2xGU81 HF Linear

7/20/2015 Hi Fi Contester c LP circuit, EX8A.
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Hi Fi Contester c LP circuit, EX8A.
The motto of the (former) "Make yourself, make us better than we do!"
It's been over a year since I released the article "On GU81," old "and" modern "tubes for RA." http://www.cqham.ru/pa_gu81.htm and "P140 + 2GU81." http: //
www.cqham.ru/R140.htm but continues to receive letters asking to send a diagram to explain the features of the design and construction of this amplifier, as
well as make recommendations for changing the operating mode of lamps and various modifications, which I decided to do in order to free themselves from the
burden of response on the same issues. Recently, in one of the forums discussed the TFR selection, some of the circuits RA GU81 do. I had never seen them, but
then I saw that they contain coarse fundamental mistakes that doomed to fail anyone who will take them to repeat. I searched inHETE and was unpleasantly
surprised by the fact that he could not find any workable scheme for GU81M common cathode.
From communication in the air and inHETE seen pretty sad picture. Many radio amateurs, if not most, poorly oriented in amplifiers, basic knowledge derive
from advertising, at best, from my own experience of installation of several designs from which often made the wrong conclusions because of the lack of
elementary knowledge as in the case that he initiated me publications on the theme of light and amplifiers.
I'm glad I was able to influence the attitude of many radio amateurs to the socalled "Old" Lamp GK71, GU13 and GU81. A number of my correspondents have
made new amplifiers with their application, and make sure they are not only not in no way inferior to "modern", but to exceed them on the most important
parameters. This high reliability, high efficiency, low intermodulation distortion, simplicity, high stability, low cost. "Old" New lamps for superior environmental
performance, such as noise and the lack of air ionization in the room where the RA.
They win on environmental indicators in the air, which is a factor more important than all the previous ones. This low level of band emissions, clean,
nezashumlenny signal. After all, sadly, over the last 15 ... 20 years (and years of intensive expansion is crafty lamps), the fan noise in the signal has become
commonplace attribute "serious" amp. With that somehow we have become accustomed and resigned as the inevitable. But the noisy signal a signal of poor
quality, and the noise from the fan is no better than other noise, pops and interference. The "old" lamps do not contaminate any room, no air noise, due to the
absence of the noise source.
The ecological situation in the air and prestige among other amateur radio population, depend directly on the quality of used equipment, especially the output
stage of the transmitter. The old adage "The transmitter is never better than its final stage" remains in force.
In the fight for the environment ether, for decades, it has been the most popular method of bans powerful lamps. Not only the application but also to publish
their correct use. This measure proved ineffective, brought the environmental situation and the prestige of the amateur radio movement more harm than good.
Prohibitions these massively violated, constantly and everywhere, from big cities to the most remote villages. The reason for the phenomenon is that the
creators of the radio amateurs and experimenters. Creativity, desire to "onward and upward" fundamental, natural quality of man. Exterminate in men it is
impossible, and efforts to suppress generate a perverted form. The ban on the powerful lamps stimulates operation in lowpower modes transcendent, which is
the main source of band emissions. This leads to a drastic decrease in reliability of the apparatus. Incidents such as: "During the contest burned amplifier" are
commonplace for decades. The most popular are overinflated "fifty dollars" and GU74B in "easy" mode (with reduced voltage at the anode), and the lack of
information on how to properly use a more powerful and highquality lamps, led (and leads) to the emergence of "bulldozing" on the air. As a result, we have not
only interference but also the image of ham is primarily noise maker television, alarm and so on.
Information and exchange of experience on the application of highpower light is useful for our hobby. Moreover, it should be publicly available. Do not be afraid
that some sort of a beginner will use it to build powerful, not the position of his license, the amplifier. Longterm experience shows that if we strongly wanted,
power, he still does, but have done wrong, and you get another "bulldozer." This is a problem. And not only him, because listening to the interference of its
signal will have the rest. He himself suffers from this, first of all, from the neighbors, obrezayushih feeder. But in fact, he does not want to dirty the signal, it's
like walking in dirty clothes.
Fans of "hold and not puschschat" guided grim prospects of lifting the ban, but for more than 10 years of experience in the countries where these restrictions are
removed, shows that the situation with noise became much better. It does not add any new "Bulldozer". Moreover, as soon as more power is no longer a
"forbidden fruit", many have ceased to seek it as an end in itself. The owner of a power amplifier, just like the owner of a car with a highpowered engine,
quickly came to the conclusion that he just does not need the power, say 3 kW, and if needed, it is not so often, and very nice for yourself (and everyone else) It
reveals that the amplifier capable of delivering these same 3kW at 1 ... 1.5 kW peak power is a signal of quality incomparable with those "fifty dollars", with
works extremely reliable.
And only 1.5 kW were needed contestmen, most of the others stopped at 500 ... 700 watts, which is the limit of their true needs, and most importantly, by
themselves, without pressure from the outside, realized and accepted.
The power that can give no distortion power actually can not be an end in itself, since it is only a onequality parameter, along with efficiency, SOI as in audio.
Nobody in the concert hall does not seek to impress the audience capacity of sound (it's bad taste), but every expert knows that the demands on the quality of
sound is impossible to provide an amplifier having no multiple headroom.
In the air like aesthetic standards supports the most mature hams. For the development and promotion in the mass of high quality standards, are the most
effective methods of consultation, if you want education, mutual support, exchange of experience, rather than bans and closing information on how to build a
highquality equipment and a division into castes, who can and who it is impossible to build or acquire.
It looks about the same as if someone something occurred to introduce regulations on the purchase and use of vehicles, according to this same category. That
is certainly a beginner 23 years should bathe with "Zaporozhets" and then with "Zhigulenko" Well, when master of sports of the rally, he will be allowed to
drive, say, a BMW750. This is nothing more than the remnants of feudal consciousness, against which the mass of amateur radio has always rebelled, and these
prohibitions violated.
His vision techniques to ensure the highest standards of technical quality of the signal, the choices of element base, the reasons for the apparent superiority of
the "old" lamp on "modern", I'm pretty detailed in the articles I have mentioned. It focused mainly on the comparative characteristics pentodes GU81, GK71 with
"modern" (I love that word) tetrodes from GU34 to GU91B. But, as in the view of many radio amateurs, the best amplifiers are amplifiers with transistors ACX
right, grounded grid, I want to pay attention to them.
In amateur practice such amplifiers exist for a long time, attracted the simplicity and power circuitry. Triodes really excel tetrode (but not pentodes) in terms of
efficiency, but their superlinearity no more than a myth. In amateur literature found justification for their presence enhanced linearity current internal HSE in
cascades with a total grid. In the best case, we examine the impact of the current grid on the input impedance of the amplifier, and their influence on the
harmonic distortion and intermodulation distortion are not even considered, sadly.
Really Right triode OS has an internal negative feedback, improving linearity, but current grid negate their advantage over cascades with OK, and usually they
are worse in intermodulation distortion, and it is the main parameter of quality. The dependence of the current grid voltage between the grid and the cathode is
nonlinear. Nonlinear conductivity of gridcathode region is a generator of harmonic and intermodulation products at the input of the amplifier, and EP just can
not deal with them. For lamps, these products are no different from the amplified signal, and it is in good faith, with high (due to the action of DUS) enhances
their linearity. The lamp does not know and can not know where the useful signal, and where spurious intermodulation products and harmonics. Entered signal
input, decomposed into harmonics in the nonlinear conductivity inputs, it will increase as the signal itself, and degradation products. That is why the rightwing
currents of transistors with nets in professional equipment for linear amplification are not applied.
In transistors with OC, especially those with a high slope ACX easily overheat a grid, then the increase in output is mainly due to the growth capacity of the even
http://www.cqham.ru/HiFi_Contester_EX8A.htm 1/12
harmonics of the amplified signal, ie, band emissions.
To prevent overheating of the grid in its current circuit include milliamp, but it is useless. Is it just for complacency. Grid triode current depends not only on the
level of the excitation, but also on the amplitude of the RF voltage swing at the anode. Overheating grid generates electron emission from the grid. At each
positive half cycle sine wave RF grid current is positive, and every negative negative. Miliampermetr shows the balance of the currents, which can not go
beyond the boundaries of the permissible, and it is impossible to determine when the grid is already overheated. This module current grid, so often already that
the power dissipated on the grid, many times higher than the permissible value. This causes distortion, reduce the life of the lamps and shot from the OS. Lamp
overheated control grid a powerful generator of harmonics.
The best amplifiers running now considered a powerful metalGS35B transistors.
To all the above problems with the grid characteristic of all the triode they are problems with the poor quality of a gentle vacuum and cathode. They destroyed
oxide cathode as in nedokale and when overtempered. Its temperature is difficult to control because it depends not only on the filament voltage, and the room
temperature, air flow, and mode mesh anode current. When pumping cathode easily enters avtoemisii, further heated anode current, receiving energy from a
source, not only the glow voltage and the source of the anode voltage.
