Macroscopic Momentum Balances: CM3110 Transport I Part I: Fluid Mechanics

Lecture 13 F.
Morrison CM3110 2013 10/22/2013
CM3110
Transport I
Part I: Fluid Mechanics
Macroscopic
Momentum Balances
Professor Faith Morrison

Department of Chemical Engineering
Michigan Technological University
1
© Faith A. Morrison, Michigan Tech U.
•Mass
Macroscopic Balances •Momentum
•Energy (on mechanical systems)
Plan of Attack:
•Describe
•Derive (mass, momentum)
•Apply to example problems
Calculate forces on walls,

size pumps, calculate fluid
(See Morrison, An friction, pressure drops, etc.
Introduction to Fluid
Mechanics, section 9.1.2)
1
Lecture 13 F. Morrison CM3110 2013 10/22/2013
Macroscopic Balances
•Use when we do not need the details of the velocity profile

•3 types:
-mass
-momentum
-energy (as applied to mechanical systems)
Macroscopic Mass Balance:
process
V1 , volumetric flow rate unit
V2
, density 
Arbitrary, single-input, single-output system:

special case of velocity perpendicular to areas
point 2 v(2)
A1 n̂2
n̂1 V
2 A2
1 v(1)
point 1
Assumptions:
• steady state
• single-input, single output
Special case: • v(i) perpendicular to Ai
•  constant across surface
2
Macroscopic Mass Balance:
Mass in = Mass out
cross-sectional cross-sectional
average velocity
area, in area, out
through surface A1
average velocity
through surface A2
Assumptions:
• steady state
• single-input, single output
• v(i) perpendicular to Ai
• constant across surface
Arbitrary, single-input, single-output system:

velocity is NOT perpendicular to cross-sectional areas
plane 2 (2)
A1 n̂2 2 v
n̂1 V
2 A2
1 1
v(1)
plane 1
3
v ( i ) cos  i
v ( i ) sin  i
n̂i 
i
(i )
v
dAi
n̂i = outwardly pointing unit normal
Macroscopic Mass Balance: This takes

care of ‘out’
or ‘in’
0= net mass out
cos cos
v ( i ) cos  i
v (i ) sin  i
Assumptions: n̂i 
i
• steady state (i )
v
•single-input, single output dAi
• v(i) NOT perpendicular to Ai
• constant across surface n̂i = outwardly pointing unit normal
4
Reminder:
relates to the
orientation of inlet and
outlet surfaces in the
chosen coordinate
system
v ( i ) cos  i
v ( i ) sin  i
n̂i 
i
(i )
v
dAi
n̂i = outwardly pointing unit normal

Macroscopic Momentum Balance:

steady state
Momentum
dP
F on CV     nˆ  v   v dS balance on a
control
dt CS
volume
 net momentum 
 
We can specialized the  convected out 
convective term for
macroscopic control
volumes,
N  
  
ˆ
n  v  v dS      nˆ  v   v dS 
n̂i
i 1 CS i (i )
CS Ai v
N bounding surfaces
5
Macroscopic Momentum Balance:

steady state
Momentum
dP
F on CV     nˆ  v   v dS balance on a
control
See Chapter 9 dt CS
volume
 
for detailed
We can specialized the
convective term for
macroscopic control
volumes,
 convected out 

derivation
 nˆ  v   v dS 
 
N 
i 1 CS

  nˆ  v   v dS 
i
n̂i
(i )
CS Ai v
N bounding surfaces
Macroscopic Momentum Balance

(continued)
N  
   
 ˆ
n  v   v dS      nˆ  v   v dS 
 out of CV  CS i 1  CS i
Input, output surfaces

 
    nˆ  v  v dS       v  nˆ  v 
N
(i ) (i )
i i dA
i 1 CS i i Ai
 v (i ) vˆ (i )
(i )
We can now specify v Separate velocity
for each Ai magnitude from
v (i ) cos  i the direction
6
Macroscopic Momentum Balance group the velocity

(continued) magnitudes together
 v (i ) vˆ (i )
(i )
v

 convected out
    i v
 i Ai
(i )
  nˆ  v
i
(i )
dA 
v (i ) cos  i
 
   i v ( i )vˆ ( i ) v ( i ) cos i dAi 
i Ai
We have assumed that the
direction of v(i) does not vary
 
  i vˆ ( i ) cos i   v ( i )  
2
across Ai.
dAi 
A 
i  i 
Ai
n̂i
(i )
only the velocity magnitudes vary
v
dAi across ; they appear as
Assumptions: Macroscopic Momentum

• steady state
•single-input, single output Balance, continued
• NOT perpendicular to Ai
• constant across surfaces
• constant across surfaces
   
0   1 cos 1vˆ (1)    v (1)  dA   2 cos  2 vˆ (2)    v (2)  dA   F i ,on
2 2
 A1   A2  i
7
We can write these terms Macroscopic Momentum

