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Figure. Screen Time by Age Group Among 1997 and 2014 Panel Study
of Income Dynamics Cohorts
Assessment of Screen Exposure in Young Children,
1997 to 2014 Total screen time TV time Mobile device time
4
There is widespread concern that children are exposed to too
much screen time1,2 via increasingly prevalent and accessible
mobile devices.3,4 This study assesses young children’s screen 3
Table. Characteristics of High and Low Screen Users Among 1997 and 2014 PSID Cohortsa
1997 2014
User, Mean (SE),a % User, Mean (SE),a %
Characteristic High (n = 653) Low (n = 674) P Valueb High (n = 221) Low (n = 222) P Valueb
Age, y 3.30 (0.07) 2.85 (0.09) <.001 3.85 (0.11) 3.88 (0.11) .87
Female 46.49 (2.61) 50.53 (2.42) .26 39.83 (4.42) 54.80 (4.52) .02
White 65.22 (2.50) 68.07 (2.23) .40 73.58 (4.00) 81.52 (3.73) .15
Black 16.82 (1.87) 11.27 (1.13) .01 19.64 (2.94) 15.47 (3.30) .35
Hispanic 9.89 (1.56) 12.26 (1.71) .31 NAc NAc NA
Other races/ethnicities 8.07 (1.64) 8.40 (1.51) .88 NAc NAc NA
Enrolled in daycare/school 40.78 (2.59) 43.67 (2.40) .41 52.86 (4.65) 64.46 (4.38) .07
With 2 parents 72.66 (2.36) 77.50 (2.03) .12 73.96 (3.88) 70.34 (4.25) .53
Excellent/very good health 87.23 (1.72) 83.78 (1.75) .16 91.18 (2.69) 93.07 (2.12) .58
Family unit
Household head with bachelor’s degree 25.77 (2.32) 29.98 (2.21) .19 26.39 (4.03) 56.28 (4.54) <.001
Spouse with bachelor’s degree 20.03 (2.09) 25.57 (2.11) .06 21.32 (3.67) 50.61 (4.59) <.001
Income/FPL 2.57 (0.12) 3.10 (0.15) .01 2.58 (0.18) 3.79 (0.26) <.001
PCG employed 49.63 (2.61) 57.09 (2.42) .04 57.91 (4.62) 68.82 (4.14) .08
Children in HH, No. 2.25 (0.06) 2.08 (0.05) .03 2.30 (0.11) 2.03 (0.10) .08
Metro area 70.23 (2.47) 72.16 (2.27) .57 85.45 (2.93) 75.85 (3.61) .04
b
Abbreviations: FPL, federal poverty level; HH, household; PCG, primary P values are from the adjusted Wald test for differences between high
caregiver; PSID, Panel Study of Income Dynamics. and low users.
a c
High and low users are defined, respectively, as children who had screen time Because of small sample size, the results were not reported.
greater than and less than median hours within their age group.
low parental education level and family income. Future Acquisition, analysis, or interpretation of data: Both authors.
research should examine the association between screen time Drafting of the manuscript: Both authors.
Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content:
and other Child Development Supplement measures, such Both authors.
as parenting style and sibling and peer influence. Meanwhile, Statistical analysis: Chen.
as stakeholders warn against an overreliance on mobile Administrative, technical, or material support: Chen.
Supervision: Chen.
devices, they should be mindful that young children spend
Conflict of Interest Disclosures: None reported.
most of their screen time watching television.
1. American Acemedy of Pediatrics. American Academy of Pediatrics
announces new recommendations for children’s media use. https://www.aap.
Weiwei Chen, PhD org/en-us/about-the-aap/aap-press-room/Pages/American-Academy-of-
Jessica L. Adler, PhD Pediatrics-Announces-New-Recommendations-for-Childrens-Media-Use.aspx.
Published October 21, 2016. Accessed August 9, 2018.
Author Affiliations: Department of Health Policy and Management, Robert 2. Ponti M, Bélanger S, Grimes R, et al; Canadian Paediatric Society, Digital
Stempel College of Public Health and Social Work, Florida International Health Task Force, Ottawa, Ontario. Screen time and young children: promoting
University, Miami. health and development in a digital world. Paediatr Child Health. 2017;22(8):
Corresponding Author: Weiwei Chen, PhD, Department of Health Policy and 461-477. doi:10.1093/pch/pxx123
Management, Robert Stempel College of Public Health and Social Work, Florida 3. Kabali HK, Irigoyen MM, Nunez-Davis R, et al. Exposure and use of mobile
International University, 11200 SW Eighth St, Miami, FL 33199 (wechen@fiu.edu). media devices by young children. Pediatrics. 2015;136(6):1044-1050. doi:10.
Accepted for Publication: October 10, 2018. 1542/peds.2015-2151
Published Online: February 18, 2019. doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2018.5546 4. Rideout V. The Common Sense Census: Media Use by Kids Age Zero to Eight.
Author Contributions: Dr Chen had full access to all of the data in the study San Francisco, CA: Common Sense Media; 2017.
and takes responsibility for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of 5. Vandewater EA, Lee S-J. Measuring children’s media use in the digital age:
the data analysis. issues and challenges. Am Behav Sci. 2009;52(8):1152-1176. doi:10.1177/
Concept and design: Chen. 0002764209331539