This mode of oxide cathodes transferred briefly, the cathode structure is destroyed, resulting in loss of emission. It helps shorten the life of the cathode and the
ion bombardment that occurs when poor quality vacuum tube after some time not working.
If, after a break in operation, the lamp to practice, vacuum is restored, but during each regular exercise, ion bombardment cathode strongly destroys its
structure. Therefore, metalceramic lamp can work for a long time, if they work with good blowing, voltage stability, without overloading and perekachek, and if
from the moment of commissioning work continuously, such as in FM transmitter. All, or almost all of these conditions are not feasible in the amateur operation,
therefore reducing the life of "ceramic" natural.
Significant thermal overload for any reason, as well as field emission mode, easy to carry directly heated cathode, directly heated so kind GU81 lamps, GU5B in
fact have a service life is several times longer than metal ceramic.
Operating conditions of power amplifiers in radio heaviest what you can imagine. This is part of the onoff, downtime for which lamps with poor quality vacuum
rastrenirovan manage, and require a new cycle zhestcheniya, the lack of whose shot from the responsible "fatal" outcome, and cyclic life reduction exercise.
The need to train regularly cermet lamp life and great spoils a good impression of the work on the air. A typical situation: in the day stood out as a spare minute
to sit for the transceiver, and then a surprise works DH! To work with him, you need a booster. Power to include, wait a few minutes until the most "ceramics"
warmed up, so it is necessary to train thelamp ... It takes time, and what a pity that it is necessary to spend precious time on such a routine !!! While you're
warming up, you train her, HH left. The result some disappointments. Do not you train did not have time to call lamp lumbago other grief !!! And how cool
themselves when there is no reason for all this trouble !!! GU81, GK71, ready to go through after the second, and guaranteed, regardless of how much they have
stood without work.
Highquality amplifiers OS can be built on with petodah modified SUVs, such GU81M. To this end, the onscreen grid feeding 800 ... 900V, for the same control
220V, HF, they must be grounded. Pentode grid grounded directly supplied to the cathode of the buildup to the current control grid is equal to 0 at the
maximum amplitude of the swing. This amplifier will have intermodulation products 3rd order in the area of 46dB. Even better in this scheme will work GK71.
On the screen about 600 ... 700V, to the control 120. It is for such a scheme, the output stages are built of the best transmitters trunking, such as "Lightning3."
Transmitters using cascades c OS, and small currents of the control grid have this option is not the best 30dB, which is far from the quality Hi Fi class.
The stages on petodah with earthed grids, large drive power dissipated in the nets, they overheat and stage turns into a harmonic generator. This pokazometr O.
It shows a linear increase in power output with increasing levels of the buildup, but this growth is greater due to the growth garmoncheskih power and
intermodulation products. Therefore, in professional equipment such schemes do not apply.
GU81, GK71 in the circuit with earthed grids create the illusion superlinearly amplifiers. But this is only on the surface, yet instead pokazometra not connect to
the output of a spectrum analyzer. Pokazometr 1garmoniki does not distinguish between power (the desired signal) on the power of the 2nd, 3rd, etc harmonics.
These "gauges" power harmonics lie so that from the amplifier can "achieve" is not only unrealistic, "power", but also the efficiency of more than 100% !!! hi,
what I have seen for myself 20 years ago in experiments with GK71.
The illusion of limitless possibilities of "old" lamps with earthed grids created from the enormous electric and thermal strength of the cathode and the grid. When
such an amplifier is pumped, the cathode begins to operate in the field emission when it receives no additional heating of the source of the glow voltage and the
anode current. And directly heated cathode and the grid is maintained so long mode may work well over the years, but with a very high level of even harmonics.
"Modern" oxide cathode lamp, take GS35B though, can also work in this mode, easy swing, and one ampere, and up to six amps, just enough for a couple of
contests.
I want to emphasize once again. Regardless of the connection type, the currents of the control grid lamps with high quality amplifier compatible.
The reliability and durability of any radio tubes depends primarily on the quality of vacuum, reliability and durability of the cathode.
The quality of the vacuum is dependent on the quality of the metalinsulator junctions, the highest quality junction structure has a metal glass.
The quality of the vacuum not only affects the quality of the junctions, but also the presence / absence of material passing into the gaseous state under high
vacuum. This balloon material and the cathode material. Sometal lamp with simple tungsten cathodes are much longer than the cathodes of complex physical
and chemical structure.
Quality of vacuum metalglass junctions inversely proportional to the area of
the junction, so light from the pins of the electrodes is higher than that of lamps
with coaxial pin. Reliability is directly dependent on the overload capability of the electrodes.
The ability to visually monitor the status of the lamp is only for glass lamps, and increases its reliability.
When 15 years ago I appeared on air with a new amplifier for 2hGU81 were many puzzling questions as I could "slip" from the best of the "modern" lamp
GU73B to such "old" as a "slingshot". Many hams explain it impossible. Many do not realize it now. To understand, you have a good understanding of the
structure of different radio tubes and physics of processes occurring in them.
His path from GU73 to GU81 I called the virtual construction of radio tubes ©, which essentially is a powerful tool of choice of lamps. I'll try to briefly describe
it. So. As it was, there is a lamp. The best of the "modern" GU73B. Only very noisy blowing, prone to samovozbudu and easily breaks down because the grid
frail. Efficiency is low, the effect dynatron already got. Let's try to improve it (virtually). What is it bad? Dynatron effect. We throw out the screen grid. We get
cool triode but with indecent frail net. Umoschnyaem grid so as not to overheat, set aside on the grid from the cathode. From the slope of this decrease, but
increases the load capacity of the grid. The result GS35B.
Well, there are nuances only area of
the anode. Good lamp, but dull, because the normal powercontest 2GS35B option is not very linear because the current
grid, and is not very reliable because of poor gentle vacuum and cathode.
We think further, how else to improve it? "I" ceramic bottle on the glass. Cathode frail as everyone oxide cathodes. "Insert" directly heated. It is less economical
in terms of power, but is much more powerful than the reliability and durability. Suppose we managed to cram in a directly heated cathode GS35B. What
happened? The result was a lamp is 2 times stronger and 10 times more reliable.
Only the net again frail for such a power. Umoschnim net. A few more are removed from the cathode, again losing slope. And what happened? The result GU5B
directly in nature!
Soso. A good lamp turned out, powerful, durable, stable, but has a pair of nedostkov:
1. Dull. What to do? What to do? The grid is closer to the cathode the steepness of the growing grid hileet, set aside from the net on the cathode a lamp
grows dull. The eternal dilemma of transistors. As part of the transistors insoluble.
2. Problems with nonlinear conductivity inputs will not have gone!
Return to GU73B. Do not throw out, and add a grid. What happened? Pentodes GU71B !!! A good lamp dynatron no effect, but the full satisfaction, which can
give a good pentode not. Why is that? Because grid frail and prone to samovoebudu due to excess slope. And why are they frail? Because the slope of the ACX =
60mA / V. Do we really need such a steepness?
We make a simple calculation, from which it follows that the slope of ACX = 5 mA / V, the lamp will swing to full power 10th, Watts, and the stability of the gain
will be 12 times higher. That is actually the high steepness of SUVs in the commoncathode, not helpful and harmful factors, which is better to get rid of.
And what factors are useful? Linearity SUVs and operational reliability, in this case, limited power grids. No sooner said than done! We arrange the grid away
from the cathode and from each other, we umoschnyaem them optimize the design is not the maximum slope and the maximum linearity of SUVs. and what
we've got? That's right GU81 to purge the anode and the cathode is still oxide, a ceramic cylinder, with all their "charms." Change the bulb on the glass, on a
directly heated cathode. Get GU81 with the power and reliability as GU5B !!!
Cool light turned. Powerful durable, stable, linear, is not stupid. In the scheme with OK for the full swing requires only 10W !!! With such a lamp (still virtual), no
"modern" and some do not lie. Right transistors too. What more do you want? Yes, everything is fine, just noise, infection !!! Throwing downy anode, put graphite
and get GU81 in kind !!!
Now there's another benefit to purge lamps. Condition anode mesh cylinder and so on. Can be monitored visually!
What would be even better? GU5B yet powerful. Anode purge was more powerful. Yes. 2.5 ... 3 kW with GU81 not sderesh. Well, we put in RA are not one but
two GU81 !!!
And summarize. What I bought that lost in the transition from GU73B on 2GU81?
1. The big they are. Yes. But not more than + GU73B turbine blower. And the weight decreased by 4 kg.
2. Consume more power to inflame. Yes. However, due to the higher efficiency of the power of fifteen times overlaps anode current economy, so that the
total energy consumption for the same power output decreased by 1.5 kW . Temperature conditions eased. Thus, the overall heat balance and energy
saving GU73 2GU81 leave th behind.
