Heat Transfer

DM23815

Chapter 5. Transient Conduction

Eunseop Yeom
esyeom@pusan.ac.kr

School of Mechanical Engineering, Pusan National University

 5. Introduction
We recognize that many heat transfer problems are time dependent. Such unsteady,
or transient, problems typically arise when the boundary conditions of a system are
changed. For example, if the surface temperature of a system is altered, the
temperature at each point in the system will also begin to change. The changes will
continue to occur until a steady-state temperature distribution is reached. Such time
dependent effects occur in many industrial heating and cooling processes.

 Lumped system analysis(집중용량법)

The variation of the interior temperature with position is negligible at all times
during a heat transfer process.

Copper ball (lumped system) Roast beef

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 5.1 The Lumped Capacitance Method

Applying energy balance to the control volume, this requirement takes the form

(Energy Gain by Liquid = Energy Loss by a Solid Body)

Introducing the temperature difference

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 5.1 The Lumped Capacitance Method
Separating variables and integrating from the initial condition, for which t = 0 and T(0)
= Ti (θi = Ti – T∞) , we then obtain

Arranging

Thermal time constant τt

Rt is the resistance to convection heat transfer

Ct is the lumped thermal capacitance of the solid

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 5.1 The Lumped Capacitance Method
The total energy transfer Q occurring up to some time t,

 hAs 
 hAs 
 t dθ  hAs   t
 ρVc 
θ  θi e  ρVc   θi   t e
dt  ρVc 

t
 hAs 
 t   τt 
  θi hAs e  ρVc 
dt   ρVcθi e t  1
0
 

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 5.2 Validity of the Lumped Capacitance Method
• Lumped Capacitance Method is certainly the simplest and most convenient method
that can be used to solve transient heating and cooling problems. It is important to
determine under what conditions it may be used with reasonable accuracy.
The surface energy balance

• Note especially the conditions corresponding to Bi  0. This implies that the resistance to
conduction within the solid is much less than the resistance to convection across the fluid
boundary layer.
• If the following condition is satisfied, the error associated with using the lumped system analysis
is small, where.

Characteristic Length
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 5.2 Validity of the Lumped Capacitance Method

Fourier number is a dimensionless time Thermal diffusivity(열확산율)

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 5.3 General Lumped Capacitance Analysis

 Radiation Only

Limiting result for Tsur = 0

(radiation to deep space)

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 5.3 General Lumped Capacitance Analysis
 Negligible Radiation

Although Equation may be solved by asumming its homogeneous and particular solutions,
an alternative approach is to eliminate the nonhomogeneity by introducing the transformation

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 5.4 Spatial Effects
For not small Biot number, temperature gradients within the medium are no longer negligible.

With no internal generation and the assumption of constant thermal conductivity

Initial condition and two boundary conditions

θ T  T
  
*

θi Ti  T
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 5.4 Spatial Effects
Dimensionless parameters

The heat equation

 2 θ* 1  θ*

 x /L
2 2
α  t/L2

Initial and boundary conditions

 θ* 1 *
 hθ 1,t  Bi
 x/L k/L

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 5.5 The Plane Wall with Convection
 Exact Solution

 Approximate Solution
For values of Fo > 0.2, the infinite series solution, Exact Solution can be approximated by the
first term of the series.

 Total Energy Transfer

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 5.6 Radial Systems with Convection
 Exact Solution
Infinite Cylinder

 Approximate Solution
For values of Fo > 0.2, the infinite series solution, Exact Solution can be approximated by the
first term of the series.

 Total Energy Transfer

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 5.6 Radial Systems with Convection
 Exact Solution
Sphere

 Approximate Solution
For values of Fo > 0.2, the infinite series solution, Exact Solution can be approximated by the
first term of the series.

 Total Energy Transfer

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 5.6 Radial Systems with Convection
TABLE 5.1 Coefficients used in the one-term approximation to
the series solutions for transient one-dimensional conduction
B.4 Bessel Functions of the First Kind

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