Heat Transfer

DM23815

Chapter 2. Introduction to conduction

Eunseop Yeom
esyeom@pusan.ac.kr

School of Mechanical Engineering, Pusan National University

 2. Introduction
Heat transfer from the more energetic to the adjacent less
energetic particles of a substance due to interactions
between the particles.

Two mechanisms
qx 1. The atoms and molecules having energy
will pass those energy with their adjacent atoms
or molecules by means of lattice vibrations.
2. Through the translational motion of free
electrons, heat energy can be transferred in a
conductor like metals having a plenty of free
electrons.

Fourier’s law of heat conduction

dT
Conductive heat flux qx   k k : thermal conductivity [W/m·K].
dx
Under steady-state conditions and temperature distribution is linear

dT T2 - T1 T1  T2 T
  qx  k k
dx L L L
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 2. Introduction
 Condition
Steady Heat Transfer Transient Heat Transfer

steady state: The temperature does not vary with time

 Coordinate system
Cartesian coordinates Cylindrical coordinates Spherical coordinates

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 2.1 The Conduction Rate Equation
• Fourier’s law is phenomenological; that is, it is developed from observed phenomena
rather than being derived from first principles.
• When a cylindrical rod is insulated on its lateral surface and its end faces are maintained at
different temperatures, with T1 > T2, temperature difference leads to conduction heat transfer
in the positive x-direction.
• Depending on the materials, the value of qx would be varied (that for the plastic is smaller than
that for the metal). Thermal conductivity, k (W/m·K) is an important property of the material.
• The minus sign of equation is necessary because heat is always transferred in the direction of
decreasing temperature.

heat rate(열전달률)

dT
q x   kA
dx
dT q x
heat flux(열유속) qx   k 
dx A

General statement of the conduction rate equation

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 2.2 The Thermal Properties of Matter
• For calculation of heat flux using Fourier’s law, the
thermal conductivity of the material must be
known. It depends on the physical structure of
matter, atomic and molecular, which is related to
the state of the matter.
• For an isotropic material the thermal conductivity is
independent of the direction of transfer,

 Solid State
• A solid may be comprised of free electrons and atoms bound in a
periodic arrangement called the lattice. Thermal energy may be
propagated by the migration of free electrons and lattice vibrational
waves. (the lattice vibration quanta (양자) are termed phonons)
For nonconducting materials
C = Cph is the phonon specific heat per unit volume
is the average speed of sound
λmfp = λph is the phonon mean free path,

For conducting materials

C = Ce is the electron specific heat per unit volume
is the mean electron velocity
5 λmfp = λe is the electron mean free path,
 2.2 The Thermal Properties of Matter
 Micro and Nanoscale Effects
• The material’s characteristic dimensions can be on the order of micrometers or nanometers,
in which case care must be taken to account for the possible modifications of k that can occur as
the physical dimensions become small.
• For large L/λmfp, the effect of the boundaries on reducing the average energy carrier path length
is minor. However, as the film becomes thinner, electrons and phonons moving in the thin x-
direction (representing conduction in the x-direction) are affected by the boundaries to a more
significant degree than energy carriers moving in the y-direction. kx < ky < k

Thick film Thin film

kx and ky are reduced
from the value for

No general guidelines

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 2.2 The Thermal Properties of Matter
 Fluid State
• The intermolecular spacing is much larger and the motion of the molecules is more random
for the fluid state than for the solid state, so thermal energy transport is less effective.

For gas
cv is the specific heat [kJ/kg·K]
is the mean molecular speed
ρ the density of the gas
λmfp is the mean free path,

kB is Boltzmann’s constant, 1.381 × 10-23 J/K

d is the diameter of the gas molecule
p is the pressure

is Molecular weights [kg/mol]

Molecular conditions associated with the liquid state are

more difficult to describe, and physical mechanisms for
explaining the thermal conductivity are not well
understood.
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 2.3 The Heat Diffusion Equation
 General heat conduction equation in Cartesian coordinates
. . . .
Energy balance:

Rate equations:

Thermal energy generation

.
q = energy generated per unit volume

Energy storage
.

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 2.3 The Heat Diffusion Equation
 General heat conduction equation in Cartesian coordinates
. . . .

Heat diffusion equation in Cartesian coordinates

.
.

steady-state conditions

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 2.3 The Heat Diffusion Equation
 General heat conduction equation in other coordinates
- Cylindrical coordinate

- Spherical coordinate

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 2.4 Boundary and Initial Conditions
• To determine the temperature distribution in a medium, it is necessary to solve the
appropriate form of the heat equation.
• Solutions should satisfy the boundary conditions and initial conditions as well as the
governing equation.
Initial condition: initial temperature distribution, i.e., T(x,y,z,t) = f(x,y,z)
Boundary conditions: assigned from physical observation of the domain boundary condition

 Specified temperature boundary condition

- Dirichlet boundary condition

- Neumann boundary condition

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