3. Drive power down.
4. Power output has increased.
5. Intermodulation distortion decreased linearity gain increased.
6. Gone are the problems with pumping and dynatron effect, increased operational reliability.
7. Gone was the noise of the turbine and the need to regularly clean the dust in the radiator anode and around the amplifier. No turbines no dust.
8. Gone was the ionization of the air, which was made by blowing its anode tube.
9. Gone was the need to train the lamp after downtime.
10. Gone was the need to warm up a few minutes before turning on the lamp on the transfer. GU81 ready to operate in a second, regardless of how much
power was not in operation, week, year, or three years.
11. Gone was the need to keep ready a spare GU73B, and regularly train her.
12. Gone was the need to spend large sums of money to replace the lamp. The pair worked GU81 I stretch more than 12 years, and the parameters have not
deteriorated at all, the amplifier is ready to work and now at any moment.
13. Gone was the danger of a lamp failure at the sudden turn off the power.
14. Can endure long emergency operation, such as when the antenna is off, or break aetenny.
15. Any abnormal situations (not the included antenna, upset videoconferencing, raise the voltage, etc.) GU81 signals their views. Looking at it, you can judge
the regime not only the anode and the cathode and the grid.
16. GU81 cost an order of magnitude smaller than any "modern" light, and it is natural, because it is extremely low metal content, does not contain any
precious metals and whatever costly components.
That is, the view that the GU81 is hopelessly outdated, nothing more than superstition incompetent people.
Do not blame me, that for linear high power amplifiers have not created anything better than the GU81 and her older sister GK71 !!! I am sorry that many do not
know that !!!
The scheme is so simple that it seemed to me, everyone can draw it on the verbal description that I gave on the air for over 10 years. She worked out and
tested in longterm operation in the harshest environments overload, both individually and on all transshipment factors simultaneously. In developing the
scheme, the overload created specifically to obtain experimental data on the strength and stability of structural elements, as the result of systematic,
methodical, longterm and direct tests are the most reliable answer to the question, what can one or the other vacuum tube, the other elements, and design in
general.
Driving stereotyped not only for 2x GU80, GU81, GU81M, but also for GU13, GK71, and basically for any pentodes or radial tetrode like GU29, GU50 or 6P45S. It
is only necessary to change the name of the lamp circuit and the supply voltage. So for GK71 bring to the screen grid (grid) is not 800, and 600V , respectively,
the heat is not 12.6, and 20B , offset Ex. no 320 mesh and 180V , and reduce the amount of stabilizer zener bias voltage to stabilize = 100 ... 120V . Shunt
resistor circuit control grids that for GU81 = 2k, 20W, enough for GK71 5 ... 6W.
This scheme does not necessarily use the lamp 2 can be 3 or 4 or one. In the latter case it is possible to exclude the use of pest control throttle in the anode
circuit, and perhaps also to the grid. Naturally it will be necessary to recalculate the data output of the oscillating system based on the ratio of the anode voltage
and the anode current.
At the entrance to each range used Ploop. It is:
1. Matches the transceiver output impedance = 50 ohms input impedance tubes = 1 k + Z Rin. lamps + Z installation.
2. Provides additional filtering of the harmonic components in the signal transceiver.
3. Filters out the harmonics occurring at the input of the amplifier, at random pumping lamps.
You can use any type of matching circuit, such as a parallel resonance circuit with a tap on the part of the turns of the coil, or a capacitive divider or a
broadband transformer circuit + tuning is in resonance. These devices are about the same, differ only in nuances. More details are described in the article "P140
+ 2 GU81." http://www.cqham.ru/R140.htm
These contours are configured in cold tubes, without feeding them any stresses. Display Setting a SWR meter transceiver off when the tuner's antenna. In the
center of each band VSWR is 1, the edges are 1.2 worse.
When working with AT amplifier transceiver is not needed, it can relax or absent.
When applying all the supply voltages to the lamps, and supplying the excitation from the transceiver, the testimony of his SWR meter does not change,
regardless of the level swing. If the change this is a signal that the amplifier has a large parasitic feedback, t. E. Amplifier is unstable. It is the application of
socalled "Modern" lamps because of excessive steepness of SUVs. When changing the lamp adjustment input circuits is not required due to the very small
variation of input capacitance technology "old" lamps.
Pest chokes at the entrance. It is 6 turns of wire SEW0.8 resistor MLT1 82 Ohm. Also works when changing the resistor value from 51 to 150 ohms. The
main requirement for them they should be the same. To do this, we must take two equal length wiring to tin the ends to the same length, say 5mm and reel
them in identical resistors soldered to the ends of the resistor close to their hulls.
Terminating resistors in the input. I have it in 2 pieces. GUT10 1k in series (which was handy). They can be recruited from MLT2 to their total capacity was
not lower drive power. The main requirement for them and their installation Minimal selfinductance, which means the shortest possible conclusions. This
requirement has to condenser, blocking RF current to the ground with the "cold" end of the resistors. These resistors have the following functions:
1. It is the load for the transceiver. They are scattered all the power swing.
2. Shunt land gridcathode, ie, lamp entrance, which improves stability of the amplifier. Therefore, it is desirable to place them as close as possible to the
grid of the tube.
3. As it is fed offset voltage lamps, which determines the operating point of the lamp during transmission and locking the lamp during reception.
I consider it necessary to note that the scheme is designed for use lamps without current control grids. The current grid occurs when pumping. It flows
through the resistors, creating a voltage boost to the bias voltage. Voltage boost this depends on the pump and is proportional to it. It's called selfbias voltage.
Affects the quality of the signal, because the operating point shifts to the nonlinear portion of SUVs, in class C. Therefore, if you want to add capacity,
increasing buildup, better still raise the voltage on the screen grid, at least up to 1000V, SUVs slipping even further to the left , respectively, increase the bias
voltage to restore the nominal load current (operating point), but not to allow current control grids. In addition to the harmonic distortion and no good currents of
the first grid will not give.
If the load resistor shunt reactors, which are almost a short circuit for the current exercise. networks, the selfbias voltage will not arise, and distortion of the
displacement of the working point in the class C will not. That's what I did when tested on the strength of the control grid lamps. But the distortion of the current
grid will be because the conductivity of the gridcathode region is nonlinear, so it does not control grid to pump and lift the screen tension. It is safe. Tested. As I
tried to overload the screen mesh to lamp failure failed.
Stabilizer bias. It consists of a chain of lowpower diodes, you can use any D808, 809, 813, 814, CS 630, 650, 930, 950, can be mixed, just to gain the
necessary voltage stabilization. And the ballast resistor. I is 20 ohms 10W. At first I put 2W, but when engaged in a test of strength, burned a couple of times
this resistor, set 10 watt, and then forgot about it. This withstands everything, even long shorts output stabilizer. Zener diodes are not out of order once. They
work in the easy mode, the grid currents could not burn them. D808 ... 814 times (in various other circuits) are heated so that the desoldering and fall from the
board, but still longer stabilized in this scheme, they are not heated at all.
I should note that the use of the parallel stabilizer chains offset required. It has a low output impedance, and through the drain currents nets if appear. The use
of this circuit stabilizer serial type from several popular schemes, wandering on Ino, has led to the disappointment of many hams. Guilty were certainly not
these hams and "stupid" and "outdated" GU81M.
The fact is that, without modification of the screen grid from GU81 to get more power without control grid currents impossible, and serialtype stabilizer ceases
to stabilize when the load is not a consumer, and a current source (grid current). These currents in the high output impedance of the stabilizer creates a selfbias
voltage that the lamp just locked them. It seems that in order to achieve normal output is not enough buildup. But it is useless to increase because all the
additional buildup of leaves to increase the selfbias voltage, the locking tube. As a result, it is impossible to either signal quality or power to which light is able
to do something.
As an indicator of the current control grids I use dial ammeter. It was useful for measurements and tests. When they finished, he became only indicate one
thing. There is talk of nets or not, so it can be safely replaced by a lowpower LED. The counter parallel to it is necessary to connect a simple diode, through
which will flow to the grid bias voltage.
Screen supply.
For linear amplification of the electrical signals not and can not be anything better electronic devices with linear characteristic entrance. And these were created.
GK71 and GU81 the best of them.
They are communicating characteristics (ACX) is almost perfectly straight, the maximum current limit equal to the emissivity of the cathode current to rest on
the lower bend ACX. These characteristics allow to realize the gain in class, close to ideal, with the level of intermodulation distortion is not worse than 40 dB.
This electron efficiency lamp gets close to the theoretical limit = 0.785.
However, SSB linear amplification they have a serious drawback. This lamp tsentralnoyASKH . In tipovomrezhime corresponding passport data of these
lamps.
Developers radio, and these were mostly defensive CB, were not able to move away from the passport data, so overcame this drawback by shunting nonlinear
conduction arising from the currents of the control grid or a resistor or low output impedance of the previous stage. To do this, it is usually 10 or more times
more powerful than is necessary for the proper swing.
