNum)

// Chooses 7 segment to write to, using PORTC;
{

if(dispNum == 0){ PORTB= ~(0x01); }

else if(dispNum == 1){PORTB= ~(0x02); }
else if(dispNum == 2){ PORTB= ~(0x04); }
else if(dispNum == 3){ PORTB= ~(0x08); }
else if(dispNum == 4){ PORTB= ~(0x0F); }
else if(dispNum == 5){ PORTB= ~(0x20); }
else if(dispNum == 6){ PORTB= ~(0x40); }
else{ PORTB == ~(0x80);}
// Remember to add 2ms delay addded due to slow LED turn on-off
}

void disp_byte(unsigned char n)

{
unsigned char digit,i;
 for(i=0;i<3;i++)
{
digit = n%10;
n=(unsigned char)n/10;
choose_disp(2-i);
write_led(15); // Turnoff display first to
cool display
_delay_ms(3);
write_led(digit);
_delay_ms(2); // Write digit later so as to
retain it during next operation cycle.
}

checksum.h
unsigned char checksum (unsigned char data)
{
unsigned char t,l,h;
t=~data;
l = (t<<4);
h = (t>>4);

t = l | h;

return t;
}

rx.c

#define F_CPU 12000000UL

#define PAYLOAD 2

#include<avr/io.h>
#include<util/delay.h>
#include<avr/interrupt.h>
#include<util/crc16.h>
#include"sevenseg.h"
#include"checksum.h"

//_crc_ibutton_update(0xFF, data)

/* Globals */
unsigned char message[PAYLOAD];
/* USART functions */
void USART_init(void)
{
UCSRA=0x00; //Setup 1200 8N1 transmission
UCSRB=0x98;
UCSRC=0x86;
UBRRH=0x02;
UBRRL=0x70;
}

void USART_TX(unsigned char c)

{
while( (UCSRA & 0x20) == 0x00 ){;}

UDR=c;
}

unsigned char USART_RX(void)

{
unsigned char data;
while((UCSRA & 0x80) == 0x00){;}
data = UDR;
return data;
}

/* Message Handling */
void get_msg()
{
unsigned short int i;
unsigned char oldmsg[PAYLOAD];

oldmsg[0]=message[0];
oldmsg[1]=message[1];

char x = USART_RX();
if(x==0xAA){;}
else if(x=='Z')
{ for(i=0;i<PAYLOAD;i++){message[i] = USART_RX();} }
else{;}

unsigned char chk;

chk = checksum(message[0]);
if( chk == message[1] ){ ;}
else { message[0] = oldmsg[0] ; message[1] = oldmsg[1]; }

}
//void check_msg()
//{

//}

void disp_msg()
{
//check_msg();
unsigned char chk;
chk = checksum(message[0]);

if( chk == message[1] ){

disp_byte(message[0]);
}
else{;}
}

int main()
{
/* Initialization */
DDRA = 0xFF; DDRB = 0xFF; PORTA=0x00; PORTB=0x00;
message[0]=0; message[1]=checksum(0);
USART_init();
sei();

