Special Crime Investegation

Definition of Terms

Admission - Any statement of fact made by a party which is against

his interest or unfavorable to the conclusion for which he contends

or inconsistent with the facts alleged by him.

AFIS - Automated Fingerprint Identification System (AFIS) is a biometric

identification (ID) methodology that uses digital imaging technology

to obtain, store, and analyze fingerprint data.

Amateur Intermittent Offender - These types of robbers view themselves

as lifetime robbers and commits infrequent robbery offenses, often

recklessly.

Armed Robbery - This involves the use of weapons such as firearm, a

knife or other dangerous weapons.

Animus Lucrandi - means intent to gain, in Robbery.

Bienes Muebles - in Robbery, means personal property belonging

to another.
Arrest - The legal taking of a person into a custody in order that

he may be bound to answer for the commission of an offense.

Arrest Warrant - An order in writing issued in the name of the

Philippines commanding or directing a peace officer to arrest the

person described therein and brings it before the court.

The warrant of arrest is to be served within a statutory

period of 10 days.

The warrant of arrest validity continues unless:

1. Recalled by the issuing court

2. The respondent has been arrested

3. Respondent voluntary submitted himself

Arson - An act of willfully and maliciously damaging or destroying a

building or other property by fire or explosion.

Autopsy - known as a post-mortem examination, necropsy, autopsia

cadaverum, or obduction, is a highly specialized surgical procedure

that consists of a thorough examination of a corpse to determine the

cause and manner of death and to evaluate any disease or injury that

may be present.

Accused - A person who’s case was forwarded to the office of the

prosecutor and filed in court.

Baseline - a method of locating object, particularly useful in in

large, irregularly shaped outdoor areas.

Confession - An express acknowledgment by the accused in a criminal

prosecution of the truth of his guilt as to the offense charged,

while admission refers to statements of fact not directly constituting

an acknowledgment of guilt.

Corpus Delicti - Latin for the “body of the crime”.

Crime - A generic term referring to many types of misconduct

forbidden by law.

Crime Scene - A venue or place where the alleged crime/incident/event

has been committed.

Criminal - A person who is convicted by final judgment.

Criminalist - The officer responsible for recording a crime scene and

recognizing and preserving physical evidence.

Criminal Investigation - The collection of facts in order to accomplish

the three-fold aims – to identify the guilty party, to locate the guilty

party and to provide evidence of his (suspect) guilt.

Criminal Investigator - A well-trained, disciplined and experienced

professional in the field of criminal investigation.

Criminal Law - One that defines crimes treats of their nature and

provides for their punishment.

Crime Scene - The geographical area where the crime was committed.

Crime Scene Sketch - A simple diagram that creates a mental pictures

of the scene to those who are not present.

Rough Sketch - The first pencil-drawn outline of the scene

and the location of objects and evidence within this outline.

DNA Profiling - (also called DNA testing, DNA typing, or genetic

fingerprinting) is a technique employed by forensic scientists to assist

in the identification of individuals by their respective DNA profiles.

DNA Fingerprinting - is a test to identify and evaluate the genetic

information, called DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid), of a person's cells.

Early Techniques of Crime Investigation

Archimedes (287–212 BC) invented a method for determining the

volume of an object with an irregular shape.

Book of Xi Yuan Lu - The first written account of using medicine

and entomology to solve criminal cases.

Carl Wilhelm Scheele - he devised in 1773 a method for detecting

arsenous oxide, simple arsenic, in corpses.

Henry Goddard - at Scotland Yard pioneered the use of bullet

comparison in 1835.

Alphonse Bertillon - was the first to apply the anthropological

 technique of anthropometry to law enforcement, thereby creating

an identification system based on physical measurements.

Sir William Herschel - was one of the first to advocate the use

of fingerprinting in the identification of criminal suspects.

English Constable - early recorded professional criminal investigator.

Evidence - The means by which facts are proved.

Forcible Rape - Sexual intercourse carried out against a person’s will

by the use of physical violence.

Four Basic Techniques That Can Be Used To Measure A Crime Scene

1. Rectangular/Coordinate System

2. Baseline/Station Line

3. Triangulation/Trilateration

4. Azimuth/Polar Coordinates

Azimuth - uses polar coordinates. This method requires two

people; one to hold each end of a tape measure. This type of

measuring convention is best suited for large open areas where

 there might not be any fixed reference points. A known starting

point must be established in your scene which might require

pounding in a stake. That point is located by using a handheld

GPS (global positioning system). A large protractor or some

other type of board marked with a circle and degree increments

is used. The zero location on the board is oriented toward

magnetic north.

Triangulation - is a method that can be used when the scene

is irregularly shaped. Two control points are used for this

method.

Highgrading – selling

Information - The general term referring to the knowledge acquired

by criminal investigator from various sources. Data gathered by an

investigator from other persons including the victim himself and

other sources.

Instrumentation - The application of instrument and method of physical

science in the detection and investigation of crime.

Interview - The simple friendly questioning of people who have the

information officially needed by investigators.

Interrogation - The vigorous or aggressive questioning of person

suspected of having committed an offense or a person who is reluctant

or willing to make a full disclosure of information in his possessions,

which is pertinent to the investigation of a criminal case.

Investigation - The collection of basic facts establishing that a crime

has been committed and that some other person is responsible thereof.

Kastle–Meyer Test - is a presumptive blood test, first described in

1903, in which the chemical indicator phenolphthalein is used to detect

the possible presence of hemoglobin.

Miranda Doctrine - The principle on the rights of a suspect against

forced self-incrimination during police interrogation.

Modus Operandi - Methods of Operation, Modes of Operation, Manner of

committing the crime.

Murder-Suicide - An act in which an individual kills one or more other

persons immediately before or at the same time as him or herself.

Phenomena - A circumstance, event or occurrence as it actually

exists or existed.

Photography - The most reliable means of preserving the crime scene

or evidence.

Political terrorists - The use of force or the fear of force to achieve

a political end.

Power-Reassurance Rapist - The rapist who psychologically doubt his

masculinity and seeks to dispel this doubt by exercising power and

control over women.

Professional Robber - This characterized as having a long-term

commitment to crime as a source of livelihood, planning and organizing

crimes before committing them and pursuing money to support a particular

lifestyle.

RA 7438 - An act defining certain rights of person under custodial

investigation.
RA 8353 - The Anti-Rape Law of 1997.

RA 9514 - The Fire Code of the Philippines.

Rectangular - a method of obtaining measurement to locate an object

by making a measurement at right angles from each of two walls. Works

well for indoor measurements.

Special Crime Investigation - The investigation of cases that are

unique and often require special training to fully understand their

broad significance.

Spectrometry - modern detection method of alcohol and drugs.

Suspect - A person arrested for a crime.

Terrorism - The unlawful use of threat of violence against person or

property to further political or social objectives.

Three Fold Aim of Criminal Investigation

1. Identify the Perpetrator

2. Locate the Perpetrator

3. Provide Evidence
Triangulation - method of locating object where measurements are taken

from two fixed points at the scene to the object you desire to locate.