The power dissipated in the control grid, and the grid is overheating occurs field emission of electrons from the grid control. Field emission of electrons from a
screen mesh pentodes does not happen, because it neither heats, though whitehot, the electrons from the anode it will not fly. They locked the electric field of
negative (relative to the screen mesh) polarity is created grounded pentode grid. Do not they fly to the control grid, because the potential of the control grid on
the screen, too negative. But protection from the field emission of electrons from the control grid are not any radio tubes . Electrons emitted by the
cathode and the control grid, experiencing accelerating effect of the field onscreen grid, so they flow pentode grid does not lock. The anode, their potential pulls
the free electrons to itself and does not distinguish where they came from, from the cathode or the control grid. The current issue of the control grid is
proportional to its temperature. The temperature is proportional to the average level of the buildup. The current issue of constant creates additional, more
accurate bass component of the anode current, which overloads the anode and further heats the control grid. The operator looks at the anode milliamp and
catches the buzz what moscha what moscha !!!, but it is nothing more than an illusion, because the capacity increase is mainly due to harmonics.
The emission current of electrons is proportional to the control grid is also instantaneous potential difference anode mgmt. grid. This potential difference
reaches a maximum at each negative peak RF sinusoid grid. The instantaneous value of the voltage thereon, is the sum of the bias voltage and the RF voltage
amplitude, is about 400V. A momentary value of the anode voltage at this moment is the sum of anode voltage supply and RF amplitude voltage on it. It is
about + 6000V. At such moments, when the lamp is to be locked, and the instantaneous value of the anode current must be equal to 0, the electron beam to the
control grid, not only is not 0, but gets an extra splash, which is equivalent to an increase of power of the even harmonics of the amplified signal. This indicator
O. It shows a power increase of the output power that creates the illusion of a high linearity of the cascade. After all, a simple indicator can not distinguish, by a
harmonic signal increase in power occurred.
Described negative physical phenomena in tubes with central ACX not allow much to be dispersed in a current control grid, and is mainly used the left side of
SUVs , so the military transmitters GU81 have a maximum output power of 750W per lamp. And this is more than double the underutilization of its actual
capacity.
It is certainly possible in all these nuances do not understand, they swing to blue in the face, as we did, and for decades. We stood in the club Marine transmitter
R641, do not designed for SSB, rocked up to 1.5 amperes or more. The signal was dozer and were guilty, and remains in the opinion of many radio amateurs so
far, do you think, what? ... That's right. GU81 !!!
This transmitter never missed a contest, worked from morning till night, sometimes all day, worked on it all, from beginners to aces. Hundreds of times there
are situations where VCS is not configured properly or not the included antenna, and after 10 years of such exploitation have decided to put a new lamp. We
deliver, and nothing has changed. GU81 old for all this time have not lost any issue, no transconductance, put them back, and they worked until the USSR
collapsed, and DOSAAF with him.
Why is that? Because GU81 has a huge margin. If that transmitter were any "modern" kind GU74 ... 78 Mountain of them burned, would not give the club
approach.
Incidentally, the field emission of electrons from the control grid, sin 'modern' lamps, and for its occurrence, they do not even need to pump up the approach in
a positive voltage region gridcathode region. They are very fine mesh, is located in proximity to the microscopic redhot cathode, so an already hot, and to
mesh with the electrons fly toward the anode, small enough additional heating capacitive gridcathode current, arising when applying buildup. The higher the
frequency of the swing, the greater the current, and consequently emissions. This phenomenon is familiar to owners of the RV3 GU78B. This milliamp in the grid
circuit shows a negative current grid. In GU73B this effect is even stronger because the capacity of gridcathode even more. In general, the lamp is "modern",
the higher its steepness, the worse.
If they also siphon (by accident accidentally), they are easily damaged. I've said nothing about problems with the screen grid. They are familiar to anyone who
exploit them. Because they pentode grid is not available, and they are not protected, not only from the emission control grid, but also on the issue with the
screen grid. Currents screen grid is ten times more than the control, and problems with her again, respectively. It is necessary to screen grid overheat, it
becomes a source of free electrons, like any piece of hot metal in a vacuum. These electrons rush towards the anode. After all, between the anode and the
screen grid in the tetrode for them there are no obstacles. It forms an open body diode (dynatron). The current through the diode heats up more screen grid. The
process supports itself and develops an avalanche. As a result, everything that is connected to the screen grid burns, the lamp can bear the "feet first" and
remove from his pocket a new $ 350400.
To screen grid in the tetrode is not overheated, we have very carefully and gently adjust the video conferencing so that the utilization rate of the anode voltage
was less than 60 ... 65%, that is forced to give a sacrifice efficiency of the amplifier.
When these lamps operate in TV broadcasting transmitters t, problems with efficiency mainly because there for years without changing the settings, the
frequency, and the antenna does not vary. In amateur conditions amplifier to constantly rebuild the other ranges to other antennas, change the frequency within
the range, in the care of the tuning frequency varies with the load, because the input impedance of the antenna at different frequencies different. Antennas are
rotated and deformed by the wind, making their parameters are also changing. Therefore, the intensity of the failure of the "modern" tetrode with frail nets in
amateur conditions is very, very impressive, especially for the contestpositions.
Added to this are in trouble with the poor quality of the vacuum, especially metalceramic tubes. During the downtime, it gets worse, it also often leads to the
lamps "fatal" outcome, and, as a minimum, the accelerated deterioration of the cathode. And amateur amplifaer even in principle, can not be switched on
permanently, his frequent onoff, downtime and instability of supply an unavoidable reality. Therefore, for serious work hams like no one else, needed highly
reliable lamps such as GU81.
If your amplifier pentode GU81 these problems are not available, the screen mode of the grid is not necessary to monitor, video conferencing is possible and
necessary to adjust the maximum output power, and the utilization rate of the anode voltage is close to 100%, and the efficiency of the theoretical limit.
Changes in load leads to overload the screen mode and the anode grid, but their electrical and thermal stability have a large stock so GU81 of all such
"adventures" out unscathed. The quality of the vacuum they have is that even after 20 years of lying in a warehouse, work without lumbago and without special
training. This I have experienced personally and repeatedly. The vacuum is so good because the materials of the cylinder, valves and cathode "old" lamps do not

contain substances evaporated in vacuo, and the area of
the glassmetal junction is minimized.
In my RA based on P140, for three years I systematically engaged in experiments to identify weaknesses in the meantime torment 20 "slingshots" at the end of
the experiment, 12 years, one couple has worked there without a single failure, works to this day.
To increase the utilization rate of light from the central ACX, it is necessary to make their SUVs left . And unlike the military, we, radio amateurs no one can
forbid it to do.
The fact that an increase in voltage on the screen grid, ACX lamp shifts to the left, has long been known. But I do not know that anyone has done specific
measurements and tests for the practical implementation of the method. Therefore, the first thing I did was took anode grid characteristics GU81, at different
voltages onscreen grid, when he decided to apply to the scheme with GU81 OK. Here are the results of this work:
I do not pretend to precision accuracy, but the effect of the displacement SUVs left, when the voltage on the screen grid is obvious. That is, when the onscreen
grid voltage = 700V, GU81 may issue has vibrational power 1000W on the left portion of SUVs at Ue = 800V, it is about 1500W at Ue = 900V about 1900Vt.
Possible inaccuracies in the measurements and construction of the mine above the graph family ACX no role. Moreover, regardless of the anode voltage . To
improve the utilization lamps, ie increase its output power, without any harm to the quality of the signal, you must comply with the terms:
1. Drive level should be such that the current control grids did not arise even at peak levels of the signal.
2. If the output is small, it is necessary to increase the voltage on the screen grid. Enlarge the bias voltage to restore the operating point change if you
change Uekr. (Add Zener regulator bias).
3. See p. 1.
Increasing capacity in such a way can be as long as anodes lamps will not acquire a light red during transmission. You can add and even when they are white,
and in this manner they can work in hours, days and months, but we must bear in mind that this is an unreliable temperature. The balloon may suddenly melt
and the lamp to be replaced.
During the tests, GU81 strength I could not identify the ultimate strength of grids. So I have a long mesh screen tortured at a voltage of 1000 V and a current of
0.4A. Do not burned, none of approx. 50 pieces subjected to this test. However, the power dissipated at the anode, a large stock from that indicated in the
passport, it does not matter. I mean the average power during transmission. It is limited by the temperature of the anode. So at Ue = 800V, Ua = 3 kW, P O.
= 1500W in class in the anode lamps scattered passport 450W . Personally, I stopped for a mode such as the limit for safe operation.
Nothing prevents a file on the screen grid 900 or 1000V. Raise the anode to 4 ... 5kV. Without sacrificing reliability it can not exceed the average power, peak
but can be extended twice more.
This modification lets you turn off the device, increasing the average power signal, and gain quality, unattainable for those who have to use them, without losing
the power they produce.