while(1){
disp_msg();
}

return 0;
}

/* ISR */
ISR(USART_RXC_vect)
{
get_msg();
}
HEX code

transmitter
:100000000C942A000C9447000C9447000C94470071
:100010000C9447000C9447000C9447000C94470044
:100020000C9447000C9447000C9447000C94470034
:100030000C9447000C9447000C94C3000C944700A8
:100040000C9447000C9447000C9447000C94470014
:100050000C94470011241FBECFE5D4E0DEBFCDBF16
:1000600010E0A0E6B0E0E8EAF1E002C005900D92F1
:10007000A036B107D9F710E0A0E6B0E001C01D92AC
:10008000A136B107E1F70E9463000C94D2000C94F2
:1000900000008095829508951BB888E18AB986E8AA
:1000A00080BD82E080BD80E789B908955D9BFECF69
:1000B0008CB908955F9BFECF8CB1089580E00E94BB
:1000C000A800869508951F930E944C000E948E0000
:1000D0000E945E00182F8AEA0E9456008AEA0E9457
:1000E00056008AE50E945600812F0E945600812FFB
:1000F0000E9449000E945600EBCF3398379808952C
:1001000096B1987F982B96B9089597B18295880FEC
:10011000880F807C9F73892B87B90895379A35980B
:1001200086E00E94800081E00E9485003D98339A1D
:10013000109260007894089597B18F71907E892B0A
:1001400087B90895349A369A089586B180740895CF
:100150001092600097B18F71907E892B87B9349A85
:10016000369A3699FECF24B135B1932F80E030E036
:10017000282B392BC90108950E94A80096958795D0
:100180009695879508951F920F920FB60F9211249E
:100190008F938FEF809360008F910F900FBE0F9021
:0801A0001F901895F894FFCFA1
:00000001FF
Receiver
:100000000C942A000C9447000C9447000C94470071
:100010000C9447000C9447000C9447000C94470044
:100020000C9447000C9447000C9447000C94260154
:100030000C9447000C9447000C9447000C94470024
:100040000C9447000C9447000C9447000C94470014
:100050000C94470011241FBECFE5D4E0DEBFCDBF16
:1000600010E0A0E6B0E0E0EBF2E002C005900D92F7
:10007000A036B107D9F710E0A0E6B0E001C01D92AC
:10008000A236B107E1F70E9414010C9456010C94BA
:100090000000882311F48FE321C0813011F486E041
:1000A0001DC0823011F48BE519C0833011F48FE448
:1000B00015C0843011F486E611C0853011F48DE648
:1000C0000DC0863011F48DE709C0873039F08830D3
:1000D00011F48FE703C0893019F487E68BBB0895CC
:1000E0001BBA0895009711F48EEF1DC08130910561
:1000F00011F48DEF18C08230910511F48BEF13C00D
:100100008330910511F487EF0EC08430910511F40E
:1001100080EF09C08530910511F48FED04C0863061
:10012000910519F48FEB88BB089588B30895BF92A9
:10013000CF92DF92EF92FF920F931F93CF93DF93B3
:10014000C82EC2E0D0E09AE0D92E08E213E280E7A0
:10015000E82E87E1F82E8C2D6D2D0E944A01C82EC5
:10016000B92ECE010E9472008FE00E944900F80172
:100170003197F1F78B2D0E944900F7013197F1F784
:1001800021978FEFCF3FD80731F7DF91CF911F91A4
:100190000F91FF90EF90DF90CF90BF9008958095E2
:1001A000829508951BB888E98AB986E880BD82E007
:1001B00080BD80E789B908955D9BFECF8CB9089515
:1001C0005F9BFECF8CB108950F931F930091600049
:1001D000109161000E94E0008A3541F40E94E00025
:1001E000809360000E94E000809361008091600035
:1001F0000E94CF0090916100891721F00093600068
:10020000109361001F910F9108951F93109160004A
:10021000812F0E94CF0090916100891719F4812FDE
:100220000E9497001F9108958FEF8ABB87BB1BBA6E
:1002300018BA1092600080E00E94CF0080936100A5
:100240000E94D20078940E940501FDCF1F920F9268
:100250000FB60F9211242F933F934F935F936F9399
:100260007F938F939F93AF93BF93EF93FF930E94DE
:10027000E400FF91EF91BF91AF919F918F917F919A
:100280006F915F914F913F912F910F900FBE0F9003
:100290001F901895991B79E004C0991F961708F0D4
:1002A000961B881F7A95C9F780950895F894FFCF1B
:00000001FF
Conclusion
We have created a system capable of transmitting 8 bit data, over a Radio Frequency
channel, reliably and quickly.
The system is robust, performs well under noisy conditions and has redundant
error checking mechanisms.
The highlights of the system are:
1. Low Cost: The system uses low cost 433 Mhz ASK modules and antenna. And
yet it can perform as reliably as costlier FSK module systems.
2. Error Checking: Data is checked for errors at many stages of the
transmission and reception.
3. Robust: The system can operate in fairly noisy environments.
4. Maintainable: The transmission and sensors can be readily swapped.
5. Universal: The system uses the 433 Mhz radio band which is universally open
for civilian/amateur use.
6. Range: Communication upto 80m is possible.

This wireless communication system is reliable, low cost and robust. It was built
using economic easily available components and assembled on a standard easy to
manufacture PCB with wide traces.
Bibliography

Books:
• Atmel AVR Microcontroller Primer: Programming and Interfacing - Steven F.
Barrett and Daniel Pack
• Programming and Customizing the AVR Microcontroller - Dhananjay Gadre
• AVR: An Introductory Course - John Morton
• Wireless Networks: The Definitive Guide, Second Edition - Matthew Gast

Website:
• AVR-GCC Programming Guide -
http://electrons.psychogenic.com/modules/arms/art/3/AVRGCCProgrammingG
uide.php#progc
• Configuring fuses on the AVR - http://www.instructables.com/id/Build-a-
Complete-AVR-System-and-Play-Mastermind/step5/Configure-Fuses-on-the-
AVR/
• Atmega16 - www.atmel.com/atmel/acrobat/doc2466.pdf
• C Programming and the ATmega16 Microcontroller -
http://www2.tech.purdue.edu/eet/courses/referencematerial/atmel/
• Avr Freaks - http://www.avrfreaks.net/index.php?module=Freaks
%20Devices&func=displayDev&objectid=56
• WormFood's AVR Baud Rate Calculator -
http://www.wormfood.net/avrbaudcalc.php
• Procyon AVRlib -
http://www.mil.ufl.edu/~chrisarnold/components/microcontrollerBoard/AVR/a
vrlib/
 License
All software and hardware contained in this project is released
under the “The GNU General Public License v3.0” found at
http://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl.html