Balance, continued
compactly as as we
now show
   
2 2
 A1   A2  i
Recall that the average of a

function f is calculated from:  f dA
1
A 
f (x, y)  A  f dA
 dA A
A
Macroscopic Momentum Balance, continued
   
2 2
 A1   A2  i
 
 v (1)
2
A1  
 v (2)
2
A2
 
0   1 A1 v (1)
2
 
cos1vˆ (1)   2 A2 v ( 2 )
2
cos 2 vˆ ( 2 )   F i ,on
i
But what is this?
We can make this look more like other convective terms we have seen by
introducing a factor relating to average velocity squared.
8
quantifies the variation of the true velocity profile from plug

flow (flat profile). ≡ Velocity Correction Factor
F   v 
2 2
i ,on  1A1 v (1) cos1vˆ (1)   2 A2 (2)
cos 2vˆ (2)
i
experimental result
define: v
2
turbulent = 0.95-0.99
 2
v laminar = 0.75
Result: Steady State Macroscopic Momentum Balance (convective terms)
2 2
1A1 v (1) cos1 2 A2 v (2) cos 2
F i
i ,on 
1
vˆ (1) 
2
vˆ (2)
vector equation
Steady State Macroscopic Momentum Balance

(force terms)
2 2
1A1 v (1) cos1 2 A2 v (2) cos 2
F i
i ,on 
1
vˆ (1) 
2
vˆ (2)
F i
i ,on  contact  noncontact
 MCV g
F contact   nˆ    dS
S surface gravity
Molecular forces
(viscosity and pressure)
9
Contact Forces = pressure + viscous
This is the force on the fluid

Viscous: R (force on walls is )
Pressure: F contact   nˆ    dS

S surface
 
    nˆ  (  pI )dS 
i  S i
 
  (  p )nˆ    dS 
i A i
  (  p )nA
ˆ 
i
Steady State Macroscopic Momentum Balance
0.75
~1
See inside front Cover
of Morrison, 2013
10
Compare with the (more familiar) Navier-Stokes
# #
Microscopic Momentum Balance
⋅ p
# #
⋅ p
Rate of
change of
momentum
with time
11
Convective
terms
# #
⋅ p
Rate of
change of
momentum
with time
Convective Pressure
terms forces
# #
⋅ p
Rate of
change of
momentum
with time
12
Convective Pressure Viscous

terms forces forces
# #
⋅ p
Rate of
change of
momentum
with time
Convective Pressure Viscous

Macroscopic Momentum Balance Gravity
terms forces forces
force
# #
⋅ p
Rate of
change of
momentum
with time
13
# #
Microscopic Momentum Balance We

know
how to
⋅ p apply
this
Now we need
to learn when
Macroscopic Momentum Balance and how to
apply this
# #
Microscopic Momentum Balance We

know
how to
⋅ p apply
this
14
Macroscopic Momentum Balance Example:

Calculate the force a pipe
Assume:
• steady state
• 1
z fluid
=force on wall = -force on fluid

29
Macroscopic Momentum Balance Example:

Calculate the force on a reducing bend
Assume: fluid density,

• steady state
v(2)
• 1
•neglect gravity
n̂2
2
fluid density,
y
v(1)
n̂1
x
15
Types of Momentum Transfer
Microscopic Macroscopic
convection convection
(momentum flows in) (momentum flows in)
pressure forces pressure forces
viscous forces wall forces
(or viscous flux) (due to viscosity)
body forces body forces
(gravity) (gravity)
After calculating the flow field with With macroscopic balances you
microscopic balances you can can often calculate wall forces
calculate wall forces directly
Problem-Solving Procedure -
Steady State Macroscopic Momentum Problems
# #
1. sketch system; choose system on which you will perform balance

2. choose coordinate system
3. perform macroscopic mass balance Consider angles carefully
4. perform macroscopic momentum balance (vector equation; forces
are pressure, gravity, force on the wall; all forces ON the system)
5. solve (usually for force on the wall)
16
Solution to force on a reducing bend:

www.chem.mtu.edu/~fmorriso/cm310/reducing_bend.pdf
Many useful handouts:

www.chem.mtu.edu/~fmorriso/cm310/handouts.html
17

Macroscopic Momentum Balances: CM3110 Transport I Part I: Fluid Mechanics

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Lecture 13 F.

Morrison CM3110 2013 10/22/2013

Professor Faith Morrison

Calculate forces on walls,

© Faith A. Morrison, Michigan Tech U.

•Use when we do not need the details of the velocity profile

Macroscopic Mass Balance:

© Faith A. Morrison, Michigan Tech U.

Arbitrary, single-input, single-output system:

Macroscopic Mass Balance:

Mass in = Mass out

© Faith A. Morrison, Michigan Tech U.

Arbitrary, single-input, single-output system:

© Faith A. Morrison, Michigan Tech U.

n̂i = outwardly pointing unit normal

© Faith A. Morrison, Michigan Tech U.

Macroscopic Mass Balance: This takes

© Faith A. Morrison, Michigan Tech U.

n̂i = outwardly pointing unit normal