It is welcome for fans of highest quality signals with high crest factor.
This mode lamp I used for several months, but then excluded from everyday use, because then it is necessary to monitor the level of buildup, and I'm a
temperamental man, in the contest, or in a conversation can begin to shout into the microphone, forgetting to look at the arrow until one of the lamps is not "will
involve" the balloon.
Clipping is used primarily as a measure limiting the pumping, and thus ensures reliable operation of the amplifier.
Screen voltage stabilizer.
If the voltage on the screen grid is not stable, and the linearity is lost, and the power amplifier. Do not raise a hand to paint stabilizer that I apply. This monster
6C33C and 6ZH52P I did because tired to drag different trances when doing regular amplifaer. This power supply is for a lifetime, and no trans RA is not my long
time. Transformers place is not on the table, but somewhere on the shelf or under a desk. The highvoltage trans with all chokes and capacitors I generally in
the basement, so no one was hit by a high voltage, and let the buzzing there, and not in front of his nose.
In my UIPe 6 transformers and 3 stabilizer. One can give + 100 ... 1000 V at a current of 600mA. Second 0 ... .330V. The third provides for automatic 27V
P140, well, still there are several rectifiers for different relays and so on. All of this in a box measuring 40 x 30 x 20cm. The front panel features 2
microammeter, with switches, so that I can control the voltage and current of any two sources simultaneously. It works reliably and provides a lowvoltage part
of any RA, as well as a quick change of regimes. Remodel it no longer will. Lack my stabilizer in that it requires waiting for more than a minute, yet glowing
6C33C while as GU81 nd ready to go second after switching on.
Now I would make a simple transistor regulator serial type, as an emitter follower transistor on high, with a chain of Zener diodes in the database. Screw them
to the radiator a little more, to really not worry about him.
The scheme can be simplified, using a single transistor, but if not lucky, at high load currents, he can not cope with the stabilization, because the highvoltage
transistors are often very small current transfer ratio.
Two transistor cope anyway. The scheme of their inclusion and functioning something between emitter follower transistors connected in parallel to, and double
emitter follower. At low load currents (up to 50mA) is only the bottom (on the scheme) transistor as a simple emitter follower, with large (up to 0.4A) the circuit
operates as an emitter follower transistor on the composite. This regulator has a pair of pin RX / TX, if the power unit has an extra relay, it is possible to
connect, in receive mode will be less warm zener. You can not use and replace it with a jumper.
Pentodes dynatron free from the effect of the screen grid and surge. Their nets are not in need of protection against overloads. Therefore, such a simple enough
stabilizer. Of course, like any node, you can improve it as much as necessary.
The chain of electrolytic capacitors in the screen grid I have actually in the power supply. Most, about 20 ... 50 microfarads capacitance screen mesh the
land is needed. We need it because the amplification SSB signals on the screen grid, along with HF, there LF voltage proportional to the instantaneous value of
the envelope level. They are as necessary to the HF shortcircuited to the ground. Failure to do so leads to parasitic AM signal to be amplified, which leads to
deterioration of its quality.
In fact, the ammeter and voltmeter in the circuit with the screen grid are needed only during the debugging of the amplifier. It is absolutely essential when used
in RA "modern" lamp with delicate screen grid are inclined to dynatron effect and shot. It is necessary to look when you adjust the Ploop, to choose a
compromise between max. Output power and limit screen current.
If the amplifier is used pentode GU81, videoconferencing need to configure the maximum power output, and screen current ignore. Only during
debugging and testing is necessary to ensure that the screen keeps the voltage regulator under any circumstances. It hurt to see if it breaks down whether the
stabilization in the evening, when the voltage is minimal, and falls in some places up to 180 ... 170V. Even better simulate this situation using Latro, then a
regulator of the screen grid and its operation can be forgotten.
Output oscillating system ( VCS) is required for:
1. Matching the output impedance lamp with a load (antenna) to realize the maximum possible gain of the RF power from the lamp operating frequency of the
load.
2. Filtering the harmonic components of the anode current of the lamp.
FSI BOOM P140 has good quality factor of a constructive and dielectric strength. Constructive it is that allows you to modify, change the connection type sections
Vario, make the connection of additional elements not foreseen in the normal version, ie is flexible enough to work with any lamp and any imaginable load.
Powerful ball Vario, has a range of inductances ... 36mkGn 0.46, which is more than enough for all occasions.
However, in the normal performance of the PCB is working with the CSS unit. Features normal operation P140, such that the videoconferencing BOOM always
adjusted to the equivalent of the 50th, and coordination with the antenna and additional harmonic filtering unit performs the OSS.
Many amateurs use the P140 PCB without alteration and without videoconferencing unit OSS, however, harmonic filtering, especially in the bass range is
insufficient, and 80 and 160m ranges videoconferencing poorly tuned to the antenna input impedance which is markedly different from 50 ohms.
Real antennas are not strictly 50 ohm, even within the same range, so a good VCS must provide the setting by repeated rejection of the load impedance of 50
ohms. This determines the applicability of the Republic of Armenia, ie its vitality. As an example of life ... wake up before the contest, and all antennas covered
with frost or ice. VSWR> 4. RA inflexible video conferencing, the same neperedelanny P140, you can not include enough GU43,78 minutes 5. AT transceiver is
also a burden does not pull, and you contest was over before it began. If videoconferencing is good, it is set up and a burden to respond even worse, but it will,
and in half an hour an hour, the ice melts, including by RF heating wires and adjust the video conferencing can continue to operate as if nothing It happened.
So I modified the VCS. All details are described in http://www.cqham.ru/R140.htm
Except for one . I did not like that all the elements in the staffing performance of VKS BOOM P140 are under high voltage. Also, I managed to get a few lamps
GU73B, but there was no certainty that the PCB P140 Vario stand as increased power. And burn it did not want. So I decided to do it at least relieve the DC and
made
a parallel power scheme. Coupling capacitor 2200pF 3kV x 20 x kVAr moved into the anode. It would be necessary to put a capacitor at 6 kV, but was not
at hand, I do, as always, wanted more. I have thought that 3 kV can burn, but in all the years he did not burn, and I forgot that it is written, 3 kV.
For a long time I was "at war" with the anode choke. With this level of power I was not able to do the throttle, operate on all bands in the 'hot' end of the Ploop.
At HF it occur antinodes voltage and from this area there is an electric arc reactor 5 ... 7 cm on the ground, throttle burns, the wire is unwound and gushing with
3 kilovolts across the bay. Some phenomena in it for me and have remained a mystery. No reason, no reason at all inside the framework of the throttle, and a
tube of 30mm diameter radiofarfora and a wall thickness of 3 mm, there is something like a fireball. The light from her, easily penetrates through the ceramic,
and then an explosion, and the inner surface with pieces of pieces of the carcass is covered with a thin layer of metal .... ??? ... With capacities up to kilowatts
somehow managed to get around such moments by unwinding domotki few turns and then continuous shooting ... Throttle works as a long line of unpredictable
parameters that neither count nor modeled.
However, my perseverance was left without compensation. Came idea! To choke it ceased to manifest itself as a long line to make it shorter and thicker h1! Its
inductance I chose not tens hundreds uH, as usual, and units, or rather, just a 2fold greater than the calculated inductance of the Ploop on each band. The
impedance of the coil is easy to calculate, measure up, and no voltage antinodes and no more explosions.
So from the former anode reactor to obtain additional parallel circuit videoconferencing. Through it is fed to the anode, the anode voltage. The circuit has
become a twocircuit videoconferencing.
This allowed:
1. Provide enhanced harmonic filtering.
2. To ensure troublefree setting of Ploop when there is obviously the excess output capacity of lamps, installation, etc. Elements, such as the initial capacity
of the variable capacitor "hot" end of the Ploop.
Last chance my gift to those who think that 2GK71 2GU81 or may not work for 28ms.
Can. And 3 May and 4GK71, 4GU81. And not necessarily in the block P140, as in any selfmade. Anyone can make this unit is convenient for themselves, for their
amplifier in view of its specific dimensions, lamps, a specific arrangement of elements, and so on. The number of options to implement this idea a lot. I'll try to
explain how to do this with an example: I think that the method of calculation of the Ploop is familiar to readers of this article. It is described in any handbook.
There is even a table ready for a variety of Roe, and declined many virtual calculators for such calculations.
Let calculation (table calculator) say that 28 ms is needed 0,5mkGn circuit with inductance and capacitance to the "hot end" Ploop 40pF. And you GU81 Svyh 2
= 50pF + Smontazha = 60pF. Here it is possible to conclude that the 2 GU81 (GK71 and so on.) Will not work at 28ms. Some are convinced this is almost guilty
are "stupid", "old" lamp. Ho. Take the anode choke with an inductance not 100 ... 200mkGn and 1mkGn. See. Figure ....
Capacitive current Svyh. Section 2 of the current . According to Ohm's law 2/3 flow into the Ploop, and flows into the third most "choke", which will no
longer work as a reactor as well as a parallel resonant circuit . Separation of capacitive currents is physically equivalent to the division Svyh. 2
containers . One = 40pF resonates in the Ploop, the other (we superfluous) = 20pF resonates additional parallel circuit. In other words. Our "choke" eaten
neutralize superfluous for us 20 pF parasitic capacitance at the "hot end" Ploop.
If extra capacity is not 20, and 40pF, the inductance of the "choke" you need to take (roughly) is not 1, but 0,5mkGn. If it is necessary to neutralize the 10pF
2mkGn. Thus it is possible to neutralize the initial capacity too much "hot" variable capacitor or extra lamp or two.
The exact value of the inductor at any frequency can be readily calculated by known formulas, and quite easy with a virtual calculator that inHETE abound. The
number of turns, wire diameter, winding diameter (which is convenient for you), too, will give a calculator, such as the program MMANA. Checked. You can not
even measure devices and deflection due to the influence of surrounding objects easily corrected displacementextendable turns. The main thing carefully, so
as not to fall under a high voltage.
In my RA inductance of the parallel circuit switched crackers (3 pcs.) From the RSB5 , hanging down "language."
Coils L1 and L2 is one coil without carcass. Silverplated wire wound she 2.5mm mandrel 35mm. 5mm increments. All coil (L1 + L2 ~ 2mkGn) has 15 turns,
the section 28ms (~ 1,5mkGn) 11vitkov.
L3, L4, L5 on a plastic frame with a diameter of 50 mm PCO30. SEW wire 2mm, 4mm pitch winding has 26 turns with taps of 6 round (L3, ~ 14ms 1,5mkGn) 14
turns (7ms, L4 + L5, ~ 4,5mkGn), and the entire coil (L3 3,5ms + L4 + L5 ~ 9,5mkGn).
The coil L6 is wound on a separate ceramic frame 30mm diameter, wire SEW 1.5 increments of 2mm, 50 turns 1,8ms ~ 12mkGn. To the turns do not slip on the
frame, they are covered with a thin layer of epoxy.
Naturally, constructive these coils may be different. They can be made more sturdy, while the filtering of harmonics will be even better, and fewer losses. Even
more radically improve harmonic filtering (and this is especially true for MS, M2 and MM products) can increase the capacity of the "hot" end of the Ploop and
reduce the inductance L1 ... L6. I think that the recalculation of these inductors and capacitors, for those interested in a large work will not make.
All contour capacitors K15U on voltage from 6 kV and higher, and higher capacity 20kVAr. Blocking RF circuit in videoconferencing Capacitors KVI3 4700pF
5kV. L7 is "native" of the anode choke P140 PCB inductance 65 mH. In conjunction with blocking capacitors L7 is a filter, which prevents the penetration of
RF currents in the power bus anodes.
Nowhere in the amateur practice, in any form, I have not seen this type of dual videoconferencing, so I consider myself the author of this innovation. This video
conferencing is a combination of a parallel circuit and the Ploop. For ease of reference, and differences from other videoconferencing is applied by radio
amateurs, I decided to give it a name LPcircuit.
LPcircuit is remarkable that in a twoloop videoconferencing number of adjustable elements, the same as in the conventional Rcircuit. At the
same time, the suppression of the harmonics of the amplified signal proportional to the product of the Qfactor of the Ploop, to a Qfactor of further parallel
circuit. This allows for relatively small Qfactors of both circuits, to achieve significant attenuation of harmonics, unattainable using a Ploop and dualuse R
circuit requires the introduction of a further adjusting element that complicates the design, it increases the cost and complexity of operation RA.
Pest control chokes the anodes lamps is 4 turns welding tire 10mm wide and 2mm thick on a mandrel with a diameter of 10mm with 1mm gap between
the turns. Within these reactors are VS247om resistors. Their findings, to the very body of resistors, bolted to the terminals M3 tires. All the "excavation" chain
connected by wide copper bars, a thin copper foil, laid on the chassis.
I lamps from the block to the capacitor distance of 12 cm. The chain of antiparazitok to this capacitor is made of a wide 3cm. copper foil.
Setting the amplifier.
First of all, you need to calibrate all measuring instruments, by comparing their readings with exemplary. In no event should not be tested, select the shunts
milliammeters circuit the screen grid and the anode while the operating voltage. This should be done at low voltages of 5 ... 25V. I think that the person who has
taken to construct the described amplifier, these elementary operations are familiar. If not, it is necessary to repeat the relevant provisions of the school physics
course, and do you need as a laboratory work.
Next, you need to test all power sources. At the same time never forget that the product contains a source of high voltage, lifethreatening, and
strictly observe the safety rules. Never forget that one single breach of them may be the last in your life.
Each source should produce the required voltage at the maximum load at which the amplifier is operated. Check them out when you need to change the supply
voltage, the current in your sheke. It is useful to include in the outlet voltmeter and observe the extent to which the supply voltage varies. It usually falls in the
68 pm and rises at dead of night. Depends on the season, temperature, distance of your home from the transformer substation and the electrical grid in your
area.
How to ensure the sustainability and quality of the equipment is very useful to use a line conditioner, or at least, voltage regulators network wherever possible.
The following procedures will be training light . I've experimented with the SU81, make sure that the training in general, then they do not need, but as the
saying goes better safe than sorry. Who knows in what conditions they were kept? For this:
1. Insert a pair of lamps in the amplifier provide the intensity and let them pokalyatsya few hours.
2. Serve bias voltage locking lamp.
3. Serve the anode voltage. Better low, 1.5 times ... 2.
4. Serve screen voltage. Better low, also in 1,5 ... 2 times. May they stand up for another hour or two.
5. Reduce the offset voltage that there was a small plate current 5 ... 10mA. Let them work on this current half an hour, but rather a couple of hours.
6. Lockable lamp "minus" on the control grid and serves a full plate voltage, so let stand up for an hour another.
7. Reduce the offset voltage that there was a small plate current 5 ... 20mA. Let stand up for an hour another.
8. Reduce the bias voltage until the anode current to the anodes slightly pinker Let pokalyatsya.
9. Increase the anode current to the anodes were red, let pokalyatsya an hour or two.
10. A full screen voltage, and at first small plate current, and then more, more and red anodes let stand up for several hours.
Lamps, especially not completely cooled, it is best not to take your bare hands, and through the large clean cloth, towel or verhonku, put on a hand. If the
balloon hit the dirt or grease, remove it wad of cotton wool dipped in alcohol. Only light in this case must be cold! Lamps, which for many years were lying
somewhere horrible, and this covered with dirt, rinse under running water and soap, then again rinse thoroughly to prevent water washed the inside of the cap,
and then dried. From time to time, may once every six months, clean, dry cloth to brush away the dust from the top of the container.
If there appeared the dirt and grease, wash under running water and dry. If you have spare bulbs, which have not worked for a long time, all of them so useful
to practice. In the next few years they will be ready to work immediately and is guaranteed.
Once again I want to remind you about the safety at these sessions. You do not need to rush. To control their every move. Do not touch the bulbs until the anode
voltage is disconnected and does not turn off the screen tension.
I took myself for a rule 30 years ago, on the front panel voltmeter anode voltage and anode voltage is applied to itself through a thick coaxial cable and RF
connector. I never touch the bulbs until piece connector is not disconnected from the amplifier, even if I know that the high voltage is turned off. It worked out
to automaticity, and is a good habit.
Then, when the cold lamps and switched off all voltages are adjusted input circuit, as indicated by the radio SWR = 1 in the middle of each band, and can be
turned, put quiescent current 50 ... 60 mA for the lamp, to give a little swinging, adjusting video conferencing and gradually increase it maximum. The maximum
permissible swing is the emergence of the current control grids minus 3 ... 5%. The power is limited by the temperature of the anodes. If they are light red
everything. More can not swing. If not, and you want more, but there is a current control grids, avoid it, or better yet to increase the screen voltage, again set
the previous quiescent current to a maximum buildup achieved without current control grids.
Setting up videoconferencing.
As I mentioned, the process of configuring VCS amplifier pentodes much easier than tetrode, but here the wrong setting can significantly damage the quality of
the signal and increase the intensity of spurious emissions. I must say how NOT to configure the VCS:
1. You can not feed instead of a single frequency, or as it is often called the "carrier" AhahahahCach or whistle into the microphone.
2. You can not configure VCS with the other modes of the amplifier, than those used in the work itself. (Reducing the anode, screen stress buildup, etc.).
3. You can not configure VCS, giving a transceiver instead of the singlefrequency, dualfrequency signal.
Such methods are setting either overvoltage mode videoconferencing, and this nonlinear distortion and higher harmonics, or to undervoltage mode and a loss of
efficiency and capacity due to overheating of the lamps.
To properly configure VCS you need:
1. Determine what level limit (peak) power will be used.
2. Configure VCS to the maximum output power from the transceiver when applying singlefrequency signal (carrier) when the limit (peak) level.
3. When in the air do not exceed this level, under any circumstances.
The peak level depends on the type of modulation and the intended use of the amplifier in the near future after setting the time. This mode is full power, light
mode, which is especially desirable in a contest, a strong lightweight mode for everyday communication in the air, in different modes (SSB, CW, AM, RTTY, etc.).
Operation of such an amplifier rather quickly leads to the conclusion that the daily needs of its full capacity in 5 ... 10% of the time of use. I would even say it is
not convenient and unethical implemented in any conversation peacefully campaign 59 + 40dB signal, so in everyday life in the ether peak power 400 ... 500W is
more than enough.
If the amplifier is set to peak power, say 3 kW, then drive it to the 400W power makes sense if you use a signal with a large dynamic range (peak factor).
Naturally, the average efficiency of its small signal will be reduced. If you're not a particular fan of Hi Fi, usually applied signal having a conventional peak
factor, it is possible to adjust the level of FSI at 400 ... 500 W, and on the same 400 ... 500 watts average efficiency will be significantly higher, and over
voltage mode will not arise to the level of 400 ... 500W, in which videoconferencing tuned. If the signal is normal, it is to facilitate the temperature can be
significantly reduced heating power, which I usually do.
To handle Hi Fi signal, do not.
Maximum efficiency of the amplifier to the level at which configures VCS. And if you set it for example at 700W, keep in mind that you can not exceed this
threshold, otherwise it will be an overvoltage occurs videoconferencing mode, gain power above 700W You do not get, is that pokazometru indicator output. If
you try to exceed the buildup of more than this limit, will only increase in power due to harmonics, ie band emissions.
If you want to keep the amplifier in constant readiness to work maximum capacity, set up video conferencing at the peak power level, then reduce heat buildup
and communicate with friends on the power 200 ... 400 ... 600W. Then power up to a maximum increase most quickly by simply turning the power control of the
transceiver. Maximum power is used when it is necessary to quickly "cut the» DXA, or in conditions of poor passing.
Contest mode also has its own specifics. In the contest, the attention is completely absorbed by the process of the competition, constantly changing operating
frequencies and ranges, do everything you need to quickly, particularly to penetrate and control the operation of the amplifier once. The contest is desirable to
ease the load on the amplifier, it is known that 10% ... 15 relief mode doubles the margin of safety. So I've chosen Contest mode , reducing the anode voltage
up to 2800V , max. current buildup to 1,3a output (peak) up to 2500w , it is all the same relatively high power and highly reliable, it is provided.
Restructuring of videoconferencing, especially when limiting power mode, you need to do quickly, it is advisable to practice, because when videoconferencing
upset, all supplied to the power amplifier is dissipated at the anode, and the GU81 is heated white hot. What I once G811's Pozega !!! Mainly in the
reconstructions. But you can burn and GU81.
Question videoconferencing setup I have discussed in the TFR, and I have been given advice on how to configure it with a reduced anode voltage and current. I
know about these techniques, I know their weaknesses. When their implementation should take into account a number of additional factors that are difficult to
calculate. And anyway, how would you not previously set up video conferencing, it is useful to check the end result at full (peak) power and make correct
settings, that is, in fact configure VCS, which makes meaningless all the preliminary manipulation. The more complex, any technique, the greater the need of
any calculations and measurements, the more errors and error it gives. Of course, when doing reorganization videoconferencing first time, everything must be
done carefully, with breaks for cooling the lamp, and when at a contest do it 150 times, all these delights become unnecessary. The restructuring actually takes
less than 5 ... 10 seconds.
It must be remembered that, no matter how good and linear lamps are used, the foundation of an amplifier is its quality food. So do not skimp on the power
transformer and the anode to the filter capacity of the anode voltage.
For steady amplifier does not need to save and lamps. How to use lowpower, constant worry for them and changed regularly, it is better to take the obviously
more powerful, to be used more often or always halfheartedly, or a third of it, but the quality and reliability will be incomparably higher. Negative emotions of
that: "... grunted light" or "... in the contest burned amplifier" it is time to forget the fear of early childhood.
And if your choice will fall on the use of RA in your good old glass lamps, then you forget about their worries and blowing, warming up,
training, and other vanity, which is not worth wasting time fleeting life !!!
M O D & O K A T I.
First of all, I want to reiterate that the foundation of an amplifier is its quality food.
It is highly desirable zastabilizirovat voltages. This is most easily done using the network regulators. To supply low voltage circuits for many years, I apply the
stabilizer C05. It is also a very good stabilizer C09. Top stabilizers that I have met, made in Kiev. It is common ferroresonance stabilizers without any tweaks
with thyristors and transistors. It is also desirable to stabilize and the anode voltage using, for example a stabilizer against P140 etc. I have not stabilized the
anode, but I control the anode voltage voltmeter on the front panel, if it changes + \ 200V of the nominal value, to ensure the quality I engineer the VCS. If put
the stabilizer, or even manual control on the basis of the autotransformer, then about the need to forget. In the area where I live, the supply voltage "walks" on
the evening of winter 170V to 240V at night in the summer. In order to stabilize the power of the whole house, I have long been used homemade automatic
controllers based on different Latro, but do network stabilizer for RA, hands never reached.
I want to pay special attention anode power supply. I have this issue resolved simply, using a 3phase transformer on a unified unit HRV5U. It should be noted
that all the industrial capacity of over 1 kW transmitters are powered by a threephase network. Furthermore, the anode of the transformers are without
exception transmitters 2x3x headroom. Power can be impregnated with a level and a singlephase network, but the power transformer should be at least 6.3
kW, in addition, steps should be taken to reduce the turbulence of the anode voltage. This is done using a variable inductance chokes in the filter rectifier.
Applying throttle necessarily because it contributes significantly better use of power transformer. That is, the scheme is as follows: Transformer rectifier
choke capacitor. The capacitor of the container, the more the better, as they say here, porridge butter will not spoil. The capacitor provides a high load
capacity at peak power consumption. I myself have long neglected the use of the throttle, apply a purely capacitive filter, but without choke buffeting the anode
is significantly higher and the transformer is heated more.
Glass lamp GU81 and GK71 have a very low slope plate characteristics, which makes them very sensitive to the bumpiness of the anode voltage, however, if the
anode voltage at the quiescent current is high, it leads to increased heating of the anode current peace that in the end, leads to a decrease output power while
maintaining reliability, or vice versa, while maintaining the reliability of the power drops due to a heavyduty load current.
Power glow.
It is known that the majority of tubes, especially at the beginning of operation are significant, sometimes 2x3x margin emission cathode. If the lamp does not
Original text
serve the full filament voltage, and only needed to provide emission with a small margin, every vacuum tube is several times longer. After many years of
operation
ИК лучи рассеивают тепловую энергию, точно так
происходит в электрокамине.
both amateur and in a production environment I have never met has lost GU81 emissions. However, optimization of filament voltage GU81 increases the
reliability of its work and facilitates its temperature. Optimization of the filament voltage is as follows: Contribute a better translation
1. Turn LATR in the glow of the transformer primary winding and give maximum filament 240.
2. Customizable power at maximum (peak) power at a single frequency signal.
3. At full capacity, slowly reduce the voltage applied to the Latro until output begins to decline.
4. Add the filament voltage by 5 ... 10% (stock issue), measures the voltage supplied from the Latro, for example, turned 180B.
5. Expose voltage Latro = 220.
6. In series with the primary winding of the transformer powerful the glow wire resistance, select it so that the voltage across the primary winding of the
transformer was the glow 180B. EVERYTHING.
This resistor will contribute to the process of inclusion of soft glow that is also useful for improving the reliability and service life of the lamp.
As I said, during the operation of the amplifier at full capacity it works only 10 ... 15% of the time, and in a contest, so the heater voltage can be optimized for
different power levels, which further eases
temperature range of the amplifier. I have done so: in the circuit of the primary winding of the transformer 5 of the glow resistors 10 Ohm 25W. When you turn
on the glow of the transformer primary winding connected through resistors 5, then 4, 3, 2 and 1. When I work at a lower output, a switch with the same
intensity decreases. Switching off in reverse order. Thus, the process of switching on and off the heating lamps in my amplifier is very soft.
As is known the cathodes, including a directly heated, and I would say especially a directly heated, because they are very powerful, the most affected during the
switching on and off the heater. This process is the most stressful for lamps. Cathodes suffer from thermal stresses caused due to the unequal current density in
different sections of the filament. As a result, the individual parts of the cathode are heated at different rates due to thermal expansion at different rates
between the parts creates significant mechanical stress that results in the formation of microcracks in the body of the cathode. Microcracks deteriorate the
conductivity of the cathode, and thus its capacity.
Furthermore, the cold filament has a conductivity several times larger than the heated, so the starting current pulse when the same is several times larger. The
filament is a frame with a current, the one provided in the magnetic field of the Earth, and in the moment of experiencing an electroshock, too, contributes to
the formation of microcracks and mechanical failure. Therefore, inrush currents are limited to just a passport powerful lamps, and for a simple transmitter for a
few hours, the heat is not recommended to turn off, you turnoff too often. Especially this affects the lamp with a very thin cathodes as GK71, so they
smooth vklyuchenie off is especially important.
There is another factor contributing to the degradation of the cathode, which is exposed to lamps with thin cathodes. This factor is not so significant, but still has
a place. The filament, like a frame, which is in the field of the Earth through which flows an alternating current, is experiencing electromagnetic oscillations with
a frequency of the mains. Ideally, therefore, it is desirable to feed the GK71 DC, using a simple relay machine changes polarity filament, each time you turn the
amplifier.
I see this scheme filament 2 GK71. Filament include sequences. The transformer, rectifier, filter capacitor 2 ... 4 th. UF. In one of the supply rails include a
component transistor, one of them a powerful 10A, the other field. The source of the FET capacitor, and the gate to drain to the resistor. Face value of the
resistor and capacitor set the time for soft opening transistors when the intensity, all the rest of the transistors act as an electronic filter rectifier. The average
load on them is quite small. Next comes the automatic reversal in the RPS32 and, say REN 33.
The fact that a directly heated lamps do not require preheating the cathode when turned on, and ready to go in a couple of seconds, can be used to build the
machine off and turn on the organization of sleep mode amplifier like a computer. After all, the constant and instant readiness for operation of the amplifier is
actually necessary only in the contests, but when you talk leisurely with friends or just turn the handle of the receiver, the amplifier is not used sometimes for
hours.
No problem to build such a machine. The algorithm works it like this: If you do not include the transfer of the amplifier, after some time, the personal choice of
the operator, he gradually turns off the heat, remove all tension, and thus enters the sleep mode. In cold lamp as switched on and off can be blocked
simultaneously. This algorithm is already using Nikolai UA1ANP to turn the lamp polnakala with long pauses transmitting. His information led to the idea of using
hibernate mode.
If you want to keep the amplifier in constant and immediate readiness, every 34 minutes, press the pedal, and the countdown timer entering Sleep mode starts
again. Time to ensure that such an amplifier to "wake up" 2 ... 4 seconds. It is rational to facilitate temperature control amplifier, the entire room p / station,
and for safety reasons. If you forgot to turn off the amplifier or hastily somewhere gone, distracted and so forth, it will not work for nothing, and he will turn off
after say 5 minutes, or at any time, at your own choice.
The lamp at reduced anode voltage.
As I mentioned, GU81 and GK71 have a large margin of all the electrodes, and the output power of the amplifier to their use is limited by the permissible
temperature of the anode. The temperature of the anode is proportional to the average power dissipated by the anode. The power dissipated by the anode is
proportional to the product of the anode current on the anode voltage, thus to achieve the maximum output power, which is capable of light, it is not necessary

to apply the limit values
of the anode voltage nor desirable. If the voltage at the anode to reduce, for example, 1.5 times, and the current pulse to increase by
1.5 times, the output will not change. At the same time, the use of lower anode voltage is very convenient for many reasons. This is less than the gap between
the plates of the "hot KPE" lower operating voltages of all other capacitors, power supply easier, less different when somewhere sews, shoots and the like, lower
the risk of electric shock.
Without loss of signal quality, it is capable of linear pentodes ACX, with directly heated cathode.
The decrease in the anode tubes to a quadratic SUVs and oxide cathodes leads to a sharp decline in all indicators of the quality of the output power to the
intermodulation distortion and robustness. This happens because the quadratic Tetrodes and so a low utilization rate of anode voltage, roughly speaking, of 3 kV
anode is only 2 kV, due to occurrence of inadmissible overload the screen grid and the emergence dynatron effect, and oxide cathodes do not tolerate forced
mode. They quickly break down and lose their emissions.
3 kW amplifier tetrode quadratic, with a decrease of the anode voltage up to 2 kV s3h turns into a 1.5 kW amplifier, while reducing its anode to 1.5 kV power
drops even twice, ie It becomes equal to 750W.
3kW pentode amplifier with a linear reduction in the ACX anode with 3 to 2 kV gives the load of 2 kW , while reducing the anode to 1.5 kV gives the load of 1.5
kW. That is significantly more than the square. This happens because pentodes allow zero instantaneous voltage at the anode at the peak RF sine wave t, e.
100% use of the anode voltage.
In addition, the filamentary cathode allows longer forced mode, and the output can be again 3kW, despite the decrease of the anode voltage.
I have not experimented with afterburner glow GU81, I only know that it will burn out the filament at 85B, personally was convinced to 5 lamps. On the contrary
I had to reduce the filament voltage, due to the excess emissions, so I think that researchers in this field will find a lot of interesting discoveries.
To help enthusiasts, from personal experience and observations of physics, I can only figure out how you can move forward in this direction. So what factors
limit the decline in transshipment anode voltage while the current buildup of momentum? How to overcome or mitigate?
1. Electrical and thermal stability of the cathode.
2. Electrical and thermal stability screen grid. The voltage on the screen grid will have to increase further, to move to the left and SUVs NEVER had
currents of the control grid.
I know that both of these parameters, there is a significant margin, but to have the exact figures, the need for direct experimentation. I have reason to believe
that if you apply a soft glow switch, forcing the glow voltage without reducing the life of the lamp current pulse can be doubled, that is, to get the same 3 kW
output power not only at 2kV anode, and at 1.5 kV. Roughly the same can be said of GK71, GK71 because steam power approximately equal to one GU81, and
perhaps more powerful. The exact answer can only give statistics of direct experiments.
I believe that the opportunity to work at a reduced anode voltage without loss of capacity primarily interested amateurs transformerless power supply, it is well
known that the output voltage of 1800V transformerless power supply is much smaller, lighter and cheaper transformer, and at 3 kV exactly the opposite.
Cooling of lamps and installation.
As I have discussed in detail in previous articles in the TFR, in light graphite anodes cooling anodes produced by optical radiation. Infrared rays dissipate heat
energy in the same way as in electric fireplaces. This type of cooling has some peculiarities. In my amplifier unit lamp is located outside of the amplifier and the
amplifier, in general, is not heated. If lamps are positioned inside the housing of the amplifier, the emission from the anodes of the entire amplifier is
substantially heated and if the lamps are located near the fusible material such as plastic, PVC wire and cable insulation, it can melt.
To prevent this phenomenon, it is possible to install the lamps in front of the anodes heat shields to prevent exposure of the anodes installation, or, as is done in
some imported amplifiers. The heat shield a metal strip of thin metal, bent ring or a rectangle around the lamp. The screen does not have to do the entire
height of the lamp, it is sufficient if the width is slightly greater than the height of the anode lamp, and it will be located opposite the anode, at a distance of 2
3cm from the cylinder tube.
All optical punch assumes the screen, it becomes warm, and according to the simple laws of physics, forms a convection air flow from the bottom up. This is the
same ventilation, but without noise and dust, and without any other motors and mechanics. No fans can not compete with this cooling system in terms of
reliability. Optical screen is a physical energy converter emission anodes in energy convection air flow, a kind of heat pump. The more heated the screen, the
stronger the air flow, carries away heat.
To this cooling system worked well enough to provide easy access to the lamp base air and light tap on his lights and heat shields, ie nasverlit series of holes in
the bottom of the housing opposite the location of the lamps, and a housing cover of the lamp.
These screens should not be shiny, black and vice versa. For this purpose they may blacken by some chemical or electrochemical method.
When the screen is not, heated cabinet and all his stuffing, but the body can not warm up to 150 ... 200 degrees, so the intensity of convection and thus
removing it from the heat is low, ie, cool it would be bad.
In principle, it does not matter if the direct rays of the anodes do not fall on the wires with PVC insulation, and if they fall, the harness wires to have to wrap
layer capacitor paper, and paper thin aluminum foil from chocolate bars or plates of paper capacitors. The beams will be reflected by the shiny surface and does
not overheat wires.
The options and the cooling water screens. You can for example, the screen to make a copper pipe around the bulb lamp, with some clearance, flexible tube
transparent hose connected to the water tank heat exchanger located outside of the amplifier, or shack. This idea became known to me from RX3APL.
You can make the water filled the screen in the form of a rectangular container with a cylindrical hole cylinder lamps.
The screen will be energy rays is converted into heat, and the water take it off the amplifier by a flexible plastic tube connected to a heat exchanger, which will
perform the role of the surge tank. This tank can be suspended from a wall, located on the windowsill, and in the summer, and outside, on the street.
In general, there is a large field of activity of designers fans for even better than me, use our good old friends GU81, GK71, GU13, which I wish you all
success!
73! Sergei Pasko, EX8A.
An error in transmission parameters
www.podarkitut.ru

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7/20/2015 Hi Fi Contester c LP circuit, EX8A.

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